ABSTRACT

With the increase in vehicle production and world population, more and more
parking spaces and facilities were required. In this project, a new parking system
named, Smart Car Parking System (SCPS) was proposed to assist drivers in
locating available spaces in a car park in a shorter time. Different detection
technologies were analyzed and compared to determine the best technology for
developing SCPS. This system calculates the count of the car entered in the
parking area and displays the parking availability status at the entrance. Once a
vehicle enters the parking area, the gate opens automatically using sensors and
motors to avoid manpower. The characteristics of SCPS include available parking
space detection, display of available parking spaces, and an automatic gate opening
system. An online pre-booking facility was also added to facilitate the drivers.

In which we going to use the IR sensor to detect the vehicle and it will help the
owner to find a convenient parking spot. This project will help to resolve the
parking problems. Parking spaces are very important in metropolitan cities.
Because of the increase in large no. of vehicles, the need for parking spots is a
necessity. And hence an urgent need to develop a system that can manage these
parking spaces. So, our project’s objective is to develop a system to indicate the
vacant lane in the parking slots. This involves a system that includes an infrared
sensor and Arduino in every lane and a led display outside the car parking gate.
Parking slots are monitored by the staff of the concerned authority. The paper
includes the details of components that are used and about the working of this
system. The paper also contains the future scope of this project which will lead our
nation towards the transformation.

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 Chapter 1 : INTRODUCTION

Today in many cities it has become almost impossible and quite expensive to build
new parking areas for vehicles as they have almost reached their full occupancy.
Finding car parking can be a daunting task, especially during festival times. We do
not know how many cars can be parked inside the car parking area. Improper use
of parking areas leads to congestion for drivers or those who are seeking parking in
that particular area. It has been observed around 28-45% of traffic congestion is
because of the unavailability of parking at an appropriate time. It has been
observed that a driver usually spends nearly about 80 million hours searching for a
perfect parking slot in France yearly. Increasing traffic in urban cities causes more
pollution that even causes various body diseases. An effort is required to manage
the parking facilities and resources to reduce the traffic congestion on roads and
save the time of people in search for parking and even reduce the pollution
indirectly and thereby improvising the quality of life as well.

Nowadays smart cities focus more on sustainability by developing more resource-

managing technologies like the internet of things. It has been observed that the
potential parking business is increasing every year and is expanding at a rapid
pace, more attention as per theInternational Parking Institute after having
undergone a survey came to conclude that analyses the growing trends in sparking
innovation. Infrastructure for car parking and systems for controlling traffic are the
major areas that are a part of the smart city.

Issues related to parking and increasing congestion in cities can only be solved if
the driver or private car owners are pre-informed about the spots that are available
at the place one wants to go, or they can book the slot for parking their vehicle
before they arrived at their destination. The proposed system describes an approach
to reduce traffic congestion issues and to save time in the search for parking spaces
thereby making smart Cities using the concept of IoT.

Due to the rapid increase in the vehicles there exists a problem for parking of
vehicles. It leads to traffic congestion and also pollution. So, we need to maintain
the vehicle park management to reduce the wastage of time. If we observe in the
larger cities when we visit the shopping malls or tourist places or any other
commercial areas there arises a problem for parking of our vehicle. we mainly

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focus on designing a new smart parking system that assists drivers to find vacant
parking spaces in a specific parking area. hence to reduce human effort and air
pollution. The main motive is to enhance each parking slot so that it reaches the
state-of-art technology. For this purpose, each parking slot has been provided a
sensor i.e.

Infrared sensor that will detect the presence of the car parked in the specific slot.
when it will detect the car it will automatically display on LCD that the parking
slot is full. The same message or output is provided to the responsible staff. So the
staff member will guide the person to the vacant parking spot. This system has
many flexible capabilities, it can use for a small parking slot as well as the big
shopping mall’s multilevel parking. Parts of this system include IR senor, gas
sensor, LCD. by using the IR sensor for bigger parking, a bigger ground sensor
module can be used.

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 Chapter 3: Methodology and Litrature Servey

Parking slot recognition for parking assistance systems and autonomous parking
systems uses distance sensors and image sensors. A distance sensor-based parking
assistance system recognizes a space using ultrasonic sensors and lidar sensors.
Even if a space is not a parking space, the system recognizes a parking space when
a space that is equal to the width of the vehicle is detected.

Distance-sensor-based parking slot recognition is applied in a parking assistance

system where a person finally determines a parking space. However, it is difficult
to apply in a fully autonomous parking system, where the system judges a parking
space and moves the car. The disadvantages of distance-based sensors can be
compensated for by image sensors such as Around View Monitoring (AVM)
because the image-sensor-based parking space recognition detects spaces based on
parking slot markers.

However, image-based feature extraction sometimes detects false positives

because of other objects such as shadows, vehicles, and guidance cones. These
false-positive features result in the misrecognition of a parking space because of
the characteristics of AVM. When a 3D object such as a parked vehicle is
recognized by an AVM system, the shape of the vehicle is distorted and occupies a
space in a parking area. When a false positive feature of the parking slot marker is
detected from the parked vehicle, it is recognized as a no-parking space or an
occupied space, even though it is an empty parking space.

The proposed system overcomes the problem by avoiding AVM cameras and we
provide a separate parking area for online booking and offline parking. The
proposed system avoids the slot markers and the use of the camera to monitor the
slot marker in car parking. It implements an automated gateway for the car park to
avoid manpower and also displays the status of the availability of the parking space
at the parking entrance. Here IR sensors are used to count the number of cars
entering and leaving the car parking. Here IoT is used for the online booking
process and microcontrollers are used for the offline process.

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Litrature Servey

1. Mr. Basavaraju S R-2015 has proposed An Carmatic Smart Parking System

using Internet of Things (IOT)Internet of Things (IOT) plays a vital role in
connecting the surrounding environmental things to the network and made
easy to access those un-internet things from any remote location. It’s
inevitable for the people to update with the growing technology. And
generally people are facing problems on parking vehicles in parking slots in
a city. In this study we design a Smart Parking System (SPS) which enables
the user to find the nearest parking area and gives availability of parking
slots in that respective parking area. And it mainly focus on reducing the
time in finding theparking lots and also it avoids the unnecessary travelling
through filled parking lots in a parking area. Thus it reduces the fuel
consumption which in turn reduces carbon footprints in an atmosphere. Our
system is a Raspberry pi based parking sensor which contains pi-camera to
detect the empty parking spaces and sends this data to server, this stored data
is accessed by users.
This enhances the user to check the status/availability of parking spaces
before setting their journey. Here the challenge is to use the existing
resources in optimum level to reduce the searching time, traffic congestion
in the city. Some embedded systems such as auridino, raspberry pi, Tsgate,
Tsmote etc. are used to develop internet of things applications. A few
existing parking system which uses sensors to collect the information but
using sensors like video sensors in a parking system are expensive so our
aim is to develop a system with less cost with more performance.

2. Deepthi. S, Anil A R has proposed A Survey on Smart Parking System

Based on Internet of Things------ In today life people don’t depend on public
vehicles. They use their own vehicles to travel. So traffic increases. When
people travel through a city the most difficult problem is to park the vehicle.
It causes not only a waste of time and fuel for drivers looking for parking but
it also leads to additional waste of time and fuel for other drivers as a result
of traffic congestion. At first we use PGI (Parking Guidance Information)
for better parking management. Parking information may be displayed on
VMS (Variable Message Sign) at major roads or streets or it may be

5
 disseminated through the internet. In PGI systems e-parking is an innovative
platform which allows drivers to obtain parking information before or during
a trip and reserve a parking spot.
2.2.1 To overcome the limitations of PGI system Yanfeng Geng proposes a
new concept “Optimal parking based on resource allocation and
reservation”. It uses the concept of mixed integer linear problem.
When people go through a downtown area, there much rush and
traffic. In this case to find the available location for parking is very
difficult. So implementing optimal parking people can easily park
vehicle in the reserved locations. When a person with disability trying
to park a vehicle in a city having heavy traffic, So he faces several
problems in such a situation to search and park the vehicle difficult.
The disabled person can park the vehicle in a specially designed
location. The intelligent parking finds the best available parking,
minimizing the cost. The parking and un parking can be done with the
help of an android application. User has to install the android
application on his/her smart phone devices, which would have the
facility to pre-book the parking slot.

3. D. J. Bonde Jan-2012 has proposed “Carmated car parking system

commanded by android application”-----The aim of this project is to carmate
the car and car parking as well. A miniature model of an carmated car
parking system that can regulate and manage number of cars that can be
parked in given space at any given time based on the availability of parking
slot. Carmated parking is a method of parking and existing cars using
sensing device.

4. Abhirup Khanna-2016 has worked on IOT based smart parking system-----

Recent times the concept of smart cities have gained grate popularity.
Thanks to the evolution of Internet of things the idea of smart city now
seems to be achievable. Consistent efforts are being made in the field of IoT
in order to maximize the productivity and reliability of urban infrastructure.
Problems such as, traffic congestion, limited car parking facilities and road
safety are being addressed by IoT. In this paper, we present an IoT based
cloud integrated smart parking system. The proposed Smart Parking system
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 consists of an on-site deployment of an IoT module that is used to monitor
and signalize the state of availability of each single parking space. The
concept of Smart Cities have always been a dream for humanity. Since the
past couple of years large advancements have been made in making smart
cities a reality. The growth of Internet of Things and Cloud technologies
have give rise to new possibilities in terms of smart cities. Smart parking
facilities and traffic management systems have always been at the core of
constructing smart cities. In this paper, we address the issue of parking and
present an IoT based Cloud integrated smart parking system. The system
that we propose provides real time information regarding availability of
parking slots in a parking area. Users from remote locations could book a
parking slot for them by the use of our mobile application. The efforts made
in this paper are indented to improve the parking facilities of a city and
thereby aiming to enhance the quality of life of its people.

5. Yusnita, FarizaNorbaya, and Norazwinawati Basharuddin-2012 has

proposed “Intelligent Parking Space Detection System Based on Image
Processing”------This paper aims to present an intelligent system for parking
space detection based on image processing technique that capture and
process the brown rounded image drawn at parking lot and produce the
information of the empty car parking spaces. It will be display at the display
unit that consists of seven segments in real time. The seven segments display
shows the number of current available parking lots in the parking area. This
proposed system, has been developed in software and hardware platform.

6. M. M. Rashid, A. Musa, M. AtaurRahman, and N. Farahana, A.

Farhana2012 has proposed “Carmatic Parking Management System and
Parking Fee Collection Based on Number Plate Recognition”-----This paper
discussed on carmatic parking system and electronic parking fee collection
based on vehicle number plate recognition. The aim of this research is to
develop and implement an carmatic parking system that will increase
convenience and security of the public parking lot as well as collecting
parking fee without hassles of using magnetic card. The car parking system
will able to have less interaction of humans and use no magnetic card and its
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 devices. In additions to that, it has parking guidance system that can show
and guide user towards a parking space. The system used image processing
of recognizing number plates for operation of parking and billing system.
Overall, the systems run with pre-programmed controller to make minimum
human involvement in parking system and ensure access control in restricted
places.

7. D.B.L. Bong, K.C. Ting and K.C. Lai2007 has worked on Integrated
approach in the design of car park occupancy information system (coins)-----
In large parking areas such as those at mega shopping malls or stadiums,
drivers always have difficulty to find vacant car park lots especially during
peak periods or when the parking lots are almost full. A solution to reduce
the drivers’ searching time for vacant car-park lots will greatly save time,
reduce cost and improve the traffic flow in the car park areas. In this paper, a
research project which was developed to acquire car-park occupancy
information using integrated approach of image processing algorithms is
presented. Security surveillance cameras which are readily available in most
car parks can be used to acquire the images of the car park. This project is
called as Car-Park Occupancy Information System (COINS), and it was
tested using simulation model and also in real-case scenarios. Many different
parking guidance systems have been developed and designed to shorten the
searching time for vacant parking lots. This is especially crucial for drivers
who need to search for available car parks during peak hours or when the car
parks are almost full. Researches on car park occupancy information
generally fall into four categories – counter-based, wiredbased, wireless-
based and image-based systems. Results from the tests have been presented
in this paper and shows accurate detection result of the car park occupancy.
Feature detection stream is able to compensate the presence of image noise
while edge detection stream is able to compensate weakness caused by low
surrounding illumination.

8. Ivan Ganchev and Mairtin O’ Droma has proposed et.at [6] “A cloud based
intelligent car parking services for smart cities”------ In this the IOT sub
system includes sensor layer, communication layer and application layer.
The primary goal of the intelligent car parking system is to find, allocate and
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reserve the best available car parking lot for a user who is driving a car in a
particular area and to provide instructions for reaching this lot. Sensor layer
detecting the car lot occupancy. A car parking lot detection method is
proposed based on carmatic threshold algorithm. An infostation based multi-
agent system facilitating a car parking locator service is proposed. An access
control system for reducing the waiting time proposed. At the application
layer, an information centre provides cloud based service. An IOT
management centre administrates the smart city via an IOT integrated
service portal. A number of business services explore interfaces to the sensor
layer. These includes a car parking locator service, car parking supervision
service, car parking information service, GIS and GPS services, vehicle
license patrolling, vehicle tracking service. At the communication layer
various wireless technologies provide connection between the application
and the sensor layer based on the ABC&S(Always Best Connected and Best
Served Communication paradigm. A 3-tier infostation based network
architecture could be integrated in this layer to enable” anytime-anywhere-
anyhow communication” among smart cities. Different sensing technologies
could be utilized at the sensor layer such as Radio Frequency Identification
(RFID), laser, infrared, radar, ultrasonic, CCTV, acoustic. RFID used for
embedded parking solutions. CCTV with video image processing for
detecting the status of parking lots. Communication layer includes3G, 4G,
ZigBee, Wifi, wiMax, V2X,WSN, VANET. 3G/4G communication module
used for car’s tracking and tracing. Parking meter is an optimal element
needed only for paid car parks. The architecture consists of a cloud tier,
mobile apps tier, OSGI web servers tier. Cloud tier provides data storage and
computing resources for the car parking service. It stores available car
parking lots, car’s location, user’s location, profiles etc. The recent data is
usually stored in Hadoop’s Hbase it support real time queries. The OSGI
web server, it acts as bridge between mobile application tier and cloud tier.
Considering the great number of web applications running in this tier, it
should support the deployment of new or updated application without
stopping or restarting the web server. The OSGi provides an environment to
modularize web applications into bundles. The bundles are registering itself
in its environment.

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9. A Cloud-Based Smart-Parking System Based on Internet-of-Things
Technologies--- This paper provides a unique algorithm which increases the
capability of the current cloud based smart parking system [5] and it also
develops a network architecture based on the Internet of Things technology.
This system helps the users to find a free parking space with minimal cost
based on new performance metrics which is carmatic. This metrics will
calculate the user spaces in each car park. To enhance the parking
management, an intelligent parking system was developed. In this paper it
proposes an effective cloud-based Smart parking system based on the
Internet of Things. The data that includes the vehicle GPS location and
distance between car parks and number of free parking space in car parks
will be sent to the data center. Here the data center is presented as a cloud
server which calculates the costs of a user parking request and this
information is regularly updated and is made available to the vehicles in the
network at any time. In this proposed system, each car park is an IoT
network and it operates independently as a regular car park. This paper
implements a system model with wireless access in an open-source physical
computing platform based on Arduino with RFID technology. It uses
smartphone that acts as a user interface between the cloud and the vehicles
to check the feasibility of the proposed system.

10.A New “Smart Parking” System Based on Optimal Resource Allocation and
Reservations----- In this system a new smart parking system is implemented
for cities. This system assigns and reserves a parking space for a user
(driver) based on the users distance from the parking area and parking cost
and also ensures that the overall parking capacity is effectively utilized.
Their approach solves a Mixed Integer Linear Program (MILP) problem at
each decision point in a time-driven sequence . For each MILP there is a
solution which gives an optimal allocation based on user’s current state
information and also supports random events such as new user requests and
parking space availability. The allocation is updated at the next decision
point which ensures that there is no parking slot reservation conflict and that
no user is ever assigned a parking slot with higher than the current cost
function value. This mechanism ensures a better response from the system
along with assured reservations.
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Chapter 4: Block Diagram and Circuit Diagram

Battery 6v Voltage regulator

7805

IR Sensor LCD Screen

IR Sensor Buzzer

AVR
GAS Sensor Microcontroller

FLAME SENSOR

Block Diagram Figure: 1

Fig represents the overall structure of the SCPS. The display is placed at the
entrance to show the available parking space. An IR sensor 1 is placed at the
entrance to count the entering cars. Once the IR sensor senses the incoming car
then the signal is transmitted to the microcontroller to update in slots in lcd screen.
An IR sensor 2 is placed after the System to count the exiting cars. Once the entire
parking space is filled it will display No space and the space will show 0 until the
availability of space inside the parking area. In future we can provide a separate
parking area for online pre-booking methods.

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Circuit Diagram:

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 Chapter 5: Parts Description

Arduino Uno:

The Arduino Uno is an open-source microcontroller board based on the Microchip

ATmega328P microcontroller and developed by Arduino.cc. The board is
equipped with sets of digital and analog input/output (I/O) pins that may be
interfaced with various development boards (shields) and other circuits. The board
has 14 digital I/0 pins (six capable of PWM output), 6 analog I/0 pins, and is
programmable with the Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment), via a
type B USB cable. It can be powered by the USB cable or by an external 9-volt
battery. It also has 16 MHz ceramic resonators, a USB connection jack, an external
power supply jack, an ICSP (in-circuit serial programmer) header, and a reset
button. Its operating voltage is 5v, input voltage 7 to 12v (limit up to 20v).

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IR Sensor :

An infrared (IR) sensor is an electronic device that measures and detects infrared
radiation in its surrounding environment. Infrared radiation was accidentally
discovered by an astronomer named William Herchel in 1800. While measuring
the temperature of each color of the light (separated by a prism), he noticed that the
temperature just beyond the red light was highest. IR is invisible to the human eye,
as its wavelength is longer than that of visible light (though it is still on the same
electromagnetic spectrum). Anything that emits heat (everything that has a
temperature above around five degrees Kelvin) gives off infrared radiation.

LCD Display :

A liquid-crystal display is a flat-panel display or another electronically modulated

optical device that uses the light-modulating properties of liquid crystals combined

14
with polarizers. Liquid crystals do not emit light directly, instead of using a
backlight or reflector to produce images in color or monochrome.

Flame sensor:

A sensor which is most sensitive to a normal light is known as a flame sensor.

That’s why this sensor module is used in flame alarms. This sensor detects flame
otherwise wavelength within the range of 760 nm – 1100 nm from the light source.
This sensor can be easily damaged to high temperature. So this sensor can be
placed at a certain distance from the flame. The flame detection can be done from a
100cm distance and the detection angle will be 600. The output of this sensor is an
analog signal or digital signal. These sensors are used in fire fighting robots like as
a flame alarm.

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Gas sensors:

Gas sensors (also known as gas detectors) are electronic devices that detect and
identify different types of gasses. They are commonly used to detect toxic or
explosive gasses and measure gas concentration. Gas sensors are employed in
factories and manufacturing facilities to identify gas leaks, and to detect smoke and
carbon monoxide in homes.

Gas sensors vary widely in size (portable and fixed), range, and sensing ability.
They are often part of a larger embedded system, such as security systems, and
they are normally connected to an audible alarm or interface. Because gas sensors
are constantly interacting with air and other gasses, they have to be calibrated more
often than many other types of sensors.

MQ2 is one of the commonly used gas sensors in MQ sensor series. It is a Metal
Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) type Gas Sensor also known as Chemi-resistors as
the detection is based upon change of resistance of the sensing material when the
Gas comes in contact with the material. Using a simple voltage divider network,
concentrations of gas can be detected.

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Battery:

The 6-volt variety typically has spring or screw terminals. Using various internal
construction styles, the same package size may be made up with "D" size or "F"
size cells, offering various capacities. A rechargeable version, comprising a three-
cell sealed lead-acid battery with a lower capacity than primary versions, has also
been marketed. They are also used in the construction industry for
powering flashing lights at road works.

Voltage Regulator:

A voltage regulator is a system designed to automatically maintain a

constant voltage. It may use a simple feed-forward design or may
include negative feedback. It may use an electromechanical mechanism,
or electronic components. Depending on the design, it may be used to regulate
one or more AC or DC voltages.

17
Electronic voltage regulators are found in devices such as computer power
supplies where they stabilize the DC voltages used by the processor and other
elements. In automobile alternators and central power station generator plants,
voltage regulators control the output of the plant. In an electric power
distribution system, voltage regulators may be installed at a substation or along
distribution lines so that all customers receive steady voltage independent of how
much power is drawn from the line.

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 Chapter 5: CONCLUSION

In this Project, we have addressed the problem of parking and presented a Smart
Car Parking system. Drivers or private owners of vehicles could book a parking
slot for them by checking the available slots for parking. Drivers today, prefer and
demand smarter and quick services for hassle-free parking. Smart parking is,
however, an inevitable service, especially in urban towns. The smart parking
system in the project is gradually moving towards an improved service with better
time saving, cost saving, and increased revenues. In this method, we can avoid the
use of several sensors for car detection , gas detection and fire detection. This
method contains only 2 sensors at the entrance to count the entering and leaving of
the car in the car parking. The automatic systen avoids manpower. The display at
the entrance shows the parking availability thereby saving the search time.

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 Chapter 6: REFERENCES

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[6] Huang, C. and Wang, S. "A Hierarchical Bayesian Generation Framework for
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[10] Li, S. Member, IEEE, Ying- Chieh Yeh, Jyun Da Wu, MingYing Hsiao,
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