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Mathematics
Quarter 1 – Module 1:
Sets
About the Module

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master
about Sets. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many different learning
situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students.
The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order
in which you read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now
using.

This module is divided into four lessons, namely:

Lesson 1 – Fundamentals of Sets
Lesson 2 – Set Notations
Lesson 3 – Relationship among Sets
Lesson 4 – Set Operations

After going through this module, you are expected to:

 illustrate well-defined sets, subsets, universal sets, null set, cardinality of sets,
union and intersection of sets and the difference of two sets;
 perform operations on sets in relation to mathematics and real-life problems; and
 realize the importance of sets in carrying out mathematical and real-life problems.

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 What I Know (Pre-Test)

Instructions: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your chosen answer on
a separate sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following refers to the collection of well-defined distinct objects?
A. cardinality C. notation
B. element D. set
2. The set with countable number of elements is called ________.
A. empty set C. finite set
B. equivalent set D. null set
3. The following are well-defined sets, EXCEPT the ________.
A. multiples of 5
B. famous Cebuano singers
C. months in a year with 32 days
D. list of grade 7 students in the class
4. Which of the following is the listing/roster notation for M = {x/x is a whole
number}?
A. M = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} C. M = {0, 1, 2, 3, … }
B. M = {1, 2, 3, 4, … } D. M = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
5. Which of the following is the set builder notation for P = {4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14}?
A. P = {x/x is an even number}
B. P = {x/x is an even number from 4
C. P = {x/x is an even number from 4 to 14}
D. P = {x/x is an even number between 4 and 14}
6. What is the listing/roster notation for “the consonants in the English
alphabet”?
A. {a, e, i, o, u} C. {b, c, d, f, g, …}
B. {a, e, i, … } D. {b, c, d, … , z}
7. The statement “a null set is always a subset of every set” is _________.
A. always true C. sometimes true
B. always false D. sometimes false
8. Which of the following are equal sets?
A. { } and { 0 }
B. {red, blue, yellow} and {yellow, blue red}
C. {5, 10, 15, 20, 25} and {10, 15, 20, 25, 30}
D. {m, a, t, h} and {m, a, t, h, e, m, a, t, i, c, s}
9. What is the cardinality of the set of vowels in the word MATHEMATICS?
A. { 4 } C. 4
B. { 3 } D. 3
10. Given the figure at the right, which of the
statements is correct?

A. A ⋃ B = {5, 10, 15, 15, 20, 20, 25, 30}

B. A ⋃ B = {5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30}
C. A ∩ B = {5, 10, 15, 15, 20, 20, 25, 30}
D. A ∩ B = {5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30}

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11. Using the figure in number 10, what is n(A ∩ B)?
A. 8 C. 4
B. 6 D. 2

12. The shaded region in the figure at the right

is denoted as _________.
A. B ⋃ H
B. B ∩ H
C. H – B
D. B – H

13. Which of the following illustrations is denoted by (P – K)?

A. C.

B. D.

14. Given the figure at the right, what is n(K – P)?

A. 6
B. 5
C. 3
D. 1

15. Given the sets below, which of the following statements is FALSE?
Let U = {Math, Science, Filipino, English, AP, EsP, MAPEH, TLE}
G = {Math, Science, English}
W = {Filipino, English}
P = {AP, EsP}
K = {MAPEH, TLE}
E={ }

A. K ⊆ U C. G ⊄W
B. P ⊆ E D. K ⊄ E

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 Lesson Fundamentals of Sets
1

What I Need To Know

At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:
o illustrate well-defined sets;
o determine well-defined sets according to type; and
o determine cardinality of the given sets.

What’s In

In mathematics, a set is a collection of well-defined distinct

objects. The study of sets forms another body of knowledge
called set theory which was founded in 1874 by a German
mathematician named Georg Cantor.
Image 1: shorturl.at/vJKLX

What’s New

Group the word strips according to:

A. malls
B. catholic churches
C. historical landmarks
D. Cebuano celebrities
E. man-made tourist destinations
Enrique Gil

Cebu City
Clipart 2

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 What Is It

What is a SET?
o A set is a collection of well-defined distinct objects.
o It is represented by a capital letter symbol.

Based on the word strips in the box, you can form sets.
A = {Ayala Center Cebu, SM City Cebu, Robinsons Galleria, SM Seaside City}
B = {Basilica Minore del Sto. Niño, Cebu Metropolitan Cathedral}
C = {Magellan’s Cross, Cebu Plaza Independencia, Fuente Osmeña Circle, Basilica Minore del Sto. Nino}
D = {Kim Chiu, Morisette Amon, Enrique Gil}
E = {Sirao Little Amsterdam Garden, Temple of Leah, Magellan’s Cross}

The individual objects in a set are called elements (∈). Always remember that
elements in the set can be a name of a person, things, place, animals, colors, idea,
actions, figures, numbers, etc. The elements in set D are Kim Chiu, Morisette Amon,
and Enrique Gil.
Cardinality (n): refers to the total number of elements in a set.

n(A) = 4 n(B) = 2 n(C) = 4 n(D) = 3 n(E) = 3

When can a collection/group be called well-defined?
Collections or groups are well-defined if the elements are distinct or specific. Meaning,
each of the elements are different and are related with each other.
Examples of well-defined collection Explanation
1. The collection of children in grade 7 whose These examples are well-defined
weight exceeds 35 kg. because the elements are distinct
2. The collection of even numbers from 2 to 12. or specific. The parts that make
the elements distinct or specific
3. The collection of months in a year with 31
are:
days.
1. weight exceeds 35kg
2. from 2 to 12
3. with 31 days.
Examples of NOT well-defined collection Explanation
1. The collection of all intelligent children in The examples are NOT well-
grade 7. defined because the description is
using adjectives such as
2. The collection of big books in the library.
intelligent, big, and vibrant which
3. The collection of vibrant colors. are not specific.

Types of Set
Type Definition Example
The set with no elements. A = { } or A = ∅
Empty Set
* Is also called Null Set.
The set with definite number of B = {2, 4, 6, …, 10}
Finite Set elements. C = {1, 2, 3, …, 20}
* Empty sets are also finite sets. D = {5, 10, 15, …, 65}
The set with infinite number of E = {3, 6, 9, 12, …}
Infinite Set elements. F = {1, 2, 3, 4, …}
G = {5, 10, 15, 20, …}

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 What’s More

Activity 1.1: NOW IT’S YOUR TURN!

A. Complete the table below. The first three (3) items are already answered for your
reference.

No Collection/Group of Objects Kind of Type of Set

Collection
1 The collection of odd numbers from 13 well-defined Finite Set
to 21.
2 The collection of even numbers. well-defined Infinite Set
3 The list of all short children in grade 7. not well-defined
-
4 The best Filipina singers.
5 The list of grade 7 sections in the school.
6 The collection of best cellphone brands.
7 The colors in the rainbow.
8 The list of European countries as
members of ASEAN.
9 The months in a year with 31 days.
10 The multiples of 8.
11 The climate seasons in the Philippines.
12 The list of delicious fruits in Cebu.
13 The vowels in the English alphabet.
14 The days in a week that starts with T.
15 The best beaches in the Philippines.

B. Determine the cardinality of the given sets. The first two questions are already
answered for your reference.

1. A = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5} Ans.: 6
2. B = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …} Ans.: infinite
3. C = {banana, mango, star apple, papaya} Ans.: ______
4. D={ } Ans.: ______
5. E = {5, 10, 15, … , 30} Ans.: ______
6. F = {a, e, i, o, u} Ans.: ______
7. G = {Mary Rose, John Michael, Shean Anthony} Ans.: ______

What I Need To Remember

 A collection is considered NOT well-defined if it is vague or not specific.

What may appear to one person may not appear the same to another
person.
 A null set or empty set is also a finite set.
 A collection is finite or infinite if and only if it is well-defined collection.
 Every element in the set is separated by a comma denoted by (,).

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 Lesson
Set Notations
2

What I Need To Know

At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:
o illustrate kinds of set notations; and
o convert set-builder notation into roster/listing notation and vice-versa.

What’s In

Sets are simply using capital letters. For instance, the set of historical landmarks is
named as Set C. The set of catholic churches is named as Set B, etc.

A = {Ayala Center Cebu, SM City Cebu, Robinsons Galleria, SM Seaside City}

B = {Basilica Minore del Sto. Niño, Cebu Metropolitan Cathedral}
C = {Magellan’s Cross, Plaza Independencia, Fuente Osmeña Circle, Basilica Minore del Sto. Nino}
D = {Kim Chiu, Morisette Amon, Enrique Gil}
E = {Sirao Little Amsterdam Garden, Temple of Leah, Magellan’s Cross}

In naming a set, there are also simple notations that you can follow in writing the
arrangements of the elements.

What’s New

Can you give me an example

of a simple set notation?

Clipart 4

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 What is It

2 Kinds of Set Notation

1. Set Builder Notation 2. Roster /Listing Notation
A = { x/x is a counting number from 1 to 13 } A = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,…13 }
B = { x/x is a primary color } B = { Red, Yellow, Blue }
C = { x/x is an even number } C = { 2, 4, 6, 8, 10,… }
D = {x/x is a day in a week that starts with D} D={ }

When there is an ellipsis (…)

Set A in roster/listing notation is not infinite or not forever because there is an
element in the last part which is 13. This means the set ends with 13.

Set C in the roster/listing notation has also an ellipsis. In this case, the set is infinite
because there is NO element in the set after the ellipsis.

So that it will be easy for you to describe the numbers using set builder notation,
remember these kinds of number below.

Kind Meaning Example

Odd Number is any number that cannot be
divided exactly by 2.
Even Number is any number that can be divided
by 2.
Natural is also called counting number.
Number These are numbers from 1 to
infinity.
Whole Number are numbers from 0 to infinity.
Prime Number is a whole number that is greater
than 1 that is a result of
multiplying itself and 1.
Composite is a whole number that is a result of
Number multiplying two numbers except 1.
are numbers we can multiply to get
Factors
a number.
are numbers we get after
multiplying the number by any
Multiples number (not a fraction).
1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, …
2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, …
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, …
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, …
1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, …
4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, …
2x3=6
2 and 3 are factors of 6
0x3=0
1x3=3
2x3=6
0, 3, 6 … are multiples of 3

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 What’s More

Activity 1.2: NOW IT’S YOUR TURN!

Instructions: Convert the Roster Notation into Set Builder Notation and vice-versa.

No. Roster/Listing Notation Set Builder Notation

1 M = { a, e, i, o, u }
2 A = { x/x is a consonant in the English alphabet}
3 D = { x/x is a multiple of 5 }
4 A = { 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, … }
5 L = { January, June, July }
6 I = {x/x is a month in a year with 32 days}
7 L = { 11, 13, 17, 19 }
8 A = {x/x is a prime number between 19 and 41}
9 N = { 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 }
10 G = {x/x is a whole number }

What I Need To Remember

 “x/x” is read as “x such that x”.

 The three dots denoted by (…) is called ellipsis which means infinity or
forever.
 Every set builder notation has a corresponding roster/listing notation.
 Set builder and roster/listing are simple set notations that you can
follow in writing arrangements of the elements.

Lesson
Relationship among Sets
3

What I Need To Know

At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:

o illustrate sets that are related in terms of their nature and cardinality; and
o determine subsets of a given set.

What’s In
Element (∈) refers to the individual object in
a set.

Cardinality (n) refers to the total number of

elements in a set.

Clipart 5
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 What’s New

Are they the same?

1. Equal Sets and Equivalent Sets
2. Universal Sets and Subsets

Clipart 7

Clipart 6

What is It

Below are kinds of set that are related according to their nature and cardinality.

Equivalent Sets: Two or more sets having the same cardinality.

Examples: 1. A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10} and B = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
2. C = {red, yellow, blue} and D = {orange, green, violet}
Equal Sets: Two or more sets having the same elements.
Examples: 1. E = {5, 10, 15, 20} and F = {20, 10, 15, 5}
2. G = {black, white, brown} and H = {white, brown, black}
Universal Set (U): The set that contains all the objects or elements.
 The box in lesson 1 is an example of a universal set.
Subset (⊆): A set which all the elements are contained in another set.
 The sets A to E in lesson 1 are examples of subset.
 All sets are subsets of the universal set.
 A null set or empty set is a subset of every set.
 The symbol for “not a subset” is ⊄.
Another Example:
Let U = {red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet}
M = {red, yellow, blue, green, orange, violet}
A = {red, yellow, blue}
T={ }
H = {red, yellow, blue, black}
1. M ⊆ U. 3. A ⊆ M. 5. T ⊆ M. 7. T ⊆ H. 9. H ⊄U.
2. A ⊆ U. 4. T ⊆ U. 6. T ⊆ A. 8. A ⊆ H. 10. H ⊄ M.

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 What’s More

Activity 1.3: NOW IT’S YOUR TURN!

Instructions: Write TRUE if the statement is correct. Otherwise, write FALSE.
Let: A = { 2, 4, 6, 8, 1 } D = { 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 }
B = { a, b, d, e, m } E = { a, b, c, d, e, f }
C = { 2, 4, 6, b, d, m } F = { m, a, b, d, e, 8 }

______ 1. A and B are equal sets. _____ 5. B and E are equal sets.
______ 2. B and D are equivalent sets. _____ 6. A and D are equal sets.
______ 3. E and C are equal sets. _____ 7. C and F are equivalent sets.
______ 4. C and F are equivalent sets.

Let U = { coffee, milk, water, juice, softdrink, tea }

R = { juice, milk }
G = { coffee, water, tea }
H = { water, milk, coffee, juice }
I = { milk, water, juice, softdrink }
J = { milk, water, coffee, tea }
L={ }

______ 8. L ⊆ U. ______ 13. R ⊆ H.

______ 9. H ⊆ L. ______ 14. H and J are equal sets.
______ 10. L ⊄G. ______ 15. H, I, and J are equivalent
sets.
______ 11. J ⊄ G.
______ 12. G ⊆ J.

What I Need To Remember

 Equivalent sets and equal sets are related according to their nature
and cardinality.
 The universal set is considered the biggest set where the subsets and
the elements are contained.
 “M ⊆ U” is read as “Set M is a subset of universal set U”.

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 Lesson
Set Operations
4

What I Need To Know

At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:
o use Venn diagram to illustrate set operations,
o perform set operations involving two sets; and
o determine the cardinality as a result of set operation.

What’s In

Cardinality (n) refers to the total number of

objects in a set.

The conjunction “and” denotes the

intersection (∩) of sets.

The conjunction “or” denotes the union (⋃)

Clipart 8 of sets.

What’s New

Intersection, union, and difference of two sets can be easily illustrated using the
figure below. Can you name what this figure is?

N E V N
D A A I R G M
Answer:
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __

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 What is It
For you to properly understand the lesson, study the shaded region of the two circles
in every example.
Let:
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
B = {4, 5, 7, 8, 9}
Intersection of Sets Union of Sets
: the set containing the common : the set containing all the elements
elements of two or more sets. of two or more sets.
: denoted by ∩. : denoted by ⋃.

A ∩ B = {4, 5} n(A∩B) = 2 A ⋃ B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9} n(A⋃B) = 8

Difference of Two Sets

A – B = {1, 2, 3} n(A – B)= 3 B – A = {7, 8, 9} n(B – A) = 3

What’s More
Activity 1.4: NOW IT’S YOUR TURN!
Instructions: Perform the indicated set operation and determine the cardinality. Write
the corresponding elements on the two circles and shade.
Let: A = {4, 6, 8, 10, 12}, B = {5, 7, 9, 11, 13}, C = {5, 10, 15, 20}, D = {10, 20, 30}

1. C ⋃ D = ____________________ 2. B ∩ C = _____________________
n(C ⋃ D)= __________________ n(B ∩ C)= ___________________
Illustration: Illustration:

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 3. B – C = _____________________ 4. A ⋃ D = ______________________
n(B – C)= ___________________ n(A ⋃ D)= ____________________
Illustration: Illustration:

5. A ∩ B = _____________________ 6. B ⋃ C = ______________________
n(A ∩ B)= ___________________ n(B ⋃ C)= ____________________
Illustration: Illustration:

7. D – C = _____________________ 8. C – B = _______________________
n(D – C)= ___________________ n(C – B)= ____________________
Illustration: Illustration:

What I Need To Remember

 Venn diagram is used to simply illustrate set operations such as

intersection, union, and difference of two sets.
 Repetition of elements is NOT allowed when writing in roster/listing
method.
 The cardinality of elements in a set is based on the number of
elements in the set.

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 What I Can Do

A. LET’S GET REAL. Look around and list distinct elements/objects that you
will find. Use a separate sheet of paper.

1. A = {x/x is a utensil in your kitchen}

2. B = {x/x is a curtain color in your house}
3. C = {x/x is a living pet in your home}
4. D = {x/x is your coping activity during the covid19 crisis}

B. I CAN DO MORE! Draw a if the statement is ALWAYS TRUE. Otherwise

put X. Justify your answer by presenting an illustration or an explanation.
13sheet of paper.
Please don’t forget to use a separate

______ 1. H ⋃R = R ⋃H
______ 2. D∩Q=Q∩D
______ 3. K–G=G–K
______ 4. { }={0}
______ 5. {1, 2, 3, 4, 5…} = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

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 Assessment (Post Test)

Instructions: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your chosen answer on
a separate sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following refers to the collection of well-defined distinct objects?

A. set C. element
B. notation D. cardinality
2. The set with no defined cardinality is called ________.
A. null set C. finite set
B. equivalent set D. infinite set
3. The following are well-defined sets, EXCEPT the _____.
A. multiples of 4
B. books in the school library
C. list of tall students in the class
D. months in a year that starts with W
4. Which of the following is the listing/roster notation for the given below?
M = {x/x is a whole number}
A. M = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} C. M = {0, 1, 2, 3, … }
B. M = {1, 2, 3, 4, … } D. M = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
5. Which of the following is the set builder notation for P = {6, 8, 10, 12}?
A. P = {x/x is an even number}
B. P = {x/x is an even number from 6}
C. P = {x/x is an even number from 6 to 12}
D. P = {x/x is an even number between 6 and 12}
6. What is the listing/roster notation for “the multiples of 4”?
A. {1, 2, 3, 4} C. {0, 4, 8, 12, 16}
B. {1, 2, 3, 4, … } D. {0, 4, 8, 12, 16, …}
7. The statement “a null set is always a subset of every set” is _________.
A. always true C. sometimes true
B. always false D. sometimes false
8. Which of the following are equivalent sets?
A. { } and { 0 }
B. {red, blue, yellow} and {yellow, blue red}
C. {5, 10, 15, 20, 25} and {10, 15, 20, 25, 30}
D. {m, a, t, h} and {m, a, t, h, e, m, a, t, i, c, s}
9. What is the cardinality of the set of vowels in the word PILIPINAS?
A. { 4 } C. 4
B. { 2 } D. 2
10. Given the figure at the right, which of the
statements is correct?

A. A ⋃ B = {15, 20}
B. A ⋃ B = {5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30}
C. A ∩ B = {5, 10, 15, 15, 20, 20, 25, 30}
D. A ∩ B = {5, 10, 25, 30}

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11. Using the figure in number 10, what is n(A ∩ B)?
A. 8 C. 4
B. 6 D. 2
12. The shaded region in the figure at the right is
denoted as _________.
A. B ⋃ H C. H – B
B. B ∩ H D. B – H

13. Which of the following illustrations is denoted by (K – P)?

A. C.

B. D.

14. Given the figure at the right, what is n(P – K)?

A. 6
B. 5
C. 3
D. 1

15. Given the sets below, which of the following statements is TRUE?
Let U = {Math, Science, Filipino, English, AP, EsP, MAPEH, TLE}
G = {Math, Science, English}
W = {Filipino, English}
P = {AP, EsP}
K = {MAPEH, TLE}
E={ }

A. K ⊄U C. W ⊄ G
B. P ⊄E D. E ⊄K

16
 17
Activity 1.3 Activity 1.1
A.
1. FALSE 6. TRUE 11. TRUE
4. not well-defined, -
2. TRUE 7. TRUE 12. TRUE
5. well defined, Finite
3. FALSE 8. TRUE 13. TRUE
6. not well-defined, -
4. TRUE 9. FALSE 14. FALSE
7. well-defined, finite
5. FALSE 10. FALSE 15. TRUE
8. well-defined, null/empty/finite
Activity 1.2 9. well-defined, finite
10. well-defined, infinite
1. M = {x/x is a vowel in the English alphabet} 11. well-defined, finite
2. A = {b, c, d, f, g, … ,z } 12. not well-defined, -
3. D = {5, 10, 15, 20, 25, … } 13. well-defined, finite
4. A = {x/x is a multiple of 3} 14. well-defined, finite
5. L = {x/x is month in year that starts with J} 15. not well-defined, -
6. I = { } B.
7. L = {x/x is a prime number from 11 to 19} 3. 4 6. 5
8. A = { 23, 29, 31, 37 } 4. 0 7. 3
9. N = {x/x is a counting number from 5 to 11} 5. 6
10. G = { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, … }
required.
Remember: This portion of the module contains all the answers. Your HONESTY is
Answer Key
References

Text Book
Raymond B. Canlapan and John Nico A. Urgena, Practical Math 7
(Makati City, Philippines: Diwa Learning Systems, Inc., 2018), 1 – 19.
Websites
“Introduction to Sets,” Math is Fun: Advanced, accessed June 25, 2020,
shorturl.at/bmwAC.
“Set Theory: Definition and Application,” Study.com, accessed June 27, 2020,
shorturl.at/kFOX5.
“Subset of a Set,” LearnAlberta, accessed July 1, 2020, shorturl.at/rBEG7.
“Union and Intersection,” Siyavula, accessed June 30, 2020,
shorturl.at/agnxZ.

Images
Image 1: retrieved July 8, 2020, shorturl.at/vJKLX.
Cliparts
Clipart 1: retrieved July 9, 2020, shorturl.at/dovA5
Clipart 2: retrieved July 01, 2020, shorturl.at/cyBHX.
Clipart 3: retrieved July 2, 2020, https://rb.gy/moyaxf.
Clipart 4: retrieved July 4, 2020, shorturl.at/fqLM6.
Clipart 5: retrieved July 9, 2020, shorturl.at/dtEPZ.
Clipart 6: retrieved July 9, 2020, shorturl.at/ghlW9
Clipart 7: retrieved July 9, 2020, shorturl.at/hnrAH
Clipart 8: retrieved July 9, 2020, shorturl.at/dtEPZ.

Congratulations!
You are now ready for the next module. Always remember the following:

1. Make sure every answer sheet has your

 Name
 Grade and Section
 Title of the Activity or Activity No.
2. Follow the date of submission of answer sheets as agreed with your
teacher.
3. Keep the modules with you AND return them at the end of the school
year or whenever face-to-face interaction is permitted.

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