ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 90.

4-2022
(Supersedes AN SI /ASH RAE Standard 90. 4-201 9)
I ncludes AN SI /ASH RAE addenda listed in Appendix E

Energy Standard for

Data Centers

See I nformative Appendix E for approval dates by ASH RAE and the American N ational Standards I nstitute.

This Standard is under conti nuous maintenance by a Standing Standard Project Committee (SSPC) for which the Standards
Committee has establ ished a documented program for regul ar publ ication of addenda or revisions, including procedures for
timely, documented, consensus action on requests for change to any part of the Standard. I nstructions for how to submit a
®
change can be found on the ASH RAE website (www. ashrae. org/continuous-maintenance).

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© 2023 ASH RAE I SSN 1 041 -23 3 6

Onl ine supporting fil es incl ude Section 6 M LC calculation exampl es.

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 ASHRAE Standard Project Committee 90.4
Cognizant TC: 9.9 Mission Critical Facilities, Data Centers, Technology Spaces, and Electronic Equipment
SPLS Liaison: Jennifer A. Isenbeck
ASHRAE Staff Liaison: Thomas Loxley
M arcus H assen*, Chair Galen Gerig Richard Pavlak*

Vali Sorell*, Vice-Chair Patricia Graef J oseph Prisco*

Gerardo Alfonso* Steve Greenberg* Terry Rodgers*

H enry Amistadi H ugh H ud son* Steven Rosenstock*

J ohn Bean* Gwenn I vester J eff Sloan*

Glenn Brenneke David Kelley* J effrey Stein

Lance Brown* M att Koukl* J ustin Wieman

Tim Chadwick* Guopeng Liu* Adam Will iams*

Benedict Dolcich* Robert M cFarlane* Richard Zbin*

N icolas Estefanell David M cGlocklin*

M ark Fisher* David M eadows*

* Denotes members of voting status when the document was approved for publication

ASHRAE STANDARDS COMMITTEE 2022–2023

Susanna S. H anson, Chair Gerald J . Kettler Gwelen Paliaga

J onathan H umble, Vice-Chair J ay A. Kohler Karl L. Peterman

William P. Bahnfleth Cesar L. Lim J ustin M . Prosser

Thomas E. Cappellin Paul A. Lind ahl, J r. David Robin

Douglas D. Fick J ames D. Lutz Christopher J . Seeton

Patricia Graef J ulie M ajurin Christian R. Taber

J aap H ogeling Lawrence C. M arkel Paolo M . Tronville

J ennifer A. I senbeck Patrick C. M arks William F. Walter

Phillip A. J ohnson M argaret M . M athison Steven C. Sill , BOD ExO

Srinivas Katipamula Kathleen Owen Sarah E. M aston, CO
Connor Barbaree, Senior Manager of Standards

SPECIAL NOTE
This American N ational Standard (AN S) is a national voluntary consensus Standard d eveloped under the auspices of ASH RAE. Consensus is defined
by the American N ational Standards I nstitute (AN SI ), of which ASH RAE is a member and which has approved this Standard as an AN S, as
“substantial agreement reached by directly and materially affected interest categories. This signifies the concurrence of more than a simple majority,
but not necessarily unanimity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be consid ered, and that an effort be mad e toward their resolution. ”
Compliance with this Standard is voluntary until and unless a legal jurisd iction makes compliance mandatory through legislation.
ASH RAE obtains consensus through participation of its national and international members, associated societies, and public review.
ASH RAE Standards are prepared by a Project Committee appointed specifically for the purpose of writing the Standard. The Project
Committee Chair and Vice-Chair must be members of ASH RAE; while other committee members may or may not be ASH RAE members, all
must be technically q ualified in the subject area of the Stand ard. Every effort is made to balance the concerned interests on all Project Committees.
The Senior M anager of Standards of ASHRAE should be contacted for
a. interpretation of the contents of this Stand ard,
b. participation in the next review of the Standard,
c. offering constructive criticism for improving the Standard, or
d . permission to reprint portions of the Standard.

DISCLAIMER
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industry practices. H owever, ASH RAE d oes not guarantee, certify, or assure the safety or performance of any products, components, or systems
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 CONTENTS
ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 90.4-2022
Energy Standard for Data Centers
SECTION PAGE
Foreword ..................................................................................................................................................................... 2
1 Purpose............................................................................................................................................................. 2
2 Scope ................................................................................................................................................................ 3
3 Definitions ......................................................................................................................................................... 3
4 Administration and Enforcement ....................................................................................................................... 7
5 Building Envelope ............................................................................................................................................. 9
6 Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning......................................................................................................... 9
7 Service Water Heating .................................................................................................................................... 1 3
8 Power.............................................................................................................................................................. 1 3
9 Lighting............................................................................................................................................................ 1 7
1 0 Other Equipment ............................................................................................................................................. 1 7
1 1 Alternative Compliance Method ...................................................................................................................... 1 7
1 2 Normative References..................................................................................................................................... 20
Informative Appendix A: Informative References .................................................................................................. 21
Informative Appendix B: Sample Submittal Forms................................................................................................ 26
Informative Appendix C: Tools for Illustrating Compliance.................................................................................... 32
Informative Appendix D: Additional Guidance on Telephone Exchanges ............................................................. 50
Informative Appendix E: Addenda Description Information ................................................................................... 51
Annex 1 : Reference Standard Reproduction Annex—ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1 -2022 ................................... 52
> Standard 90.4 MLC HVAC Calculation Examples: www.ashrae.org/90.4-2022

NOTE
Approved addenda, errata, or interpretations for this standard can be downloaded free of charge from the ASHRAE
website at www.ashrae.org/technology.

© 2022 ASHRAE
1 80 Technology Parkway · Peachtree Corners, GA 30092 · www.ashrae.org · All rights reserved.
ASHRAE is a registered trademark of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.
ANSI is a registered trademark of the American National Standards Institute.
 (This foreword is not part of this standard. It is merely informative and does not contain requirements
necessary for conformance to the standard. It has not been processed according to the ANSI require-
ments for a standard and may contain material that has not been subj ect to public review or a consen-
sus process. Unresolved obj ectors on informative material are not offered the right to appeal at
ASHRAE or ANSI.)

FOREWORD
ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 90. 4 was initiated to promote energy-efficient design of data centers, a rapidly
expanding and energy-intensive category among buildings in the United States and worldwide. Since 2013,
Standard 90. 4 has been in a continuous state of development as a code-intended companion to ASHRAE/IES
Standard 90. 1. Standard 90. 4 still requires compliance with Standard 90. 1 for the building envelope, service
water heating, lighting, and other conventional building aspects. However, Standard 90. 4 also addresses the
much more specialized cooling and electrical systems in data centers, and requires designers to satisfy the
appropriate compliance paths corresponding to their data center projects as delineated in Section 4. Com-
pliance is based on meeting or exceeding two minimum efficiency values as defined in Sections 6 and 8: the
mechanical load component (MLC) and the electrical loss component (ELC). For optimal utility, maximum
values for MLC vary by indicated climate zone. However, data center computing equipment electrical loads
are not a function of weather conditions so are not climate zone dependent. In the event that the design, and
particularly the electrical or mechanical equipment involved in upgrades or renovations, cannot meet the
MLC or ELC requirements in the standard, Section 11 allows trade-offs between the two components.
Informative Appendix E contains a summary of addenda to the 2019 edition of Standard 90. 4 that have
been incorporated into the 2022 edition. Key changes include the following:
a. Section 6. 5 adds additional options for mechanical load component calculations.
b. Section 8 includes three significant changes:
1. The incoming service segment of the ELC has been eliminated from the calculation. This recognizes
that data center designers must already account for public utility transformers and feeders in most
projects. This change also recognizes that the data center contribution to total riser losses in multiuse
buildings is minimal.
2. The maximum ELC values required for UPS segment compliance have again been lowered (also
reducing the maximum allowable overall ELC). This recognizes improvements in UPS system effi-
ciencies that have occurred since the 2019 publication.
3. All ELC segment calculations must now be made at 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of design load. This
makes the ELC congruent with the MLC. It also requires consideration of the efficiency curves of
transformers in the distribution segment downstream of the UPS. Heretofore, transformers have
needed to comply only with the United States Department of Energy (DOE) efficiency minimums,
which are listed at only 35% loading—an unrealistic level for most data centers.
c. Section 11, which provides for alternative compliance paths, now outlines a methodology for applying a
credit to the combined MLC and ELC for the deployment of onsite renewable energy, thereby incentiviz-
ing the consideration of renewable energy while still requiring energy-efficient mechanical and electri-
cal systems.
d. Language has been incorporated to give credit for, and to encourage, heat recovery. However, the
method of credit calculation is very specific to avoid double dipping.
Standard 90. 4 follows ASHRAE’s continuous maintenance process, which allows changes to the standard
to be made on a continuous basis through addenda to the existing standard. This process allows for frequent
modifications to the standard to keep pace with rapidly changing technologies in the industry. In addition,
the chairs of the committees responsible for both Standard 90. 1 and Standard 90. 4 meet with members of the
ASHRAE Standards Committee to address any conflicts in scope between the two standards. It is the hope of
the committee that knowledgeable people within the data center industry will continue to offer their talents
to sustain and improve the quality and accuracy of the standard moving forward.
1 . PURPOSE
T h e p u rp o s e o f th i s s ta n da rd i s to e s ta b l i s h th e m i n i m u m energy efficiency re qu i re m e n t s o f data centers fo r

a. de s i g n , construction , a n d a p l a n fo r o p e ra t i o n a n d m a i n t e n a n c e ; a n d

b . u s e o f o n - s i te o r o ff- s i t e re n e w a b l e energy re s o u rc e s .

2. SCOPE
2.1 T h i s s ta n da rd a p p l i e s to

2 A N S I /A S H RA E S ta n da rd 9 0 . 4 - 2 0 2 2
a . n e w data centers , o r p o rti o n s t h e re o f, a n d th e i r systems ;

b . n e w additions t o data centers , o r p o rt i o n s t h e re o f, a n d th e i r systems ; a n d

c . m o di fi c a ti o n s to systems a n d equipment i n e x i s ti n g data centers o r p o rt i o n s t h e re o f.

2.2 T h e p ro v i s i o n s o f t h i s s t a n da rd do n o t a p p l y to

a . telephone exchanges ,

b . essential facilities , a n d

c . information technology equipment ITE ( ) .

2.3 W h e re s p e c i fi c a l l y n o te d i n t h i s s ta n d a rd, c e rta i n o th e r b u i l d i n g s o r e l e m e n ts o f b u i l d i n g s s h a l l b e

e x e m p t.

2.4 T h i s s ta n d a rd s h a l l n o t b e u s e d to c i rc u m v e n t a n y s a fe t y, h e a l t h , o r e n v i ro n m e n t a l re qu i re m e n t s .

3. DEFINITIONS
3 .1 General. C e rta i n te rm s , a b b re v i a t i o n s , a n d a c ro n y m s a re de fi n e d i n t h i s s e c ti o n fo r th e p u rp o s e s o f t h i s

s ta n da rd. W h e n th e t e n s e o r p l u ra l i ty o f th e t e rm di ffe rs fro m th e de fi n e d te rm , th e de fi n e d te rm s ti l l a p p l i e s .

T h e s e d e fi n i ti o n s are a p p l i c a b l e t o a l l s e c ti o n s o f th i s s t a n da rd e x c e p t w h e re s p e c i fi c a l l y l i m i te d.

3 .1 .1 C oordination. W h e re t e rm s a re n o t de fi n e d i n t h i s s ta nd ard b u t a re d e fi n e d i n A N S I /A S H RA E /I E S

S t an da rd 9 0 . 1 , t h o s e t e rm s s h a l l h a v e th e m e a n i n g s a s a s s i g n e d t o t h e m i n A N S I /A S H R A E /I E S S ta n da rd

9 0 . 1 . W h e re te rm s a re n o t d e fi n e d i n e i t h e r do c u m e n t , th e y s h a l l h a v e th e i r o rdi n a ry a c c e p te d m e a n i n g s

w i th i n t h e c o n te x t i n w h i c h th e y a re u s e d. O rd i n a ri l y a c c e p te d m e a n i n g s s h a l l b e b a s e d o n s t a n da rd A m e ri -

c a n E n g l i s h l a n g u ag e u s a g e a s d o c u m e n te d i n a n u n a b ri dg e d di c ti o n a ry a c c e p t e d b y th e adopting authority .

Informative Notes:
1 . S e e A n n e x 1 fo r A N S I /A S H RA E /I E S S ta n da rd 9 0 . 1 de fi n i ti o n s .

2 . O n l y t e rm s t h a t a p p e a r i n S e c t i o n 3 o f th i s s t a n da rd a re i t a l i c i z e d t h ro u g h o u t th e d o c u m e n t.

3 .2 Definitions

addition: s e e A N S I / A S H RA E /I E S S t a n da rd 9 0 . 1 i n A n n e x 1 .

adopting authority: s e e A N S I /A S H RA E / I E S S ta n d a rd 9 0 . 1 i n A n n e x 1 .

air, ambient: th e a i r s u rro u n d i n g a b u i l d i n g o r space ; t h e s o u rc e o f outdoor air b ro u g h t i n t o a b u i l d i n g .

air, recirculated: a i r re m o v e d fro m a space a n d re u s e d a s supply air .

air, supply: a i r de l i v e re d b y m e c h a n i c a l o r n a tu ra l ventilation t o a space , c o m p o s e d o f a n y c o m b i n a ti o n o f

outdoor air recirculated air , , o r tra n s fe r a i r.

alteration: s e e A N S I / A S H RA E /I E S S t a n da rd 9 0 . 1 i n A n n e x 1 .

annualized mechanical load component (annualized MLC): t h e s u m o f a l l c o o l i n g , fa n , p u m p , a n d h e a t -

re j e c t i o n a n n u a l energy u s e di v i d e d b y th e data center ITE energy .

authority having jurisdiction (AHJ): s e e A N S I / A S H RA E /I E S S t a n d a rd 9 0 . 1 i n A n n e x 1 .

automatic or automatically: s e e A N S I /A S H RA E /I E S S ta n da rd 9 0 . 1 i n A n n e x 1 .

branch circuit: s e e A N S I / A S H RA E /I E S S t a n da rd 9 0 . 1 i n A n n e x 1 .

building: s e e A N S I /A S H RA E / I E S S t a n da rd 9 0 . 1 i n A n n e x 1 .

building envelope: s e e A N S I /A S H RA E / I E S S t a n da rd 9 0 . 1 i n A n n e x 1 .

building official: s e e A N S I / A S H RA E /I E S S ta n d a rd 9 0 . 1 i n A n n e x 1 .

cabinet: a c o n ta i n e r th a t e n c l o s e s c o n n e c ti o n de v i c e s , te rm i n a ti o n s , a p p a ra tu s , w i ri n g , a n d equipment .

circuit breaker: s e e A N S I /A S H RA E /I E S S ta n da rd 9 0 . 1 i n A n n e x 1 .

computer room: a ro o m o r building

p o rti o n s o f a s e rv i n g a n ITE l o ad l e s s th a n o r e qu a l t o 1 0 kW o r 2 0 W / ft
2

( 2 1 5 W /m
2

) o r l e s s o f conditioned floor area .

conditioned floor area: s e e conditioned floor area, gross i n A N S I /A S H RA E /I E S S tandard 9 0 . 1 i n A nne x 1 .

construction: s e e A N S I / A S H RA E / I E S S ta n d a rd 9 0 . 1 i n A n n e x 1 .

construction documents: s e e A N S I /A S H RA E / I E S S ta n d a rd 9 0 . 1 i n A n n e x 1 .

data center: a ro o m o r building , o r p o rti o ns th e re o f, i nc l udi n g computer rooms b e i ng s e data cen-

rv e d b y th e

ter systems , s e rv i ng a to ITE

ta l l o ad g re ate r th a n 1 0 kW an d 2 0 W /ft
2

( 2 1 5 W /m
2

) o f conditioned floor area .

A N S I /A S H RA E S ta n da rd 9 0 . 4 - 2 0 2 2 3
 data center energy: energy
annual use of the data center , including all ITE energy plus energy that suppo rts

the ITE and data center space .

data center ITE design power: the combined power in kilowatts of all the ITE loads for which the ITE system
was designed. The data center ITE power shall not include any additional loads, such as cabinet fans or other

devices, that are not inherent parts of the ITE , even if the loads are part of the UPS operational design load .

data center ITE energy: the sum of all energy , in kilowatt - ho urs, consumed by the ITE on an annual basis.

data center systems: HVAC systems, electrical systems, equipment, or portions thereo f, used to conditio n ITE
or electrical systems Data center systems
. may also be shared, s erving other data center additions o r non-

data center
- loads .

design conditions: see ANS I/AS HRAE/IES S tandard 9 0. 1 in Annex 1 .

design ELC demarcation: the incoming electrical service point as defined by the National Electrical C ode

(NF PA 7 0) .

design electrical loss component (design ELC): design electrical loss component
the data centerfor the or

data center addition s hall be the comb ined losses losses

(or the efficiencies
calculated from ) of two seg-

ments o f the electrical chain: UPS segment ITE distribution segment

and design ELC. The shall b e calcu-

lated using the highest loss (lowest efficiency) parts of each segment of the p ower chain in order to

demonstrate a minimum level o f electrically efficient design. The design ELC does not, and is not intended

to, integrate all electrical losses in the facility.

design professional: s ee ANS I/ASHRAE/IES S tandard 9 0. 1 in Annex 1 .

dew point: the temp erature to which air must be coo led (assuming co nstant air pressure and mois ture con-

tent) to reach a relative humidity of 1 0 0% (i. e. , saturation) .

distribution system: see ANS I/AS HRAE/IES S tandard 9 0. 1 in Annex 1 .

efficiency: see ANS I/AS HRAE/IES S tandard 9 0 . 1 in Annex 1 .

energy: see ANS I/AS HRAE/IES S tandard 9 0 . 1 in Annex 1 .

equipment: devices fo r conditio ning o f electric p ower and ITE in data center systems . F or devices used fo r

other purp oses o r in other systems , the definition of equipment in ANS I/AS HRAE/IES S tandard 9 0. 1 app lies

(s ee Annex 1 ).

essential facilities: those po rtio ns o f a data center , whether on the same site o r at a remo te lo catio n, serving

one of the following functions:

a. Hos pitals and other health care facilities having surgery o r emergency treatment facilities

b. F ire, rescue, and p olice stations and emergency- vehicle garages

c. Des ignated earthquake, hurricane, o r other emergency shelters

d. D esignated emergency p reparedness, communication, and operatio n centers and other facilities

required for emergency resp ons e

e. Po wer generation, transmissio n, and distrib ution stations, and other pub lic utility facilities required as

emergency b ackup facilities for o ther essential facilities

f. S tructures containing highly toxic materials where the quantity of the material exceeds the maximum

allo wab le quantities

g. Aviation control to wers , air traffic co ntrol centers, and emergency aircraft hangars

h. Data centers and other structures having critical natio nal defense functions

i. Those spaces having a mechanical cooling or electrical design of Rating IV as defined by ANS I/TIA-

9 42 - B

j. Those spaces classified under NF PA 7 0 , Article 7 0 8 , “C ritical Operations P ower S ys tems (COP S ) ”

k. Those spaces where core clearing and s ettlement services are perfo rmed such that failure to settle p end-

ing financial trans actio ns could present s ystematic risk as describ ed in “The Interagency Paper on

S o und Practices to S trengthen the Resilience of the U. S . F inancial S ystem”

existing building: see ANS I/AS HRAE/IES S tandard 9 0. 1 in Annex 1 .

existing equipment: see ANS I/AS HRAE/IES S tandard 9 0. 1 in Annex 1 .

existing system: see ANS I/AS HRAE/IES S tandard 9 0 . 1 in Annex 1 .

historic (historically): see historic in ANS I/AS HRAE/IES S tandard 9 0. 1 in Annex 1 .

HVAC system: s ee ANS I/AS HRAE/IES S tandard 9 0. 1 in Annex 1 .

4 ANS I/AS HRAE S tandard 9 0. 4-2 02 2

incoming electrical service point: t h e p o i n t o f c o n n e c t i o n b e tw e e n th e fa c i l i ti e s o f t h e s e rv i n g u ti l i ty a n d th e

p re m i s e s w i ri n g , a l s o kn o w n a s t h e p o i n t o f de m a rc a ti o n b e tw e e n w h e re th e s e rv i n g u ti l i t y e n ds a n d t h e

p re m i s e s w i ri n g b e g i n s , a s de fi n e d b y t h e N a ti o n a l E l e c tri c a l C o d e ( N F PA 7 0 ) .

incoming electrical service segment: t incoming electrical service segment

h e s h a l l i n c l u de a l l e l e m e n ts o f

th e e l e c t ri c al p o w e r c h a i n p ri o r to th e UPS segment , b e g i n n i n g w i th t h e l o a d s i de o incoming electrical

f th e

service point s u p p l y i n g th e building , c o n t i n u i n g th ro u g h a l l o th e r i n te rv e n i n g transformers , w i ri n g , a n d

s w i tc h g e a r, an d e n d i n g a t th e manufacturer - p ro v i de d i n p u t terminals o f th e UPS o r i t s e qu i v a l e n t l o c at i o n i n

th e c i rc u i t.

information technology equipment (ITE): ITE i n c l u de s c o m p u te rs , d a ta s t o ra g e , s e rv e rs , a n d n e t w o rk/c o m -

m u n i c a t i o n equipment .

ITE adds, moves, and changes: t h e n o rm a l a n d s o m e w h a t p e rp e t u a l a ddi ti o n s , m o v e s , a n d c h a n g e s to ITE ,

s u c h a s a s e rv e r m o v i n g fro m o n e ITE enclosure t o a n o t h e r.

ITE distribution segment: t h e s e g m design ELC

e n t o f t h e t h a t i n c l u d e s a l l e l e m e n ts o f th e p o w e r c h a i n ,

b e g i n n i n g a t t h e manufacturer - p ro v i d terminals
e d o u t p u t - l o a d o f t h e UPS segment ; e x te n d i n g t h ro u g h al l

transformers , w i ri n g , a n d s w i t c h g e a r; a n d c o n t i n u i n g to a n d i n c l u di n g th e re c e p ta c l e s to w h i c h ITE o r p o w e r

di s t ri b u ti o n s t ri p s fo r c o n n e c ti o n o f m u l t i p l e p i e c e s o f ITE to a c i rc u i t a re i n t e n de d to b e c o n n e c te d . T h ITE e

distribution segment s h a l l n o t i n c l u de th e a c t u a l ITE , i t s p o w e r c o rd s , o r a n y a c c e s s o ry p a rt o f th e ITE . I n

c a s e s w h e re p o w e r i s to b e h a rdw i re d i n to s manufacturer
e l f- c cabinets
o n ta i n e d , c o n fi g u re d , th e c a l c u l a ti o n

p a th s h a l l t e rm i n a t e a t th e p o w e r i n p u t terminals manufacturer equipment

p ro v i d e d b y t h e w i t h i n th a t . T h e

ITE distribution segment u s e d t o c a l c u l a t design ELC

e th e loss efficiency s h a l l b e th e h i g h e s t ( l o w e s t ) p a th .

T h i s i s n o rm a l l y t h e l o n g e s t p a t h t h a t a l s o c o n loss
ta i n s t h e l a rg e s t n u m b e rs o f - p ro d u c i n g de v i c e s , s u c h a s

transformers .

ITE enclosure: a ra c k, cabinet , o r c h a s s i s th a t i s de s i g n e d to m o u n t a n d e n a b l e a p p ro p ri a te ventilation o f

ITE .

ITE energy: s e e IT equipment energy i n A N S I /A S H RA E /I E S S ta n d a rd 9 0 . 1 i n A n n e x 1 .

ITE room: a ro o m de ITE di c a te d fo r .

kilovolt-ampere (kVA): s e e A N S I / A S H RA E / I E S S ta n da rd 9 0 . 1 i n A n n e x 1 .

kilowatt (kW): s e e A N S I /A S H RA E /I E S S ta n da rd 9 0 . 1 i n A n n e x 1 .

labeled: s e e A N S I /A S H RA E /I E S S t a n da rd 9 0 . 1 i n A n n e x 1 .

loss: t h e d i ffe re n c e b e t w e e n th e p o w e r o r energy e n t e ri n g a de v i c e o r system s e g m e n t a n d th e p o w e r o r

energy l e a v i n g th a t de v i c e o r system s e g m e n t. T hloss e m a y b e m e a s u re d i n p h y s i c a l u n i ts ( v o l t s , w a t ts , p s i ,

e tc . ) o r m a y b e c a l c u l a te d a s o n e ( 1 ) m i n u s th e efficiency o f t h e d e v i c e o r system s e g m e n t .

manufacturer: s e e A N S I /A S H RA E /I E S S t a n da rd 9 0 . 1 i n A n n e x 1 .

mechanical cooling: s e e A N S I / A S H RA E / I E S S ta n da rd 9 0 . 1 i n A n n e x 1 .

N: s e e redundancy.
outdoor (outside) air: s e e A N S I /A S H RA E /I E S S t a n da rd 9 0 . 1 i n A n n e x 1 .

proposed design: s e e A N S I / A S H RA E / I E S S t a n da rd 9 0 . 1 i n A n n e x 1 .

record drawings: s e e record documents i n A N S I / A S H RA E / I E S S ta n d a rd 9 0 . 1 i n A n n e x 1 .

redundancy: de l i b e ra te d u p l i c a ti o n o f c o m p o n e n t s , equipment , c o n tro l s , o r systems a n d th e i r i n t e rc o n n e c -

ti o n s t o e n a b l e c o n ti n u e d o p e ra ti o n a t n e e de d fu n c ti o n a l c a p a c i ti e s d u ri n g a n d a ft e r t h e loss o f th e p ri m a ry

c o m p o n e n ts , equipment , c o n tro l s , o r systems d u e t o fa i l u re , m a i n t e n a n c e , s e rv i c i n g , o r o t h e r m o di fi c a ti o n

ac t i v i ti e s .

N: b as e n u m b e r o f c a p a c i t y c o m p o n e n ts n e e d e d to p ro v i d e d e s i g n system fu n c t i o n a l c a p a c i ty.

N+1, N+2, etc. : s i n g l e system redundancy h a v i n g o n e o r m o re a d di t i o n a l c a p a c i ty c o m p o n e n t s .

2N, 2N+1 or 2(N+1), etc. : system redundancy

d u a l h a v i n g o n e o r m o re a dd i t i o n a l c a p a c i ty c o m p o n e n t s .

repair: s e e A N S I / A S H RA E / I E S S t a n da rd 9 0 . 1 i n A n n e x 1 .

service: s e e building service i n A N S I / A S H RA E /I E S S t a n da rd 9 0 . 1 i n A n n e x 1 .

service point: t h e p o i n t o f c o n n e c ti o n b e tw e e n th e fa c i l i t i e s o f th e s e rv i n g u ti l i t y a n d t h e p re m i s e s w i ri n g .

T h e service point c a n b e de s c ri b e d a s t h e p o i n t o f d e m a rc a ti o n b e t w e e n w h e re th e s e rv i n g u t i l i t y e n ds a n d

th e p re m i s e s c o n ti n u a ti o n b e g i n s . T h e s e rv i n g u t i l i ty g e n e ra l l y s p e c i fi e s th e l o c a ti o n o f th e service point
b a s e d o n th e c o n di t i o n s o f service .

A N S I /A S H RA E S ta n da rd 9 0 . 4 - 2 0 2 2 5
 service water heating: s ee ANS I/AS HRAE/IES S tandard 9 0. 1 in Annex 1 .

single-line diagram: s ee ANS I/AS HRAE/IES S tandard 9 0. 1 in Annex 1 .

space: see ANS I/AS HRAE/IES S tandard 9 0. 1 in Annex 1 .

system: a combination equipment

of and auxiliary devices (e. g. , controls , acces sories, interconnecting

means, and terminal elements) b y which energy is transformed so that it performs a sp ecific function, such

as HVAC, service water heating ITE , po wer, or lighting.

telephone exchange: a telecommunication service facility that p rovides telecommunication services to the

pub lic and that has op erations regulated via the Communications Act o f 1 93 4 , Title II (Commo n C arriers),

and 4 7 CF R C hapter 1 (F ederal C o mmunicatio ns Commissio n) . ( Informative Note: S ee Info rmative App en-
dix D for additional guidance. )

terminal: a device b y which energy from a system is finally delivered (e. g. , registers, diffus ers, lighting fix-

tures, faucets) , terminating prior to the interface with the ITE enclosure . F o r devices used fo r o ther purpo ses

or in o ther systems , the definition o f terminal in ANS I/AS HRAE/IES S tandard 9 0 . 1 app lies (see Annex 1 ) .

transformer: see ANS I/AS HRAE/IES S tandard 9 0. 1 in Annex 1 .

unconditioned space: see ANS I/AS HRAE/IES S tandard 9 0. 1 in Annex 1 .

uninterruptible power supply (UPS): also known as an “uninterrup tib le p ower system ,” a system primarily

intended to continue delivering p ower to the critical load after a utility power interrup tio n. It may also s erve

to deliver co ntinuous , s table po wer when anomalies occur in the incoming p ower source, which may be the

utility or an alternate po wer so urce, such as a generator UPS systems

. are defined by three internationally

recognized clas sifications :

voltage and frequency dependent (VFD) systems: als o known as “offline” or “standb y” UPS systems,
which are offline until a power interruption o ccurs and then rapidly switch into the circuit to maintain

po wer to the critical lo ad.

voltage independent (VI) systems: also known as “line interactive,” which are s imilar to VFD systems
in that they rap idly s witch backup p ower to the critical load when a p ower interruptio n occurs . How-

ever, a VI UPS co ntinually passes incoming p ower to the output while also using the sto red energy
source to filter inco ming p o wer, supp ress voltage s pikes, and p rovide a degree of voltage regulatio n.

voltage and frequency independent (VFI) systems: also known as “doub le convers ion,” “dual co nver-

sion, ” o r “full time” UPS , which use incoming utility o r generato r p ower so lely to drive an electro nic o r

mechanical mechanism that regenerates p ower and delivers it to the critical load without the need to

switch anything into or out of the circuit. This results in total isolation of the critical load from inco ming

power and no break of any duratio n in the delivered p ower.

Two phys ical types o f UPS systems are in general us e:

a. B attery UPS
, in which incoming AC power maintains battery charge, and an AC to D C converter, known

as an “inverter, ” delivers power to the critical lo ad on either a continuous or noncontinuous basis.

b. Rotary UPS , in which inco ming AC p ower drives a pro pulsion unit that turns a generating device, with

a heavy flywheel s toring kinetic energy that continues to turn the generating portio n when inco ming

po wer fails o r anomalies occur. B atteries are also sometimes used to sup p lement the kinetic energy stor-

age to extend “ride- through” time. Ro tary UPS systems may also include a driven engine for emergency

backup (co mmonly referred to as a “diesel rotary UPS” [D RUPS ] , regardless of fuel typ e) , which is

decoupled fro m the rotary UPS comp onents during normal o peration and is not included in efficiency
calculations.

Either type can be made up of o ne or more modules running in p arallel to add capacity or redundancy or

both. D C UPS systems , which eliminate the inverter and deliver D C p ower to the ITE , are also used.

UPS economy mode: a mo de o f UPS o peration in which power is normally fed to the load witho ut going

through po wer conversio ns within the UPS for the purpo s e o f reducing loss during normal op eration so as to

save energy . C ircuitry is incorporated to rapidly s witch the lo ad to the rectifier/battery/inverter in the event

of a power failure or voltage drop b elow a p reset thresho ld. Economy mode is normally a configurable

option that can b e us ed o r overridden at user discretion.

UPS operational design load: kilowatts

the lo ad inUPS at which the is intended to op erate b y des ign. This

will be data center ITE design power

the pluscabinet
any other lo ads , s uch as door fans o r refrigerant

UPS
pump s, that will b e co nnected to the UPS operational design load
. The is typically less than the UPS
rated capacity .

6 ANS I/AS HRAE S tandard 9 0. 4-2 02 2

UPS rated capacity: th e m a x i m u m l o a d i n kilowatts o r kilovolt-amperes a t w h i c h a n i n di v i du a l UPS i s

de s i g n e d a n d s pmanufacturer
e c i fi e d b y th e t o o p e ra t e o n a c o n t i n u o u s b a s i s u n de r s p e c i fi e d e n v i ro n m e n ta l

c o n d i ti o n s . UPS rated capacity d o e s n o t i n c l u de th e c a p a c i ty o f a n y redundant UPS c o m p o n e n ts o r systems .

UPS segment: UPS segment

th e design ELC
o f th e manufacturer UPS system s h a l l i n c l u d e th e - p ro v i d e d

fro m th e i n p u t terminals t o t h e o u terminals

t p u t transformers , i n c l u di n g a l l , s w i t c h g e a r, re c ti fi e rs , i n v e rte rs ,

ro ta ry p ro p u l s i o n u n i ts , a n d w i ri n g pmanufacturer
ro v i d e Transformers
d b y th e b e tw e e n t h o s e t w o p o i n ts .

a n d s w i tc h g e a r p ro v i de d b y t h e UPS manufacturer cabinets UPS b u t h o u s e d i n di ffe re n t fro m th e a c tu a l

c a p a c i ty c o m p o n e n ts s h a l l b e c o n s i d eUPS segment
re d p a rts Transform-o f t h e a l o n g w i t h a s s o c i a t e d w i ri n g .

ers a n d s w i tc h g e a r fu n c ti o n i n g a s pUPS a rts o f t h UPS

e b u t i n s ta l l e d s e p a ra t e l y a n d n o t p ro v i de d b y t h e

manufacturer ( s u c h a s c u s to m - c o n fi g u re d bUPS segment

y p a s s ) s h a l l n o t b e c o n s i de re d p a rt o f t h e . A l l s u c h

a s s o c i a te d c o m p o n e n t s s h a l l b e i n c l incoming electrical service segment

u d e d w i t ITE distri-
h th e a n d /o r th e

bution segment i n a c c o rda n c e w i th th e i r s p e c i fi c de s i g n l o g i c .

ventilation: s e e A N S I /A S H RA E /I E S S ta n da rd 9 0 . 1 i n A n n e x 1 .

4. ADMINISTRATION AND ENFORCEMENT

4.1 General
4.1.1 Scope
4.1.1.1 New Buildings. Data center spaces i n n e w buildings s h a l l c o m p l y w i t h t h e s t a n da rd a s

de s c ri bspaces
e d buildingsi n S e c ti o n 4 . 2 . O th e r i n n e w s h a l l c o m p l y w i th A N S I /A S H RA E / I E S S ta n da rd

9 0 . 1 , S e c t i o n 4 . 1 . 1 . 1 .

Informative Note: Re fe r t o F i g u re C - 1 fo r building a re a s s u b j e c t t o t h e p ro v i s i o n s o f A N S I / A S H RA E

S t a n da rd 9 0 . 4 .

4.1.1.2 Additions to Existing Buildings. Data center spaces i n an addition s h a l l c o m p l y w i th th e s ta n -

da rd a s d e spaces
s c addition
ri b e d i n S e c ti o n 4 . 2 . O th e r i n a n s h a l l c o m p l y w i th A N S I /A S H RA E / I E S S ta n -

da rd 9 0 . 1 , S e c ti o n 4 . 1 . 1 . 2 .

4.1.1.3 Alterations of Existing Buildings. Alterations o f e x i s ti n g data center spaces s h a l l c o m p l y w i t h

th e s ta n da Alterations
rd a spaces
s de s c ri b e d i n S e c ti o n 4 . 2 . o f o th e r s h a l l c o m p l y w i th A N S I / A S H RA E /I E S

S t a n da rd 9 0 . 1 , S e c ti o n 4 . 1 . 1 . 3 .

4.1.1.4 Replacement of Portions of Existing Buildings. P o rti o n s o f a data center space building ’ s

envelope service water heating

, h e a ti n g , v e n ti l a ti n g , a i r c o n di t i o n i n g , , p o w e r, l i g h t i nsystemsg , a n d o th e r

a equipment
n d alterations t h a t a re b e i n g re p l a c e d s h a l l b e c o n s i de re d o f e x i s ti n g data center spaces a n d

s h a l l c o m p l y w i th t h e s ta n d a rd a s d e s c ri b e d i n S e c ti o n 4 . 2 . Re p l a c e m e n t s i n o t h e r spaces s h a l l c o m p l y w i t h

A N S I /A S H RA E / I E S S ta n da rd 9 0 . 1 , S e c ti o n 4 . 1 . 1 . 4 .

4.1.1.5 Changes in Space Conditioning. W h e n e v unconditioned space

e r space o r s e m i h e a te d th a t i s a

data center space space i s c o n v e rt e d to a c o n di t i o n e d , s u c space

h c o n di ti o n e d s h a l l b e b ro u g h t i n to c o m p l i -

a n c e w i t h a l l re qu i re m e n ts o f th i s s t a n da rd th a t a p p l y t o data center space building envelope

th e ’ s , h e a t i n g ,

v e n t i l a t i n g , a i r c o n service water heating

di ti o n i n g , , p o w e r, systems
l i equipment
g h t i n g , a n d o t h e r a n d o f th e

space a s i f t h e data center space w a s n e w. C h a n g e s o f space spaces c o n d i ti o n i n g i n o th e r s h a l l c o m p l y w i t h

A N S I /A S H RA E / I E S S ta n da rd 9 0 . 1 , S e c ti o n 4 . 1 . 1 . 5 .

4.1.2 Administrative Requirements. A d m i n i s tra ti v e re qu i re m e n ts re l a ti n g to p e rm i t re qu i re m e n t s ,

e n fo rc authority having jurisdiction AHJ

e m e n t b y th e ( ) , l o c a l l y a do p te d energy s t a n da rds , i n te rp re ta t i o n s ,

c l a i m s o f e xAHJ e m p ti o n , a n d ri g h ts o f a p p e a l a re s p e c i fi e d b y t h e .

4.1.3 Alternative Materials, Methods of Construction, or Design. T h e p ro v i s i o n s o f th i s s t a n da rd a re

n o t i n t e n de construction
d t o p re v e n t t h e u s e o f a n y m a t e ri a l , m e t h o d o f , de s i g n , equipment , o r data center
system n o t s p e c i fi c a l l y p re s c ri b e d h e re i n .

4.1.4 Validity. I f a n y te rm , p a rt, p ro v i s i o n , s e c ti o n , p a ra g ra p h , s u b di v i s i o n , ta b l e , c h art, o r re fe re n c e d

s ta n da rd o f t h i s s t a n da rd s h a l l b e h e l d u n c o n s ti t u ti o n a l , i n v a l i d, o r i n e ffe c ti v e , i n w h o l e o r i n p a rt, s u c h

de te rm i n a ti o n s h a l l n o t b e de e m e d to i n v a l i da te a n y re m a i n i n g te rm , p a rt, p ro v i s i o n , s e c t i o n , p a ra g ra p h , s u b -

di v i s i o n , ta b l e , c h a rt, o r re fe re n c e d s ta n da rd o f th i s s ta n da rd .

4.1.5 Other Laws. T h e p ro v i s i o n s o f th i s s t a n d a rd s h a l l n o t b e de e m e d t o n u l l i fy a n y p ro v i s i o n s o f l o c a l ,

s ta t e , o r fe de ra l l a w. W h e re th e re i s a c o n fl i c t b e t w e e n a re qu i re m e n t o f th i s s t a n da rd a n d s u c h o t h e r l a w

a ffe construction
c ti n data center
g o f t h e , p re c e de n c e s h a l l b e d e te rm i n e d b y t h e AHJ .

4.1.6 Referenced Standards. T h e s ta n da rds re fe re n c e d i n t h i s s t a n da rd a n d l i s te d i n S e c ti o n 1 2 s h a l l b e

c o n s i d e re d p a rt o f th e re q u i r e m e n ts o f th i s s t a n da rd to t h e p re s c ri b e d e x te n t o f s u c h re fe re n c e . W h e re di ffe r-

e n c e s o c c u r b e tw e e n t h e p ro v i s i o n o f th i s s ta n da rd a n d re fe re n c e d s t a n da rds , th e p ro v i s i o n s o f th i s s ta n da rd

A N S I /A S H RA E S ta n da rd 9 0 . 4 - 2 0 2 2 7
 shall ap p ly. References in Info rmative Appendix A are cited to acknowledge sources and are no t p art of this

standard.

4.1.7 Normative Appendices. The normative ap pendices to this s tandard are considered to be integral

parts of the mandato ry requirements of this standard, which, for reas ons of convenience, are placed apart

from all o ther normative elements .

4.1.8 Informative Appendices. The informative appendices to this standard and informative notes

located within this standard co ntain additional info rmatio n and are not mandatory or p art of this standard.

4.1.9 Reference Standard Reproduction Annexes. The reference s tandard reproduction annexes contain

material that is cited in this standard but contained in ano ther standard. The reference standard rep roduction

annexes are not part of this standard but are included in the pub lication o f this standard to facilitate use of

this standard.

4.2 Compliance
4.2.1 Compliance Paths
4.2.1.1 New Buildings. Data center spaces in new buildings shall comp ly with the provis ions of S ec-

tio ns 5 , 7 , 9 , and 1 0 and one of the following:

a. S ections 6 and 8

b. S ection 1 1

Other spaces in new buildings shall comply with ANS I/AS HRAE/IES S tandard 9 0 . 1 , S ection 4 . 2 . 1 . 1 .

Informative Note: S ee F igure C- 1 fo r an illustrative diagram.

4.2.1.2 Additions to Existing Buildings. Data center spaces in additions shall comply with the provi-

sions of S ections 5 , 7 , 9 , and 1 0 and one of the following:

a. S ections 6 and 8

b. S ection 1 1

Other spaces additions

in s hall co mply with ANS I/AS HRAE/IES S tandard 9 0 . 1 , S ection 4. 2 . 1 . 2 .

4.2.1.3 Alterations to Existing Buildings. Alterations o f existing data center spaces shall comply with

the provisions o f S ections 5 , 7 , 9 , and 1 0 and with either S ectio ns 6 and 8 o r S ection 1 1 , p rovided such com-

pliance will not result in the increase o f energy consumption of the building .

Component o r system replacements or modifications that res ult in changes in either capacity or type of

technolo gy require co mpliance with the app licable s ections and versions of this standard in accordance with

Chart 1 (see Informative App endix C) .

Alterations spaces
of o ther shall co mp ly with ANS I/AS HRAE/IES S tandard 9 0. 1 , S ectio n 4. 2 . 1 . 3 .

Exceptions to 4.2.1.3:
ITE adds, moves, and changes
1. are excluded.

ITE enclosures
2. are excluded.

3.data center space

A that has been s pecifically designated as historically significant by the adopt-
ing authority , is listed in The National Register o f Historic Places, or has b een determined to be

eligible for lis ting b y the U. S . S ecretary o f the Interior need not comply with these requirements.

4. Where one o r more components or po rtions o f an existing data center space ’ s mechanical, electri-

cal, o r lighting system is being replaced without changing capacities, the annual energy consump -

tio n of the system in which rep lacements are made s hall not be greater than the annual energy
consumption of the existing system . Co mpliance can b e demons trated us ing manufacturer ’ s pub-

lished efficiency data fo r the new and exis ting devices or by comp arative calculations o f the

annual energy consump tions of the exis ting and revised systems perfo rmed by a design profes-
sional us ing calculatio n methods commo nly accep ted in the industry.

4.2.2 Compliance Documentation

4.2.2.1 Construction Details. Co mp liance documents fo r data center spaces shall s how all of the p erti-

nent data and features o f thedata center equipment , , and systems in detail s ufficient to p ermit a determina-

tion of compliance by the building official and to indicate comp liance with the requirements of this standard.

Compliance do cuments for other spaces shall co mply with ANS I/AS HRAE/IES S tandard 9 0 . 1 , S ection

4. 2 . 2 . 1 .

4.2.2.2 Supplemental Information. S up plemental information necessary to verify compliance with this

standard fo r data center spaces , such as calculations , worksheets, co mp liance forms , vendor literature, o r

other data, s hall be made available when required by the building official . C omp liance may b e documented

using mechanical and electrical calculatio ns to complete each required path. If compliance is to be shown

8 ANS I/AS HRAE S tandard 9 0. 4-2 02 2

for mechanical systems o nly, the designer shall perform the calculatio ns in S ection 6 . 5 . If co mpliance is to

be s hown for electrical systems o nly, the des igner shall perform the calculations in S ection 8 . 5 . The calcula-

tio ns in S ectio n 6. 5 can be used to take credit fo r existing mechanical system efficiencies when co mpliance is

to b e shown for electrical systems only. The calculations in S ectio n 6. 5 can be used to take credit fo r existing

electrical system efficiencies when compliance is to b e s hown for mechanical systems only.

S upplemental information for other spaces s hall comp ly with ANS I/AS HRAE/IES S tandard 90 . 1 , S ec-

tio n 4. 2 . 2 . 2 .

Informative Note: S ee Informative Ap pendix C, F igures C- 2 a, C- 2 b, and C- 2 c fo r mechanical and elec-

trical compliance paths .

4.2.2.3 Manuals. Op eratio n and maintenance info rmatio n for data center spaces shall be provided to

the data center owner. This information shall include but no t be limited to the fo llowing:

a. S ubmittal data stating equipment size

Operatio n and maintenance info rmation fo r o ther spaces s hall co mply with ANS I/AS HRAE/IES S tan-

dard 9 0. 1 , S ectio n 4. 2 . 2 . 3 .

4.2.3 Labeling of Material and Equipment. Materials and equipment for data center spaces shall be

labeled in a manner that will allow fo r a determination of their comp liance with the applicab le p rovisio ns o f

this s tandard.

Labeling o f materials and equipment fo r o ther spaces shall co mply with ANS I/AS HRAE/IES S tandard

9 0. 1 , S ectio n 4. 2 . 3 .

4.2.4 Inspections. All construction additions

, , or alterations of data center spaces subj ect to the provi-

sio ns o f this standard shall remain accessib le and expos ed fo r inspection purpos es until app ro ved in accor-

dance with the pro cedures specified by the building official .

Insp ectio ns of construction additions

, alterations
, and fo r other spaces shall co mp ly with ANS I/

AS HRAE/IES S tandard 9 0. 1 , S ectio n 4 . 2 . 4 .

4.2.5 Verification and Commissioning Reporting. Where repo rting is required for data center spaces ,

the building official o r other app roved agencies shall rep ort to the contractor their findings of co nformance

and no nconformance for co rrection.

spaces
Reporting fo r other shall comply with ANS I/AS HRAE/IES S tandard 9 0. 1 , S ection 4 . 2 . 5 .

4.2.5.1 Nonconformance. If the nonco nforming work fo r data center spaces is found not to be cor-

rected within a predetermined time as agreed upon by the co ntractor, the nonconforming work shall be

rep orted in writing to the building official and design professional . At a time agreed to by the building offi-
cial or o ther approved agencies , a final report shall be submitted to the building official and the contractor

that o utlines the inspectio n findings and documents the correctio n o f no nconfo rming work. No nconforming

work fo r other spaces shall comply with ANS I/AS HRAE/IES S tandard 9 0. 1 , S ectio n 4. 2 . 5 . 1 .

5. BUILDING ENVELOPE
5.1 General
5.1.1 Scope. S ection 5 sp ecifies the requirements fo r the building envelope .

5.2 Compliance Paths

5.2.1 Compliance. data center HVAC system
If a meets S ectio n 6. 2 , as adopted by the j urisdiction, then that

data center building envelope

’ s portion of the shall be considered to be in compliance with S tandard 90. 4. Doc-

building envelope
umentation describing the ’ s net hourly thermal effect shall be included in a proj ect’ s hourly

Mech_Energy% whenever considered necessary by either the building official or the design professional .

Exception to 5.2.1: When the building envelope comp lies with ANS I/AS HRAE/IES S tandard 9 0. 1 , S ec-

tio n 5 , as adopted by the j urisdiction, the building envelope effect shall no t be required to b e part o f a

pro j ect’ s MLC calculation.

6. HEATING, VENTILATING, AND AIR CONDITIONING

6.1 General
6.1.1 Scope. S ectio n 6 s pecifies the requirements for heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning HVAC) (

systems installed to serve data center spaces HVAC systems

. spaces
installed to serve o ther shall co mply

with ANS I/AS HRAE/IES S tandard 9 0. 1 , S ectio n 6.

6.1.1.1 New Buildings. equipment

Mechanicalsystems and installed to serve the heating, cooling, and

ventilating needs ofdata center spaces buildings in new shall comply with the requirements of this s ection

as des cribed in S ection 6. 2 or S ectio n 1 1 .

ANS I/AS HRAE S tandard 90. 4- 202 2 9

 6.1 .1 .2 Additions to Existing Buildings. Mechanical equipment and systems ins talled to serve the heat-

ing, coo ling, o r ventilating needs o f data center spaces in additions shall comply with the requirements of

this s ection as described in S ectio n 6. 2 or S ectio n 1 1 .

Exception to 6.1 .1 .2: Where HVAC air is pro vided to a data center space addition in an by using the

existing HVAC systems and equipment existing systems

, s uch equipment and shall no t be required to

comply with this standard. However, any new systems equipment or installed must comply with sp e-

cific requirements applicable to those systems equipment

and .

6.1 .1 .3 Alterations to Heating, Ventilating, Air Conditioning, and Refrigeration (HVACR) in Exist-
ing Buildings

6.1 .1 .3.1 When replacing existing HVAC equipment with new HVAC equipment , the replacement

equipment shall co mp ly with the s pecific minimum efficiency requirements ap plicab le to that equipment in

ANS I/AS HRAE/IES S tandard 9 0. 1 .

Exceptions to 6.1 .1 .3.1 : Compliance shall no t b e required

1. equipment
fo r that is being modified o r repaired but not replaced, p rovided that s uch mo difica-

repairs
tio ns and/or will not result in an increase in the annual energy co nsumption of the equip-
ment energy
using the same typ e;

2. equipment
where a rep lacement of is like- fo r- like, o r where alteration of existing equipment
requires extens ive revisio ns to other systems equipment
, , or elements o f a building to achieve

co mpliance;

3. fo r a refrigerant change in existing equipment ; or

4. fo r the relo catio n of existing equipment within the same data center with no change that would

res ult in an increase in the annual energy consumptio n of the equipment.

6.1 .1 .3.2 New cooling systems installed to serve previous ly uncooled spaces shall co mp ly with this

section as described in S ection 6 . 2 .

6.2 Compliance Paths

6.2.1 Compliance. The HVAC system shall comply with S ectio n 6. 1 , “General”; S ection 6 . 4, “Mandato ry

Provisions ,” S ection 6. 5 , “Maximum Annualized Mechanical Load Co mponent (Annualized MLC) , ” and

S ection 6. 6, “S ubmittals. ”

6.3 Simplified/Small Building Option (Not Used)

6.4 Mandatory Provisions

6.4.1 Verification of Equipment Efficiencies. Equipment efficiency information supp lied b y manufac-
turers shall be verified by o ne of the following:

a. Equipment covered under the Energy Policy Act o f 2 0 0 5 (EPAct) shall comply with U. S . Department o f

Energy certificatio n requirements.

b. If a certification program exis ts fo r a p iece of equipment and it includes p ro visions fo r verification and

challenge of equipment efficiency ratings, then the p roduct shall be listed in the certificatio n pro gram.

c. If a certification program exists for a piece o f equipment and it includes p rovisions fo r verification and

challenge o f equipment efficiency ratings but the pro duct is not lis ted in the existing certification pro -

gram, the ratings shall be verified by an independent labo rato ry tes t rep ort.

d. If no certificatio n program exists for a piece of equipment , the equipment efficiency ratings shall b e sup -

ported by data furnished b y the manufacturer .

e. Where compo nents such as indoo r or outdoor coils from different manufacturers are used, the system
designer s hall verify combined efficiencies .

6.4.2 Equipment Not Listed. Equipment not listed in ANS I/AS HRAE/IES S tandard 9 0. 1 may be us ed.

6.5 Maximum Annualized Mechanical Load Component (Annualized MLC). Annualized MLC shall be

calculated using Equatio n 6. 5 . The resulting value shall b e less than or equal to the value in Tab le 6 . 5 .

N = 25    
50 75 1 00 MechE
N– HeatRec
N 
N
Annualized MLC = (6 . 5 )

= 25    
50 75 1 00 DataC enterITE
N 
where

MechE
N (kWh) = total annual energy consumed by all mechanical equipment (e. g. , fans, pumps,

motors, drives, compressors, humidifiers, dehumidifiers, water filtration or

10 ANS I/AS HRAE S tandard 9 0. 4-2 02 2

Table 6.5 Maximum Annualized Mechanical Load Component (Annualized MLC)
HVAC Maximum Annualized MLC for HVAC Maximum Annualized MLC for
Climate Zones as Listed in Data Center ITE Design Power Data Center ITE Design Power
ASHRAE Standard 169 >300 kW 300 kW
0 A 0 . 2 5 0 . 3 1

0 B 0 . 2 8 0 . 3 4

1 A 0 . 2 6 0 . 3 1

1 B 0 . 2 7 0 . 3 2

2 A 0 . 2 3 0 . 2 9

3 A 0 . 2 1 0 . 2 7

4 A 0 . 1 8 0 . 2 6

5 A 0 . 1 6 0 . 2 5

6 A 0 . 1 6 0 . 2 4

2 B 0 . 1 7 0 . 2 7

3 B 0 . 1 7 0 . 2 6

4 B 0 . 1 4 0 . 2 4

5 B 0 . 1 4 0 . 2 3

6 B 0 . 1 4 0 . 2 4

3 C 0 . 1 4 0 . 2 3

4 C 0 . 1 4 0 . 2 3

5 C 0 . 1 4 0 . 2 3

7 0 . 1 4 0 . 2 3

8 0 . 1 3 0 . 2 2

ITE N equipment ITE

equipment data center equipment
tre a tm e nt ) a t a c o n s ta nt l o a d o f % o f th e de s i g n l o ad. T h i s

UPS systems transformers Energy systems

i nc l u de s me c h ani c al s e rv i ng e l e c tri c a l ( e . g . ,

data center spaces data-center spaces

an d ) . u s e o f s h a re d th at s e rv e b o th

a n d n o n - m us t b e p ro rate d o n a n h o u rl y

Informative Note:
data center spaces
c ap ac i ty - w e i g h te d b a s i s . ( F o r e x am p l e , i f 6 2 % o f th e l o a d

data-center spaces
o n a c h i l l e r p l an t i n a g i v e n h o u r c o m e s fro m , w i th th e

energy
re m ai ni ng 3 8 % fro m no n- , the n o nl y 6 2 % o f th e to ta l

equipment energy equipment data center

c h i l l e r p l a nt fo r th a t h o ur c a n b e i nc l ude d i n th e M e c h E . )

spaces
M e c h a n i c a l fo r de d i c a te d t o

s h a l l b e c a l c u l a te d w i t h Ty p i c a l M e te o ro l o g i c a l Ye a r Ve rs i o n 3

dew point
( T M Y 3 ) da ta w i t h 8 7 6 0 h o u rl y b i n s o r th a t i s b i n n e d b y dry b u l b a n d w e t b u l b

( o r ) w i th a re s o l u ti o n  2 ° F ( 1 ° C ) .

N data center equipment energy

data center data center
H e a tRe c

= n e t i n c re a s e i n m e c h a n i c a l c a u s e d b y

( kW h )

ITE N ITE data-

t ra n s fe rri n g w a s te

h e a t fro m th e , w h e n t h e i s

center system space energy

o p e ra ti n g a t a c o n s ta n t l o a d o f % o f th e de s i g n l o a d , to a n o n -

data center
m e c h a n i c a l ( e . g . , h e a ti n g o r i n du s t ri a l p ro c e s s ) .

data center
T h e n e t o ffs e t i s q u a n t i fi e d b y s i m u l a ti n g th e w i th a n d w i t h o u t

h e a t tra n s fe r. ( Informative Note: T h e p u rp o s e o f th e H e a tRe c

MLC
t e rm i s t o e n s u re th a t, b y e n c o u ra g i n g th e tra n s fe r o f o th e rw i s e w a s te d h e a t

energy equipment
to a u s e fu l p u rp o s e , th e de s i g n i s n o t p e n a l i z e d i n t h e c a l c u l a ti o n b y a n y

data center equipment efficiency

n e t i n c re a s e s i n c u rre d b y a d di n g h e a t tra n s fe r [ e . g . , tra ns fe r

fa n s ] o r o p e ra ti n g c o o l i n g a t l o w e r i n o rde r

energy systems
t o fa c i l i ta te h e a t re c o v e ry [ e . g . , o p e ra ti n g a h e a t re c o v e ry c h i l l e r a t h i g h l i ft ] ) .

A n nu al fo r s h are d a nd fo r h e at re c o v e ry s h a l l b e c al c ul ate d

u s i ng an 8 7 6 0 h o ur T M Y 3 fi l e an d a c c u rate h e a ti ng /c o o l i n g l o ad p ro fi l e s .

A N S I /A S H RA E S ta n da rd 9 0 . 4 - 2 0 2 2 1 1
 Data CenterITE
N (kWh) = total annual energy consumed by the ITE at a constant ITE N
load of % of the

design ITE load. F or example, DataCenterITE

50
for a design ITE load of

1 000 kW kW
= 1 000 × 8 7 60 h × 0. 5 = 4, 3 8 0, 000 kWh. ITE energy does not

include UPS losses but does include server fan energy .

Calculatio ns/simulations shall be made using the co ntrol s equences and

s et points in the comp liance documentation. ( Informative Note: As an

example, if a data center includes redundant air handlers , but all air handlers

will operate in uniso n at reduced s peed during normal operatio n, then calcu-

lations will reflect equipment part- load performance at those simulated con-

ditions as noted o n the design do cuments. )

Mechanical equipment energy no t provided by electricity shall be co nverted to kWh using the following

fo rmula: 3 4 1 2 B tu = 1 . 0 kWh.

Exception to 6.5: Energy fro m shared systems shall be calculated in accordance with S ectio n 1 1 . 3 .

Informative Notes:
1. As an example, if a data center receives chilled water from a central chilled- water plant that serves

the data center and other spaces spaces

(i. e. , that do or do not meet the definition of a data center ),

the total shared system energy

input is multiplied by the data center ’s fraction of total system
capacity for each hour to determine the data center ’ s input energy in accordance with S ection 1 1 . 3 .

2. As an example, if a natural gas ap p liance uses 1 therm gas inp ut, 1 therm = 1 00, 00 0 B tu. Using

the formula 1 0 0 , 000 B tu/(3 41 2 B tu/1 . 0 kWh) = 2 9 . 3 kWh equivalent.

6.5.1 Annual energy calculatio ns shall use the following requirements :

a. Weather data shall be based on one of the following:

1. Weather data s hall be divided into calculation b ins with a maximum 2 ° F (1 ° C ) increment. Systems
using an evap oratio n pro cess will use wet- b ulb with a mean coincident dry- b ulb temperature for cre-

ating the bins. Systems with a nonevaporative process shall use dry-bulb temp erature with mean coin-

cident wet- bulb for creating the bins.

2. Typ ical Meteorolo gical Year Version 3 (TMY3 ) for full ho urly calculations with 8 7 60 b ins per year.

b. The systems energy

’ calculatio n may co nsider op eration o f econo mizer capacity in the des ign and avail-

able redundant equipment at the 1 00% ITE ITE

lo ad condition and separately at the p art- load condition if

calculated us ing partially lo aded equipment efficiencies Informative Note:. ( Mechanical systems can be

calculated to o perate at any temperature, with or without an automatic reset schedule; however, the fluid

and air temp eratures used in the calculation must no t exceed the co nditions sp ecified for equipment
selectio n by the design [i. e. , the scheduled co il entering and leaving temp eratures, the fan capacities , the

p resence or ab sence o f variable- sp eed drives o r co mpresso r unloading features ] ) .

c. If the data center mechanical cooling

us es , the calculated rack inlet temp erature and dew point shall b e

within Thermal Guidelines for Data Processing Environments , 4th Editio n, reco mmended thermal enve-

lop e fo r more than 8 4 60 of the hours per year. If thedata center does no t use mechanical cooling , this

requirement do es not ap ply.

6.5.1 .1 Data Center Energy. The data center energy calculations s hall be completed sep arately fo r

1 00 % and for part- lo ad ITE cap acities in the calculations. The system UPS
’s and transformer co oling loads

must also b e included in this term, evaluated at their corresponding part- lo ad efficiencies .

6.5.1.2 Calculated Quantity of Operating Units (N). As shown in Table 6. 5 . 1 . 2, the number of HVAC

units required to meet the load can vary based on ambient air design conditions or a host of other factors deter-

mined by the design professional . When redundant equipment is provided, it shall be permitted to be used in

calculations to demonstrate compliance only when the design uses partially loaded equipment efficiencies .

6.6 Submittals

6.6.1 General. The authority having jurisdiction AHJ ( ) may require submittal o f co mpliance documenta-

tion and supplemental information in accordance with S ection 4 . 2 . 2 of this s tandard.

6.6.2 Completion Requirements. The following requirements are mandatory p rovisions and are neces-

s ary for comp liance with the standard.

6.6.2.1 Drawings. Construction documents shall require that, within 9 0 days after the date o f system
acceptance, record drawings o f the actual installation be p rovided to the building owner o r the designated

representative of the building Record drawings

o wner. shall include, as a minimum, the location and p erfo r-

mance data on each equipment

p iece of ; general configuration o f the duct and p ipe distribution system ,

including sizes; and the terminal air or water design flow rates.

12 ANS I/AS HRAE S tandard 9 0. 4-2 02 2

Table 6.5.1 .2 Building Energy Calculation Example—Use of Redundant Equipment
Example’ s N Example’ s R
(Equipment (Redundant Equipment
Example Proj ect’ s Installed to Meet Desired to Improve Total Units Method of Calculation to Show
Basis of Design Intent Design Load) Reliability) Installed Compliance with MLC (Table 6.5)

If constant- volume equipment is to 8 2

a
10 Calculation may be based on 8 operating

b e selected at less extreme units ( redundant units might not be

conditions (e. g. , AS HRAE 0. 4% operating) .

climate data)

S ame data center , except constant- 10

b
2
a
12 Calculation may be based on only 8

volume equipment is to be selected operating units (because only four units

based on more extreme conditions were determined to be required at

(e. g. , AS HRAE 2 0- year extreme AS HRAE 0. 4% climate data; other units

max. wet bulb) might not be operating).

If variable- volume equipment is to 8 8

a
16 If variable- speed equipment (for example

b e selected at less extreme VF Ds or ECM) is provided for fans or

conditions (e. g. , AS HRAE 0. 4% pumps, MLC may be calculated bas ed on

climate data) 1 6 operating units, using manufacturer ’s

partial- load unit efficiencies .

a. The system energy

’s calculatio n may take credit for o perating available redundant equipment if calculated using partially loaded equipment efficiencies .

b. Ten (1 0) units, because the more severe outdoor conditions require a derate of the selected units, thereby requiring more units to meet the N requirement.

6.6.2.2 Manuals. Construction documents shall require that an operating manual and a maintenance

manual be p rovided to the building o wner or the designated representative o f the building o wner within 9 0

days after the date o f system acceptance. These manuals shall be in accordance with industry- accepted stan-

dards and shall include, at a minimum, the following:

a. S ubmittal data stating equipment s ize and s elected o ptions for each p iece o f equipment requiring mainte-

nance.

b. Operation manuals and maintenance manuals for each p iece of equipment and system requiring mainte-

nance, excep t equipment no t furnished as p art o f the proj ect. Required routine maintenance actions shall

be clearly identified.

c. Names and addres ses of at least o ne service agency.

d. HVAC contro ls system maintenance and calib ration information, including wiring diagrams, schematics,

and control sequence des criptio ns. Des ired or field- determined set po ints shall be p ermanently recorded

on contro l drawings at control devices or, for digital co ntrol systems , in p rogramming comments.

e. A co mplete narrative of ho w each system is intended to o perate, including suggested set p oints.

6.7 Minimum Efficiency Tables (Not Us ed)

7. SERVICE WATER HEATING

7.1 General

7.1 .1 Scope. S ection 7 sp ecifies the requirements fo r service water heating .

7.2 Compliance Paths

7.2.1 Compliance. The service water heating s hall comply with ANS I/AS HRAE/IES S tandard 9 0. 1 , S ec-

tio n 7 .

8. POWER
8.1 General

8.1 .1 Scope. S ection 8 sp ecifies the requirements for the building electrical systems delivering p ower to

the data center space ’ s IT load, and to equipment described below.

Electricalsystems delivering p ower for o ther uses and o ther spaces shall co mply with ANS I/AS HRAE/

IES S tandard 90 . 1 , S ection 8 .

8.1 .1 .1 New Buildings. Electrical equipment and systems ins talled to serve the po wer needs o f data cen-
ter spaces in new buildings shall comply with the requirements of S ection 8 as described in S ectio n 8 . 2 o r

S ectio n 1 1 .

ANS I/AS HRAE S tandard 90. 4- 202 2 13

 8.1.1.2 Additions to Existing Buildings. E l e c t ri c a l equipment a n d systems i n s ta l l e d t o s e rv e th e p o w e r

n e e ds data center spaces additions

o f i n s h a l l c o m p l y w i th t h e re q u i re m e nt s o f S e c t i o n 8 a s d e s c ri b e d i n

S e c t i o n 8 . 2 o r S e c ti o n 1 1 .

Exception to 8.1.1.2: W h e re e l e c tri c a l p o data center addition

w e r i s p ro v i de d to a b y u s i n g t h e e x i s ti n g

systemse l e c tri c a l a n d equipment , s existing systems

u c h equipment a n d s h a l l n o t b e re qu i re d to c o m p l y

w i t h th i s s ta n da rd. H o w e v e r, a n y systems n equipment

e w o r i n s ta l l e d m u s t c o m p l y w i th s p e c i fi c

re qu i re m e n t s a p p l i c a b l e to th o s e systems equipment a n d .

8.1.1.3 Alterations to Existing Buildings

8.1.1.3.1 W h e n re p l a c i n g e x i s t i n g e l e c tri c a l equipment w i th n e w e l e c t ri c a lequipment , th e design elec-
trical loss component design ELC ( ) fo r th e e l e c tri c a systeml i n t o w h i c h th e n e w equipment i s c o n n e c t e d s h al l

c o mp l y efficiency
w i t h th e s p e c i fi c m i n i m u m re qu i re m e n t s o f S e c ti o n 8 . 5 .

Exceptions to 8.1.1.3.1: C o m p l i a n c e s h a l l n o t b e re qu i re d

equipment 1 . fo r th a t i s b e i n g m o di fi e d o r repaired b u t n o t re p l a c e d, p ro v i de d t h a t s u c h m o di fi c a -

repairs ti o n s a n d/o r w i l l n o t re s u l t i n a n i n c re a s e i n t h e a n n u a l energy c o n s u m p ti o n o f t h e equip-

ment energy u s i n g th e s a m e ty p e ;

2 equipment
. w h e re a re p l ac e m e n t o f i s l i ke - fo r- l i ke , o r w h e re alteration o f existing equipment
re q u i re s e x te n s i v e re v i s i o n s t o o th e r systems equipment , , o r e l e m e n ts o f a building t o a c h i e v e

c o m p l i a n c e ;

3 . w h e re th e re i s a b a tte ry c h a n g e i n UPS equipment , e v e n i f a di ffe re n t b a tt e ry ty p e i s u s e d o r a l o n -

g e r b a tt e ry du ra ti o n i s i n s t a l l e d, s o UPS system
l o n g a s t h e i s n o t c h a n g e d o r i s a l i ke - fo r- l i ke

re p l a c e m e n t; o r

4 . fo r th e re l o c a ti o n o f existing equipment w i t h i n th e s a m e data center w i th n o c h a n g e th a t w o u l d

re s u l t i n a n i n c re a s e i n t henergy e a n n u a l c o n s u m p ti o n o f th equipment.
e

8.1.1.3.2 W h e re n e w e l e c t ri c a l systems a re i n s t a l l e d t o s e rv e spaces th a t di d n o t p re v i o u s l y c o n t a i n

da ta p ro c e s s i n g equipment , o r w h e re th e i n c re a s e i n p o w e r re qu i re m e n t s fo r a dd i t i o n a l da ta p ro c e s s i n g

equipment re qu i re s l a rg e r o r a dd i ti o n a l e l e c tri c a l systems , th e e l e c t ri c a l systems s h a l l c o m p l y w i th t h i s s e c -

ti o n a s de s c ri b e d i n S e c ti o n 8 . 2 .

8.2 Compliance Paths

8.2.1 Compliance. T h e e l e c tri c a l system s h a l l c o m p l y w i t h S e c ti o n 8 . 1 , “ G e n e ra l ” ; S e c t i o n 8 . 4 , “ M a n d a -

to ry P ro v i s i o n s ” ; a n d S e c ti o n 8 . 7 , “ S u b m i t ta l s ” ; a n d e i th e r

a . S e c t i o n 8 . 5 , “ M a x i m u m D e s i g n E l e c t ri c a l L o s s C o m p o n e n t ( D e s i g n E L C ) fo r D e s i g n s I n v o l v i n g E l e c t ri -

c a l S y s t e m s O n l y ” , o r

b . S e c t i o n 8 . 6 , “ M a x i m u m D e s i g n E l e c tri c a l L o s s C o m p o n e n t ( D e s i g n E L C ) fo r D e s i g n s I n v o l v i n g B o t h

E l e c t ri c a l a n d M e c h a n i c a l S y s t e m s . ”

8.3 Simplified/Small Building Option ( N o t U s e d )

8.4 Mandatory Provisions

8.4.1 Electrical Distribution Systems for Mechanical Loads. T h e e l e c tri c a l distribution systems s e rv i n g

m e c h a n i transformers
c a l l o a d s s h a l l b e de s i g n e d w i th c o m p l y i n g w i th U . S . D e p a rt m e n t o f E n e rg y ( D O E )

2 0 efficiency
1 6 l e v e l s o r c o m p a ra t i v e i n te rn ati o n a l s ta n da rd s , a n d c o n du c t o r losses n o t e x c e e d i n g 3 % ; h o w -

e v elosses
r, t h e s e design ELC s h a l l n o t b e i n c o rp o ra te d i n to t h e c a l c u l a ti o n s s e t fo rt h i n S e c ti o n 8 o f t h i s

s t a nda rd.

8.4.1.1 Multiple Electrical Paths. W h e re t h e re a re m u l t i p l e p a th s fo r a n y s e g m e n t o f t h e e l e c tri c a l dis-

tribution system , th e c a l c u l a ti o n s s h a l l u s e th e p ath s w i th th e h i g h e s t losses a n d/o r l o w e s t efficiencies fo r

e a c h s e g m e n t to de m o n s tra te c o m p l i a n c e .

8.4.1.2 Minimum Efficiency or Maximum Loss. T h e design ELC c a l c u l a t i o n s s h a l l u s e t h e m i n i m u m

o p e ra efficiency
ti n g loss o r m a x i m u m o p e ra ti n g o f e a c h c o m p o n e n t u n l e s s a s p e c i fi c m o de o f o p e ra ti o n

( w i th efficiency
h i g loss
h e r o r l o w e r ) i s de s i g n a te d o n t h e a p p ro v e d de s i g n d o c u m e n ts .

8.4.1.3 Corrections Allowed. I t s h a l l b e p e rm i s s i b l e t o a p p l y c o rre c ti o n s fo r losses a n d/o r efficiencies

o f e a c h c o m p o n e n t a n d /o r s e g m e n t fo r a c tu al c o n d i ti o n s to t h e e x t e n t th a t th o s e c o n di ti o n s c a n b e de m o n -

s trat e d a n d s u c h a dj u s t m e n t s a re i n c o m p l i a n c e w i th a p p l i c a b l e
c o d e s a n d o rd i n a n c e s ( e . g . , c o n d u c to r re s i s -

ta n c e c o rre c ti o n a s a fu n c ti o n o f a c t u a l o p e ra t i n g te m p e ra tu re ) .

8.4.1.4 Incoming Electrical Service Segment. T h e incoming electrical service segment i s n o t p a rt o f

th e E L C c a l c u l at i o n . H o w e v e r, al l c o m p o n e n t s i n th e i n c o m i n g p o w e r c h a i n s h a l l m e e t o r e x c e e d p u b l i s h e d

U . S . D O E m i n i m u m efficiencies fo r transformers o r th e e qu i v a l e n t i n t e rn a ti o n a l s ta n da rd s , a n d U . S .

1 4 A N S I /A S H RA E S ta n da rd 9 0 . 4 - 2 0 2 2
National Electrical Code ®
(NF PA 7 0) maximum losses fo r service conductors o r the equivalent interna-

tional electrical co des.

Exception to 8.4.1.4: Emergency or stand- b y po wer systems are not cons idered a part of the incoming
electrical service segment , with the excep tio n of individual elements such as ass ociated trans fer

transformers
s witches , , or o ther devices that are also included between the design ELC demarcation
and the UPS UPS
. Diesel rotary (DRUP S ) systems shall b e calculated as part of the UPS segment with

the engine element deco upled.

8.4.1.5 UPS Segment Efficiency. Efficiency and resulting loss thro ugh the UPS segment shall b e calcu-

lated at b oth full and p artial loads as follows:

a. UPS losses
configuratio n manufacturer efficiencies
shall be based on the ’ s stated at 1 00 %, 7 5 %, 5 0 % ,

UPS operational design load.

and 2 5 % of the

b. Fo r2N 2N+1 2(N+1)

, , UPS UPS systems
or other dual- feed co nfiguratio ns where are identical, only o ne

of thesystems UPS systems

shall be used in the calculation. Where systems are not identical, b oth s hall

system
be calculated, and the efficiency with the lowest UPS segment shall be used to compute the of the

design ELC .

c. Where a UPS UPS economy modes

has more than one mode o f operatio n (e. g. , no rmal and ) , the mode

used in these calculations s hall be the s ame as the mode used as the B asis o f D esign and so des ignated on

the ap proved construction documents .

d. Where nonrated UPS systems are used, the efficiencies and losses s hall be as pub lis hed o r pro vided in

writing by the manufacturer .

8.4.1.6 ITE Distribution Segment Efficiency. Where s ignificant numbers of power p aths exist

between the UPS and the many equipment cabinets , the ITE distribution segment efficiency s hall be that

with the lowes t path efficiency . This shall b e the lo ngest path with the largest numb ers of loss pro ducing

compo nents, s uch as transformers , s witchgear, and/or panelboards. Calculations are required to determine

the path with the greatest loss or lowest efficiency , which s hall be used in developing the to tal design ELC .

8.4.1.7 ELC Calculation. The design ELC shall b e the res ult of the calculated UPS segment loss and

the ITE distribution segment losses , and shall be s eparately reported at each of four load levels: 1 00%, 7 5 %,

5 0%, and 2 5 % of the ITE design load . The electrical system shall meet or exceed the ELC minimum require-

ments at each of the ITE design load levels.

Informative Notes:
1. If the ELC cannot be met at one or more load levels, see S ectio n 1 1 for directions on meeting the

s tandard requirements by des igning a more efficient mechanical system .

2. S ee Info rmative App endix C, S ectio n C1 , “Examples—D esign ELC Calculations,” for methods

of co mbining ELC segment values.

8.4.1.8 Alternate Designs. In the event that a UPS is not used in the design, the inco ming and distrib u-

tio n segments shall meet at the point(s ) where a UPS would lo gically be inserted under normal operating

conditions . Where another power conditioning device, such as a rectifier, voltage regulator, or harmonic

transformer
neutralizing , is used either in p lace o f the UPS or in co mb ination with the UPS , or where a

DRUP Ssystem is used, the efficiency and loss fo r that device shall be included in the UPS segment effi-
ciency loss and calculation as if it is taking the p lace of, or is part of, the UPS in the same manner as that

UPS
defined for a . In the case of a DRUP S system , this calculation shall be p erformed with the engine

decoupled. D RUPS o peration under engine- generator p ower shall be co nsidered a sho rt- term emergency

condition and is excluded from the requirements o f this s tandard in the same manner as are other on- site

emergency or standb y generators . (S ee the exceptio n to S ection 8 . 4 . 1 . 4. ) Where no po wer conditio ning

device is utilized, the system s hall meet the distribution component requirements of the ELC .
8.4.1.9 Derivation of Electrical Component Efficiencies. Compliance shall be demo nstrated by the

fo llowing:

a. Rated equipment : The efficiency values used in the calculations, or the loss numbers us ed in equivalent

efficiency calculations, shall b e the manufacturer ’s numb ers as derived from standardized testing and

shall be based on the design ITE lo ad.

b. Unrated equipment : Where no testing and rating standards exist fo r an electrical comp onent, the effi-
ciency loss
values o r shall be verified b y one of the following:

1. Equipment covered under EPAct shall co mply with U. S . Department of Energy certification require-

ments .

ANS I/AS HRAE S tandard 90. 4- 202 2 15

 2. If a c e rtific atio n p ro gram e xis ts fo r a p ie c e o f equipment and it inc lude s p ro vis io ns fo r ve rific atio n

and c halle nge o f equipment efficiency ratings the n the p ro duc t s hall b e lis te d in the c e rtific atio n

p ro gram.

3. If a certification program exists fo r a piece of equipment, and it includes p rovisions for verification

and challenge of equipment efficiency ratings but the p ro duct is no t listed in the existing certification

program, then the ratings shall be verified b y an independent laboratory test repo rt.

4. If no certificatio n p rogram exis ts for a piece of equipment then the equipment efficiency ratings shall

be suppo rted b y data furnished by the manufacturer.

c. Wiring and cab le: Efficiency or loss s hall be calculated p er the app licable electrical code.

8.4.1 .1 0 Constant ITE Power. ITE p o wer is not ass umed to be s easonably variab le in this standard.
Therefore ITE energy can be calculated by multiplying ITE p ower by 8 7 6 0, the number of ho urs in a no rmal
year. The data center des ign ITE po wer must be s p ecified on the construction documents.
8.5 Maximum Design Electrical Loss Component (Design ELC) for Designs Involving Electrical Sys-
tems Only. Design ELC s hall b e calculated in accordance with S ectio n 8 . 4 and shall be less than o r equal to

the values sho wn in Table 8 . 5 o r Table 8 . 6 .

8.6 Maximum Design Electrical Loss Component (Design ELC) for Designs Involving Both Electrical
and Mechanical Systems. Design ELC s hall be calculated in accordance with S ectio n 8 . 4 and shall b e com-

bined with the annualized MLC in acco rdance with S ection 1 1 .

Informative Note: ELC numbers less than o r equal to the values in Table 8 . 5 or Table 8 . 6, combined

with the MLC numbers less than o r equal to the appropriate values in S ection 6, will ensure compliance with

this standard.

8.6.1 Design ELC for New Designs or Total Renovations. Trade- o ffs are allowed between the two seg-

ments to achieve the ELC values s hown.

Informative Note: S ee Informative Ap pendix C, S ection C1 , “Examp les—D esign ELC Calculations. ”

Table 8.5 Maximum Design ELC and ELC Segments (IT Design Load <1 00 kW)
UPS Redundancy Configuration:
a
Single-Feed UPS (N, N+1 , etc.) or Active Dual-Feed UPS (2N, 2N+1 , etc.)

1 00% of IT design load 7 5 % of IT design load 5 0% of IT design load 2 5 % of IT design load

Calculation Percentage segment ELC segment ELC segment ELC segment ELC

Segments of ELC and Overall ELC Loss /efficiency Loss /efficiency Loss /efficiency Loss /efficiency

UPS Segment 8 . 0%/9 2 . 0% 8 . 5 %/9 1 . 5 % 8 . 5 %/9 1 . 5 % 9 . 5 %/90. 5 %

ITE Distribution Segment 6. 7 %/9 3 . 3 % 5 . 0%/9 5 . 0% 4. 5 %/9 5 . 5 % 2 . 9 %/97 . 1 %

Electrical Loss/Efficiency Total 1 4. 2 %/8 5 . 8 % 1 3 . 1 %/8 6. 9 % 1 2 . 6%/8 7 . 4% 1 2 . 1 %/8 7 . 9 %

ELC 0. 1 42 0. 1 3 1 0. 1 2 6 0. 1 2 1

a. Informative Note: Example calculations are shown in Informative Appendix C .

Table 8.6 Maximum Design ELC and ELC Segments (IT Design Load  1 00 kW)
UPS Redundancy Configuration:
a
Single-Feed UPS (N, N+1 , etc.) or Active Dual-Feed UPS (2N, 2N+1 , etc.)

1 00% of IT design load 7 5 % of IT design load 5 0% of IT design load 2 5 % of IT design load

Calculation Percentage segment ELC segment ELC segment ELC segment ELC

Segments of ELC and Overall ELC Loss /efficiency Loss /efficiency Loss/efficiency Loss /efficiency

UPS Segment 5 . 5 %/9 4. 5 % 5 . 5 %/9 4. 5 % 6. 0%/9 4. 0% 7 . 0%/9 3 . 0%

ITE Distribution Segment 5 . 8 %/9 4. 2 % 4. 6%/9 5 . 4% 3 . 6%/9 6. 4% 2 . 5 %/9 7. 5 %

Electrical Loss/Efficiency Total 1 1 . 0%/8 9 . 0% 9 . 8 %/9 0. 2 % 9 . 4%/9 0. 6% 9 . 3 %/9 0. 7%

ELC 0. 1 1 0 0. 09 8 0. 09 4 0. 09 3

a. Informative Note: Example calculations are shown in Informative Appendix C .

16 ANS I/AS HRAE S tandard 9 0. 4-2 02 2

 8.6.2 Design ELC for Partial Renovations. F or a facility being renovated where o nly one o f the ELC

segments is being modified, co mpliance requirements app ly only to the s egment being mo dified. Trade- offs

are allo wed between segments being modified to meet the aggregate requirement of those segments .

Informative Note: S ee Informative Ap pendix C, S ectio n C1 , “Examples—Design ELC Calculations,”

for methods of co mbining ELC segment values.

8.7 Submittals
8.7.1 Drawings. Construction documents shall require that, within 3 0 days after the date o f system accep-

tance, record drawings o f the actual installation shall be provided to the building owner, including the fol-

lowing:

a. A single-line diagram o f the building electrical distribution system

b. F loor p lans indicating locations of and areas served by all distribution

c. All co nditio ns us ed for the B asis of Design and calculations, such as for UPS N+1 and UPS economy
mode operation

d. Design ELC calculations s howing the actual numbers used, and demo nstrating comp liance with the

applicab le Table 8 . 5 o r Table 8 . 6 values

8.7.2 Manuals. Construction documents shall require that an operating manual and maintenance manual

be pro vided to the building owner. The manuals shall include, at a minimum, the follo wing:

a. S ubmittal data stating equipment rating and selected optio ns for each piece of equipment requiring main-

tenance

b. Operation and maintenance manuals fo r each piece of equipment requiring maintenance (Required rou-

tine maintenance actio ns s hall be clearly identified. )

c. Names and addres ses of at leas t one qualified service agency

d. A complete narrative of ho w each system is intended to o perate

8.8 Product Information (Not Used)

9. LIGHTING
9.1 General
9.1.1 Scope. S ection 9 sp ecifies the requirements fo r the lighting.

9.2 Compliance Paths

9.2.1 Compliance. The lighting shall comply with ANS I/AS HRAE/IES S tandard 9 0 . 1 , S ection 9 .

1 0. OTHER EQUIPMENT
10.1 General
10.1.1 Scope. S ection 1 0 specifies the requirements fo r other equipment .

10.2 Compliance Paths

10.2.1 Compliance. O ther equipment s hall comply with ANS I/AS HRAE/IES S tandard 9 0 . 1 , S ection 1 0.

11 . ALTERNATIVE COMPLIANCE METHOD

11.1 General
Informative Note: S ee Informative App endix B , Tab les B - 1 thro ugh B - 4, for a sample sub mittal fo rms.

11.1.1 Sections 6 and 8 Trade-Off Method Scope. The S ections 6 and 8 Trade- Off Metho d is an alterna-

tive to individually demonstrating compliance with the requirements in S ections 6. 5 and 8 . 5 . It shall be

allo wed fo r demons trating co mpliance when evaluating the proposed designs when either the annualized
MLC in S ectio n 6 or the design ELC in S ection 8 is greater than the maximum allo wed b y the s tandard.

11.1.2 Sections 6 and 8 Trade-Off Method Rationale. A design that has vario us p hysical or o ther types

of co nstraints shall b e allo wed flexib ility to demons trate co mp liance with this standard. These co ns traints

may impact the mechanical o r electrical design. The Trade- Off Method allows a less efficient electrical sys-
tem to be o ffset by a more efficient mechanical system , or a less- efficient mechanical system to b e o ffs et by a

more efficient electrical system , in o rder to demonstrate comp liance.

11.1.3 Trade-Offs Limited to Building Permit. When the building permit being sought applies to less

than the whole building , only the calculation parameters related to the systems to which the permit app lies

shall be allo wed to vary. Parameters relating to unmodified existing co nditions o r to future building co mp o-

nents shall be identical for both calculations .

ANS I/AS HRAE S tandard 90. 4- 202 2 17

 11.2 Compliance. C ompliance with S ectio n 1 1 shall be demonstrated b y complying with all of the follow-

ing co nditions:

a. All requirements o f S ectio ns 5 , 7 , 9 , and 1 0

b. The requirements of S ectio ns 6 . 1 , 6. 4, and 6. 6

c. The requirements of S ectio ns 8 . 1 , 8 . 4, and 8 . 7

d. The s um of the calculated values o f the annualized MLC value and the design ELC minus the OR credit

shall b e equal to or less than the maximum overall systems design value. (The sum o f the annualized
MLC value and the design ELC value create an overall systems des ign value. )

N = 25   
50 75 1 00 OnsiteRenewab les
N

N
O R credit = lesser of 0 . 05 o r

= 25   
50 75 1 00 DataC enterITE
N

where

OnsiteRenewab les
N (kWh) = total annual energy that is produced o nsite by renewable energy systems and

that is consumed onsite, modeled at a constant ITE N

lo ad of % of the design

ITE load. Onsite renewables can only b e included in the annualized MLC
calculatio n if the data center owner owns the onsite renewable energy system
o r has signed a contractual agreement to purchase energy generated b y the

o nsite renewab le energy system for at least 1 0 years. Existing o nsite

renewables shall not be credited for S tandard 9 0. 4 compliance if they have

p reviously received credit under S tandard 9 0. 1 or any other energy s tandard.

DataCenterITE
N (kWh) = total annual energy consumed by the ITE at a constant ITE N
load of % o f the

design ITE load. ( Informative Note: F o r example, D ataC enterITE

50
fo r a

design ITE load o f 1 0 0 0 kW kW

= 1 0 00 × 8 7 6 0 h × 0. 5 = 4, 3 8 0 , 0 00 kWh. ITE
energy does not include UPS losses but does include server fan energy .)

Examples
data center
For a in C limate Zone 1 A with a single-feed UPS at 1 00% load and data center ITE design power
> kW
3 00 , the maximum MLC = 0. 260 from Table 6. 5 , and the maximum ELC = 0. 1 1 0 from Table 8 . 6. Add-

ing the two values together provides a maximum overall systems design value of 0. 3 7 0.

Maximum MLC Value [0 . 2 60] + Maximum ELC Value [0. 1 1 0] =

Maximum Overall Systems Value [0. 3 7 0]

If the electrical system design p roduces a design ELC o f 0 . 1 2 5 , which exceeds the maximum ELC value,

a more efficient mechanical system can be used to o ffset this. If the mechanical system had an annualized
MLC of 0 . 2 2 5 then the overall systems design value wo uld be less than the maximum o verall systems des ign

value and wo uld demo nstrate co mp liance with the standard.

Annualized MLC Value [0. 2 2 5 ] + Design ELC Value [0 . 1 2 5 ] =

Overall Systems D esign Value [0 . 3 5 0]

Informative Note: S ee Informative Ap p endix C , F igures C - 2 a, C - 2 b, and C- 2 c fo r guidance o n comply-

ing with the standard and for us e of the Trade- Off Metho d.

11.3 Use of Shared Systems. Where exis ting or propo sed mechanical and/o r electrical systems are intended

data center
to routinely s upp ort the spaces and other (i. e. , spaces that do o r do not meet the definition o f a

data center data center data center addition

), the or may document its compliance using the Annualized

Energy P erfo rmance Metho d (as describ ed in S ections 6. 5 and 8 . 3 ) . The shared systems’ future to tal ho urly

loads must be determined for a typical year (us ing TMY3 weather data) to determine what fraction of the

total shared systems’ cap acity (for each hour of the typi cal year) will be used by the data center data cen- or

ter addition . The to tal shared system input energy is multiplied b y the data center data center addition
or ’s

fractio n of to tal system capacity fo r each hour to determine the data center data center addition
or ’ s input

energy used to sho w compliance.

Informative Note:
1. S hared mechanical systems s erving data centers and other spaces (within the s cop e o f ANS I/

AS HRAE/IES S tandard 9 0. 1 ) may o r may not be required to p rovide econo mizer savings to the

non- data-center spaces . ANS I/AS HRAE S tandard 9 0. 4 will not affect that requirement o r require

that economizer capacity b e pro vided for the portio n of a shared system s erving a data center or

data center addition that otherwise meets ANS I/AS HRAE S tandard 9 0. 4 annual energy perfor-

mance targets when calculated as described above.

18 ANS I/AS HRAE S tandard 9 0. 4-2 02 2

 2 . Re c o v e re d h e a t fro m a da ta c e n te r th at ro uti ne l y s h are s a me c h ani c a l s y s te m w i th n o n - da ta - c e n te r

s p a c e s c an re duc e th e e n e rgy u s e o f n o n - da ta - c e n te r s p a c e s th at are de s i g ne d to ac c e p t th e re c o v -

e re d h e at. I f th e h e a t re qu i re d b y th e n o n - da ta - c e n te r s p a c e s i s s i g n i fi c an t, s u c h a re l ati o ns h i p c an

p ro v i de e n e rgy s av i n g s far b e yo nd th e s a v i n g s th a t w o ul d b e b ro ug h t b y a p p l y i n g an e c o no m i z e r to

th e da ta c e n te r a dditio n .

3 . W h e re s p a c e s c o v e re d b y A N S I /A S H RA E / I E S S ta n d a rd 9 0 . 1 j o i n t l y s h a re s y s te m s w i th a da ta

c e n te r o r da ta c e n te r a ddi ti o n , c o m p l i a n c e c a n b e de m o n s tra t e d t h ro u g h t h e u s e o f th e m o de l i n g

ru l e s i n A N S I /A S H RA E /I E S S t a n da rd 9 0 . 1 , S e c ti o n 1 1 , “ E n e rg y C o s t B u dg e t M e t h o d. ”

A N S I /A S H RA E S ta n da rd 9 0 . 4 - 2 0 2 2 1 9
 1 2. NORMATIVE REFERENCES

Reference Section

ASHRAE
1 80 Technology Parkway NW
Peachtree Corners, GA 30092, United States
1 -404-636-8400; www.ashrae.org

A N S I /A S H RA E /I E S S tan da rd 9 0 . 1 ( 2 0 2 2 ) E ne rg y S ta n da rd fo r B u i l di n g s E x c e p t L o w - Ri s e Re s i de n ti a l 3 . 1 . 1 , 3 . 2 , 4 . 1 . 1 . 1 ,

B u i l di n g s 4 . 1 . 1 . 2 , 4 . 1 . 1 . 3 , 4 . 1 . 1 . 4 ,

4 . 1 . 1 . 5 , 4 . 2 . 1 . 1 , 4 . 2 . 1 . 2 ,

4 . 2 . 1 . 3 , 4 . 2 . 2 . 1 , 4 . 2 . 2 . 2 ,

4 . 2 . 2 . 3 , 4 . 2 . 3 , 4 . 2 . 4 ,

4 . 2 . 5 , 4 . 2 . 5 . 1 , 5 . 2 . 1 ,

6 . 1 . 1 , 6 . 1 . 1 . 3 . 1 , 6 . 4 . 2 ,

7 . 2 . 1 , 8 . 1 . 1 , 9 . 2 . 1 ,

1 0 . 2 . 1 , 1 1 . 3 , Ta b l e B - 1 ,

Ta b l e B - 2 , Ta b l e B - 3 ,

F i g u re C - 1

A N S I /A S H RA E S ta n da rd 1 6 9 ( 2 0 2 2 ) C l i m a ti c D a ta fo r B u i l di ng D e s i g n S ta n dards Ta b l e 6 . 5

Thermal Guidelines for Data Processing Environments , 4 th E di t i o n 6 . 5 . 1

U.S. Security and Exchange Commission (SEC)

1 00 F Street, NE
Washington, DC 20549, United States
www.sec.gov

3 . 2

Re l e as e N o . 3 4 - 4 7 6 3 8 ; F i l e N o . S 7 - 3 2 - 0 2 T h e I n te ra g e n c y P a p e r o n S o u n d P ra c ti c e s to S tre ng th e n t h e

Re s i l i e nc e o f th e U . S . F i n an c i a l S y s te m , A p ri l 7 , 2 0 0 3

National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)

1 Battery March Park, P.O. Box 91 01
Quincy, MA 02269-91 01 , United States

N F PA 7 0 A rti c l e 6 4 5 C ri ti c a l O p e ra ti o n s P o w e r S y s te ms ( C O P S ) 3 . 2

N F PA 7 0 A rti c l e 7 0 8 ( 2 0 0 8 )

N F PA 7 0 ( 2 0 2 0 ) N a ti o n a l E l e c tri c al C o de 3 . 2 , 8 . 4 . 1 . 4

Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA)

1 320 North Courthouse Road, Suite 200
Arlington, VA 22201 , United States
www.tiaonline.org

A N S I /T I A 9 4 2 - B - 2 0 1 7 Te l e c o m m u n i c a ti o n I n fras tru c tu re S ta n da rd fo r D a ta C e n te rs 3 . 2

U.S. Government Publishing Office (GPO)

732 North Capitol St. NW, Washington, DC

4 7 C F R C h a p te r 1 F e de ral C o m m u ni c a ti o n s C o m m i s s i o n 3 . 2

C o m m u n i c a ti o n s A c t o f 1 9 3 4 , Ti t l e I I C o m m o n C a rri e rs 3 . 2

P u b . L . N o . 1 0 9 - 5 8 ( 2 0 0 5 ) E ne rg y P o l i c y A c t o f 2 0 0 5 ( E PA c t) 6 . 4 . 1 , 8 . 4 . 1 . 9

2 0 A N S I /A S H RA E S ta n da rd 9 0 . 4 - 2 0 2 2
 (This appendix is not part of this standard. It is merely informative and does not contain requirements
necessary for conformance to the standard. It has not been processed according to the ANSI require-
ments for a standard and may contain material that has not been subj ect to public review or a consen-
sus process. Unresolved obj ectors on informative material are not offered the right to appeal at
ASHRAE or ANSI.)

INFORMATIVE APPENDIX A
INFORMATIVE REFERENCES
I n fo rm a t i v e A p p e n di x A c o n ta i n s i n fo rm a t i v e re fe re n c e s fo r th e c o n v e n i e n c e o f u s e rs o f t h i s s t a n da rd a n d t o

a c kn o w l e dg e s o u rc e do c u m e n ts w h e n a p p ro p ri a te .

Reference Title

Air-Conditioning Heating and Refrigeration Institute (AHRI) 

2111 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 500 

Arlington, VA 22201 , United States

www.ahrinet.org

A H RI 2 1 0 /2 4 0 - 2 0 2 3 P e rfo rm a n c e Ra ti n g o f U n i ta ry A i r C o n di ti o n i n g a n d A i r- S o u rc e H e a t P um p E qu i p m e n t

A H RI 3 1 0 /3 8 0 - 2 0 1 7 S ta n dard fo r P a c ka g e d Te rm i n a l A i r- C o n di ti o n e rs a n d H e a t P u m p s ( C S A - C 7 4 4 - 1 4 )

A H RI 3 4 0 /3 6 0 - 2 0 2 2 P e rfo rm a n c e Ra ti n g o f C o m m e rc i a l a n d I ndu s tri a l U n i ta ry A i r- C o ndi ti o n i n g a n d H e at P u m p

E qu i p m e n t

A H RI 3 6 5 - 2 0 0 9 ( I - P ) C o m m e rc i a l a nd I n du s tri a l U ni tary A i r- C o ndi ti o n i n g C o n de n s i n g U n i ts

A H RI 3 6 6 - 2 0 0 9 ( S I )

A H RI 3 9 0 - 2 0 2 1 ( I - P ) P e rfo rm an c e Ra ti n g o f S i n g l e P ac ka g e d Ve rti c al A i r- C o n di ti o n e rs a n d H e at P u m p s

A H RI 3 9 0 - 2 0 2 1 ( S I )

A H RI 5 5 0 /5 9 0 ( I - P /2 0 2 0 ) w i th P e rfo rm an c e Rati n g o f Wate r- C h i l l i n g an d H e a t P u m p Wate r- H e a ti n g P ac ka g e s U s i ng th e Va p o r

A dde n du m 1 C o m p re s s i o n C y c l e

A H RI 5 5 1 /5 9 1 ( S I /2 0 2 0 ) w i th

A dde n du m 1

A H RI 5 6 0 - 2 0 0 0 A b s o rp ti o n Wa te r C h i l l i n g a n d Wa te r H e a ti n g P a c ka g e s

A H RI 1 1 6 0 - 2 0 2 2 ( I - P ) P e rfo rm a n c e Rati n g o f H e a t P u m p P o o l H e a te rs

A H RI 1 1 6 1 - 2 0 2 2 ( S I )

A H RI 1 2 3 0 - 2 0 2 1 ( I - P ) P e rfo rm a n c e Ra ti n g o f Va ri a b l e Re fri g e ra n t F l o w ( V RF ) M ul ti - S p l i t A i r- C o n di ti o n i n g an d H e a t

A H RI 1 2 3 1 - 2 0 2 1 ( S I ) P u m p E qu i p m e n t

A N S I /A H RI 1 3 6 0 - 2 0 2 2 ( I - P ) P e rfo rm a n c e Rati n g o f C o m p u te r a n d D a ta P ro c e s s i n g Ro o m A i r C o n di ti o n e rs

A N S I /A H RI 1 3 6 1 - 2 0 2 2 ( S I )

A N S I /A H RI 1 5 0 0 - 2 0 1 5 P e rfo rm a n c e Ra ti n g o f C o m m e rc i a l S p a c e H e a ti ng B o i l e rs

Air Movement and Control Association International (AMCA) 

30 West University Drive 

Arlington Heights, IL 60004-1 806, United States

www.amca.org

A M C A 5 0 0 - D - 1 8 L a b o ra to ry M e th o d o f Te s ti n g D am p e rs fo r Ra ti n g

American National Standards Institute (ANSI) 

11 West 42nd Street 

New York, NY 1 0036, United States

www.ansi.org

A N S I Z 2 1 . 1 0 . 3 - 2 0 1 9 G as - F i re d Wate r H e ate rs , Vo l ume 3 , S to rag e Wate r H e ate rs wi th I np ut Rati ng s ab o ve 7 5 , 0 0 0 B tu/h,

C i rc ul ati ng and I ns tantane o us

A N S I Z 2 1 . 4 7 - 2 0 2 1 G as - F i re d C e n tra l F u rn ac e s

A N S I Z 8 3 . 8 - 2 0 1 6 ( R2 0 2 1 ) G a s U n i t H e a te rs , G a s P ac ka g e d H e a te rs , G a s U ti l i ty H e a te rs an d G a s - F i re d D u c t F u rna c e s

A N S I /A S H RA E S ta n da rd 9 0 . 4 - 2 0 2 2 2 1
Reference Title

ASHRAE
1 791 Tullie Circle, N.E.
Atlanta, GA 30329, United States
www.ashrae.org

ANS I/AS HRAE 5 5 - 2 02 0 Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy

ANS I/AS HRAE S tandard 62 . 1 - 2 02 2 Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality

ANS I/AS HRAE S tandard 1 40- 2 020 Method of Test for Evaluating B uilding Performance S imulation S oftware

ANS I/AS HRAE S tandard 1 2 7 - 2 01 2 Method of Testing for Rating Co mputer and Data Processing Room Unitary Air Conditioners

Datacom S eries, 4th Edition, 2 01 5 Thermal Guidelines for Data Processing Environments

Association of Home Appliance Manufacturers (AHAM)

1111 1 9th St. NW, Suite 402
Washington DC 20036, United States
www.aham.org

ANS I/AHAM RAC- 1 - 2 02 0 Room Air Conditioners

BICSI
861 0 Hidden River Parkway 

Tampa, FL 33637, United States

www.bicsi.org

ANS I/B ICS I 002 -2 01 9 Data Center Design and Implementation B est Practices

ANS I/B ICS I 00 9 -2 01 9 Data Center Operations and Maintenance B est Practices

BSI Group
389 Chiswick High Road 

London 

W4 4AL 

United Kingdom
www.bsigroup.com

B S EN 60947 - 6-1 : 2 005 +A1 : 2 01 4 Low-voltage switchgear and control gear. Multiple function equipment. Transfer switching

equipment

B S EN 61 000- 6-1 : 2 01 9 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) . Generic standards. Immunity standard for residential,

commercial and light- industrial environments

B S EN 61 000- 6-2 : 2 01 9 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) . Generic standards. Immunity standard for industrial

environments

B S EN 61 000- 6-3 : 2 007 +A1 : 2 01 1 Electro magnetic compatibility (EMC) . Generic standards. Emission standard for residential,

commercial and light- industrial environments

B S EN 62 040- 1 : 2 008 +A1 : 2 01 3 Uninterruptible power systems (UPS ) . General and S afety Requirements

B S EN 62 040- 2 : 2 01 8 Uninterruptible power systems (UPS ) . Electromagnetic capability (EMC) requirements

B S EN 62 040- 3 : 2 01 2 Uninterruptible power systems (UPS ) . Method of specifying the performance and test

requirements

CSA Group
1 78 Rexdale Blvd. 

Toronto, ON 

Canada M9W 1 R3
www.csagroup.org

C2 2 . 2 NO. 3 1 - 1 8 S witchgear Assemblies

22 ANS I/AS HRAE S tandard 9 0. 4-2 02 2

Reference Title

Consumer Electronics Association (CEA)

1 91 9 S. Eads St.
Arlington, VA 22202 

cea@CTA.tech

CEA- 3 1 0- E (2 005 ) Cabinets, Racks, Panels and Associated Equipment

Cooling Technology Institute (CTI)

PO Box 681 807
Houston, TX 77268
1 -281 -583-4087; www.cti.org

CTI ATC- 1 05 (2 01 9) Acceptance Test Code for Water Cooling Towers

CTI ATC- 1 05 S (2 01 1 ) Acceptance Test Code for Closed- Circuit Cooling Towers

CTI S TD- 2 01 OM (2 01 9 ) S tandard for Thermal Performance Certification of Evaporative Heat Transfer Equipment

Federal Communications Commission (FCC)

445 1 2th Street, SW
Washington, DC 20554, United States
www.fcc.gov

CF R F C C Title 47 Part 1 5 Radio F requency Devices

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

445 Hoes Lane
Castaway, NJ 08854-41 41 , United States
www.ieee.org

ANS I/IEEE C3 7 . 2 0. 1 - 2 01 5 S tandard for Metal-Enclosed Low-Voltage (1 000 Vax and less, 3 2 00 Vic and below) Power

Circuit B reaker S witchgear

ANS I/IEEE C62 . 41 . 2 - 2 002 IEEE Recommended Practice on Characterization of S urge in Low- Voltage (1 000 V and less)

AC P ower Circuits

IEEE 446- 1 9 9 5 IEEE Recommended P ractice for Emergency and S tandby Power S ystems fo r Industrial and

Commercial Applications

IEEE C3 7 . 1 3 - 2 01 5 IEEE S tandard for Low-Voltage AC Power Circuit B reakers Used in Enclosures

IEEE C3 7 . 1 6- 2 009 IEEE S tandard for Preferred Ratings, Related Requirements , and Application Recommendations

for Low- Voltage AC (6 3 5 V and b elow) and DC (3 2 00 V and below) P ower Circuit B reakers

IEEE C3 7 . 20. 7 - 2 01 7 IEEE Guide for Testing S witchgear Rated up to 5 2 k for Internal Arcing F aults

IEEE C5 7 . 1 2 . 01 -2 01 5 S tandard for General Requirements for Dry- Type Distribution and P ower Transformers

IEEE C5 7 . 1 2 . 7 0-2 02 0 S tandard for S tandard Terminal Markings and Connections for Distribution and Power

Transformers

IEEE C5 7 . 1 2 . 9 1 -2 02 0 S tandard Test C ode for Dry- Type Distribution and Power Transformers

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

ISO Central Secretariat
1 , ch. de la Voie-Creuse
Case postale 56
CH-1 211 Geneve 20, Switzerland
www.iso.org

IS O 9 001 (2 01 5 ) Quality Management S ystems

IS O 1 3 2 5 6-1 (2 021 Water- S ource Heat Pumps—Testing and Rating for Performance—P art 1 : Water-to- Air and

B rine- to- Air Heat Pumps

IS O 1 3 2 5 6-2 (2 021 ) Water- S ource Heat Pumps—Testing and Rating for Performance—Part 1 : Water-to- Water and

B rine- to- Air Heat Pumps

ANS I/AS HRAE S tandard 90. 4- 202 2 23

Reference Title

National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA)

1 300 N. 1 7th Street, Suite 1 847
Rosslyn, VA 22209, Unites States
www.nema.org

ANS I/NEMA 3 7 . 5 0- 2 01 8 S tandard for S witchgear—Low Voltage AC Power Circuit B reakers Used in Enclosures—Test

Procedures

ANS I/NEMA C3 7. 5 1 : 2 01 8 S tandard for S witchgear—Metal- Enclosed Low-Voltage AC Power Circuit B reaker S witchgear

Assemblies— Conformance Test Procedures

ANS I/NEMA MG 1 - 2 02 1 Motors and Generators

NEMA 2 5 0- 2 02 0 Enclos ures for Electrical Equipment (1 000 Volts maximum)

NEMA 2 60- 1 9 96 (R2 004, R2 01 9 ) S afety Labels for Pad- Mounted S witchgear and Transformers S ited in Public Areas

NEMA ICS 1 0- 2 02 0, Part 2 Industrial Control and S ystems Part 2 : S tatic AC Transfer Equipment

NEMA S G 4- 2 009 (R2 01 3 ) Alternating Current High- Voltage Circuit B reakers

NEMA S T 2 0- 2 02 1 Dry Type Transformers for General Applications

NEMA TR 1 - 2 01 3 (R2 01 9 ) Transformers , Regulators and Reactors

National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)

1 Battery March Park, P.O. Box 91 01
Quincy, MA 02269-91 01 , United States
www.nfpa.org

NF PA 7 0 (2 02 0) National Electrical Code

NF PA 7 5 (2 01 7) S tandard for the F ire Protection of Information Technology Equipment

NF PA 9 9 (2 01 8 ) Health Care F acilities Code

NF PA 1 1 0 (2 01 9 ) S tandard for Emergency and S tandby Power S ystems

Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA)

1 320 North Courthouse Road, Suite 200
Arlington, VA 22201 , United States
www.tiaonline.org

ANS I/TIA- 9 42- A- 2 01 7 Telecommunications Infrastructure S tandard for Data Centers

Underwriters Laboratories, Inc., (UL)

333 Pfingsten Rd.,
Northbrook, IL 60062, United States
www.ul.org

UL 1 8 1 A- 1 3 S tandard for Closure S ystems for Use with Rigid Air Ducts

UL 1 8 1 B - 1 3 S tandard for Closure S ystems for Use with F lexible Air Ducts and Air Connectors

UL 5 08 - 1 8 S tandard for Industrial Control Equipment

UL 7 2 7 - 1 8 S tandard for Oil- F ired Central F urnaces

UL 1 008 - 1 4 Transfer S witch Equipment

UL 1 062 - 97 S tandard for Unit S ubstations

UL 1 066- 22 Power Circuit B reakers up to 1 000V AC and 1 5 00V DC Used in Enclosures

UL 1 5 5 8 - 1 6 S tandard for Metal-Enclosed Low-Voltage Power Circuit B reaker S witchgear

24 ANS I/AS HRAE S tandard 9 0. 4-2 02 2

Reference Title

U L 1 5 6 1 - 1 1 S ta n da rd fo r D ry - Ty p e G e n e ra l P urp o s e a n d P o w e r Tra n s fo rm e rs

U L 1 7 7 8 - 1 4 U n i n te rru p ti b l e P o w e r S ys te m s

U L 5 0 8 5 - 0 6 L o w Vo l ta g e Tra n s fo rm e rs

U L 6 0 9 5 0 - 0 7 I n fo rm a ti o n Te c h n o l o g y E qu i p m e n t

U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)

1 000 Independence Avenue, SW
Washington, DC 20585, United States
www.energy.gov

4 2 U S C 6 8 3 1 P u b l i c L a w 1 0 2 - 4 8 6 E ne rg y P o l i c y A c t o f 1 9 9 2

P u b l i c L a w 1 0 9 - 5 8 E n e rg y P o l i c y A c t o f 2 0 0 5 ( E PA c t)

P u b l i c L aw 1 1 0 - 1 4 0 E n e rg y I n de p e n de n c e a n d S e c u ri ty A c t o f 2 0 0 7 ( E I S A )

United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

1 200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW
Washington, DC 20460, United States
www.epa.gov, www.energystar.gov

E N E RG Y S TA R P ro g ra m Re qu i re m e n ts fo r C o m p u te r S e rv e rs

Ve rs i o n 3 . 0 , J u n e 1 7 , 2 0 1 9

Ve rs i o n 1 . 1 , M a y 2 9 , 2 0 1 8 E N E RG Y S TA R P ro g ra m Re qu i re m e n ts fo r D a ta C e n te r S to ra g e

Ve rs i o n 1 . 0 , M a rc h 1 , 2 0 1 6 E N E RG Y S TA R P ro g ra m Re qui re m e n ts fo r L a rg e N e tw o rk E qu i p m e n t

Ve rs i o n 1 . 0 , S e p te m b e r 3 , 2 0 1 3 E N E RG Y S TA R P ro g ra m Re qu i re m e nts fo r S m a l l N e tw o rk E qu i p m e n t

Ve rs i o n 2 . 0 , Ja n u a ry 1 , 2 0 1 9 E N E RG Y S TA R P ro g ra m Re qu i re m e n ts fo r U n i n te rru p ti b l e P o w e r S u p p l i e s ( U P S s )

A N S I /A S H RA E S ta n da rd 9 0 . 4 - 2 0 2 2 2 5
 (This appendix is not part of this standard. It is merely informative and does not contain requirements
necessary for conformance to the standard. It has not been processed according to the ANSI require-
ments for a standard and may contain material that has not been subj ect to public review or a consen-
sus process. Unresolved obj ectors on informative material are not offered the right to appeal at
ASHRAE or ANSI.)

INFORMATIVE APPENDIX B
SAMPLE SUBMITTAL FORMS
( S e e n e x t p a g e . )

2 6 A N S I /A S H RA E S ta n da rd 9 0 . 4 - 2 0 2 2
 Table B-1 ASHRAE Standard 90.4 Compliance Checklist: Section 5, “Building Envelope”; Section 7, “Service Water Heating”; Section 9, “Lighting”;
and Section 1 0, “Other Equipment”


Project Name:
A
N

Project Address:
S
I
/A

Designer of Record: Email: Date:

S
H
R

Contact Person: Email: Phone:

EA

City: Climate Zone: Phone:

S
t
n
da

Note:
ra

S e c ti o n s 5 , 7 , 9 , a n d 1 0 o f S t a nda rd 9 0 . 4 re qu i re c o m p l i an c e w i th th e c o rre s p o n di n g S e c ti o n s 5 , 7 , 9 , a n d 1 0 o f S ta n da rd 9 0 . 1 . C o n s e qu e n tl y, th i s fo rm di re c ts th e us e r o f S ta n da rd 9 0 . 4 to
9d

th e S ta n da rd 9 0 . 1 c o m p l i a n c e fo rm s fo r th o s e s e c ti o n s , w h i c h a re i n c l u de d w i th th e S ta n dard 9 0 . 1 U s e r’ s M a n u a l .
0
.

SECTION 5—BUILDING ENVELOPE

4
-
2
0

Section Description Pass/Fail Target Value Design Value

2
2

5.2 Compliance Paths

5 . 2 . 1 T h e b u i ldi n g e n v e lo p e c o m p l i e s w i th S ta n dard 9 0 . 1 .

A tta c h th e b u i ldi n g e n v e lo p e c o m p l i a nc e fo rm fo r S e c ti o n 5 o f S ta nda rd 9 0 . 1 .

SECTION 7—SERVICE WATER HEATING

Section Description Pass/Fail Target Value Design Value
7.2 Compliance Paths
7 . 2 . 1 T h e s e rv i c e w a te r h e a ti n g c o m p l i e s w i th S ta ndard 9 0 . 1 .

A tta c h th e s e rv i c e w a te r h e a tin g c o m p l i a n c e fo rm fo r S e c ti o n 7 o f S ta n da rd 9 0 . 1 .

SECTION 9—LIGHTING
Section Description Pass/Fail Target Value Design Value
9.2 Compliance Paths
9 . 2 . 1 T h e l i g h ti ng c o m p l i e s w i th S ta nda rd 9 0 . 1 .

A tta c h th e l i g h t i ng c o m p l i an c e fo rm fo r S e c ti o n 9 o f S ta n da rd 9 0 . 1 .

SECTION 10—OTHER EQUIPMENT

Section Description Pass/Fail Target Value Design Value
10.2 Compliance Paths
1 0 . 2 . 1 T h e o th e r e q u i p m e n t c o m p l i e s w i th S ta nda rd 9 0 . 1 .
2
7
 Table B-2 ASHRAE Standard 90.4 Compliance Checklist: Section 6, “Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning”
2
8

Proj ect Name:

Proj ect Address:

Designer of Record: Email: Date:

Contact Person: Email: Phone:

City: Climate Zone: Phone:

SECTION 6—HEATING, VENTILATING, AND AIR CONDITIONING

Section Description Pass/Fail Target Value Design Value

6.1 General

6 . 1 . 1 HVAC systems i n s ta l l e d to serve data center spaces c o mp l y w i th S ta n da rd 9 0 . 4 .

HVAC systems i n s ta l l e d to s e rv e o th e r spaces c o m p l y w i th S ta n da rd 9 0 . 1 . ( I n s e rt “ N A ” i f th e re a re n o spaces 

o t h data center spaces

e r th a n . )

6.4 Mandatory Provisions

6 . 4 . 1 Equipment c o m p l i e s w i th m i n i m um efficiencies .

6.5 Maximum Annualized Mechanical Load Component (Annualized MLC)

E n te r data center de s i g n ITE l o ad a t 1 0 0 % .

E n te r c al c ul at e d m e c h a n i c a l energy at 2 5 % o f th e de s i g n ITE l o ad.

E n te r c al c ul at e d m e c h a n i c a l energy at 5 0 % o f th e de s i g n ITE l o ad.

E n te r c al c ul at e d m e c h a n i c a l energy at 7 5 % o f th e de s i g n ITE l o ad.

E n te r c al c ul at e d m e c h a n i c a l energy a t 1 0 0 % o f th e de s i g n ITE l o a d.

E n te r H VA C annualized mechanical load component annualized MLC ( ) .

A

A tta c h c a l c u l a ti o n s an d o th e r do c u m e n tati o n to s u p p o rt v a l u e s e n te re d.
N

annualized MLC
S
I
/

I F de s i g n do e s n o t c o m p l y w i th ,
SA

• e i th e r re de s i g n to a c h i e v e c o m p l i a n c e o r
H
R

• c h e c k h e re A N D a l s o s u b m i t S e c ti o n 1 1 , “ A l te rn ati v e C o m p l i a n c e M e th o d, ” fo rm ( Ta b l e B - 4 ) .
A

6.6 Submittals
E
S

Construction documents record drawings building system

t
na

6 . 6 . 2 . 1 re qui re to b e s ub mi tte d to th e o w ne r w i th i n 9 0 day s o f

da

ac c e p tanc e .
rd

Construction documents building

9
0

6 . 6 . 2 . 2 re qu i re o p e ra ti o n a nd m a i n te na n c e m a n u a l to b e s ub m i tte d to th e o w n e r w i th i n 9 0

system .
.
4
-

da y s o f a c c e p ta n c e
2
0
2
2
 Table B-3 ASHRAE Standard 90.4 Compliance Checklist: Section 8, “Power”
Proj ect Name:
A

Proj ect Address:

N
S
I

Designer of Record: Email: Date:

/
S
HA

Contact Person: Email: Phone:

R
EA

City: Climate Zone: Phone:

S
t
na

SECTION 8—POWER
d
ra
d

Section Description Pass/Fail Target Value Design Value

9
0
.
4

8.1 General
-
2
0
2

systems data center space ITE

2

8 . 1 . 1 E l e c t ri c a l de l i v e ri n g p o w e r to ’ s l o a d c o m p l y w i th S ta n dard 9 0 . 4 .

E l e c t ri c al systems de l i v e ri n g p o w e r fo r o th e r u s e s a n d o th e r spaces c o mp l y w i th S ta n dard 9 0 . 1 . ( I n s e rt “ N A ” i f t h e re a re n o

spaces o t h e r th a n data center spaces . )

8.4 Mandatory Provisions

8 . 4 . 1 E l e c t ri c a l systems s e rv i ng me c h a n i c a l systems h a v e p a th w a y losses n o t e x c e e di n g 2 % .

8.5 Maximum Design Electrical Loss Component (Design ELC) Option for Designs Involving Electrical Systems Only

E n te r data center de s i g n ITE l o ad a t 1 0 0 % .

Single-Feed UPS (N, N+1 , etc.) or Active Dual-Feed UPS (2N, 2N+1 , etc.) Loss/Efficiency Loss/Efficiency
E n te r incoming electrical service segment a t 1 0 0 % o f ITE d e s i g n l o a d s e g m e nt E L C . / /

E n te r UPS segment a t 1 0 0 % o f ITE de s i g n l o a d s e g m e n t E L C . / /

E n te r ITE distribution system a t 1 0 0 % o f ITE de s i g n l o a d s e g m e n t E L C . / /

E n t e r e l e c tri c al loss efficiency

/ to t al a t 1 0 0 % o f ITE de s i g n l o a d s e g me n t E L C . / /

E n te r E L C at 1 0 0 % o f ITE de s i g n l o a d s e g m e n t E L C . / /

E n te r incoming electrical service segment at 7 5 % o f ITE de s i g n l o a d s e g m e n t E L C . / /

E n te r UPS segment a t 7 5 % o f ITE de s i g n l o a d s e g m e n t E L C . / /

E n te r ITE distribution system a t 7 5 % o f ITE de s i g n l o a d s e g m e n t E L C . / /

E n t e r e l e c tri c al loss efficiency

/ to t al a t 7 5 % o f ITE de s i g n l o a d s e g me n t E L C . / /

E n te r E L C a t 7 5 % o f ITE de s i g n l o a d s e g m e n t E L C . / /

E n te r incoming electrical service segment at 5 0 % o f ITE de s i g n l o a d s e g m e n t E L C . / /

2
9
 Table B-3 ASHRAE Standard 90.4 Compliance Checklist: Section 8, “Power”
3
0

(Co n tin ue d)

Section Description Pass/Fail Target Value Design Value

8.5 E n te r UPS segment a t 5 0 % o f ITE de s i g n l o a d s e g m e n t E L C . / /

E n te r ITE distribution system a t 5 0 % o f ITE de s i g n l o a d s e g m e n t E L C . / /

E n t e r e l e c tri c al loss efficiency

/ to t al a t 5 0 % o f ITE de s i g n l o a d s e g me n t E L C . / /

E n te r E L C a t 5 0 % o f ITE de s i g n l o a d s e g m e n t E L C . / /

E n te r incoming electrical service segment at 2 5 % o f ITE de s i g n l o a d s e g m e n t E L C . / /

E n te r UPS segment a t 2 5 % o f ITE de s i g n l o a d s e g m e n t E L C . / /

E n te r ITE distribution system a t 2 5 % o f ITE de s i g n l o a d s e g m e n t E L C . / /

E n t e r e l e c tri c al loss efficiency

/ to t al a t 2 5 % o f ITE de s i g n l o a d s e g me n t E L C . / /

E n te r E L C a t 2 5 % o f ITE de s i g n l o a d s e g m e n t E L C . / /

A tta c h c a l c u l a ti o n s a n d o th e r do c u m e n tati o n to s u p p o rt v a l u e s e n te re d.

8.6 Maximum Design Electrical Loss Component (Design ELC) Option for Designs Involving Both Electrical and
Mechanical Systems

I F de s i g n do e s n o t c o m p l y w i th S e c ti o n 8 . 5 ,

• e i th e r re de s i g n to a c h i e v e c o m p l i an c e o r

• c h e c k h e re A N D a l s o s ub m i t S e c ti o n 1 1 , “ A l te rna ti v e C o m p l i a nc e M e th o d, ” fo rm ( Ta b l e B - 4 ) .

8.7 Submittals

8 . 7 . 1 Construction documents re qu i re record drawings to b e s ub m i tte d to th e building o w ne r w i th i n 3 0 da y s o f system

ac c e p ta n c e .

Construction documents building

A
N

8 . 7 . 2 re qu i re o p e ra ti o n a nd m ai n te n a nc e ma n u al to b e s ub m i tt e d to th e o w ne r.
S
I
/
S
H
R
E
S
t
n
d
r
9
0
.
4
-
2
0
2
2A
A
a
a
d
 Table B-4 ASHRAE Standard 90.4 Compliance Checklist—Section 11 , “Alternative Compliance Method”
Proj ect Name:
A

Proj ect Address:

N
S
I
/

Designer of Record: Email: Date:

S
HA

Contact Person: Email: Phone:

R
EA

City: Climate Zone: Phone:

S
t
n
da

SECTION 11 —ALTERNATIVE COMPLIANCE METHOD

r
9a
d

Section Description Pass/Fail Target Value Design Value

0
.
4
-
2

11 .1 General
0
2
2

11 .2 Compliance

11 .2(a) D e s i g n c o m p l i e s w i th a l l re qu i re m e n ts o f S e c ti o n s 5 , 7 , 9 , a n d 1 0 .

11 .2(b) D e s i g n c o m p l i e s w i th a l l re qu i re m e n ts o f S e c ti o n s 6 . 1 , 6 . 4 , a n d 6 . 6 .

11 .2(c) D e s i g n c o m p l i e s w i th a l l re qu i re m e n ts o f S e c ti o n s 8 . 1 , 8 . 4 , a n d 8 . 7 .

11 .2(d) T h e s u m o f th e c a l c u l a te d v a l u e s o f th e annualized MLC v a l u e a nd th e design ELC are e qu al to o r l e s s t h an th e m ax i mu m

o v e ra l l systems de s i g n v a l u e .

E n te r m a x i m um annualized mechanical load component annualized MLC ( ) ( Ta b l e 6 . 5 ) .

E n te r m a x i m um design electrical loss component design ELC ( ) ( Tab l e 8 . 5 o r Tab l e 8 . 6 a s a p p l i c a b l e ) .

S u m th e annualized MLC a n d annualized ELC v a l u e s a b o v e to c re a te th e data center systems ta rg e t v a l ue .

E n te r annualized MLC c a l c u l a te d i n S e c ti o n 6 . 5 ( al s o p ro v i de S e c ti o n 6 s u b m i tta l fo rm to s ub s ta nt i a te v a l u e s ) .

E n te r design ELC c al c u l a te d i n S e c ti o n 8 . 5 ( al s o p ro v i de S e c ti o n 8 s u b m i tt al fo rm to s u b s tan t i ate v a l u e s ) .

S u m th e de s i g n M L C a n d design ELC v a l ue s ab o v e to c re a te the data center systems de s i g n v a l u e .

C o m p a re th e data center systems ta rg e t v a l udata center systems

e a nd th e de s i g n v a l u e . Ve ri fy th a t th e data center systems
de s i g n v a l u e i s l e s s th a n o r e qu a l to th e data center systems ta rg e t v a l u e . ( I f th i s i s tru e , t h e n th e de s i g n p a s s e s S e c ti o n

1 1 . 2 [ d] . )
3
1
 (This appendix is not part of this standard. It is merely informative and does not contain requirements
necessary for conformance to the standard. It has not been processed according to the ANSI require-
ments for a standard and may contain material that has not been subj ect to public review or a consen-
sus process. Unresolved obj ectors on informative material are not offered the right to appeal at
ASHRAE or ANSI.)

INFORMATIVE APPENDIX C
TOOLS FOR ILLUSTRATING COMPLIANCE
T h i s a p p e n d i x c o n t a i n s re s o u rc e s c re a te d to g u i de u s e rs th ro u g h t h e a p p l i c a ti o n o f S t a n da rd 9 0 . 4 to s u i t a

v a ri e ty o f d e s i g n s . F i g u re C - 1 i l l u s tra t e s t h e ty p e s o f spaces th a t qu a l i fy u n de r th e p ro v i s i o n s o f th i s s ta n -

da rd—i . e . , data centers —w h i c h i s fu rth e r e x p o u n de d i n C h a rt 1 a n d i n F i g u re s C - 3 th ro u g h C - 5 . F i g u re s C -

2 a , C - 2 b , a n d C - 2 c p ro v i de fl o w c h a rts to h e l p d e s i g n e rs s e l e c t th e de s i re d c o m b i n a ti o n o f re qu i re m e n ts fo r

ac h i e v i n g c o m p l i an c e . F i n a l l y, F i g u re C - 6 i l l u s tra te design ELC

s th e c o m p l i a n c e p a th fo r th e e l e c tri c a l

p o w e r system s e rv i n g th e ITE , o r th e “ E l e c tri c a l efficiency c o m p l i an c e p a th . ” I m p o rta n t n o t e s a c c o m p a n y

th e fi g u re c a p ti o n s . E x a m p l e c a l c u l a ti o n s a p p e a r a fte r th e fi g u re s .

Figure C-1 Demarcation of building areas subject to the provisions of Standards 90.4 and 90.1 .
NOTE: Figure C-1 illustrates the types of spaces that constitute a data center, which includes spaces that directly sup-
port the ITE room, consistent with ANSI/TIA Standard 942A and NFPA-70, Article 645. Not all of these support spaces
will be present in every data center, and they may have different identifications. However, spaces with similar func-
tions should be considered part of the data center and should be included in the annualized MLC and design ELC cal-
culations as set forth in this standard.

3 2 A N S I /A S H RA E S ta n da rd 9 0 . 4 - 2 0 2 2
A
N
S
I
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S
H
R
E
S
t
n
d
r
9
0
.
4
-
2
0
2
2A
A
a
a
d

Figure C-2a Mechanical (MLC) compliance path.

NOTE: Figure C-2 illustrates the options provided in the standard for determining compliance with the electrical and mechanical components, either individually as set forth in Sections 6
and 8, or combined as set forth in Section 11. Options are illustrated for both power and energy computations, and alternatives are suggested for each path.
3
3
3
4
A
N
S
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R
E
S
t
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9
0
.
4
-
2
0
2A
A
a
a
d

Figure C-2b Electrical (ELC) compliance path.

2

NOTE: Figure C-2 illustrates the options provided in the standard for determining compliance with the electrical and mechanical components, either individually as set forth in Sections 6
and 8, or combined as set forth in Section 11. Options are illustrated for both power and energy computations, and alternatives are suggested for each path.
A
N
S
I
/
S
H
R
E
S
t
n
d
r
9
0
.
4
-
2
0
2
2A
A
a
a
d

Figure C-2c Mechanical and electrical trade-off compliance path.

NOTE: Figure C-2 illustrates the options provided in the standard for determining compliance with the electrical and mechanical components, either individually as set forth in Sections 6
and 8, or combined as set forth in Section 11. Options are illustrated for both power and energy computations, and alternatives are suggested for each path.
3
5
Figure C-3 Applicability for datacom equipment in new construction.
NOTE: Figure C-3 illustrates the applicability of Standard 90.4 to different types of construction, expansions, and existing facility alter-
ations. The specifics of each project will differ. This illustration is provided only to exemplify how different versions of Standard 90.4
would apply to typical situations.

3 6 A N S I /A S H RA E S ta n da rd 9 0 . 4 - 2 0 2 2
Figure C-4 Applicability for mechanical equipment in new construction.
NOTE: Figure C-4 illustrates the applicability of Standard 90.4 to different types of construction, expansions, and existing facility alter-
ations. The specifics of each project will differ. This illustration is provided only to exemplify how different versions of Standard 90.4
would apply to typical situations.

A N S I /A S H RA E S ta n da rd 9 0 . 4 - 2 0 2 2 3 7
Figure C-5 Applicability for electrical equipment in new construction.
NOTE: Figure C-5 illustrates the applicability of Standard 90.4 to different types of construction, expansions, and existing facility alter-
ations. The specifics of each project will differ. This illustration is provided only to exemplify how different versions of Standard 90.4
would apply to typical situations.

3 8 A N S I /A S H RA E S ta n da rd 9 0 . 4 - 2 0 2 2
A
N
S
I
/
S
H
R
E
S
t
n
d
r
9
0
.
4
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2
0
2
2A
A
a
a
d

Figure C-6 Electrical efficiency compliance path.

NOTE: Figure C-6 illustrates the design electrical loss component (design ELC) compliance path for the electrical power system serving the ITE. This diagram is not in any way intended to
recommend or dictate any particular electrical design, and not all of the devices shown will be present in every data center or connected in the same order or in the same way. This diagram
is provided only to illustrate the electrical loss component compliance path using components of the ITE electrical system that typically appear in many designs.
3
9
 C1 . EXAMPLES: UPS SEGMENT OF DESIGN ELC CALCULATIONS
T h e e l e c t ri c a l loss c o m p o n e n t i s c a l c u l a t e d i n tw o s e g m e n t s —th e UPS segment a n d th e di s tri b u ti o n s e g -

m e n t. F o l l o w i n g a re fo u r e x a m UPS segment
p l e s o f c a l c u l at i o n s i l l u s tra ti n g th e s u b s ta n ti v e d i ffe re n c e s

am o n g fo u r di ffe re n t l e v e l s o f UPS redundancy .

F o l l o w i ng th e s e e x amp l e s i s a de tai l e d s te p - b y - s te p e xam p l e i n c h art fo rm o f a c o m p l e te E L C c o m p utati o n

fo r an N+1 UPS system o f g re ate r th an 1 0 0 kW c ap ac i ty th ro ug h al l fo ur l o ad l e v e l s o f b o th E L C s e g m e nts .

F o l l o UPS
w i n g th e c a l c u l a t i o n e x a m p l e c h a rts i s a n e x a m p l e o f th e di s tri b u t i o n s e g m e n t loss c a l c u l a-

ti o n s b a s N+1
e d o n th e m o du l a r UPS e x a m p l e . L a s tl y, th e UPS a n d di s tri b u t i o n s e g m e n t c a l c u l a ti o n s a re

c o m b i n e d i n to t h e t o ta l E L C .

UPS c a l c u l a t i o n s a re b a s e d o n kW . Re m a i n i n g E L C c a l c u l at i o n s a re kVA UPSb a s e d o n . o u tp u t v o l tag e i n

th e s e e x a m p l e s i s 4 8 0 V th re e - p h a s e , a n d UPS p o w e r fa c t o r i s 0 . 9 . UPS efficiencies a re fro m re p re s e n ta ti v e

manufacturers ’ da ta s h e e ts .

Sample Calculation for an N (nonredundant) UPS

O p e ra ti o n a l D e s i g n L o a d = 4 0 0 kW ( u s u a l l y a p p ro x i m a te l y 8 0 % o f UPS de s i g n c a p a c i ty )

N o n re du n da n t UPS D e s i g n C a p a c i ty = 5 0 0 kW
[ Tw o ( 2 ) m o d u l e s o f 2 5 0 kW , te n ( 1 0 ) m o du l e s o f 5 0 kW , o r e q u i v a l e n t]

1 0 0 % o f O p e ra t i o n a l D e s i g n L o a d = 4 0 kW
0

O p e ra ti o n a l L o a d P e rc e n ta g e = 4 0 kW0 kW /5 0 0 × 1 0 0 % = 8 0 %

UPS Efficiency a t 8 0 % L o a d = 9 5 . 6Efficiency

7 % ( F a c to r = 0 . 9 5 6 7 )

I n p u t P o w e r = 4 0 0 kW / 0 . 9 5 6 7 = 4 1 kW
8 . 1

Re s u l t i n g Loss = 4 1 8 . 1 kW – 4 0 0 kW kW = 1 8 . 1 ; 1 8 . 1 kW /4 1 8 . 1 kW × 1 0 0 % = 4 . 3 3 %

S t a n da rd 9 0 . 4 M a x . P o w e r Loss = 5 . 5 %

( UPS M E E T S S TA N D A RD RE Q U I RE M E N T S AT 1 0 0 % D E S I G N L O A D . )

O u t p u t i s 4 0 0 kW / 0 . 9 p f = 4 4 4 . 4 kVA .

O u t p u t c u rre n t i s 4 4 4 . 4 kVA × 1 0 0 √ 0 / 3 /4 8 0 V = 5 3 5 A .

7 5 % o f O p e ra ti o n a l D e s i g n L o a d = 3 0 0 kW
O p e ra ti o n a l L o a d P e rc e n ta g e = 3 0 0 kW
kW /5 0 0 × 1 0 0 % = 6 0 %

UPS Efficiency a t 6 0 % L o a d = 9 5 . Efficiency

6 8 % ( F a c to r = 0 . 9 5 6 8 )

I n p u t P o w e r = 3 0 0 kW / 0 . 9 5 6 8 = 3 1 kW
3 . 5

Re s u l t i n g Loss = 3 1 3 . 5 kW – 3 0 0 kW kW = 1 3 . 5 ; 1 3 . 5 kW /3 1 3 . 5 kW × 1 0 0 % = 4 . 3 2 %

S t a n da rd 9 0 . 4 M a x . P o w e r Loss = 5 . 5 %

( UPS M E E T S S TA N D A RD RE Q U I RE M E N T S AT 7 5 % D E S I G N L O A D . )

O u t p u t i s 3 0 0 kW / 0 . 9 p f = 3 3 . 3 kVA.
O u t p u t c u rre n t i s 3 3 3 . 3 kVA × 1 0 0 0 √
/ 3 /4 8 0 V = 4 0 0 . 9 A .

5 0 % o f O p e ra ti o n a l D e s i g n L o a d = 2 0 0 kW
O p e ra ti o n a l L o a d P e rc e n ta g e = 2 0 0 kW
kW /5 0 0 × 1 0 0 % = 4 0 %

UPS Efficiency a t 4 0 % L o a d = 9 5 . Efficiency

2 0 % ( F a c to r = 0 . 9 5 2 0 )

I n p u t P o w e r = 2 0 0 kW / 0 . 9 5 2 0 = 2 1 kW
0 . 1

Re s u l t i n g Loss = 2 1 0 . 1 kW – 2 0 0 kW kW = 1 0 . 1 ; 1 0 . 1 kW /2 1 0 . 1 kW × 1 0 0 % = 4 . 8 0 %

S t a n da rd 9 0 . 4 M a x . P o w e r Loss = 6 . 0 %

( UPS M E E T S S TA N D A RD RE Q U I RE M E N T S AT 5 0 % D E S I G N L O A D . )

O u t p u t i s 2 0 0 kW / 0 . 9 p f = 3 3 . 3 kVA.
O u t p u t c u rre n t i s 2 2 2 . 2 kVA × 1 0 0 0 √
/ 3 /4 8 0 V = 2 6 7 . 3 A .

2 5 % o f O p e ra ti o n a l D e s i g n L o a d = 1 0 0 kW
O p e ra ti o n a l L o a d P e rc e n ta g e = 1 0 0 kW
kW /5 0 0 × 1 0 0 % = 2 0 %

UPS Efficiency a t 2 0 % L o a d = 9 4 . Efficiency

0 0 % ( F a c to r = 0 . 9 4 0 0 )

I n p u t P o w e r = 1 0 0 kW / 0 . 9 4 0 0 = 1 0 kW
6 . 4

Re s u l t i n g Loss = 1 0 6 . 4 kW – 1 0 0 kW kW kW
= 6 . 4 ; 6 . 4 / 1 0 6 . 4 kW × 1 0 0 % = 6 . 0 0 %

S t a n da rd 9 0 . 4 M a x . P o w e r Loss = 7 . 0 %

( UPS M E E T S S TA N D A RD RE Q U I RE M E N T S AT 2 5 % D E S I G N L O A D . )

O u t p u t i s 1 0 0 /0 . 9 kW p f = 1 1 1 . 1 kVA.
O u t p u t c u rre n t i s 1 1 1 . 1 kVA × 1 0 0 √0 / 3 /4 8 0 V = 1 3 3 . 6 A .

U P S

S E G M E N T F O R N O N RE D U N D A N T UPS I S W I T H I N TA B L E 8 . 6 VA L U E S AT A L L L O A D L E V E L S .

4 0 A N S I /A S H RA E S ta n da rd 9 0 . 4 - 2 0 2 2
Sample Calculations for Two Different Configurations of N+1 Redundant UPS
N+1 Option #1

O p e ra ti o n a l D e s i g n L o a d = kW
4 0 0 ( u s u a l l y a p p ro x i m a te l y 8 0 % o f UPS de s i g n c a p a c i ty )

UPS D e s i g n C a p a c i ty = 5 0 0kW N+1 ,

[ T h re e ( 3 ) m o du l e s o f 2 5 0 kW kW = 7 5 0 a c t u a l c a p a c i ty ]

1 0 0 % o f O p e ra t i o n a l D e s i g n L o a d = 4 0 kW
0

O p e ra ti o n a l L o a d P e rc e n ta g e = 4 0 kW0 kW /7 5 0 × 1 0 0 % = 5 3 %

UPS Efficiency a t 5 3 % L o a d = 9 5 . 6Efficiency

2 % ( F a c to r = 0 . 9 5 6 2 )

I n p u t P o w e r = 4 0 0 kW / 0 . 9 5 6 2 = 4 1 kW
8 . 3

Re s u l t i n g Loss = 4 1 8 . 3 kW – 4 0 0 kW kW = 1 8 . 3 ; 1 8 . 3 kW /4 1 8 . 3 kW × 1 0 0 % = 4 . 3 8 %

S t a n da rd 9 0 . 4 M a x . P o w e r Loss = 5 . 5 %

( UPS M E E T S S TA N D A RD RE Q U I RE M E N T S AT 1 0 0 % D E S I G N L O A D . )

O u t p u t i s 4 0 0 kW / 0 . 9 p f = 4 4 4 . 4 kVA.
O u t p u t c u rre n t i s 4 4 4 . 4 kVA × 1 0 0 √ 0 / 3 /4 8 0 V = 5 3 5 A .

7 5 % o f O p e ra ti o n a l D e s i g n L o a d = 3 0 kW0

O p e ra ti o n a l L o a d P e rc e n ta g e = 3 0 kW 0 kW /7 5 0 × 1 0 0 % = 4 0 %

UPS Efficiency a t 4 0 % L o a d = 9 5 . Efficiency

2 0 % ( F a c to r = 0 . 9 5 2 0 )

I n p u t P o w e r = 3 0 0 kW / 0 . 9 5 2 0 = 3 1 kW
5 . 1

Re s u l t i n g Loss = 3 1 5 . 1 kW – 3 0 0 kW kW = 1 5 . 1 ; 1 5 . 1 kW /3 1 5 . 1 kW × 1 0 0 % = 4 . 8 0 %

S t a n da rd 9 0 . 4 M a x . P o w e r Loss = 5 . 5 %

( UPS M E E T S S TA N D A RD RE Q U I RE M E N T S AT 7 5 % D E S I G N L O A D . )

O u t p u t i s 3 0 0 kW / 0 . 9 p f = 3 3 3 . 3 kVA.
O u t p u t c u rre n t i s 3 3 3 . 3 kVA × 1 0 0 √ 0 / 3 /4 8 0 V = 4 0 0 . 9 A .

5 0 % o f O p e ra ti o n a l D e s i g n L o a d = 2 0 kW0

O p e ra ti o n a l L o a d P e rc e n ta g e = 2 0 kW 0 /7 kW
5 0 × 1 0 0 % = 2 7 %

UPS Efficiency a t 2 7 % L o a d = 9 4 . 5 5 % ( Efficiency F a c to r = 0 . 9 4 5 5 )

I n p u t P o w e r = 2 0 0 kW / 0 . 9 4 5 5 = 2 1 1 . 5 kW

Re s u l t i n g Loss = 2 1 1 . 5 kW – 2 0 0 kW = 1 1 . 5 kW ; 1 1 . 5 kW / 2 1 1 . 5 kW × 1 0 0 % = 5 . 4 5 %

S t a n d a rd 9 0 . 4 M a x . P o w e r Loss = 5 6 . 0 %

( UPS M E E T S S TA N D A RD RE Q U I RE M E N T S AT 5 0 % D E S I G N L O A D . )

O u t p u t i s 2 0 0 kW / 0 . 9 p f = 2 2 2 . 2 kVA.
O u t p u t c u rre n t i s 2 2 2 . 2 kVA × 1 0 0 √ 0 / 3 /4 8 0 V = 2 6 7 . 3 A .

2 5 % o f O p e ra ti o n a l D e s i g n L o a d = 1 0 kW0

O p e ra ti o n a l L o a d P e rc e n ta g e = 1 0 kW 0 kW /7 5 0 × 1 0 0 % = 1 3 %

UPS Efficiency a t 1 3 % L o a d = 9 2 . Efficiency

7 1 % ( F a c to r = 0 . 9 2 7 1 )

I n p u t P o w e r = 1 0 0 kW / 0 . 9 2 7 1 = 1 0 kW
7 . 9

Re s u l t i n g Loss = 1 0 7 . 9 kW – 1 0 0 kW kW kW = 7 . 9 ; 7 . 9 / 1 0 7 . 9 kW × 1 0 0 % = 7 . 2 9 %

S t a n da rd 9 0 . 4 M a x . P o w e r Loss = 7 . 0 %

( UPS D O E S N O T M E E T S TA N D A RD RE Q U I RE M E N T S AT 2 5 % D E S I G N L O A D . )

O u t p u t i s 1 0 0 kW / 0 . 9 p f = 1 1 1 . 1 kVA.
O u t p u t c u rre n t i s 1 1 1 . 1 kVA × 1 0 0 √
0 / 3 /4 8 0 V = 1 3 3 . 6 A .

UPS s e g m e n t fo r n+1 re d un d a n t UPS i s w i th i n Ta b l e 8 . 6 v a l u e s E X C E P T a t 2 5 % l o a d l e v e l . M e e t i n g

E L C o f th e s t a n da rd re qu i re s h i g h e r- efficiency UPS , s m a l l e r m o d u l e redundancy , o r o ffs e t w i th h i g h e r effi-

ciency di s t ri b u ti o n s e g m e n t a n d / o r h i g h efficiency
e r m e c h a n i c a l l o a d c o m p o n e n t ( M L C ) .

N+1 Option #2

O p e ra ti o n a l D e s i g n L o a d = 4 kW
0 0 ( u s u a l l y a p p ro x i m a te l y 8 0 % o f UPS d e s i g n c a p a c i ty )

UPS D e s i g n C a p a c i ty = 5 0 0 kW N+1 ,

[ E l e v e n ( 1 1 ) m o d u l e s o f 5 0 kW kW = 5 5 0 a c tu a l c a p a c i t y ]

1 0 0 % o f O p e ra t i o n a l D e s i g n L kW
o a d = 4 0 0

O p e ra t i o n a l L o a d P e rc e n t kWa g e = 4 0 0 kW /5 5 0 × 1 0 0 % = 7 3 %

UPS Efficiency a t 7 3 % L o a d = 9 5 . Efficiency

7 8 % ( F a c to r = 0 . 9 5 7 8 )

I n p u t P o w e r = 4 0 0 kW / 0 . 9 5 7 8 = 4 1 kW
7 . 6

Re s u l t i n g Loss = 4 1 7 . 6 kW – 4 0 0 kW kW = 1 7 . 6 ; 1 7 . 6 kW /4 1 7 . 6 kW × 1 0 0 % = 4 . 2 2 %

S t a n da rd 9 0 . 4 M a x . P o w e r Loss = 5 . 5 %

( UPS M E E T S S TA N D A RD RE Q U I RE M E N T S AT 1 0 0 % D E S I G N L O A D . )

A N S I /A S H RA E S ta n da rd 9 0 . 4 - 2 0 2 2 4 1
 O u t p u t i s 4 0 0 kW / 0 . 9 p f = 4 4 4 . 4 kVA.
O u t p u t c u rre n t i s 4 4 4 . 4 kVA × 1 0 0 √ 0 / 3 /4 8 0 V = 5 3 5 A .

7 5 % o f O p e ra ti o n a l D e s i g n L o a d = 3 0 kW0

O p e ra ti o n a l L o a d P e rc e n t a g e = 3 kW
0 0 kW /5 5 0 × 1 0 0 % = 5 5 %

UPS Efficiency a t 5 5 % L o a d = 9 5 . Efficiency

6 3 % ( F a c to r = 0 . 9 5 6 3 )

I n p u t P o w e r = 3 0 0 kW / 0 . 9 5 6 3 = 3 1 kW
3 . 7

Re s u l t i n g Loss = 3 1 3 . 7 kW – 3 0 0 kW kW = 1 3 . 7 ; 1 3 . 7 kW /3 1 3 . 7 kW × 1 0 0 % = 4 . 3 7 %

S t a n da rd 9 0 . 4 M a x . P o w e r Loss = 5 . 5 %

( UPS M E E T S S TA N D A RD RE Q U I RE M E N T S AT 7 5 % D E S I G N L O A D . )

O u t p u t i s 3 0 0 kW / 0 . 9 p f = 3 3 3 . 3 kVA.
O u t p u t c u rre n t i s 3 3 3 . 3 kVA × 1 0 √0 0 / 3 /4 8 0 V = 4 0 0 . 9 A .

5 0 % o f O p e ra ti o n a l D e s i g n L o a d = 2 0 kW0

O p e ra ti o n a l L o a d P e rc e n ta g e = 2 kW
0 0 kW /5 5 0 × 1 0 0 % = 3 6 %

UPS Efficiency a t 3 6 % L o a d = 9 5 . Efficiency

8 5 % ( F a c to r = 0 . 9 5 8 5 )

I n p u t P o w e r = 2 0 0 kW / 0 . 9 5 8 5 = 2 0 kW
8 . 7

Re s u l t i n g Loss = 2 0 8 . 7 kW – 2 0 0 kW kW kW
= 8 . 7 ; 8 . 7 / 2 0 8 . 7 kW × 1 0 0 % = 4 . 1 5 %

S t a n da rd 9 0 . 4 M a x . P o w e r Loss = 6 . 0 %

( UPS M E E T S S TA N D A RD RE Q U I RE M E N T S AT 5 0 % D E S I G N L O A D . )

O u t p u t i s 2 0 0 kW / 0 . 9 p f = 2 2 2 . 2 kVA.
O u t p u t c u rre n t i s 2 2 2 . 2 kVA × 1 0 √0 0 / 3 /4 8 0 V = 2 6 7 . 3 A .

2 5 % o f O p e ra ti o n a l D e s i g n L o a d = 1 0 kW0

O p e ra ti o n a l L o a d P e rc e n ta g e = 1 kW
0 0 kW /5 5 0 × 1 0 0 % = 1 8 %

UPS Efficiency a t 1 8 % L o a d = 9 3 . Efficiency

5 0 % ( F a c to r = 0 . 9 3 5 0 )

I n p u t P o w e r = 1 0 0 kW / 0 . 9 3 5 0 = 1 0 kW
7 . 0

Re s u l t i n g Loss = 1 0 7 . 9 kW – 1 0 0 kW kW kW
= 7 . 0 ; 7 . 0 / 1 0 7 . 0 kW × 1 0 0 % = 6 . 5 %

S t a n da rd 9 0 . 4 M a x . P o w e r Loss = 7 . 0 %

( UPS M E E T S S TA N D A RD RE Q U I RE M E N T S AT 2 5 % D E S I G N L O A D . )

O u t p u t i s 1 0 0 kW / 0 . 9 p f = 1 1 1 . 1 kVA.
O u t p u t c u rre n t i s 1 1 1 . 1 kVA × 1 0 0 √0 / 3 /4 8 0 V = 1 3 3 . 6 A .

UPS S E G M E N T F O R N+1 RE D U N D A NUPST I S W I T H I N TA B L E 8 . 6 VA L U E S AT A L L L O A D L E V E L S .

2N Redundant UPS
O p e ra ti o n a l D e s i g n L o a d = 4 0 0 kW ( u s u a l l y a p p ro x i m a te l y 8 0 % o f UPS de s i g n c a p a c i ty )

UPS D e s i g n C a p a c i ty = 5 0 0 kW
B o t h systems a re i d e n t i c a l a n d s h a re l o a d e qu a l l y. C a l c u l a te fo r o n e ( 1 ) system a t h a l f d e s i g n l o a d.

[ Tw o ( 2 ) m o du l e s o f 2 5 0 kW = 5 0 0 kW a c t u a l c a p a c i ty p e r s y s te m ]

1 0 0 % o f S H A RE D O p e ra t i o n a l D e s i g n L o a d = 4 0 0 kW kW /2 = 2 0 0 kW
O p e ra ti o n a l L o a d P e rc e n ta g e = 2 0 0 kW /5 0 0 × 1 0 0 % = 4 0 %

UPS Efficiency a t 4 0 % L o a d = 9 5 . Efficiency

2 0 % ( F a c to r = 0 . 9 5 2 0 )

I n p u t P o w e r = 2 0 0 kW / 0 . 9 5 2 0 = 2 1 kW
0 . 1

Re s u l t i n g Loss = 2 1 0 . 1 kW – 2 0 0 kW kW = 1 0 . 1 ; 1 0 . 1 kW /2 1 0 . 1 kW × 1 0 0 % = 4 . 8 0 %

S t a n da rd 9 0 . 4 M a x . P o w e r Loss = 5 . 5 %

( UPS M E E T S S TA N D A RD RE Q U I RE M E N T S AT 1 0 0 % D E S I G N L O A D . )

O u t p u t i s 2 0 0 kW / 0 . 9 p f = 2 2 2 . 2 kVA.
O u t p u t c u rre n t i s 2 2 2 . 2 kVA × 1 0 √0 0 / 3 /4 8 0 V = 2 6 7 . 3 A .

7 5 % o f S H A RE D O p e ra ti o n a l D e s i g n L o kW a d = 1 5 0

O p e ra ti o n a l L o a d P e rc e n ta g e = 1 5 0 kW kW /5 0 0 × 1 0 0 % = 3 0 %

UPS Efficiency a t 3 0 % L o a d = 9 4 . Efficiency

5 0 % ( F a c to r = 0 . 9 4 5 0 )

I n p u t P o w e r = 1 5 0 kW / 0 . 9 4 5 0 = 1 5 kW
8 . 7

Re s u l t i n g Loss = 1 5 8 . 7 kW – 1 5 0 kW kW kW
= 8 . 7 ; 8 . 7 / 1 5 0 kW × 1 0 0 % = 5 . 5 0 %

S t a n da rd 9 0 . 4 M a x . P o w e r Loss = 5 . 5 %

( UPS M E E T S S TA N D A RD RE Q U I RE M E N T S AT 7 5 % D E S I G N L O A D . )

O u t p u t i s 1 5 0 kW / 0 . 9 p f = 1 6 6 . 7 kVA .

O u t p u t c u rre n t i s 1 6 6 . 7 kVA × 1 0 √0 0 / 3 /4 8 0 V = 2 0 0 . 5 A .

5 0 % o f S H A RE D O p e ra ti o n a l D e s i g n L o a d = 1 0 0kW
O p e ra ti o n a l L o a d P e rc e n ta g e = 1 0 0 kW /5 0 0 kW × 1 0 0 % = 2 0 %

4 2 A N S I /A S H RA E S ta n da rd 9 0 . 4 - 2 0 2 2
 UPS Efficiency at 2 0% Lo ad = 9 4 . 0 0% ( Efficiency F acto r = 0 . 9 400 )

Input Power = 1 0 0 kW /0. 9 400 = 1 06 . 4 kW

Resulting Loss = 1 06 . 4 kW – 1 00 kW kW kW
= 6. 4 ; 6. 4 /1 06. 4 kW × 1 0 0 % = 6. 00%

S tandard 9 0. 4 Max. Power Loss = 6 . 00%

( UPS MEETS S TANDARD REQUIREMENTS AT 5 0% DES IGN LOAD . )

Output is 1 0 0 kW /0. 9 p f = 1 1 1 . 1 kVA.

Output current is 1 1 1 . 1 kVA × 1 0 00/ √ 3 /4 8 0V = 1 3 3 . 6 A.

2 5 % of S HARED Op erational D esign Lo ad = 5 0 kW

Op erational Load Percentage = 5 0 kW /5 0 0kW × 1 00 % = 1 0%

UPS Efficiency at 1 0% Lo ad = 9 2 . 1 2 % ( Efficiency F acto r = 0. 92 1 2 )

Inp ut Power = 5 0 kW /0 . 9 2 1 2 = 5 4. 3 kW
Resulting Loss = 5 4. 3 kW – 50 kW = 4. 3 kW ; 4. 3 kW/5 4 . 3 kW × 1 0 0% = 7 . 8 8 %

S tandard 9 0. 4 Max. P ower Loss = 7 . 0 0%

( UPS D OES NOT MEET S TANDARD REQUIREMENTS AT 2 5 % DES IGN LOAD . )

Output is 5 0 kW /0 . 9 pf = 5 5 . 6 kVA.
O utput current is 5 5 . 6 kVA × 1 0 00/ √ 3 /48 0V = 66. 8 A.

UPS segment for 2N redundant UPS is within Tab le 8 . 6 values EXCEPT at 2 5 % load level. Meeting

ELC of the standard requires higher- efficiency UPS , or offset with higher efficiency distributio n segment

and/or higher- efficiency MLC .

C2. EXAMPLES: DISTRIBUTION SEGMENT OF DESIGN ELC CALCULATIONS

Distribution Segment of the ELC
The distributio n segment of the ELC is calculated from the o utp ut voltage and current of the UPS segment.

All distribution segment calculations are in volts, amp eres, and kilovolt-amperes .

The distribution segment loss and efficiency is calculated in three parts:

• UPS to po wer distrib ution unit (PDU) feeder p ortion

• PD U portio n (If a PDU with transformer is no t used, this portio n is zero. )

• Branch circuit dis tribution p ortion

The three portio ns are then comb ined algeb raically to yield the distrib utio n s egment o f the ELC , which is

then co mbined with the UPS segment to derive the ELC value.

Calculation of the UPS to PDU Feeder Portion of the Distribution Segment

The UPS o utp ut in kilovolt-amperes is divided into the app ropriate number of PD U feeder circuits (4 in the

examp le) , and the losses efficiencies

and are calculated at each of the four load levels: 1 00 %, 7 5 %, 5 0 %, and

2 5 % . C alculation is b ased on the highest- load PDU. (In this example, PD Us are as sumed to be four equally

lo aded units; losses are calculated based on the maximum continuous branch circuit breaker load current. )

C haracteristics co mmo n to all fo ur example load- level calculations:

• PD U rating: 1 5 0 kVA
• PD U inp ut: 48 0V, three- p hase

• PD U output: 1 2 0/2 08 V, three- phase, four- wire

• F eeder wire length: 1 00 ft

• Wire gage (p er NEC ) : 1 /0

• DC resistance: 0. 1 2 2 ohms/1 000 ft

• C onducto r resistance: 0. 0 1 2 2 o hms

• Number co nductors: 3

Line losses are calculated using the I

2
R method on a p er-co nductor basis to maintain a uniform calcula-

tio n for all voltage and phase conditions.

Factor 100% 75% 50% 25%

UPS output, kVA 444. 44 333.33 222. 22 111 .11

Actual PDU load, kVA 111 .11 83 .3 3 55.56 27 . 7 8

PDU input, 3 ɸ A 1 3 3 . 65 1 00. 2 3 66. 8 2 3 3 . 41

2 2 2
Current [I ] , (A ) 1 7 , 8 61 1 0, 047 4, 465 1 ,1 1 6

ANS I/AS HRAE S tandard 90. 4- 202 2 43

 Loss per cond. (I
2
R) , kVA 0. 2 2 0. 1 2 0. 05 0. 01

Total feeder loss kVA

, 0. 65 0. 3 7 0. 1 6 0. 04

PDU output, kVA 1 1 0. 46 8 2. 97 55.3 9 27 . 7 4

PDU loss 0. 5 9 % 0. 44% 0. 2 9 % 0. 1 5 %

F eeder efficiency 99 . 41 % 9 9 . 5 6% 99. 71 % 99. 8 5 %

Calculation of the PDU Portion of the Distribution Segment

The PDU losses and efficiencies are calculated at the four load levels: 1 00%, 7 5 %, 5 0%, and 2 5 %. While

transformers must all meet EPA 2 01 6 efficiencies in the United S tates (and equivalent standards in other

countries ) , the EPA sp ecifications op timize efficiency o nly at 3 5 % loading, which is inadequate for data cen-
ter systems . Therefore, it is necessary to obtain the transformer efficiencies fo r the actual units specified in

the des igns .

Characteristics common to all four examp le load- level calculatio ns:

• PD U rating: 1 5 0 kVA
• PD U inp ut: 48 0V, three-p hase

• PD U output: 2 08 V, o ne- p hase, two- wire

Transformer losses are calculated fro m manufacturer ’ s test data b ased on the highest PDU design load-

ing co nditions (in this examp le assumed to be equal for all units) .

Factor 100% 75% 50% 25%

Transformer input, kVA 1 1 0. 46 8 2. 97 55.3 9 27 . 7 4

Transformer efficiency 97 . 5 0% 9 7 . 8 0% 9 8 . 00% 9 8 . 40%

Transformer loss , % 2 . 5 0% 2. 2 0% 2. 00% 1 . 60%

Transformer output, kVA 1 07 . 7 0 81 .1 4 5 4. 2 8 27 . 2 9

Transformer loss kVA , 2. 76 1 .83 1 .11 0. 44

P DU efficiency 97 . 5 0 9 7 . 8 0% 9 8 . 00% 9 8 . 40%

Calculation of the Branch Circuit Distribution Portion of the Distribution Segment

Losses and efficiencies are calculated for the wors t- case (lo nges t and highest loaded) branch circuit from the

PD U at the fo ur lo ad levels: 1 00%, 7 5 %, 5 0%, and 2 5 %. Line losses are calculated using the I
2
R Method on

a per-co nductor b as is to maintain a uniform calculation fo r all vo ltage and p has e conditio ns. In the example,

losses are calculated b ased on the maximum continuous circuit breaker amperage (8 0% of the circuit
breaker rating per NF PA 7 0 ) .

Characteristics common to all four example lo ad- level calculations:

• Distrib utio n voltage: 2 0 8 V, one- phase

• Circuit breaker rating: 3 0 A

• Maximum current: 2 4 A (per NF PA 7 0 continuous lo ading rating)

• Wire length: 5 0 ft

• Wire size: #1 0 AWG

• DC resistance: 1 . 2 1 ohms/1 0 00 ft

• Conducto r resistance: 0. 0 605 o hms

• Number co nductors : 2

Factor 100% 75% 50% 25%

Load current, A 24 18 12 6

Per conductor power, VA 28 8 2 2 1 62 1 441 721

Total power, VA 5 7 64 43 2 3 28 8 2 1 441

44 ANS I/AS HRAE S tandard 9 0. 4-2 02 2

 2 2 2

C u rre n t ( I ) , A 5 7 6 3 2 4 1 4 4 3 6

Loss p e r c o n d. ( I
2

R) , VA 3 4 . 8 5 1 9 . 6 0 8 . 7 1 2 . 1 8

To ta l fe e de loss
r , VA 6 9 . 7 0 3 9 . 2 0 1 7 . 4 2 4 . 3 6

P o w e r loss 1 . 2 1 % 0 . 9 1 % 0 . 6 0 % 0 . 3 0 %

S e g m e n t efficiency 9 8 . 7 9 % 9 9 . 0 9 % 9 9 . 4 0 % 9 9 . 7 0 %

Calculation of Distribution Segment of ELC

efficiencies
losses
T h e d i s tri b u t i o n s e g m e n t o f th e E L C i s th e p ro du c t o f t h e t h re e d i s t ri b u ti o n s e g m e n t c o m p o n e n t ,

o r t h e i r a l g e b ra i c a l l y c o m b i n e d .

Dist. Segment C omponent 1 00% 75% 50% 25%

P D U fe e de efficiency
r 9 9 . 4 1 % 9 9 . 5 6 % 9 9 . 7 1 % 9 9 . 8 5 %

P D U efficiency 9 7 . 5 0 % 9 7 . 8 0 9 8 . 0 0 % 9 8 . 4 0 %

B ra nc h c kt. efficiency 9 8 . 7 9 % 9 9 . 0 9 % 9 9 . 4 0 % 9 9 . 7 0 %

C o m b i n e d e ffi c . ( p ro du c t) 9 5 . 7 5 % 9 6 . 4 9 % 9 7 . 1 2 % 9 7 . 9 6 %

D i s t. s e g m e n t losses 4 . 2 5 % 3 . 5 1 % 2 . 8 8 % 2 . 0 4 %

D i s t. s e g m e n t o f E L C 0 . 0 4 2 0 . 0 3 5 0 . 0 2 9 0 . 0 2 0

Calculation of Total ELC

T h e to ta l E L C i s th e s u m o f th e UPS a n d di s tri b u ti o n s e g m e n t v a l u e s a t e a c h o f t h e fo u r l o a d l e v e l s . T h e s e

kW kW
v a l u e s a re c o m p a re d w i th t h e a p p ro p ri a te t a b l e v a l u e s i n S e c t i o n 8 o f th e S ta n da rd ( Ta b l e 8 . 5 fo r de s i g n

kW
l o a d s l e s s th a n 1 0 0 , o r Ta b l e 8 . 6 fo r d e s i g n l o a ds g re a t e r th a n o r e q u a l to 1 0 0 ) . T h i s e x a m p l e i s fo r a

4 0 0 d e s i g n l o a d a n d u s e s Ta b l e 8 . 6 E L C v a l u e s . T h e c a l c u l a te d E L C a t e a c h l o a d l e v e l ( 1 0 0 % , 7 5 % ,

system
5 0 % , a n d 2 5 % o f th e de s i g n l o a d ) m u s t b e l e s s th a n o r e q u al t o t h e S ta n da rd 9 0 . 4 ta b l e v a l u e . I f a n y c a l c u -

l a t e d v a l u e e x c e e ds o n e o f m o re o f th e ta b l e v a l u e s , th e e l e c t ri c a l c a n b e re d e s i g n e d t o u s e m o re e ffi -

c i e n t c o m p o n e n ts , o r th e d i ffe re n ti a l c a n b e o ffs e t b y a m o re e ffi c i e n t m e c h a n i c a l de s i g n u s i n g t h e Tra de - O ff

M e th o d i n S e c t i o n 1 1 o f th e s ta n d a rd.

ELC Segment Values 1 00% 75% 50% 25%

UPS s e g m e nt 0 . 0 4 2 0 . 0 4 4 0 . 0 4 2 0 . 0 6 5

D i s tri b u ti o n s e g m e n t 0 . 0 4 2 0 . 0 3 5 0 . 0 2 9 0 . 0 2 0

E L C v a l u e ( s um ) 0 . 0 8 5 0 . 0 7 9 0 . 0 7 0 0 . 0 8 5

Ta b l e 8 . 6 v a l ue s 0 . 1 1 0 0 . 0 9 8 0 . 0 9 4 0 . 0 9 3

D i ff. fro m ta b l e v a l u e s 0 . 0 2 5 0 . 0 1 9 0 . 0 2 4 0 . 0 0 8

E L C p a s s /fai l P a s s P a s s P a s s P a s s

C3. SAMPLE SPREADSHEET FORMAT CALCULATION OF TOTAL ELC

N+1
UPS
F o l l o w i n g i s a c o m p l e te , s te p - b y - s te p s a m p l e c a l c u l at i o n i n s p re a ds h e e t fo rm a t o f th e E L C b a s e d o n a n

re d u n da n t . S e e Tab l e C - 1 fo r num b e re d no te s th at ap p e ar as s up e rs c ri p ts i n C h arts 1 th ro ug h 6 . I tal i c i z e d

kilowatts kilovolt-amperes
l e tte rs are us e d to i de nti fy e ac h c o l um n and to i l l us trate h o w e l e me nts are c al c ul ate d. I ni ti al l o ads are c al c u-

l ate d i n , b ut th e re mai nde r o f c al c ul ati o ns are i n . N umb e rs i n bold ty p e are trans -

fe rre d to o the r c h arts .

A N S I /A S H RA E S ta n da rd 9 0 . 4 - 2 0 2 2 4 5
Table C-1 Superscript Notes from Charts 1 through 6
Superscript

UPS UPS
❶i ❶g ❶h
1 The ELC calculation begins with the segment and starts with the establishment of the operational design load

ITE UPS cabinet

❶j
( ) , which is the total of the design load ( ) plus any additional loads ( ) such as fans, auxiliary

pumps, etc. [ UPS operational design percentage ( ) is usually around 8 0% of UPS design capacity (capacity without

redundancy
❶f
)] .

2 UPS total capacity ( ) is determined by overhead capacity (us ually about 2 0% above design load) , modularity, and

redundancy .

3 UPS manufacturer
❶o
electrical data obtained from data sheets.

UPS redundancy
❶i ❶f
4 actual operating load percentage ( ) based on design capacity plus when operated at full operational

UPS UPS redundancy

❶o
design load—that is, operational design load ( ) divided by total cap acity with ( ).

5 Likewise, ( ) is actual UPS load percentage at fractional operational UPS design load (1 00%, 75 %, 5 0%, and 2 5 %) of full

loading percentage, and is dependent on UPS redundancy . In the example, 400 kW is 8 0% of 5 00 kW UPS design capacity but

kW UPS redundancy
❶p
only 7 3 % of 5 5 0 total capacity with .

6 UPS efficiencies ( ) determined from manufacturer data at actual percentage of total UPS capacity (including

redundancy UPS
❶t ❶s
) , calculated at 1 00%, 7 5 %, 5 0%, and 2 5 % of operational design load.

UPS loss UPS loss

❻
7 segment values of the ELC ( ) are abso lute values of power percentages ( ) at 1 00%, 7 5 %, 5 0%, and

❶u ❷
2 5 % of design loads, and are transferred to Chart for calculation of total ELC.

8 Actual UPS output kVA ( ) at each des ign lo ad level transferred to C hart for calculation o f PDU feeder loss portion of

ELC distribution segment.

9 Input to PDU feeder is output kVA of UPS at 1 00%, 7 5 %, 5 0%, and 2 5 % of design load.

10 UPS output power is assumed to be equally divided between equal- sized P DUs in this example. Actual calculation must use

worst- case condition (longest and highest power loss feeder) .

11 PDU feeder sized for input amperage per code.

12 Power factor is assumed to be close to 1 . 0. Therefore, most loads are expressed in or converted to volt-amperes or kilovolt-
amperes for consistency throughout the example, and using DC resistance for uncoated copper wires from NFPA 70 Table 8 ,

rather than calculating impedance, is considered sufficient for this standard. Alternatively, the engineer may use NFPA 70 Table

9, “Alternating Current Resistance for Uncoated Copper Wires” when feeder is three single conductors in conduit for three-

phase circuit.

13 I
2
R Method is used in the example for calculating single conductor losses , and then multiplied by the number of conductors in

order to apply to both single-phase and three-phase conditions. Alternately, the engineer may use other accepted methods so

long as actual calculations are shown on submitted design documents. ( Note: S uperscript “2” in “I
2
R” is an exponent, not a

❷r ❺b
table note. )

14 Calculated P DU feeder efficiency ( ) transferred to Chart for calculation of distribution segment of ELC.

15 Nominal two-wire, single-phase transformer output voltage in the U. S . Calculations must use actual output voltage to branch
circuit
❻e
wiring.

16 Transformer efficiencies ( ) from manufacturer load vs . efficiency curves at 1 00%, 7 5 %, 5 0%, and 2 5 % load levels.

efficiencies
efficiency ❸ r ❺c
(S ingle DOE at 3 5 % load are not acceptable for this standard. )

17 Calculated P DU ( ) transferred to Chart for calculation of distribution segment of ELC.

18 8 0% of breaker trip rating in example for continuous current per NF PA 7 0. Use ratings applicable to installation.

19

❹r ❺d
Wire gage selected for maximum current per code [NF PA 7 0, Table B . 2 (1 )] .

20 Calculated P DU efficiency ( ) transferred to Chart for calculation of distribution segment of ELC.

21 Distribution segment efficiency is product of PDU feeder, PDU, and branch circuit conductor efficiencies .

22 Total power loss percent can also be calculated as algebraically combined loss percentages:

Loss a b a b c c a b c a b
❷q ❸ ❹q
2
% = [{ ((( + ) – ( × )) + ) – ( × ( + )} - ( × × )]

a b c o branch circuit losses

❺f ❺r
where , , and are P DU feeder ( ), PDU ( ), and conductor ( ) power .

loss loss
❻
23 Distribution segment values of the ELC ( ) are abs olute values of dis tribution po wer percentages ( ) at 1 00%,

❶ ❺
7 5 %, 5 0%, and 2 5 % of design loads, and are transferred to Chart for calculation of total ELC.

24 ELC s egments from Charts and are added to calculate ELC.

25 ELC values from Table 8 . 5 (less than 1 00 kW design load) or Table 8 . 6 (greater than or equal to 1 00 kW design load) of the

standard.

26 If any part of the ELC fails to meet S ection 8 table values, us e S ection 1 1 Trade-Off Method to see if the standard can be met.

46 ANS I/AS HRAE S tandard 9 0. 4-2 02 2

 Chart ❶ Calculation of UPS Segment of ELC
(Example Based on Modular UPS with N+1 Redundancy Designed at 80% Normal Loading)

Capacity, Design Loads, and Output Feeder Current

A
N

Base Redundant UPS UPS UPS ITE Operational UPS Input

S
I
/

UPS UPS UPS Design Redund. Total Design Additional Design

SA

UPS Module Size, Module Module Capacity, Capacity, Capacity, Load UPS Loads, Load, Power
H

3 2 1 1 1 3 3 12
R

Redund. kW Quant. Quant. kW kW kW kW kW kW Volts Phases Factor (pf) kVA

A

N+1
E

390 400
S

5 0 1 0 1 5 0 0 5 0 5 5 0 g 1 0 4 8 0 3 0 . 9 6 1 1
t

a b c d e f g h i j k l
n
da

d= a × b e=a×c f= d + e i=g+h l = f/k

r
9
0a
d

Efficiencies at Full and Partial Loads

.
4
-
2
0

Power Output
2
2

% Design Design Load, UPS Actual UPS Effic., UPS Input, Loss, UPS Loss, UPS Segment
1 4, 5 6 7 7
Load, % kW Oper. % % kW kW % of ELC kVA A
8 , 1 2

1 0 0 % 400 7 2 . 7 3 % 9 5 . 7 8 % 4 1 7 . 6 2 1 7 . 6 2 4 . 2 2 % 0.042 444.44 5 3 4 . 5 8

7 5 % 3 0 0 5 4 . 5 5 % 9 5 . 6 3 % 3 1 3 . 7 1 1 3 . 7 1 4 . 3 7 % 0.044 333.33 4 0 0 . 9 4

5 0 % 2 0 0 3 6 . 3 6 % 9 5 . 8 5 % 2 0 8 . 6 6 8 . 6 6 4 . 1 5 % 0.042 222.22 2 6 7 . 2 9

2 5 % 1 0 0 1 8 . 1 8 % 9 3 . 5 0 % 1 0 6 . 9 5 6 . 9 5 6 . 5 0 % 0.065 111 .11 1 3 3 . 6 5

m n o p q r s t u v
n m i= × p nf = / × 1 0 0 % q np= / r q n
= – s = 1 – p t s
= | | u n/k
= v u
= × 1 0 0 0 j√
/ / 3

S e e Tab l e C - 1 fo r a d e s c ri p ti o n o f s u p e rs c ri p t n o te s .

Chart ❷ Calculation of UPS-to-PDU Feeder Segment of ELC—Step #1

2
Loss and Efficiency of Worst-Case UPS Feeder to PDU Using I R Method

2
% UPS PDU PDU PDU PDU Wire Wire Ohms/ Wire I R Loss Total Output Power Feeder
2
Design Output, PDU Size, Actual, Input, Input, Length, Gage, 1 000', Resist., I , per Cond., No. Loss, Power, Loss, Effic.,
Load kVA
9, 1 2
Quant.
10
kVA
12
kVA
1 0, 1 2
V 3 φA ft AWG
11
75°C
12
Ohms Amps
2
kVA
1 2, 1 3
Cond.
13
kVA
1 2, 1 3
kVA
12
% %
14

1 00% 444.44 4 1 5 0 1 1 1 . 1 1 4 8 0 1 3 3 . 6 5 1 0 0 1 / 0 0 . 1 2 2 0 . 0 1 2 2 1 7 , 8 6 1 0 . 2 2 3 0 . 6 5 11 0.46 0 . 5 9 % 99.41 %

75% 333.33 4 1 5 0 8 3 . 3 3 4 8 0 1 0 0 . 2 3 1 0 0 1 / 0 0 . 1 2 2 0 . 0 1 2 2 1 0 , 0 4 7 0 . 1 2 3 0 . 3 7 82.97 0 . 4 4 % 99.56%

50% 222.22 4 1 5 0 5 5 . 5 6 4 8 0 6 6 . 8 2 1 0 0 1 / 0 0 . 1 2 2 0 . 0 1 2 2 4 4 6 5 0 . 0 5 3 0 . 1 6 55.39 0 . 2 9 % 99.71 %

25% 111.11 4 1 5 0 2 7 . 7 8 4 8 0 3 3 . 4 1 1 0 0 1 / 0 0 . 1 2 2 0 . 0 1 2 2 1 1 1 6 0 . 0 1 3 0 . 0 4 27.74 0 . 1 5 % 99.85%

a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r
a ❶v e b c f= ❶ k g k j h l g 2

m k o m n p e o q r
e f oe q
=
= / =
= / 1 0 0 0 × = = 1 × = × = – = =

× 1 0 0 0 / /
/ × 1 0 0 % ( 1 – ) × 1 0 0 %

√ 3

S e e Ta b l e C - 1 fo r a de s c ri p ti o n o f s u p e rs c ri p t n o te s .
4
7
 Chart ❸ Calculation of PDU Portion of Distribution Segment of ELC—Step #2
4
8

Loss and Efficiency of Worst-Case PDU

Xfmr. Rating, Xfmr. Input, Xfmr. Output, Xfmr. Effic., Xfmr. Loss, Xfmr. Output, Xfmr. Loss, PDU Effic.,
% Design Load, % kVA12 kVA12 V 15 % 16 % kVA 12 kVA 12 % 17
100% 1 5 0 110.46 2 0 8 9 7 . 5 0 % 2 . 5 0 % 1 0 7 . 7 0 2 . 7 6 97.50%
75% 1 5 0 82.97 2 0 8 9 7 . 8 0 % 2 . 2 0 % 8 1 . 1 4 1 . 8 3 97.80%
50% 1 5 0 55.39 2 0 8 9 8 . 0 0 % 2 . 0 0 % 5 4 . 2 8 1 . 1 1 98.00%
25% 1 5 0 27.74 2 0 8 9 8 . 4 0 % 1 . 6 0 % 2 7 . 2 9 0 . 4 4 98.40%
a b c d e o p q r
b =

❷d c = ❷p o = 1 0 0 % – e p = c × e q = c – p r = pc
/ × 1 0 0 %

S e e Ta b l e C - 1 fo r a de s c ri p ti o n o f s u p e rs c ri p t n o te s .

Chart ❹ Calculation of Branch Circuit Portion of Distribution Segment of ELC—Step #3

Loss and Efficiency of Worst Case Branch Circuit from PDU Branch Breakers to Cabinets
%
Design Distrib. Breaker Max. Current Per Cond. No. Total Wire Wire Ohms/ Wire I2r Loss Total Power Segment
Load, Volts, Rating, Current, @ Load %, Power, Cond. Power, Size, Length, 1000', Resist., I2 R, Per Cond., Loss, Loss, Effic.,
% 1Ph A A 18 A VA 12 VA 12 AWG 19 ft 75°C 12 ohms Amps 2 VA 12, 13 VA 12, 13 % % 20
100% 208 30 24 24 2 8 8 2 2 5 7 6 4 # 1 0 5 0 1 . 2 1 0 . 0 6 0 5 5 7 6 . 0 0 3 4 . 8 5 6 9 . 7 0 1 . 2 1 % 98.79%
75% 208 30 24 18 2 1 6 2 2 4 3 2 3 # 1 0 5 0 1 . 2 1 0 . 0 6 0 5 3 2 4 . 0 0 1 9 . 6 0 3 9 . 2 0 0 . 9 1 % 99.09%
50% 208 30 24 12 1 4 4 1 2 2 8 8 2 # 1 0 5 0 1 . 2 1 0 . 0 6 0 5 1 4 4 . 0 0 8 . 7 1 1 7 . 4 2 0 . 6 0 % 99.40%
25% 208 30 24 6 7 2 1 2 1 4 4 1 # 1 0 5 0 1 . 2 1 0 . 0 6 0 5 3 6 . 0 0 2 . 1 8 4 . 3 6 0 . 3 0 % 99.70%
a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o q r
b ❸d d c e a d f b e√ h f g l k j m e n m l o g n q oh r q
A

= × 8 0 % = × = × / 3 = × = / 1 0 0 0 × = = × = × = / × 1 0 0 % = 1 0 0 % –
N
S
I

S e e Ta b l e C - 1 fo r a de s c ri p ti o n o f s u p e rs c ri p t n o te s .
/
S
H
R
E
S
t
n
d
r
9
0
.
4
-
2
0
2
2A
A
a
a
d
Chart ❺ Calculation of Distribution Segment of ELC—Step 4
Combined UPS, PDU, and Branch Ckt. Efficiencies for Distribution Segment of ELC

% Design PDU Branch Combined Distrib.

Load, Feeder, PDU, Circuit, Efficiencies, Loss, Segment
14 17 20 21 22 23
% % % % % % of ELC

1 0 0 % 99.41 % 97.50% 98.79% 9 5 . 7 5 % 4 . 2 5 % 0.042

7 5 % 99.56% 97.80% 99.09% 9 6 . 4 9 % 3 . 5 1 % 0.035

5 0 % 99.71 % 98.00% 99.40% 9 7 . 1 2 % 2 . 8 8 % 0.029

2 5 % 99.85% 98.40% 99.70% 9 7 . 9 6 % 2 . 0 4 % 0.020

a b g
❷ ❸ ❹
c d e f

b = r c = r d = r e = b × c × d f = 1 0 0 % – e g = | f|

S e e Ta b l e C - 1 fo r a d e s c ri p t i o n o f s u p e rs c ri p t n o te s .

Chart ❻ ELC Calculation Based on Losses

Single Output UPS (N, N+1 , etc.) or No UPS: 1 00 kW or Greater

% Design
Load, UPS ITE Distrib. ELC Standard Diff. from
7 23 24 25
% Segment Segment ELC Values Standard Pass or Fail

1 0 0 % 0 . 0 4 2 0 . 0 4 2 0 . 0 8 5 0 . 1 1 0 0 . 0 2 5 P a s s

7 5 % 0 . 0 4 4 0 . 0 3 5 0 . 0 7 9 0 . 0 9 8 0 . 0 1 9 P a s s

5 0 % 0 . 0 4 2 0 . 0 2 9 0 . 0 7 0 0 . 0 9 4 0 . 0 2 4 P a s s

2 5 % 0 . 0 6 5 0 . 0 2 0 0 . 0 8 5 0 . 0 9 3 0 . 0 0 8 P a s s

❶ ❺
a b c d e f g

b = q c = i d = a + b + c f = e – d g  f

S e e Ta b l e C - 1 fo r a d e s c ri p t i o n o f s u p e rs c ri p t n o te s .

A N S I /A S H RA E S ta n da rd 9 0 . 4 - 2 0 2 2 4 9
 (This appendix is not part of this standard. It is merely informative and does not contain requirements
necessary for conformance to the standard. It has not been processed according to the ANSI require-
ments for a standard and may contain material that has not been subj ect to public review or a consen-
sus process. Unresolved obj ectors on informative material are not offered the right to appeal at
ASHRAE or ANSI.)

INFORMATIVE APPENDIX D
ADDITIONAL GUIDANCE ON TELEPHONE EXCHANGES
T h e te rm te le p h o n e e x c h a n ge re fe rs s p e c i fi c a l l y to a fa c i l i t y th a t i s o w n e d, m a n a g e d, o r o p e ra te d b y a c o m -

p a n y o r o rg a n i z a ti o n th a t i s e i th e r d e s i g n a t e d b y, o r re c o g n i z e d b y, p u b l i c s e rv ic e c o m m i s s i o n s o r p u b l i c

u ti l i t y c o m m i s s i o n s , o r re c o g n i z e d a s s u c h u n de r fe d e ra l , s ta te , o r l o c a l l a w, a s i n s t a l l i n g , o p e ra ti n g , a n d

m a i n ta i n i n g t e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o n s y s te m s .

T h e s e a re fa c i l i ti e s t h a t h a v e h i s to ri c a l l y b e e n c l a s s i fi e d b y c o de e n fo rc e m e n t o ffi c i a l s a n d th e i n du s t ry

a s s i t e s w h e re t e l e c o m m u n i c a ti o n s s e rv i c e s , s u c h a s te l e p h o n e ( l a n d l i n e , w i re l e s s ) tra n s m i s s i o n , d a t a tra n s -

m i s s i o n , I n te rn e t tra n s m i s s i o n , Vo i c e - o v e r- I n t e rn e t- P ro to c o l ( Vo I P ) tra n s m i s s i o n , a n d v i de o tra n s m i s s i o n a re

re n d e re d . A s s u c h , t h e fa c i l i ti e s ty p i c a l l y i n c l u de s i g n a l - p ro c e s s i n g e q u i p m e n t a re a s , c a b l e e n tra n c e fa c i l i t y

a re a s , p o w e r a re a s , m a i n di s tri b u ti o n fra m e a re a s , s ta n db y e n g i n e a re a s , a n d te c h n i c a l s u p p o rt a re a s . H o w -

e v e r, th e s e s p a c e a l l o c at i o n s a n d e q u i p m e n t p ro fi l e s a re a l s o c h ara c te ri s ti c s o f a da ta c e n te r n o t de l i v e ri n g

te l e c o m m u n i c a ti o n s s e rv i c e s to th e p u b l i c ; t h e re fo re , th e d e fi n i ti o n i s p ro p e rl y a p p l i e d w h e re t h e fa c i l i t y

b e i n g o c c u p i e d b y a t e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o n s p ro v i de r i s th e di s t i n g u i s h i n g fa c t o r.

5 0 A N S I /A S H RA E S ta n da rd 9 0 . 4 - 2 0 2 2
 (This appendix is not part of this standard. It is merely informative and does not contain requirements necessary for conformance to the
standard. It has not been processed according to the ANSI requirements for a standard and may contain material that has not been sub-
j ect to public review or a consensus process. Unresolved obj ectors on informative material are not offered the right to appeal at
A

ASHRAE or ANSI.)
N
S

INFORMATIVE APPENDIX E
I
/
SA

ADDENDA DESCRIPTION INFORMATION

H
R
EA

A N S I /A S H RA E S ta n d a rd 9 0 . 4 - 2 0 2 2 i n c o rp o ra te s A N S I /A S H RA E S ta n d ard 9 0 . 4 - 2 0 1 9 a n d A dd e n da a , b , d , e , f, a n d h to A N S I / A S H RA E S ta n -
S
ta

da rd 9 0 . 4 - 2 0 1 9 . Ta b l e E - 1 l i s ts e a c h a d de n du m a n d de s c ri b e s th e w a y i n w h i c h t h e s ta n da rd i s a ffe c te d b y th e c h a n g e . I t a l s o l i s ts th e A S H RA E
n
da

a n d A N S I a p p ro v a l da te s fo r e a c h a d de n du m .
r
9d

Table E-1 Addenda to ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 90.4-201 9

0
.
4
-
2
0

Section(s) ASHRAE/ANSI
2
2

Addendum Affected Description of Changes* Approval Dates

a 6 . 5 A dd e n d u m a
O c to b e r 3 , 2 0 2 0

• e nc o u ra g e s re c o v e ry o f w a s t e h e a t fro m d at a c e n t e rs fo r u s e i n s p a c e h e a t i ng a nd i n du s tri a l a p p l i c a t i o n s ;

• e nc o u ra g e s s i ti n g o f da t a c e n t e rs i n p r o x i mi t y t o h e a t - c o n s u m i n g c o m m e rc i a l a n d i n du s t ri a l p r o c e s s e s i n o rde r t o ta ke a dv a n t a g e o f h e at t ra n s fe r,

m i n i m i z e w a s t e , an d re du c e o v e ra l l e n e rg y u s e ;

• i m p ro v e s a n d c l ari fi e s a m b i g u o u s a n d o b s o l e t e l a n g u a g e i n S e c t i o n 6 . 5 ; a n d

• re m o v e s l a n g u a g e t h a t s ta t e s i n p a rt , “ . . . i f t h e da t a c e n te r ut i l i z e s m e c h a n i c a l c o o l i n g , t h e c a l c u l a t e d ra c k i n l e t t e m p e ra t u re a n d de w p o i n t m u s t b e

w i t h i n Thermal Guidelines for Data Processing Environments re c o m m e n d e d t h e rm a l e n v e l o p e fo r m o re t h a n 8 4 6 0 o f t h e h o u rs p e r ye a r. ”

M an y da t a ASHRAE Thermal Guidelines

c e n t e rs o p e ra t e o ut s i de t h e fo r m o re t h a n 3 0 0 h o u rs p e r y e a r a n d do n o t h a v e t h e c a p a c i t y t o s t a y

w i t h i n t h e m fo r 8 4 6 0 h o u rs . T h i s a dd e n d um a l l o w s de s i g n e rs t o m o d e l t h e i r da t a c e n t e rs a s t h e y a re t ru l y i nt e n de d t o o p e ra t e .

b 1 1 . 2 A d de n du m b c l a ri fi e s h o w c re d i t c a n b e t a ke n fo r re n e w a b l e s . T h e re n e w a b l e s c re di t i s l i m i t e d t o 5 % o f t h e I T l o a d i n o rde r t o e n c o u ra g e re n e w a b l e

e n e rg y w h i l e s t i l l re qu i ri n g e n e rg y - e ffi c i e n t m e c h a ni c a l a n d e l e c t ri c a l s y s t e m s .

d 3 . 2 , 8 . 4 . 1 . 4 , I n t e rp re ta t i o n o f I C 9 0 . 4 - 2 0 1 6 - 1 - O F w a s a p p ro v e d o n J an u a ry 8 , 2 0 2 0 , i n re s p o n s e t o a Re q ue s t fo r I n t e rp re t a t i o n o f t h e S t a n da rd 9 0 . 4 c o n s i de ra t i o n

8 . 4 . 1 . 8 , 1 1 . 2 , o f di e s e l - ro ta ry U P S s y s t e m s ( D RU P S ) a n d t h e c o rre s p o n di n g a c c o u nt i n g o f t h e s e s y s t e m s i n t h e e l e c t ri c a l l o s s c o m p o n e n t ( E L C ) . I n c ra ft i n g t h e

1 2 I C , t h e c o m m i t te e i d e n t i fi e d s e v e ra l m a rg i n a l c h a n g e s t o S ta n d ard 9 0 . 4 d e fi n i t i o n s a nd p a s s ag e s i n S e c t i o n 8 t h a t w o u l d fu rt h e r c l ar i fy t h e i s s u e .

A dd e n du m d i n c l u de s t h o s e c h a n g e s a n d o t h e r m i no r c o rre c t i o n s t o s p e l l i n g a n d t e x t , i n c o rp o ra t e s t h e l a t e s t E L C v a l u e s i n t o S e c t i o n 1 1 , a n d

up da t e s n o rm a t i v e re fe re n c e s t o t h e s t a n da rd .

e 1 1 . 3 A dd e n d u m e a d ds l a n g u a g e t o S e c t i o n 1 1 i n t e n de d t o c l a ri fy h o w c o m p l i a n c e w i t h S t a n d a rd 9 0 . 4 c a n b e a c h i e v e d th ro u g h t h e us e o f s h a re d s y s t e m s .

f 5 . 2 . 1 A dd e n du m f m o d i fi e s S e c t i o n 5 . 2 . 1 t o a d d s p e c i fi c l a n g u a g e ab o ut b u i l di n g e n v e l o p e c ri t e ri a fo r da t a c e n te rs a n d h o w i t i s t o b e a c c o u n t e d fo r i n th e A u g u s t 3 1 , 2 0 2 1

M L C c a l c u l a t i o n s .

h 3 . 2 , 8 . 2 . 2 ,
A d de n d u m h S e p t e m b e r 2 3 , 2 0 2 2

8 . 4 . 1 , 8 . 4 . 1 . 4 ,
• i n c re a s e s e ffi c i e n c y re q u i re m e n t s fo r t h e U P S s e g m e n t o f t h e e l e c t ri c a l l o s s c o m p o n e n t ( E L C ) ; ( S t dc o m m . )

• a dj u s ts t h e m i n i m u m e ffi c i e n c y re q ui re m e n t s fo r t h e i n fo rm a ti o n te c h n o l o g y e qu i p m e n t ( I T E ) di s tri b u t i o n s e g m e n t o f t h e E L C t o c o rre s p o n d t o

8 . 4 . 1 . 5 ,
O c t o b e r 1 4 , 2 0 2 2 ( B O D )

t h e l o a di n g l e v e l s m o r e c o m m o n t o d a t a c e n t e rs ;

8 . 4 . 1 . 7 ,

N o v e m b e r 8 , 2 0 2 2 ( A N S I )

• re m o v e s t h e a l t e rn a t i v e m e t h o d i n S e c t i o n 8 . 2 b e c a u s e o f m o re s t ri n g e n t e l e c t ri c a l d i s t ri b u t i o n e ffi c i e n c y re q u i re m e n t s i n d a ta c e n t e rs ; a n d

8 . 4 . 1 . 8 , Ta b l e

• e l i m i n a t e s t h e i n c o m i n g s e rv i c e s e g m e n t o f t h e E L C fro m t h e E L C c a l c u l a ti o n .

8 . 5 , Ta b l e 8 . 6

i 1 2 A dd e n du m i u p da t e s n o rm at i v e re fe re nc e s . J a n u a ry 3 1 , 2 0 2 3

* T h e s e de s c ri p t i o n s m a y n o t b e c o m p l e t e an d a re p ro v i de d fo r i n fo r m at i o n o n l y.

NOTE
Approved addenda, errata, or interpretations for this standard can be downloaded free of charge from the ASHRAE website at
ww.ashrae.org/technology.
5
1
 (This annex contains normative material from an existing ASHRAE standard that is cited in this stan-
dard. This annex is not part of this standard; its inclusion is merely informative. It is included here to
facilitate use of this standard.)

ANNEX 1
REFERENCE STANDARD REPRODUCTION ANNEX—ASHRAE/IES STANDARD 90.1 -2022
This courtesy reference standard reproduction annex includes terms and definitions from S tandard 9 0. 1 -2 02 2

that are cross referenced in S ection 3 . 1 of this standard.

access hatch: see do o r.

addition: an extension or increas e in flo o r area or height of a b u i ldi n g outs ide of the e x i s ti n g b u i ldi n g enve-

lop e o r the e q u i p m e n t or s y s te m s to a s i te .

adopting authority: the agency or agent that adop ts this standard.

alteration: replacing o r adding to s y s te m s , e q u i p m e n t, s tru c tu re s , or b u i ldin g ass emblies; routine mainte-

nance, re p a i r , and service, o r a change in the b u i ldi n g or s tru c tu re use classification o r s p a c e c o n ditio n in g

c a te go ry shall not cons titute an a lte ra ti o n .

authority having jurisdiction: the agency o r agent resp onsib le for enfo rcing this standard.

automatic or automatically: self- acting, op erating b y its o wn mechanism when actuated by some nonman-

ual influence, s uch as a change in current strength, pres sure, temp erature, o r mechanical configuration.

ballast: a device us ed in conj unction with an electric- dis charge la m p to cause the la m p to start and operate

under the p roper circuit conditio ns o f voltage, current, wave fo rm, electrode heat, etc.

best efficiency point (BEP): the p u m p hydraulic po wer o perating p oint (co nsisting of both flow and head

conditions) that results in the maximum e ffi c i e n c y .

boiler: a self- co ntained, low- pressure ap pliance fo r s upp lying steam o r hot water.

modulating boiler: a b o i le r that is capable of more than a single firing rate in resp onse to a varying tem-

perature or heating load.

packaged boiler: a b o i le r that is shipp ed complete with heating e q u i p m e n t , mechanical draft e q u i p m e n ,

t

and a u to m a ti c co ntro ls, and that is usually shipped in one o r more sections. A p a c ka ge d b o i le r includes

factory-built b o i le rs manufactured as a unit or s y s te m , dis assemb led fo r ship ment, and reas sembled at

the s i te .

branch circuit: the circuit conducto rs b etween the final o v e rc u rre n t device pro tecting the circuit and the

outlets; the final wiring run to the lo ad.

building: any s tru c tu re used or intended fo r suppo rting or sheltering any use o r o ccupancy.

building envelope: the exterior plus the semiexterio r portio ns of a b u i ldi n g . F or the purpo s es o f determining

b u i ldi n g e n v e lo p e requirements, the classificatio ns are defined as fo llo ws:

exterior building envelope: the elements of a b u ildin g that separate c o n di ti o n e d s p a c e s from the exterior.

semiexterior building envelope: the elements o f a b u i ldi n g that s eparate c o n di ti o n e d s p a c e from u n c o n -

di ti o n e d s p a c e o r that enclos e s e m i h e a te d s p a c e s through which thermal e n e rgy may be trans ferred to o r

from the exterior, to o r from u n c o n di ti o n e d s p a c e s , or to o r from c o n di ti o n e d s p a c e s .

building official: the officer or other designated a u th o ri ty h a v i n g j u ri s di c ti o n charged with the administra-

tio n and enforcement of this standard, or a duly authorized representative.

building service: the e q u i p m e n t fo r delivering e n e rgy from the sup ply o r di s tri b u ti o n s y s te m to the premises

served.

circuit breaker: a device designed to open and close a circuit by n o n a u to m a tic means and to open the circuit

a u to m a ti c a lly at a predetermined o ve rc u rre n t without damage to itself when properly applied within its rating.

conditioned floor area, gross: see flo o r a re a , gro s s .

conditioned space: see s p a c e .

construction: the fabricatio n and erectio n o f a new b u i ldi n g or any a ddi ti o n to or a lte ra ti o n of an e x i s ti n g

b u i ldi n g .

construction documents: drawings and specificatio ns used to construct, add to, or alter b u i ldi n g s, s y s te m s ,

or e q u i p m e n , o r po rtions thereo f.
t

52 ANS I/AS HRAE S tandard 9 0. 4-2 02 2

design conditions: sp ecified environmental conditio ns, such as temperature and light intensity, required to

be pro duced and maintained by a s y s te m and under which the s y s te m must o perate.

design energy cost: the annual e n e rgy cost calculated for a p ro p o s e d de s i gn .

design professional: an architect or engineer licens ed to practice in accordance with applicab le state licens-

ing laws.

distribution system: conveying means, s uch as ducts , pip es, and wires, to bring s ubstances o r e n e rgy from a

source to the point of us e. The di s tri b u ti o n s y s te m includes such auxiliary e q u i p m e n t as fans, p u m p s , and

tra n s fo rm e rs .

door: an o p e ra b le opening area in the b u i ldi n g e n v e lo p e that is not fe n e s tra ti o n . A door where more than

one- half of the do o r a re a is glazed is considered fe n e s tra ti o n , and a do or where o ne- half o r les s of the do o r

a re a is glazed is cons idered an o p a q u e do o r . An a c c e s s h a tc h is considered a do o r . F o r the p urp oses o f

determining b u i ldi n g e n v e lo p e requirements, the clas sifications are defined as follows:

metal coiling door: an upward- acting, n o n s w i n gi n g do o r assembly consisting o f interlo cking horizo ntal

slats or sheets that, up on opening the do o , roll up aro und a horizontal barrel ab ove the
r do o r opening.

nonswinging door: roll- up , metal coiling, sliding, and any o ther do o r that is not a s w in gi n g do o r .

sectional garage door: an upward- acting, n o n s w i n gi n g do o r assembly made o f two or more horizontal

panels hinged to gether vertically.

swinging door: a do o r having an o p e ra b le o p a q u e p anel with hinges o r pivots on one side.

door area: total area of the do o r measured using the rough o pening and including the do o r slab and the

frame. (S ee fe n e s tra ti o n a re a .)

dwelling unit: a single unit p ro viding complete indep endent living facilities fo r one o r more pers ons, includ-

ing p ermanent pro visions fo r living, sleeping, eating, cooking, and sanitatio n.

efficiency: performance at specified rating co nditio ns.

enclosed space: a volume subs tantially surro unded b y solid s urfaces, such as walls, floo rs, roo fs, and o pen-

able devices, such as doors and operable windo ws.

energy: the cap acity fo r doing wo rk. It takes a number of forms that may b e transfo rmed fro m one into

another s uch as thermal (heat) , mechanical (work) , electrical, and chemical (B tu) .

equipment: devices fo r s p a c e heating, s p a c e cooling, v e n ti la ti o n , humidification, dehumidification, electric

power, lighting, transpo rtation, refrigeration, cooking, or s e rv i c e w a te r h e a ti n g , including (but not limited

to) furnaces, b o i le rs , air co nditioners, heat pumps , chillers, w a te r h e a te rs , la m p s , lu m i n a i re s , b a lla s ts , eleva-

tors, escalato rs, o r other devices or installations.

existing building: a b u i ldi n g or portio n thereo f that was previo usly occupied o r approved fo r occup ancy by

the a u th o ri ty h a v i n g ju ri s di c ti o n .

existing equipment: e q u i p m e n t p revio usly installed in an e x i s ti n g b u i ldi n g o r o n an e x i s ti n g s i te .

existing site: a s i te o r portion thereof that was previously appro ved by the a u th o ri ty h a v i n g j u ri s di c ti o n .

existing system: a s y s te m or s y s te m s p reviously installed in an e x i s ti n g b u i ldi n g o r on an e x i s ti n g s i te .

fenestration: an as sembly, including the frame, in the b u i ldi n g e n v e lo p e that allows light to pass . Fe n e s tra -

ti o n assemblies include (b ut are not limited to) windows, plastic p anels, clerestories, ro o f m o n i to rs , s ky -

li gh ts , glass blo ck, and do o rs where mo re than one- half of the do o r a re a is glazed. F or the purpos es of

determining b u i ldi n g e n v e lo p e requirements, the clas sifications are defined as follows:

field-fabricated fenestration: fe n e s tra tio n whose frame is made at the c o n s tru c tio n s ite of materials that

were not previously cut, or otherwise formed with the specific intention of being used to fabricate a fe n -

e s tra ti o n product or exterior glazed do o r . Fie ld- fa b ri c a te d fe n e s tra ti o n does not include s i te - built fe n e s -

tra ti o n designed to be glazed or assembled in the field using specific factory-cut or otherwise factory-

formed framing and glazing units, such as storefront systems, curtain wa lls , and atrium roof systems.

skylight: a fe n e s tra ti o n surface having a slo pe of less than 60 degrees from the horizo ntal plane. O ther

fe n e s tra ti o n , even if mounted on the ro o f of a b u i ldi n g , is co nsidered v e rti c a l fe n e s tra ti o n .

vertical fenestration: all fe n e s tra ti o n o ther than s ky li gh ts . Tro mbe w a ll as semb lies , where glazing is

installed within 1 2 in. of a m a s s w a ll , are considered w a lls , no t fe n e s tra ti o n .

floor area, gross: the sum of the flo o r areas o f the s p a c e s within the b u i ldi n g , including bas ements, mezza-

nine and intermediate- floored tiers, and pentho uses with a headroom height of 7 . 5 ft or greater. It is mea-

sured from the exterior faces of w a lls or from the centerline o f w a lls sep arating b u i ldi n gs , but excluding

ANS I/AS HRAE S tandard 90. 4- 202 2 53

 c o v e re d w a l kw a y s , o p e n ro o fe d- o v e r a re a s , p o rc h e s a n d s i m i l a r spaces , p i p e tre n c h e s , e x te ri o r te rra c e s o r

s te p s , c h i m n e y s , roof o v e rh a n g s , a n d s i m i l a r fe a tu re s .

gross floor area conditioned spaces

gross conditioned floor area: th e o f .

gross floor area

gross lighted floor area: spaces th e o f l i g h t e d .

( building envelope floor slab-on-grade floor and space

S e e , , , . )

grade: th building
e fiwalls n i s h e d g ro u n d l e v e l a dj o i n i n g a a t a l l .

heat capacity (HC): t h e a m o u n t o f h e a t n e c e s s a ry t o ra i s e th e te m p e ra t u re o f a g i v e n m a s s 1 ° F. N u m e ri c a l l y,

th e HC p e r u n i t a re a o f s u rfa c e ( B t u /ft
2

· ° F ) i s t h e s u m o f t h e p ro du c ts o f t h e m a s s p e r u n i t a re a o f e a c h i n di -

v i d u a l m at e ri roof wall
al i n th e , , o r floor s u rfa c e m u l ti p l i e d b y i ts i n d i v i d u a l s p e c i fi c h e a t .

historic: a building space o r t h a t h a s b e e n s p e c i fi c a l l y de s i g n a t e d h i s t o ri c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t b y t h e adopting

authority o r i s l i s te d i n T h e N a ti o n a l Re g i s t e r o f H i s t o ri c P l a c e s o r h a s b e e n de te rm i n e d to b e e l i g i b l e fo r

s u c h l i s t i n g b y t h e U . S . S e c re t a ry o f th e I n te ri o r.

HVAC system: th e equipment distribution systems , , a nd terminals th a t p ro v i de , e i th e r c o l l e c t i v e l y o r i n di -

v i d u a l l y, t h e p ro c e s s e s o f h e a ti n g , v e n ti l a t i n g , o r a i r c o n di ti o n i n g t o a building o r p o rt i o n o f a building .

IT equipment energy: a n n u a l energy us e d fo r c o m p u t e r s to ra g e a n d n e equipment

t w o rk a l o n g w i t h s u p p l e -

m e n ta l equipment re p re s e n t e d b y t h e un i n t e rru p t i b l e p o w e r s u p p l y ( U P S ) o u tp u t c a l c u l ate d i n a c c o rda n c e

w i th i n du s t ry - a c c e p te d s t a n da rds ( s e e I n fo rm a t i v e A p p e n di x E ) .

kilovolt-ampere (kVA): w h e re th e te rm kilovolt-ampere i s u s e d i n th i s s t a n da rd, i t i s th e p ro du c t o f t h e l i n e

c u rre n t ( a m p e re s ) t i m e s t h e n o m i n a l system v o l ta g e ( ki l o v o l t s ) t i m e s 1 . 7 3 2 fo r th re e - p h a s e c u rre n t s . F o r s i n -

g l e - p h a s e a p p l i c a ti o n s , kVA i s t h e p ro du c t o f t h e l i n e c u rre n t ( a m p e re s ) ti m e s th e n o m i n a l system v o l ta g e

( ki l o v o l t s ) .

kilowatt (kW): th e b a s i c u n i t o f e l e c tri c p o w e r, e q u a l to 1 0 0 0 W.

lamp: a g e n e ri c te rm fo r a m a n - m a d e l i g h t s o u rc e , o fte n c a l l e d a “ b u l b ” o r “ tu b e . ”

high-intensity discharge (HID) lamp: a n e l e c t ri c d i s c h a rg e lamp i n w h i c h l i g h t i s p ro du c e d w h e n a n

e l e c tri c arc i s di s c h a rg e d t h ro u g h a v a p o ri z e d m e t a l s u c h a s m e rc u ry o r s o di u m . S o m e HID lamps m a y

a l s o h a v e a p h o s p h o r c o a t i n g t h a t c o n t ri b u te s to th e l i g h t p ro d u c e d o r e n h a n c e s t h e l i g h t c o l o r.

luminaire: a c o m p l e t e l i g h ti n g u n i t c o ns i s ti n g o f a lamp o r lamps to g e th e r w i th th e h o u s i n g de s i g n e d t o d i s -

tri b u t e t h e l i g h t, p o s i ti o n a n d p ro t e c t t h e lamps , a n d c o n n e c t lamps

th e to th e p o w e r s u p p l y.

manual (nonautomatic): re q u i ri n g p e rs o n a l i n te rv e n t i o n fo r c o n tro l . Nonautomatic do e s n o t n e c e s s a ri l y

i m p l y a manual c o n tro l l e r, o n l y th a t p e rs o n a l i n te rv e n ti o n i s n e c e s s a ry. ( S automatic

e e . )

manufacturer: th e c o m p a n y e n g ag e d i n th e o ri g i n a l p ro du c t i o n a n d a s s e m b l y o f p ro du c t s o r equipment o r a

c o m p a n y t h a t p u rc h a s e s s u c h p ro du c ts a n d equipment m a n u fa c t u re d i n ac c o rda n c e w i t h c o m p a n y s p e c i fi c a -

ti o n s .

mechanical cooling: re d u c i n g t h e te m p e ra t u re o f a g a s o r l i qu i d b y u s i n g v a p o r c o m p re s s i o n , a b s o rp t i o n ,

de s i c c a n t de h u m i di fi c a ti o n c o m b i n e d w i th e v a p o ra t i v e c o o l i n g , o r a energy
n o t h e r - dri v e n t h e rm o d y n a m i c

c y c l e . I n d i re c t o r d i re c t e v a p o ra ti v e c o o l i n g a l o n e i s n o t c o n s i d e re d mechanical cooling .

nonautomatic: s e e manual .

nonresidential: residential residential a l l o c c u p a n c i e s o th e r t h a n . ( S e e . )

opaque: building envelope a lfenestration

l a rebuilding service
a s i n t h e , e x c e p t a n d o p e n i n g s s u c h a s v e n ts

a n d building envelope
g ri l fenestration
l e s . ( S e e a n d . )

outdoor (outside) air: building envelope a i r th a t i s o u ts i d e th e o r i s ta ke n fro m o u t s i de t h e building th a t h a s

n o t b e e n building
p re v i o u s l y c i rc u l a t e d th ro u g h th e .

overcurrent: equipment
a n y c u rre n t i n e x c e s s o f th e ra t e d c u rre n t o f o r th e a m p a c i ty o f a c o n du c to r. I t m a y

re s u l t fro m o v e rl o a d, s h o rt c i rc u i t , o r g ro u n d fa u l t .

pool: a n y structure , b a s i n , o r t a n k c o nt a i n i n g a n a rti fi c i a l b o d y o f w a te r fo r s w i m m i n g , di v i n g , o r re c re -

a ti o n a l b a th i n g . T h e te rm i n c l u de s ( b u t i s n o t l i m i t e d to ) s w i m m i n g pools , w h i rl p o o l s , s p a s , a n d h o t t u b s .

process application: a m an u fac tu ri n g , i n du s tri a l , o r c o m m e rc i a l p ro c e d u re o r a c t i v i ty w h e re th e p ri m a ry

p u rp o s e i s o th e r th a n c o n di ti o n i n g spaces a n d m a i n ta i n i n g c o m fo rt a n d a m e n i ti e s fo r t h e o c c u p a n ts o f a

building .

proposed design: a c o m p u te r re p re s e n tat i o n o f th e a c t u a l p ro p o s e d building de s i g n , o r p o rti o n th e re o f, u s e d

a s th e b a s i s fo r c a l c u l a t i n g th e design energy cost .

5 4 A N S I /A S H RA E S ta n da rd 9 0 . 4 - 2 0 2 2
pump: equipment de s i g n e d to m o v e l i qu i ds t h a t m a y i n c l u de e n tra i n e d g a s e s , fre e s o l i ds , a n d to t a l l y di s -

s o l v e d s o l i ds b y p h y s i c a l o r m e c h a n i c a l a c ti o n a n d t h a t i n c l u de s a b a re p u m p a n d, i f i n c l u de d b y th e manu-
facturer a t th e t i m e o f s a l e , m e c h a n i c a l equipment , dri v e r, a n d c o n tro l s . ( Informative Note: T h e U . S .Code
of Federal Regulations ( C F R) c o n ta i n s o ffi c i a l de fi n i t i o n s re l a t e d to p u m p s i n 1 0 C F R 4 3 1 . 4 6 2 . I n th e

U n i te d S ta te s , t h e o ffi c i a l d e fi n i ti o n s ta ke p re c e d e n c e o v e r th e de fi n i ti o n s s h o w n b e l o w. )

clean-water pump: a de v i c e th a t i s de s i g n e d fo r u s e i n p u m p i n g w a t e r w i th a m a x i m u m n o n a b s o rb e n t

3 3

a n d w i t h a m a x i m u m di s s o l v e d s o l i d c o n te n t o f 3 . 1 l b /ft , p ro v i d e d t h a t

fre e s o l i d c o n t e n t o f 0 . 0 1 6 l b /ft

th e t o ta l g a s c o n te n t o f t h e w a te r do e s n o t e x c e e d t h e s a t u ra t i o n v o l u m e , a n d di s re g a rdi n g a n y a dd i ti v e s

n e c e s s a ry to p re v e n t th e w a te r fro m fre e z i n g a t a m i n i m u m o f 1 4 ° F.

end-suction close-coupled (ESCC) pump: a c l o s e - c o u p l e d, dry - ro to r, e n d- s u c ti o n d e v i c e th a t h a s a

s h a ft i n p u t p o w e r g re a te r t h a n o r e q u a l to 1 . 0 h p a n d l e s s th a n o r e q u a l to 2 0 0 h p a t i ts best efficiency
point BEP ( ) a n d fu l l i m p e l l e r di a m e te r a n d t h a t i s n o t a d e di c a te d- p u rp o s e pool pump . I t i s a l s o a s i n g l e -

s ta g e , ro to dy n a m i c pump i n w h i c h t h e l i qu i d e n t e rs t h e b a re pump i n a d i re c ti o n p a ra l l e l to th e i m p e l l e r

s h a ft a n d o n th e s i d e o p p o s i te th e b a re pump ’ s d ri v e r e n d a n d i s th e n di s c h a rg e d th ro u g h a v o l u te i n a

p l a n e p e rp e n d i c u l a r to th e s h a ft.

end-suction frame-mounted/own-bearings (ESFM) pump: a m e c h a n i c a l l y c o u p l e d, dry - ro to r, e n d -

s u c ti o n de v i c e th a t h a s a s h a ft i n p u t p o w e r g re a t e r t h a n o r e qu a l to 1 . 0 h p a n d l e s s th a n o r e qu a l to 2 0 0

h p a t i ts best efficiency point BEP ( ) a n d fu l l i m p e l l e r di a m e te r a n d t h a t i s n o t a de d i c a te d- p u rp o s e pool

pump . I t i s a l s o a s i n g l e - s ta g e , ro to dy n a m i c pump i n w h i c h t h e l i q u i d e n te rs t h e b a re pump i n a di re c t i o n

p a ra l l e l t o t h e i m p e l l e r s h a ft a n d o n th e s i de o p p o s i t e t h e b a re pump ’ s dri v e r e n d a n d i s th e n d i s c h a rg e d

t h ro u g h a v o l u te i n a p l a n e p e rp e n di c u l a r t o th e s h a ft .

inline (IL) pump: a de v i c e th at i s e i th e r a tw i n - h e a d pump o r a s i n g l e - s t a g e , s i n g l e - a x i s fl o w, dry - ro to r,

ro to dy n am i c pump th a t h a s a s h a ft i n p u t p o w e r g re a te r th a n o r e q u a l t o 1 . 0 h p a n d l e s s th a n o r e qu a l t o

2 0 0 h p a t i ts best efficiency point BEP ( ) a n d fu l l i m p e l l e r di a m e te r, i n w h i c h l i qu i d i s d i s c h a rg e d

th ro u g h a v o l u te i n a p l a n e p e rp e n di c u l a r to th e s h a ft . S u c h pumps do n o t i n c l u d e pumps th a t a re

m e c h a n i c a l l y c o u p l e d o r c l o s e - c o u p l e d, h a v e a pump p o w e r o u tp u t t h a t i s l e s s th a n o r e q ua l t o 5 . 0 h p a t

i ts BEP a t fu l l i m p e l l e r di a m e t e r, a n d a re d i s tri b u t e d i n c o m m e rc e w i th a h o ri z o n ta l m o to r.

radially split, multistage, vertical, inline diffuser casing (RSV) pump: a de v i c e th a t i s a v e rti c a l l y s u s -

p e n d e d, m u l t i s ta g e , s i n g l e - a x i s - fl o w, dry - ro to r, ro t o d y n a m i c pump a n d

a . h a s a s h aft i n p u t p o w e r g re a t e r th a n o r e qu a l to 1 . 0 h p a n d l e s s t h a n o r e q u a l to 2 0 0 h p a t i t s best
efficiency point BEP ( ) a n d fu l l i m p e l l e r di a m e te r a n d a t t h e n u m b e r o f s ta g e s re qu i re d fo r t e s ti n g ;

b . i n w h i c h l i q u i d i s di s c h a rg e d i n a p l a c e p e rp e n di c u l a r to t h e i m p e l l e r s h a ft;

c . fo r w h i c h e a c h s ta g e ( o r b o w l ) c o n s i s ts o f a n i m p e l l e r a n d di ffu s e r; a n d

d . fo r w h i c h n o e x te rn a l p a rt o f s u c h a pump i s de s i g n e d to b e s u b m e rg e d i n th e p u mp e d l i qu i d.

submersible turbine (ST) pump: a de v i c e t h a t i s a s i n g l e - s t a g e o r m u l ti s ta g e , dry - ro t o r, ro to d y n a m i c

pump th a t i s de s i g n e d to b e o p e ra t e d w i th t h e m o t o r a n d s ta g e ( s ) fu l l y s u b m e rg e d i n th e p u m p e d l i qu i d ;

th a t h a s a s h a ft i n p u t p o w e r g re a te r t h a n o r e qu a l to 1 . 0 h p a n d l e s s th a n o r e q u a l t o 2 0 0 h p a t i ts best
efficiency point BEP ( ) a n d fu l l i m p e l l e r di a m e t e r a n d a t th e n u m b e r o f s t a g e s re q u i re d fo r t e s t i ng ; an d i n

w h i c h e a c h s t a g e o f th i s pump c o n s i s ts o f a n i m p e l l e r a n d di ffu s e r, a n d l i qu i d e n te rs a n d e x i t s e a c h s ta g e

o f t h e b a re pump i n a di re c t i o n p a ra l l e l t o th e i m p e l l e r s h a ft .

record documents: dra w i n g s a n d o th e r do c u m e n ts th a t re c o rd t h e c o n di ti o n s o f th e p ro j e c t as c o n s t ru c te d.

T h e s e i n c l u d e a n y re fi n e m e n ts o f t h e construction documents o r b i d do c u m e n ts .

repair: t h e re c o n s t ru c t i o n o r re n e w a l o f a n y p a rt o f a n existing building fo r th e p u rp o s e o f i ts m a i n te n a n c e .

residential: spaces building i n s u s e d p ri m a ri l y fo r l i v i n g a n d s l e e p i n g . Residential spaces i n c l u de , b u t a re

n o t l i m i te d t o dwelling units
, , h o te l /m o t e l g u e s t ro o m s , d o rm i t o ri e s , n u rs i n g h o m e s , p a ti e n t ro o m s i n h o s p i -

ta l s , l o dg i n g h o u s e s , fra te rn i ty /s o ro ri ty h o u s e s , h o s te l s , p ri s o n s , a n d fi re s t a t i o n s .

roof monitor: th a t p a rt o f a building th a t p ro j e c t s a b o v e th e p l a n e o f th e roof a n d w h o s e walls c o n t a i n verti-

cal fenestration fo r l i g h ti n g th e i n t e ri o r.

service water heating: h e a t i n g w a te r fo r do m e s ti c o r c o m m e rc i a l p u rp o s e s o th e r t h a n space h e a t i n g a n d pro-

cess application re qu i re m e n ts .

single-line diagram: a s i m p l i fi e d s c h e m a t i c dra w i n g t h a t s h o w s t h e c o n n e c ti o n b e t w e e n tw o o r m o re i te m s .

C o m m o n m u l ti p l e c o n n e c t i o n s a re s h o w n a s o n e l i n e .

site: an are a o f l an d th a t i s un de r th e c o n tro l o f a s i n g l e o w n e r o r e nti ty, w h i c h c o ntai n s systems o r equipment .

A N S I /A S H RA E S ta n da rd 9 0 . 4 - 2 0 2 2 5 5
 skylight: a fe n e s tra ti o n s urface having a slope of less than 6 0 degrees from the horizontal plane. Other fe n e s -

tra ti o n , even if mounted on the ro o f of a b u i ldi n g , is co nsidered v e rti c a l fe n e s tra ti o n .

slab-on-grade floor: that portio n o f a slab flo o r of the b u i ldi n g e n v e lo p e that is in contact with the ground

and that is either ab ove gra de o r is less than or equal to 2 4 in. b elow the final elevation of the neares t exte-

rior gra de .

heated slab-on-grade floor: a s la b - o n - gra de flo o r with a heating source either within or b elow it.

unheated slab-on-grade floor: a s la b - o n - gra de flo o r that is not a h e a te d s la b - o n - gra de flo o r.

space: an e n c lo s e d s p a c e within a b u i ldi n g . The clas sificatio ns of s p a c e s are as follows for the purp ose of

determining b u i ldi n g e n v e lo p e requirements:

conditioned space: a c o o le d s p a c e , h e a te d s p a c e , or i n di re c tly c o n di ti o n e d s p a c e defined as follo ws:

a. cooled space: an e n c lo s e d s p a c e within a b u i ldi n g that is co oled by a cooling s y s te m who se sens ible

output capacity is  3 . 4 B tu/h· ft

2
of flo o r area.

b. heated space: an e n c lo s e d s p a c e within a b u i ldin g that is heated by a heating s y s te m whose o utput

capacity relative to the flo o r area is greater than o r equal to the criteria in Tab le 3 . 2 .

c. indirectly conditioned space: an e n c lo s e d s p a c e within a b u i ldi n g that is not a h e a te d s p a c e or a

c o o le d s p a c e , which is heated o r cooled indirectly b y being connected to adj acent s p a c e s , provided

1. the pro duct of the U- fa c to rs and surface areas of the s p a c e adj acent to connected s p a c e s

exceeds the comb ined sum of the product o f the U- fa c to r s and s urface areas o f the s p a c e adj oin-

ing the outdoors , u n c o n di ti o n e d s p a c e s , and to or fro m s e m i h e a te d s p a c e s (e. g. , co rrido rs) or

2. that air from heated o r c o o le d s p a c e s is intentionally transferred (naturally or mechanically)

into the s p a c e at a rate exceeding 3 ach (e. g. , atria) .

semiheated space: an e n c lo s e d s p a c e within a b u i ldi n g that is heated b y a heating s y s te m who s e o utput

2
capacity is greater than or equal to 3 . 4 B tu/h· ft of flo o r area b ut is no t a c o n di ti o n e d s p a c e .

unconditioned space: an e n c lo s e d s p a c e within a b u i ldi n g that is not a c o n di ti o n e d s p a c e or a s e m i -

h e a te d s p a c e . C rawlspaces, attics , and parking garages with natural or mechanical v e n ti la ti o n are not

co nsidered e n c lo s e d s p a c e s .

space conditioning category:

a. n o n re s i de n ti a l c o n di ti o n e d s p a c e (S ee n o n re s i de n ti a l.)

b. re s i de n ti a l c o n di ti o n e d s p a c e (S ee re s i de n ti a l .)

c. n o n re s i de n ti a l and re s i de n ti a l s e m i h e a te d s p a c e (S ee s p a c e .)

structure: that which is built o r cons tructed.

terminal: a device by which e n e rgy from a s y s te m is finally delivered, e. g. , registers , diffusers, lighting fi x -

tu re s , faucets, etc.

thermal transmittance (U-factor): heat transmissio n in unit time thro ugh unit area o f a material or c o n s tru c -

ti o n and the boundary air films, induced by unit temp erature difference between the environments o n each

2
side (B tu/h· ft · ° F).

transformer: a piece of electrical e q u ip m en t used to convert electric power from one voltage to another voltage.

U-factor: see th e rm a l tra n s m i tta n c e .

unconditioned space: see s p a c e .

ventilation: the process of sup plying o r removing air b y natural or mechanical means to or from any s p a c e .

S uch air is not required to have b een conditio ned.

vertical fenestration: all fe n e s tra ti o n o ther than s ky li gh ts . Tro mb e w a ll assemblies, where glazing is

installed within 1 2 in. of a m a s s w a ll , are co nsidered w a lls , not fe n e s tra ti o n . F o r the p urpos es o f determining

b u i ldi n g e n v e lo p e requirements, the v e rti c a l fe n e s tra ti o n clas sifications are defined as follows :

entrance door: any do o rway, set of do o rs , turnstile, vestibule, or other form o f p ortal that is ordinarily

us ed to gain access b y its us ers and occup ants to the b u i ldi n g o r to individual tenant s p a c e s access ed

from the exterior. (S ee b u i ldi n g e n tra n c e and do o r .)

fixed: all types of ve rtic a l fe n e s tra ti o n , other than e n tra n c e do o r and o p e ra b le , including, but not limited

to, curtain w a lls , window wa lls , fixed windows, picture windows, glass block w a lls , nonopenable clere-

story windows, ro o f monitors with nonopenable windows, and nonopenable sidelights and transoms.

operable: all v e rti c a l fe n e s tra ti o n that opens, except e n tra n c e do o rs , including, but not limited to, case-

ment windo ws , p roj ecting windows, p ivo ting windows, ho rizo ntal sliding windows, vertical sliding

56 ANS I/AS HRAE S tandard 9 0. 4-2 02 2

 windows, o penable clerestory windows, op enable s idelights and transoms, s liding glass do o rs , ro o f

mo nitors with openab le windows, and do o rs that are not e n tra n c e do o rs .

wall: that portio n of the b u i ldi n g e n v e lo p e , including o p a q u e area and fe n e s tra ti o n , that is vertical or tilted at

an angle of 60 degrees from horizontal or greater. This includes ab ove- and b e lo w - gra de w a lls , between

flo o r spandrels, peripheral edges of flo o rs , and foundation w a lls . F o r the purposes of determining b u i ldi n g

e n v e lo p e requirements, the class ifications are defined as fo llo ws:

above-grade wall: a w a ll that is no t a b e lo w - gra de w a ll .

below-grade wall: that portio n o f a w a ll in the b u i ldi n g e n v e lo p e that is entirely below the finis h gra de

and in co ntact with the ground.

mass wall: a w a ll with a h e a t c a p a c i ty exceeding (a) 7 B tu/ft

2
· ° F o r (b ) 5 B tu/ft
2
· ° F, pro vided that the

3
w a ll has a material unit weight not greater than 1 2 0 lb/ft .

metal building wall: a w a ll whos e structure consists of metal spanning members s uppo rted by steel

structural members (i. e. , does no t include spandrel glass or metal panels in curtain w a ll s ystems ) .

steel-framed wall: a w a ll with a cavity (insulated or o therwise) whos e exterio r surfaces are sep arated by

s teel framing members (i. e. , typical steel stud w a lls and curtain w a ll systems ) .

wood-framed and other walls: all other w a ll typ es, including wood s tud w a lls .

water heater: vessel in which water is heated and is withdrawn for use external to the s y s te m .

ANS I/AS HRAE S tandard 90. 4- 202 2 57

 POLICY STATEMENT DEFINING ASHRAE’S CONCERN
FOR THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF ITS ACTIVITIES
ASHRAE is concerned with the impact of its members’ activities on both the indoor and outdoor environment.
ASHRAE’s members will strive to minimize any possible deleterious effect on the indoor and outdoor environment of
the systems and components in their responsibility while maximizing the beneficial effects these systems provide,
consistent with accepted Standards and the practical state of the art.
ASHRAE’s short-range goal is to ensure that the systems and components within its scope do not impact the
indoor and outdoor environment to a greater extent than specified by the Standards and Guidelines as established by
itself and other responsible bodies.
As an ongoing goal, ASHRAE will, through its Standards Committee and extensive Technical Committee structure,
continue to generate up-to-date Standards and Guidelines where appropriate and adopt, recommend, and promote
those new and revised Standards developed by other responsible organizations.
Through its Handbook, appropriate chapters will contain up-to-date Standards and design considerations as the
material is systematically revised.
ASHRAE will take the lead with respect to dissemination of environmental information of its primary interest and
will seek out and disseminate information from other responsible organizations that is pertinent, as guides to updating
Standards and Guidelines.
The effects of the design and selection of equipment and systems will be considered within the scope of the
system’s intended use and expected misuse. The disposal of hazardous materials, if any, will also be considered.
ASHRAE’s primary concern for environmental impact will be at the site where equipment within ASHRAE’s scope
operates. However, energy source selection and the possible environmental impact due to the energy source and
energy transportation will be considered where possible. Recommendations concerning energy source selection
should be made by its members.
 ASHRAE 1 80 Technology Parkway Peachtree Corners, GA 30092 www.ashrae.org
· · ·

About ASHRAE
Founded in 1 894, ASHRAE is a global professional society committed to serve humanity by advancing the arts and
sciences of heating, ventilation, air conditioning, refrigeration, and their allied fields.

As an industry leader in research, standards writing, publishing, certification, and continuing education, ASHRAE
and its members are dedicated to promoting a healthy and sustainable built environment for all, through strategic
partnerships with organizations in the HVAC&R community and across related industries.

To stay current with this and other ASHRAE Standards and Guidelines, visit www.ashrae.org/standards, and
connect on LinkedIn, Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube.

Visit the ASHRAE Bookstore

ASHRAE offers its Standards and Guidelines in print, as immediately downloadable PDFs, and via ASHRAE Digital
Collections, which provides online access with automatic updates as well as historical versions of publications.
Selected Standards and Guidelines are also offered in redline versions that indicate the changes made between the
active Standard or Guideline and its previous edition. For more information, visit the Standards and Guidelines
section of the ASHRAE Bookstore at www.ashrae.org/bookstore.

IMPORTANT NOTICES ABOUT THIS STANDARD

To ensure that you have all of the approved addenda, errata, and interpretations for this
Standard, visit www.ashrae.org/standards to download them free of charge.
Addenda, errata, and interpretations for ASHRAE Standards and Guidelines are no
longer distributed with copies of the Standards and Guidelines. ASHRAE provides
these addenda, errata, and interpretations only in electronic form to promote
more sustainable use of resources.

Product code: 86237 2/23