KINDS OF GRAPHS:

1. Line Graph
2. Bar graph
3. Histogram
4. Pie Graph
5. Pictograph
Types of Charts or Graphs:
1. Line chart/graph – uses line segments to connect data
points. It is useful in showing the trends or in determining
relationships between two variables plotted along the X-
axis (horizontal line) is related to time (year, month, day,
clock time).
2. Bar chart/graph – uses rectangles erected on the
horizontal axis to summarize a set of quantitative data.
Several bars can be created to compare different quantity
of data. Here, the height of the bar represents the
measured value or frequency; that is, the higher or taller
bar, the greater value.
3. Histogram is a graphical representation of the frequency
distribution. It is a representation of the frequency
distribution. It is a representation of tabulated
frequencies (Y-axis) using adjacent erected rectangles with
their corresponding class intervals (X-axis). The
rectangles are of equal width since the class mark is
used to represent the class intervals.
4. Pie Chart is also called a circle graph. It is a circle with
the wedges or sectors to show how much of the whole
each part makes up. Each slice of the pie is written as a
percentage. To get the measure of each sector in the
chart, we compute for the following:
=Amount of an item/total amount of all items x 360 degrees
5. Pictograph uses pictures or symbols to
represent quantitative data. Each symbol
corresponds to a specific quantity.
Statistical map. A special type of map in which the
variation in quantity of a factor such as rainfall,
population, or crops in a geographic area is
indicated; a dot map is one type.
Ratio Chart is a chart employing the Cartesian coordinate
system in which the points on a curve are determined by
measuring time as the independent variable along one axis
and the logarithms of the values of the corresponding
dependent variables along the other.
A Cartesian coordinate system in
two dimensions (also called a
rectangular coordinate system or
an orthogonal coordinate system)
is defined by an ordered pair of
perpendicular lines (axes), a single
unit of length for both axes, and
an orientation for each axis.
The best way to show the details of a person’s
earnings is through the use of graphs.
Steps to present a person’s salary
graphically:
1.Compute for the percentage of deductions.
2.Compute for the percentage of the net pay.
3.Compare the percentage of deductions and
net pay with the gross earnings representing
100%.
4. Plot using a Pie Chart.
Example: The following is the summary of Joenila’s
earnings for the whole month.
Step 1-3
Gross Earnings P9,150
SSS 340
PhilHealth 100
Pag-ibig 183
Tax 915
Net Earnings P7,612
Example: The following is the summary of Joenila’s
earnings for the whole month.
Step 1-3
Gross Earnings P9,150 (100%)
SSS 340 (4%)
PhilHealth 100 (1%)
Pag-ibig 183 (2%)
Tax 915 (10%)
Net Earnings P7,612 (83%)
Plot using a Pie Chart.
 THE TITLE---
---

---Prefatory Notes---
---Box Head---

---Row Captions- ---Column Captions---

--- Stub Entries--- ---The Body--

Parts of a Table:
Tables are easily constructed using the Word
processor’s table function or a spreadsheet program
like Excel. It has distinct parts:
1.Title – the main heading written in capital shown at
the top of the table.
2.The Box Head and Column Captions – the vertical
heading and subheading of the column are called
column captions.
3.Stub and Row Captions – the horizontal headings
and subheading of the row are row captions and the
space where these row headings are written are
written is stub.
4.The Body – the main part of the table which
contains the numerical information classified with
respect to row and column captions is called the
body.
5.Prefatory Notes – a statement given below the
title and is enclosed in brackets which usually
describes the units of measurement is called the
prefatory notes.
6.Footnotes – appear immediately below the body of
the table providing further additional explanation.
7.Source notes – is given at the end of the table
indicating the source from where information has
been taken.
Textual presentation of DATA
Example: You were asked to present the
weekly sales data of your company in
the statistical test.
The following are the sales of your
product.
M T W TH FR
T-SHIRT- 15 20 10 15 10
PANTS- 20 15 10 5 10
Graphical Data Presentation
Tabular Data

DAY T-SHIRT PANTS SALES

M 15 20 XX

T 20 15 XX

W 10 10 XX

T 15 5 XX

F 10 10 XX
Presentation and Analysis
of Business Data
 TABLE NUMBER
Each table must be given a number. Table number helps
in distinguishing one table from other tables. Generally,
tables are numbered according to the order of their
appearance in a chapter. For example, the first table in
the first chapter of a book should be given number 1.1
and the second table of the same chapter be given 1.2
Table Number should be given at its top towards the left
of the table. It may read as first table of the first
chapter and so on.

BUSINESS MATHEMATICS By: Class D

 TITLE OF THE TABLE
Every table should have a suitable title. The
title of the table narrates about the
contents of the table. It should be short and
clear. Title should be such that one can know
the nature of the data contained in the table
as well as where and when such data were
collected. It is either placed just below the
table number or at its right.
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS By: Class D
 CAPTIONS or COLUMN HEADINGS
At the top of each column in a table a
column designation is given to explain
figures of the column. It consists of
one or more column heads. A caption
should be brief, concise and self-
explanatory, Column heading is written
in the middle of a column in small
letters.
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS By: Class D
 STUBS OR ROW HEADINGS
Like a caption or column heading each row
of the table has to be given a heading. The
designations of the rows are also called
stubs or stub items, and the complete left
column is known as stub items, and the
complete left column is known as stub
column. A brief description of the row
headings may also be given at the left hand
top in the table (see table 4.5).
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS By: Class D
 BODY OF THE TABLE
This is the most important part of a table it
contains the actual data. It contains a number of
cells. Cells are formed due to the intersection of
rows and column. Location of any one figure/data
in the table is fixed and determined by the row
and column of the table. For example, data in the
second row and fourth column indicate that 25
crore females in rural India were non-workers in
2001. (see table 4.5)
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS By: Class D
 FOOT NOTE
A foot note is given at the bottom
of a table. It helps in clarifying the
point which is not clear in the table.
A foot note may be keyed to the
title or to any column or to any row
heading. It is identified by symbols
such as *, +, @, etc.
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS By: Class D
 SOURCE NOTE
The source note shows the source of the data
presented in the table. Reliability and
accuracy of data can be tested to some
extent from the source note. It shows the
name of the author, title, volume, page,
publisher’s name, year and place of publication
of the book or journal from which data are
complied.

BUSINESS MATHEMATICS By: Class D

BUSINESS MATHEMATICS By: Class D
 Below are the given data by Philippine Youth, April 1996,
and US Youth, 1993. Fill in the table base on their parts.
Table 5. YOUTH ACTIVITIES
Philippine Youth, April 1996
US Youth, 1993
Listen to radio almost daily 74%
Watch TV almost daily 57%, 73%
Read books, magazines or newspapers almost daily 31%, 46%

Get together with friends almost weekly 66%, 87%

Watch movies at least once or twice a month 44%, 61%
Exercise almost daily 5%, 44%
*Monitoring the Future: A Study of the Lifestyle
and Values of the Youth,1993, n=2,700
Figure are rounded into whole number
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS By: Class D
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS By: Class D
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS By: Class D
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS By: Class D
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS By: Class D
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS By: Class D
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS By: Class D
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS By: Class D
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS By: Class D
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS By: Class D
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS By: Class D
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS By: Class D
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS By: Class D
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS By: Class D
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS By: Class D
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS By: Class D
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BUSINESS MATHEMATICS By: Class D
PARTS OF THE GRAPH
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS By: Class D
PARTS OF THE GRAPH
 1. Axis labels: Normally you plot the independent variable (the one over
which you have control, the inputs) on the horizontal axis (x-axis) and the
dependent variable (the one you are measuring, the outputs) on the vertical
axis (y-axis). Write a short descriptive label that represents each axis. The
label is written vertically from the bottom up.

 2. Units: Write the units in parenthesis after the axis label—often this is an
abbreviation.

 3. Intervals: Choose intervals that make it easy to read and so the data
occupies the majority of the graph. You can include a break in the axis if
there is a large gap between zero and the data points. Be careful not to
exaggerate the variations in the data if you do this.
PARTS OF THE GRAPH
 4. Data: Plot the data points on the graph. You do not normally connect the
dots. Decide whether the origin (0,0) is a valid data point. If the data points
show a correlation you may add a trend line (line of best fit) or a smooth
curve that represents the overall pattern. If it’s linear, this typically can be
added by using a ruler and “eyeballing” it. A trend line is a nice way to
illustrate the basic relationship between the two variables. You may need to
find the equation of the trend line.

 5. Title: Choose a title for the graph that uniquely identifies it.

BUSINESS MATHEMATICS By: Class D

Line graphs are appropriate with
frequency data while bar graphs
are commonly used to display
information from questionnaires,
and other forms of data that use
summary scores.
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS By: Class D
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS By: Class D
 ple of Business Dat
Sam a
Daily Sales Record Daily Sales Record
Date Sales Date: 6/1/2017
6/1/2017 28,055
6/2/2017 15,000
Items Unit Unit Cost Sold Sales
6/3/2017 45,000
6/4/2017 42,000 Ballpen pc 6 12007,200.00
6/5/2017 48,000
6/6/2017 32,000 Bond paper 70 gsm (Short) ream 35 1505,250.00
6/7/2017 37,000
6/8/2017 53,000
6/9/2017 58,000
Bond paper 70 gsm (Long) ream 55 18510,175.00
6/10/2017 62,000
6/11/2017 18,000 Folder (Short) pc 125 121,500.00
6/12/2017 22,000
6/13/2017 30,000 Folder (Long) pc 150 152,250.00
6/14/2017 28,000
6/15/2017 46,000
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS By: Class D
6/16/2017 65,000
Yellow Paper pad 48 351,680.00
 SALES
70000

60000

50000

40000

30000

20000

10000

0
2017-05-31 2017-06-02 2017-06-04 2017-06-06 2017-06-08 2017-06-10 2017-06-12 2017-06-14 2017-06-16 2017-06-18
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS By: Class D
 Sales

70000

60000

50000

40000

30000

20000

10000
Sales
0

BUSINESS MATHEMATICS By: Class D

 Sales

36%

5% 6% Ballpen
Bond paper 70 gsm (Short)
Bond paper 70 gsm (Long)
14%
Folder (Short)
Folder (Long)
19%
8% Yellow Paper

26%

BUSINESS MATHEMATICS By: Class D

 Solve the following on clean sheets of
papers:
 1. Joenila is the secretary to the president
and she receives a basic monthly salary of
P30,000. She is granted a transportation
allowance of P500 per month. Her deductions
are 3.63% for SSS, P250 for PhilHealth, P4,167
for Withholding tax, and 2% for Pag-ibig.
Present Joenila’s salary graphically, after
computing for her gross earnings and net pay
for the month.
2. Find the population mean of the ages of 9
middle-management employees of a certain
company. The ages are 53, 45, 59, 48, 54 46, 51,
58, and 55.
3. The daily rates of a sample of eight
employees at GMS Inc. are P550, P420, P560,
P500, P700, P670, P860, P480. Find the median
daily rate of employee.
4. The following are the lifetimes of 9
lightbulbs in thousand of hours: 1.1, 1.1, 1.2,
1.1, 1.4, .9, .2, 1.2, 1.7. Compute the median.

5. The following data represent the total unit

sales for Smartphones from a sample of 10
Communication Centers for the month of
August: 15, 17, 10, 12, 13, 10, 14, 10, 8, and 9.
Find the mode.
6. A random sample of 8 mango trees reveals the
following number of fruits they yield: 80, 70, 80,
90, 82, 82, 90, 82. Find the mode.

7. Using the following data set, construct a column

graph for:
A. Company A sales, 2011-2015.
B. Company B sales vs. net income, 2011-
2015.
C. Company A vs. B vs. C net income, 2011-
2013.
8. Using the earlier data set (item no.
7), construct a bar graph for:
A. Company D Sales and itemized
expenses, 2014.
B. Sales per company, 2015.
C. Sales and net income per Company,
2013.
9. Using the earlier data set (item no.
7), construct a bar graph for:
A. Company C sales and net income,
2011-2015.
B. Company B vs. D vs. E sales, 2011-
2015.
C. Net income per Company, 2011-2015.
10. Using the earlier data set (item no.
7), construct a pie chart for:
A. Breakdown of Company E expenses,
2014.
B. Breakdown of Company A total sales
from 2011-2015.