DATA

PRESENTATIO
N
UDAU
CHAPTER 4
 TEXTUAL PRESENTATION

• Textual presentation of data incorporates important

figures in a paragraph or text.
• Insert important data figures or summary measures
within the paragraph of text to support our
conclusions and answers to the research problem.
• Allows us to direct the reader’s interest to vital
information.
 EXAMPLE OF TEXTUAL
PRESENTATION

• In a Statistics class of 40 students, 3 obtained

the perfect score of 50. Sixteen students got a
score of 40 and above, while only 3 got 19
and below. Generally, the students performed
well in the test with 23 or 70% getting a
passing score of 38 and above.
 TABULAR PRESENTATION

• Arranges figures in a systematic manner in

rows and columns
• Facilitates comparisons, easy reading, and
understanding of the figures
• Three types of tabular presentation: Leader
Work, Text Tabulation and Formal Statistical
Table
 LEADER WORK

• Simplest layout among the three types of tables

• Contains no table title or column headings and
has no table borders
• Incorporate this type of table within a
paragraph of text presenting one or two
columns of figures as supporting data
 TEXT TABULATION

• A little bit more complex than leader work

• Already has column headings and table borders,
making it easier to understand than leader work
• Just like leader work, still has no table title and
table number.
• Still requires an introductory statement so that
the readers can comprehend the given figures.
 FORMAL STATISTICAL TABLE

• Most complete type of table since it has all

different and essential parts of a table like
table number, table title, head note, box head,
stub head, column headings, and so on.
• Stand-alone table and even without a
descriptive text or introductory statement, the
reader should easily understand its contents.
 FORMAL STATISTICAL TABLE

• HEADING consists of the table number, title and head note. It is

located on top of the table of figures.
• Table number is the number that identifies the position of the table in a
sequence.
• Table title states in telegraphic form the subject, data classification, and
place and period covered by the figures in the table.
• Head note appears below the title but above the top cross rule of the
table and provides additional information about the table. It often
specifies the common unit of measurement of the figures in the table. It
may also be a statement to clarify the title or certain portions of the table.
 FORMAL STATISTICAL TABLE

• BOX HEAD consists of spanner heads and

column heads.
• Spanner head is a caption or label describing two or
more column heads.
• Column head is a label that describes the figures in a
column.
• Panel is a set of column heads under the same spanner
head.
 FORMAL STATISTICAL TABLE

• STUB consists of row captions, center head, and stub

head. It is located at the left side of the table.
• Row caption is a label that describes the figures in a row.
• Center head is a label describing a set of row captions.
• Stub head is a caption or label that describes all of the center
heads and row captions. It is located at the first row.
• Block is a set of row captions under the same center head.
 FORMAL STATISTICAL TABLE

• FIELD is the collection of figures in the table.

• LINE is a row of figures.
• COLUMN is a column of figures.
• CELL contains the figure in the intersection of a row caption and a
column heading.
• FOOTNOTE is a descriptive statement about a particular part of the
table or the whole table. It is located at the bottom of the table.
• SOURCE NOTE gives the name of the agency that collected the
data.
 GENERAL CLASSIFICATIONS IN
PRESENTING SUMMARIZED DATA

• QUANTITATIVE CLASSIFICATION – wish to compare

groups formed through counting or measuring
• QUALITATIVE CLASSIFICATION – wish to compare
the summarized data in the different categorical
labels of a qualitative variable; keep in mind that
the categories that we form should be distinct,
mutually exclusive, and mutually exhaustive.
 GENERAL CLASSIFICATIONS IN
PRESENTING SUMMARIZED DATA

• CHRONOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION – wish to

discover trends over time; usually arrange the
stubs from earliest period up to the last period,
or vice versa, depending on which order is more
meaningful.
• GEOGRAPHICAL CLASSIFICATION – wish to
compare the summarized data in the different
location, place, or any geographic subdivision.
 GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION

• Portrays numerical figures or relationships among

variables in pictorial form.
• Most suitable when we need to show the results of
the study to nonprofessionals and other people who
are scared of numbers
• More convincing in supporting conclusions that we
make in our study and can be more persuasive in
influencing others to follow the recommendations
 CONSTRUCTING A GOOD GRAPH

• Graph must be accurate to allow for the correct

interpretation and analysis of the data.
• Graph must be clear so that one does not confuse
the reader when it comes to the interpretation of
the results.
• Graph must be simple that does not distract the
attention of the reader from the message that we
wish to communicate.
 CONSTRUCTING A GOOD GRAPH

• Graph must appear professionally that should

attract and get the attention of the reader.
• Graph must be well-designed and should
follow the principle of contrast which give
more emphasis on more important
components of the charts.
 TYPES OF CHART

• LINE CHART – useful for presenting historical

data; effective in showing the movement of a
series over time; movement may be
increasing, decreasing, stationary or constant,
or it may show irregular fluctuations; also
appropriate when comparing two or more time
series data and when showing trends over
 TYPES OF CHART

• LINE CHART
• Simple Line Chart – has only one curve and
is appropriate for one series of time data
• Multiple Line Chart – type of chart shows
two or more curves; use this if we wish to
compare the trends in two or more data
series
 TYPES OF CHART

• COLUMN CHART – compare amounts in a time

series data; emphasis is on the differences in
magnitude rather than the movement of a
series
• TYPES OF COLUMN CHART – Simple Column
Chart; Grouped Column Chart; Subdivided
Column Chart; 100% Subdivided Column
 TYPES OF CHART

• PIE CHART – circle divided into several

sections; each section indicates the proportion
of each component or category; useful for
data sorted into categories for a specific
period; purpose is to show the components
parts with respect to the total in terms of the
percentage distribution; total of all this
 TYPES OF CHART

• PICTOGRAPH – use symbols or pictures to

represent the magnitude and to get attention
of the reader
• Common error is to use of bigger symbols to
portray larger quantities and not an accurate
representation of the actual data set but rather it
visually distorts the actual quantities
 TYPES OF CHART

• STATISTICAL MAPS – type of chart shows

statistical data in geographical areas; also call
these types of charts crosshatched maps or
shaded maps; figures can be ratios, rates,
percentages and indices
• TYPES OF STATISTICAL MAPS – Shaded Map
and Dot Map