Alternatives fuel for IC engine

This report delves into various alternative fuels suitable for ICE,
assessing their feasibility, benefits, and challenges:

1.) CNG Compressed natural gas (CNG):

• (methane stored at high pressure) is a fuel which can be used in place of
gasoline(petrol), Diesel fuel and propane/LPG. CNG combustion
produces fewer undesirable gases than the fuels mentioned above.
• It is safer than other fuels in the event of a spill, because natural gas is
lighter than air and disperses quickly when released.
• Advantages of CNG Natural gas vehicle have lower maintenance costs
than other hydrocarbon-fuel-powered vehicles.
• CNG fuel systems are sealed, preventing fuel losses from spills or
evaporation. Increased life of lubricating oils, as CNG does not
contaminate and dilute the crankcase oil. Being a gaseous fuel, CNG
mixes easily and evenly in air .
• CNG is less likely to ignite on hot surfaces, since it has a high auto-
ignition temperature (540 °C), and a narrow range (5–15 percent) of
flammability. CNG-powered vehicles are considered to be safer than
gasoline-powered vehicles.
• Less pollution and more efficiency: CNG emits significantly less
pollution directly than gasoline or oil when combusted (e.g., carbon
dioxide (CO2), unburned hydrocarbons (UHC), carbon monoxide (CO),
nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulphur oxides (SOx) and PM (particulate
matter)).
For example, an engine running on petrol for 100 km emits 22 kilograms of CO2,
while covering the same distance on CNG emits only 16.3 kilograms of CO2.
[16] Due to lower carbon dioxide emissions, switching to CNG can help mitigate
greenhouse gas emissions However, natural gas leaks (both in the direct use and
in the production and delivery of the fuel) represent an increase in greenhouse
gas emissions. The ability of CNG to reduce greenhouse gas emissions over the
entire fuel lifecycle will depend on the source of the natural gas and the fuel it is
replacing.

2.) Biodiesel:
• Biodiesel is a kind of fuel produced by a process known as
Transesterification. This is a process of transformation of one type of
ester into another type of ester.
• Vegetable oil is a triglyceride. Glycerin is separated from oil ester and
alcohol is added and formed as alcohol ester 48 known as bio diesel.
Biodiesel or biofuel or esters of vegetable oil is a replacement of diesel
fuel. Biodiesel is defined as the monoalkyl esters of vegetable oils or
animal fats.
• Biodiesel is the best substitute for diesel fuels in diesel engines. The
biggest advantage that biodiesel has over gasoline and petroleum diesel
is its environmental friendliness. The production and utilization of
biodiesel is facilitated firstly through the agricultural policy of
subsidizing the cultivation of non-food crops.
• The higher heating values of biodiesels are closer to that of the
petroleum products in the range of 39–41 MJ/kg which is slightly lower
than that of gasoline (46 MJ/kg), petrodiesel (43 MJ/kg) or crude
petroleum (42 MJ/kg), but higher than coal (32–37 MJ/kg).
• Biodiesel burns similar to petroleum diesel as it concerns regulated
pollutants. On the other hand, biodiesel probably has better efficiency
than gasoline. Important operating disadvantages of biodiesel in
comparison with petrodiesel are cold start problems, the lower energy
content, higher copper strip corrosion and fuel pumping difficulty from
higher viscosity. This increases fuel consumption when biodiesel is used
in comparison with application of pure petrodiesel, in proportion to the
share of the biodiesel content. Taking into account the higher production
value of biodiesel as compared to the petrodiesel, this increase in fuel
consumption raises in addition to the overall cost of application of
biodiesel as an alternative to petrodiesel.
3.) METHONAL:
• Methanol is an alternative fuel for internal combustion and other
engines, either in combination with gasoline or directly ("neat"). It is
used in racing cars in many countries. In the U.S., methanol fuel has
received less attention than ethanol fuel as an alternative to petroleum-
based fuels

4.) Ethanol:
• Since ethanol is a renewable source of energy and it contributes to lower
CO2 emissions, ethanol produced from biomass is expected to increase
in use as an alternative fuel.
• It is recognized that for spark ignition (SI) engines ethanol has
advantages of high octane number and high combustion speed and has
a disadvantage of difficult startability at low temperature. ∙This concept
investigates the influence of ethanol fuel on SI engine performance,
thermal efficiency, and emissions. The combustion characteristics under
cold engine conditions are also examined.
• Ethanol has high anti-knock quality due to its high octane number, and
high latent heat of evaporation, which decreases the compressed gas
temperature during the compression stroke. ∙In addition to the effect of
latent heat of evaporation, the difference of combustion products
compared with gasoline further decreases combustion temperature,
thereby reducing cooling heat loss. As a result, torque and thermal
efficiency increase compared to gasoline. ∙Also, reductions in CO2,
NOx, and THC are described. To improve combustion under cold
conditions, methods of increasing fuel temperature or the compressed
gas temperature during the compression stroke are considered.

5.) Hydrogen:
 • Hydrogen gas (H2) can be produced via electrolysis of water using
renewable energy sources.

• Benefits: Zero emissions at point of use, high energy density, and

potential for scalability.

• Challenges: Costly production, storage, and distribution infrastructure,

as well as efficiency losses in conversion and storage.

• Use of hydrogen in compression ratio combustion engine improve the

H/C ratio of the charge. High diffusivity of hydrogen along with air and
diesel reduces the heterogeneity in the combustion chamber and make
the combustion mixture better premixed and more uniform.

6.) Bio Gas:

• The biogas be introduced in the engine with air during suction stroke
and compressed. A small quantity of diesel fuel (15 20%) is injected
towards the end of - compression, to initiate the combustion of biogas
air mixture.
• The diesel fuel ignites first and heat released by combustion leads to the
combustion of biogas air mixture. The air flow The biogas can be used
in C.I engine as a dual fuel.
• The biogas can rate is kept constant as in normal diesel engine and gas
flow rate is regulated to achieve different outputs. Diesel fuel injected is
always fixed amount. The gas flow rate is controlled by a throttle and
diesel fuel flow rate by rack in the fuel pump. These two are linked
together by an automatic governor.