RRL ABOUT RWHS

Water security is crucial for human societies, and climate change has impacted
the availability of freshwater and groundwater. Sustainable stormwater management
is essential for achieving Sustainable Development Goals and enhancing climate
resilience. This management approach produces better ecosystem services and ensures
the availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all. In the
past, stormwater management systems have focused on water quantity control.
However, sustainable stormwater management now necessitates the incorporation of
other vital aspects, such as runoff quality, visual amenity, recreational value,
ecological protection, and multiple water uses. (Goh, H. W, 2020).Several terms have
been introduced to illustrate integrated stormwater management, such as Low Impact
Development (LID), Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS), Best Management
Practices (BMPs), the Manual Saliran Mesra Alam (MSMA) Management Strategy,
and Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD). Among all the SUDS devices, the
Rainwater Harvesting System (RWHS) is one of the techniques that has gained
interest among the community for the last 20 years. The RWHS is defined as
collecting rainwater from impervious surfaces and storing it for later use.(Zakaria, N.
A. 2020) This system is implemented to collect and save rainwater from rooftops,
land surfaces, road surfaces, or rock catchments. Despite the successful application of
RWHS in countries with relatively less annual rainfall, this technique is less
implemented in countries with higher rainfall due to an abundance of water resources.
However, water security has become a risk in recent years, and the mismatch between
water demand and rainfall has resulted in the high variability of water resources in
highly developed and populated areas.(Zabidi et al., 2020)

RHS application is only economical to implement it in countries with high

water tariffs as RWHS consume less energy and are considered cheaper than the
conventional water supply system. However, in countries with low water tariffs, the
cost of installation has increased the payback period and the system become less
worthy to implement. Unlike the RHS, the PHS is suitable to be implemented in the
countries regardless of high or low water tariffs as it gives high benefit returns and
short payback periods, especially the large pond size.(Zabidi et al., 2020)

Urbanization and shrinking cities are having an impact on infrastructure,

particularly aging water infrastructure. At the center of decentralized water
infrastructure lies rainwater harvesting systems (RWHS). The vital importance of
RWHS is the effect they have on the three water networks (potable, stormwater, and
wastewater) in terms of decreasing water demand on the potable water network,
decreasing stormwater runoff, and, if coupled with greywater recycling systems,
decreasing the quantity of wastewater generated by using water multiple times before
discharge (Ghisi and Ferreira, 2007).

Water is a fundamental human necessity, sourced from surface water,

groundwater, or rainwater. Water scarcity is a growing issue with severe global
implications. The distribution of water reserves is not homogeneous, and lack of
adequate quality and quantity significantly hinders development in many regions.
This is particularly true in tropical areas and developing countries (Nelly, 2010).
Water scarcity is exacerbated by population growth, climate change, and pollution.
WHO/UNICEF and WaterAid, (2012) report states that approximately 780 million
people in developing countries lack access to potable water, while 1.8 billion are
predicted to live in regions with absolute water scarcity by 2025. (Global Applied
Research Network, 2003) states that rainwater harvesting (RWH) is the collection of
rainwater from surfaces for later use. This old tradition is growing in popularity as an
alternative water supply source. RWH can be a practical solution for efficient water
use in the context of increased world population, urbanization in developing
countries, and climate change.

Rainwater harvesting and management (RWHM) can be a practical solution in

the context of efficient water use and is receiving increased attention worldwide as an
alternative source of water supply (Amin & Han, 2009b; Ibrahim, 2009). This
approach can be considered for improved water management due to increased world
population, urbanization in developing countries, and climate change (Murad et al.,
2007). RWH is a technology used for collecting and storing rainwater from rooftops,
the land surfaces, steep slopes, road surfaces or rock catchments using simple
techniques such as pots, tanks and cisterns as well as more complex techniques such
as underground check dams. Nowadays, commonly used systems are constructed of
three principal components; namely, the catchment area, the collection device, and the
conveyance system.

Pump

Water is crucial for life, but only 0.3% of the world's water is safe for use. This
precious resource is used in various human activities, including cooking, washing,
agriculture, and industry. The human body is made up of two-thirds water, and access
to clean and safe water is essential for health. Smart and intelligent pumping has been
identified as a sustainable solution to global water shortages, capable of reducing
energy waste by 25%. However, uncontrolled use and wastage of water are major
causes of water scarcity. Implementing low-cost water supply technologies on a larger
scale is a more cost-effective alternative to major water infrastructure projects.
Gonzalez, et al., (2016)

According to the Rural Water Supply (2012), water supplies in all the
municipalities, irrigation, power generation, fisheries, livestock raising, industrial and
recreational uses. In addition to that, it is generally classified that water sources are
according to the relative location on the surface of the Earth. Having water shortage
affects people every year and all they need is a clean and porfitable source of water.
As of the current generation majority of the households are using improved water
system rather than the traditional groundwater wells such as hand waterpump. A hand
water-pump is an oscillating pump which has been dug, bored, driven or drilled
beneath the ground for the purpose of extracting groundwater.

Likewise, the review of Bruni and Spuhler (2019) stated that hand pumps are
manually operated water lifting devices that withraw surface water or groundwater
sources into distribution systems. Its accessible operation and capability of supplying
adequate amount is significant to the places where financial resource for investment
are limited and domestic water consumption is not excessive. The maintenance and
usual operation of device, however, is required to maintain its good condition. In
terms of drinking water supply, usage of hand water-pump is safer compared to lifting
 devices with rope and bucket though distillation must be done properly to avoid any
health complications.

Some of water that infiltrates deep into the ground and replenishes aquifers
preserves freshwater underground for long period of time. Traditional water sources
such as springs and groundwater wells are notably the frequent used and available
sources of water among the rural areas. State of the Coasts of Cavite Province (2017)
states that 95% of the households have now an access to the improved water system
and the rest is either springs or groundwater wells (p. 90). On the area of General
Trias, Cavite - including the locality of Barangay Navarro, the General Trias Water
Corporation (GTWC) is the major source of clean usable water. Otherwise, Barangay
Navarro also uses private water tank, especially in subdivision areas. the water
system, base year 2018 of the barangay revealed that many residents from it also use
shallow well or hand waterpump and some are upgrading to well deep well or the
modified water system. Well deep wells are usually generated by electricity to pump
water from the ground, directly stored to the water tank and distributed in household
faucets.

The 2011 study of Linke & Turak describe the practice of systematic
conservation planning across freshwater realms, including data ‐poor regions and
standing‐water ecosystems. As well, Gulhane et al. (2009) found that wells and hand
water-pumps showed medium water quality rating in all seasons where the quality
was slightly differs in dry and wet season, so the reasons to import water quality
change and measures to be taken up in terms of groundwater quality management are
required

References

African Scholar Publications. (n.d.). African Scholar Publications.

https://africanscholarpublications.com/

Onu, U. G., Okekenwa, E., Jack, K., Inyang, A. B., Bello, O. E., & Adeniyi, S. (2023, March

22). Smart Water Pump Control System with Remote Access for Improved Energy and
 Water Resource Management.

http://repository.futminna.edu.ng:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/18196

Semaan, M., Day, S. D., Garvin, M. J., Ramakrishnan, N., & Pearce, A. R. (2020). Optimal

sizing of rainwater harvesting systems for domestic water usages: A systematic

literature review. Resources, Conservation & Recycling: X, 6, 100033.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcrx.2020.100033

The Law Brigade Publishers. (2023, February 23). Home - The Law Brigade Publishers

(India). The Law Brigade Publishers (India). https://thelawbrigade.com/

Zabidi, H. A., Goh, H. W., Chang, C. K., Chan, N. W., & Zakaria, N. A. (2020). A review of

Roof and pond rainwater harvesting systems for Water Security: the design,

performance and Way forward. Water, 12(11), 3163.

https://doi.org/10.3390/w12113163