Lexical Relations and Truth

There are many parts of semantics. One of them is lexical relation. According to Yule

(2006: 244), lexical relation is the relationship of meaning, such as synonymy that is between

word. In semantics, the words have relation to each other as big and large, buy and purchase,

freedom and liberty et cetera. As Yule talks above is just one example of the lexical relation

in semantics, and to make it clear about lexical relations, approach is quoted from Kreidler

(2002: 86): We consider two approaches to description of lexical relations, semantics field

theory and truth conditional semantics. Field theory is an attempt to classify lexemes

according to share and differentiating feature. Truth conditional semantics studies lexical

relations by comparing predications that can be made about the same referring expression. In

truth conditional semantics there are three kinds of relations: entailment, paraphrase, and

contradiction.

Semantics field theory explains how lexemes are classified based on the division and

characteristics. For example, bus, train, ship, and airplane. All those items indicate a

transportation, bus and train used in land, ship used in sea, and airplane in the air. The truth,

conditional semantics compares and predicates which refers to the same expression. For

instance, acer is a laptop, acer is computer. Its acer is computer. It is just an example refers to

Kreidler theory of entailment, which is if first sentence is true so the second sentence must be

true also, but if first sentence is not true, the second sentence cannot be said as true or not. In

Kreidler books there are some divisions of lexical relation.

Logic:
First of all, a definition of logic according to Newton-Smith seems to be adequate. Here, logic

turns out to be the study of valid arguments and its distinction from valid and invalid

arguments.12 Arguments usually consist of one or more premises and a conclusion. The most

famous example of an argument would be:

Socrates is a man.

All men are mortal.

Therefore, Socrates is mortal.

Thus, it is obvious that if the premises are true, the conclusion needs to be true as well. Since

the premise is valid, the conclusion is valid and therefore true.

Entailment:
1. Jim rides a bike to school every morning.

2. Jim can ride a bike.

Entailment is what occurs if a proposition is true. If the first proposition Jim rides a bike to

school every morning is true then that proposition entails a few things:

• Jim can ride a bike

• Jim goes to school every morning

If the first sentence is true, then the second sentence must be true as well. That is, if Jim rides

his bike to school every morning, then he must be able to ride a bike.

Presupposition:
We discuss presupposition, the phenomenon whereby speakers mark linguistically

information as being taken for granted, rather than being part of the main propositional

content of a speech act. Expressions and constructions carrying presuppositions are called

“presupposition triggers”, forming a large class including definites and factive verbs. The

article first introduces a sample of triggers, the basic properties of presuppositions such as

projection and cancellability, and the diagnostic tests used to identify them. The reader is then

introduced to major models of presupposition from the last 50 years, separated into three

classes: Frege-Strawson derived semantic models, pragmatic models such as that offered by
Stalnaker, and dynamic models. Finally we discuss some of the main current issues in

presupposition theory. These involve accommodation, which occurs when a hearer’s

knowledge state is adjusted to meet the speaker’s presuppositions; presupposition failure,

which occurs when a presupposition is (known to be) false; the interaction between

presuppositions and attitudes; and variability in the behavior of triggers and their

presuppositions.

Homonymy:
The word Homonymy (from the Greek—homos: same, onoma: name) is the relation between

words with identical forms but different meanings—that is, the condition of being

homonyms. A stock example is the word bank as it appears in "river bank" and "savings

bank."

Hyponymy:
In simpler terms, a hyponym is in a type-of relationship with its hypernym. For

example: pigeon, crow, eagle, and seagull are all hyponyms of bird, their hypernym; which

itself is a hyponym of animal, its hypernym. In linguistics and lexicography, hyponym is a

term used to designate a particular member of a broader class. For

instance, daisy and rose are hyponyms of flower. Also called a subtype or a subordinate

term.

It is the relationship between two words in which the meaning of one word includes the

meaning of the other word.

For example, red and blue are colours. they are specific colours so colour is the term given to

them.

Therefore red, blue, green etc become the hyponyms for colour also, cats, dogs, deer, lion

become hyponyms for animal.

Hypernymy:
In linguistics and lexicography, a hypernym is a word whose meaning includes

the meanings of other words. For instance, flower is a hypernym

of daisy and rose.

Synonymy:
A synonym is a word that has the same or nearly the same meaning as

another word. When words or phrases have the same meaning, we say that

they are synonymous of each other. The term synonym comes from a

combination of the Ancient Greek syn, meaning with, and onoma, meaning

“name.” Synonyms are regular and essential parts of everyday language that

we use almost without thinking. They come in all parts of speech: nouns,

verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and so on. What’s more, synonyms are so important

that there is a whole reference work dedicated to them, called a thesaurus—

it’s a dictionary of synonyms e.g. buy and purchase.

Antonymy:
An antonym is a word that means the opposite of another word. For instance, the antonym of

'hot' may be 'cold.' The root words for the word 'antonym' are the words 'anti,' meaning

'against' or 'opposite,' and 'onym,' meaning 'name.'

Metonymy:
The relationship between the two things is not part-to-whole or whole-to-part, but is simply

one of being closely conceptually related, as in a phrase like "The pen is mightier than the

sword," in which "pen" stands in for writing and "sword" stands in for physical power.

Metonymy is a figure of speech in which one object or idea takes the place of another with

which it has a close association. In fact, metonymy means “change of name.” As a literary
device, it is a way of replacing an object or idea with something related to it instead of stating

what is actually meant. Metonymy enables writers to express a word or thought in a different

way by using a closely related word or thought. Therefore, this is a method for writers to vary

their expression and produce an effect for the reader.