1 Pakistan international affairs

PAKISTAN AND INDIA (RELATIONS FROM 1947 TO 1971)

Q.1. Why did India and Pakistan fail to establish healthy relations from 1947 to 1971? 7 marks

A.1 There were several reasons as to why Pakistan and India failed to establish better relations from 1947 to
1971. Firstly, the boundary commission which marked the boundaries between the two countries was severely
criticized by the Muslims for having shown some important Muslim majority areas such as, Ferozpur and
Gurdaspur, as the part of India. Since the major water headworks were situated in those areas, a conflict over
water was bound to occur. And, therefore, no sooner did the seriousness of the issue emerged than a skirmish
broke between Pakistan and India in 1948, failing to solve the problem.
Secondly, at the time of partition the country of Pakistan was to be given 750 million rupees as its financial share
by India. However, with an aim to destabilize Pakistan economically, India refused to pay the amount of 500
million rupees to Pakistan. It was to be a big set-back for Pakistan government because it was in need of money
for variety of projects. That act on the part of India did not do any good for an air of healthy relationship between
India and Pakistan.
The valley of Jammu and Kashmir was another major issue. Kashmir holds strategic importance in South Asia
and since 98% Kashmiri population were Muslims, it should have been awarded to Pakistan. However, India
entered its army there forcibility, making the territory a controversial issue to be solved, that very issue was,
however, the major reason for the war of 1965. India accused Pakistan army of providing militancy support to
Kashmiri militants to fight against the Indian army. As a result, a full scale war broke out between the two
countries which hasted for 17 day, ended up giving huge financial and military set-backs to both India & Pak.

OR-------- In 1971, however, when Pakistan was suffering badly from an internal problem, the situation got
reversed and now it was Pak, blaming India for helping Mukhti Bahini, a Bengali militant force, against Pakistan
army in East Pak resulting war that ended up breaking Pakistan, creating Bangladesh, and giving further blows
to the hopes for better relations between the two neighboring countries.
However, the relations between the two countries never developed and the governments of both India and
Pakistan kept blaming each other for variety of issues.

PAK-INDIA RELATION FROM 1971 TO 1999

Q.2. How successful were Pakistan-India relation from 1971-1999? Explain. 14 marks

A.2. The Indo-Pak relations, from 1971 to 1988, went through several ups and downs. In 1971, when
Pakistan was suffering from severe internal problem of Bengalis, India provided military and financial support to
Mukhti Bahini, the Bengali militant’s force, to strengthen their efforts. The aggravations of that situation resulted
in a full scale war between the two countries in 1971 and ended up breaking Pakistan, creating Bangladesh. After
the war, however, India gave a friendly gesture by releasing 90,000 war prisoners in 1973.

The relations took yet another negative turns in 1974, when India carried out successful atomic explosion and
thus become a nuclear power. That advancement of India in nuclear technology was cited by Pakistan as a
serious threat to its solidarity and to the peace of South East Asia. Therefore, the Bhutto government started to
make serious efforts to gain nuclear technology but soon faced with economic and military sanction by America.
The situation, however, aggravated the relation further.
In early 1980, India was facing an intense internal Khalistan problem. The Sikhs had raised for independence
and, in the course of curbing their movement, India accused Pakistan of helping and providing support to the
Sikh militants. Indira Gandhi, the then Indian Prime Minster, was killed by a Sikh, on account of that issue and
therefore the relations failed to improve at all.
Similarly, in mid 80s, the two countries came yet again on the verge of war when India began so-called militancy
exercise in Rajhistan desert. That act of militancy exercise on the part of Indian army posed a threat to Pakistan
as a result, it also began the preparation for the possible war.
In 1998, India detonated five nuclear devices at Pokhran. Pakistan responds by detonating six nuclear devices of

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 2 Pakistan international affairs

its own in the Chaghai Hills. The tests result in international sanctions being placed on both countries. In the
same year, both countries carry out tests of long-range missiles. Consequently, this nuclear development
prevented the easing of tension between India and Pakistan.

In 1999, Indian Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee meets with Nawaz Sharif, his Pakistani counterpart, in
Lahore. The two sign the Lahore Declaration, the first major agreement between the two countries since the 1972
Simla Accord. Both countries reaffirm their commitment to the Simla Accord, and agree to undertake a number
of 'Confidence Building Measures' (CBMs).However these measures were undermined due to constant tension in
Kashmir and relationships got soured consistently.
Moreover, Some of the diplomatic gains are eroded after the Kargil conflict breaks out in May. Pakistani forces
and Kashmiri fighters occupy strategic positions on the Indian side of the LoC, prompting an Indian counter
offensive in which they are pushed back to the other side of the original LoC. Kargil war proved a fatal blow to
india and pak relations.
L5?

China and Pakistan

Complete the analysis of the relations between China and Pakistan and also produce judgment.
Q.3 Why did Relations between Pakistan and China improve between 1947-71? 7 marks

There were several reasons why relations between Pakistan and China improved between 1947-71.
Firstly, the hostile attitude of India and he unsympathetic behavior of western countries led towards good
relations between Pakistan and China, in 1962, China went to war with India over border dispute. China
occupied some part of India which soured the relations b/w India and China. USA supported India in this war as
China was a communist countries, this pushed Pakistan and China into closer understanding. The border dispute
between India and China brought Pakistan and China closer and developed good relations between both of the
countries.
Secondly, there were some trade agreement made between both of them which further improved the relations
between both of them. In 1963 Pakistan and China signed an agreement for a commercial air service of P I A
began regular flights to China which helped to increase trade between the two countries. In addition to that, In
1963, China granted Pakistan 60 million interest free loan and became world’s largest purchaser of Pakistan
cotton. The announcement of series of trade agreement, the money sent to aid Pakistan and the frequent visits of
leaders had paved way towards improvement of Pak China relationship.
Lastly, in 1964 China supported Pakistan’s policy in Kashmir in return Pakistan supported china’s
entry into UN. This improved the relations b/w both countries. In 1965. there was a war between India and
Pakistan, China supported military aid to Pakistan and applied diplomatic pressure on India to prevent it
attacking Pakistan’s positions. China’s support helped Pakistan obtain better terms in cease fire. The support of
China in 1965 war, in Pakistan’s policy over Kashmir and Pakistan’s supporting China’s entry in UN led
towards the better relations b/w Pakistan and China.

Q.4 How successful were relations between China and Pakistan up to 1999? Explain 14 marks

After Pak independence in 1947, its relation with China was not very warm .China at that time was a
communist country while Pak at that time was against communism and was more inclined towards USA from
the very beginning. Also China’s friendship with India could not make up better relationship b/w Pak and China
in the first few years as and it seemed like China and Pak were distained not to be the close allies.
But a turning point of Pak-China relationship came when war b/w China and India struck in 1962. China went to
war with India over a border dispute. This event soured relation b/w India and China, thereby establishing closer
relationship between Pak and China. This friendly relationship led to trade agreements b/w two countries, China
granted Pak a $60 million loan and become largest purchaser of Pakistan’s cotton. This led to economic growth
in Pak and built cordial relationship b/w two countries our firmer grounds. Relationship was even more
strengthened when China helped Pak during 1965 war with China. China fully supported Pak with military
equipment and war plans.

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 3 Pakistan international affairs

Friendship between Pak and China was at it higher point when China air link was established between two
countries in 1963 as it boosted trade and allowed huge businesses in Pakistan.
The relations were more highlighted in 1978, when Karakaram highway opened, this was the first major road
built to link the two countries. Also, this enhanced trade and helped in economic development of Pak. The
China nuclear power project was completed in Pak with the help of China. Cordial relations were also
emphasized by leaders of Pak. In 1965, Ayub khan and then in 1972 Bhutto and in 1986 Zia made their visits to
China to help in establishing close relationship with China.
In short, it can be seen that Pak was able to successfully maintain its relation with China on sound basis. China
always helped and supported Pak and much of the economic development that took place in Pakistan was due to
the help provided by China. It is obvious that the relationship between Pak and China have been quite successful
b/c China always came to the help of Pakistan in times of need and signed many trade agreements that led
towards the betterment of Pakistan’s economy.
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AFGHANISTAN
Q.5 Why were relations between Pakistan and Afghanistan poor in the period 1947-79? 7marks

There were several reasons why the relations b/w Pak and Afghanistan were poor in the period 1947-79/
Firstly, although Afghanistan was muslim country yet it always showed a hostile policy towards Pak,
since independence.The Afghans laid claim to parts of NWFP province in Pak. The Afghans argued that the
pakhtoons living in Pak wanted to join with Afghanistan to form Pakhtoonistan. Afhganistan’s claim to from
Pakhtoonistan acted as an embargo in the relations b/w the two countries which worsened the relations b/w both
the countries.
Secondly, after the border dispute Afghans adopted hostile attitude towards Pak. Afghanistan although being a
muslim neighboring country strongly opposed Pak’s entry in UN. So this deteriorated the relations. Moreover,
when there was 1965 war b/w India and Pak, although many Afghans supported it but Afghan government
stayed neutral. The opposition of Afghanistan on the occasion of 1965 war, and for the entry of Pak in UN led
towards poor relations b/w both countries.
Lastly, in order to develop friendly relations with Afghanistan attempts were made by Pak which were not
positively responded. Pak called official talks in Karachi. But Afghans supported the demand for Pakhtoonistan.
However In 1956, Iskander Mirza visited Afghanistan Pak hoped for an alliance but Afghans were not interested
in such formal ties.Thus Afghan’s cold response to Pak’s attempt for better relations made the relations quite
strained.
Q.6 How successful were Pakistan relations with Afghanistan? Explain 14 marks
A. Afghanistan was both a neighbour and a fellow Muslim state, Pak had hoped to establish good relations with
it after portion flowership served problems prevented this. Soon after the creation of Pak the countries had a
dispute over border as Afghans laid claim to parts of NWFP. Afghans agreed that the Pakhtoons living in Pak
wanted to join Afghanistan to from Pakhtoonistan. This border dispute acted as an embargo in the formation of
good relationship between the two countries as neither country was ready to step back.
Jinnah, though wanted to establish cordial relation with Afghanistan and for this he ordered that militancy post

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 4 Pakistan international affairs

along the border with Afghanistan should be taken down. He hoped that Afghanistan would see this as a more of
friendship and trust. But, this effort failed and good relation with Afghanistan could not be built.
To improve their relation with Afghanistan, Pak could its officials for talks in Karachi. In this meeting Pak
offered Afghanistan that if they dropped their demand for Pakhtoonistan, they would give them access to their
sea. But their demand was rejected by Afghanistan and an attempt to develop good relations with Afghanistan
failed.
Afghanistan Govt: still remained hostile and refused to vote in favour of Pakistan in UN council. Afg also
refused to join the RCD as Pak was one of its member. This hostile behavior of afghan govt, towards Pak led to
poor relation b/w two countries.
Their relation remained strained till Bhutto’s govt. During Bhutto’s rule relation began to become better, In 1973
Sardar Daud over threw monarch and set himself up as Prime Minister which led Pak to visit Afghanistan and
Pakistan granted Afg access to India to carry out trade.
Moreover, Pak also generously contributed to a relief fund for earthquake victims in Afg in 1976. These steps on
part of Pak to establish closer link with Afg were successful and in 1976 sardar Daud and Bhutto visited each
other countries which helped to develop better relationship b/w two countries.
An important mark came in their relations when Soviet Union came in 1979 to over through communist govt and
decided to saty in Afg. Aghans began to fight against pro Soviet Union govt established in Afg, which led to war
b/w pro and resistance groups of Afghan forces. Afghan refugees fled in huge number to Pak and were warmly
welcomed by Pak govt. Pak also helped Afghanistan through her militancy forces. This militancy aid was
coming from USA. In 1988, Soviet Union finally had to withdraw from Afg and it can be said that it was partly
due to Pak’s help that Afg were successful in driving back Russian forces. So this support and help from Pak to
Afg, helped to build stronger cordial relations.
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L5 Relations between two countries were not very successful during first 20 years of Pak independence
however later Pak had helped Afg during its difficult times (e.g during SU invasion) Pak relations were good
during this period as millions of Afghan refuges were accommodated by Pakistan’s, Pakistani always took the
first step in helping Afghanistan and the cordial feelings of Pakistani’s governmentt indicate that the relationship
b/w the two countries have been warm.

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 5 Pakistan international affairs

BRITAIN AND COMMON WEALTH

Q7 .How successful were Pakistan relations with Britain and common wealth since 1947? Explain 14
marks
In order for US to determine how successful was Pak’s relation with Britain and common wealth in the period
1947-1999, we must first anylase the major events that took place during this period which affected the relations
b/w two countries.
Pak’s relation with Britain were not good at the time partition for the fact that many Pakistani’s felt that
Lord Mount Batten who was last viceroy of India had been unjust in the division of Pakistan. Certainly it was not
surprising that Pak did not make much efforts to develop good relation with Britain and therefore relations were
not good during first years of Pak’s independence. Relation had also remained strained b/w these two countries,
because Pak did not get political support from Britain in the Kashmir issue. Therefore, this led towards
unsuccessful relation b/w two countries.
Britain and Pak worked together as a member of both CENTO and SEATO. However, Pakistan did not stop
criticizing Britain over the invasion of Suez Canal in 1956. This criticism on part of Pakistan on British led to
poor relation b/w two countries.
Britain also remained natural during the war of 1965 Which Pak thought Britain should have favoured Pakistan
against India under SEATO and CENTO, however Britain played a major part in bringing the war between India
and Pakistan to an and as final agreement was signed at the common wealth conference at London in 1965.
Apart from that, Britain did not support Pak when the Bangladesh crisis was taken to UN. Therefore when a vote
was taken on whether Bangladesh should be recognized as a separate country,Britain recognized it but Pakistan
left the common wealth in protest and worsen the relation b/w two countries.
The relation b/w two countries had also remained strained because Britain declined it imports and exports from
Pak causing great strain on Pakistan’s economy. This decline of trade b/w two countries also contributed to poor
relation b/w two countries.
Britain and common wealth had also provided financial aid to Pak for the development of several projects such
as Warsak, Tarbela and Mangla dams, oil and gas imploration, gas pipelines and in technical vocational
education. This helped Pak to the economic development and established warm relations b/w UK and Pak.
Relationship warmed up further when Pakistan returned to common wealth in 1989.Britain also provided 30
million aids to Pakistan to settle Afghan refugees. This support to Pakistan established very good relations
between two countries.
L5. Though relation b/w two countries varied in this period, they were generally good.. Although, the
analysis of events that effected their relationship suggest that their relations stayed good only when the Britain
wished or found better relations necessary.

USA
Q8. How successful were Pakistan relations with USA in period 1947-1978? Explain 14 marks

Ans.
In the beginning, Pakistan was not able to establish relationship with USA because the USA seemed more
interested in forming alliance with India. But Liaqat Ali’s acceptance to visit the USA paved way towards the
formation of Pakistan USA relationships .Liaqat Ali Khan was successful to establish a Pakistan Embassy in
USA and also started receiving military and economic aid from USA. Hence, relation b/w the two countries
improved.
Pak’s alliances with SEATO in 1954 also helped Pak to come closer to USA as USA was also member of
SEATO. Pak received financial and military assistance from USA to help it fight against communist aggression,
Pak’s signing of CENTO in 1955 also made the relation b/w two countries better to some extent.
Relation b/w two countries began to improve a great deal when Ayub allowed USA to built its air bases in Pak.
This air base was used to send airplane to spy on Russia.therefore when Pakistan supported USA during U– 2
crises,relations b/w the two countries strengthened.

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 6 Pakistan international affairs

During 1960 – 1970 the relation b/w two countries remained strained, American’s step to give huge military aid
to India against China in 1962 without consulting Pak before. This worsened the relation b/w the two countries
as Pak’s trust on America plunged.
After American’s step 1962, Pak could never trust on USA and was keen to develop its relation with the Russia
and China subsequently. Ayub made a visit to China in 1962 and to Russia in 1965 much to USA displeasure
and therefore, the relation b/w the two countries declined in this period because both countries were offended
with one another.
In both the wars against India in1965 USA remained neutral and stopped its aid to both countries. This embargo
affected Pak more severally as Pak’s military force was completely dependant on USA aid and it can be said that
Pak’s defeat in both the wars was due to USA unhelping attitude towards Pak. Therefore, USA the relations of
the two countries were quite bad during period and were more strained than ever before.
The relation b/w the two countries were peaked in 1979 due to Afghan miracle. In Dec 1979 Soviet Union had
invaded Afg and the Americans wanted Pak to help them provided huge sum of aid to Pak which helped bring
about economic growth in Pak. So until the Soviet war in Afg was over relation b/w the two countries were very
successful.
Again, the relations b/w USA and Pak were at low point during Bhutto’s and Zia’s rule. Bhutto was known for
anti-American ideas and zia was not popular with USA as American did not approve of military regime. As a
result, the relation b/w USA and Pak during the rule of these two leaders remained strained as no successful
negotiations were able to carry out and also little effort were shown by these leaders to improve their relation
with USA
However, the thaw in relations with USA was highlighted when Benazir Bhutto visited the USA and
following that visit, Brown amendment to pressler amendment, authorized the US government to reimburse
Pakistan for the F-16 payments and provided 388 million dollar in military equipment and this went a long way
towards restoring the warmth.
L5…….?

Q9. Why did Pakistan leave SEATO in 1972? 7 marks

Firstly, the experiences of the wars of 1965 and 1971 had been very bad for Pakistan. None of the member
countries of SETO provided help to Pakistan to fight against the Indian aggression as the treaty stated that if any
member country were attacked, it could appeal other members for support. Pakistan later realized that they could
expect least support against Indian aggression because the treaty applied only to help against Communist
aggression. No support during wars in 1965 and made Pakistan leave SEATO as it was found to be of limited
value.
Secondly, the experiences of the breakup of Pakistan in 1971 had been quite terrible for Pakistan. Pakistan
found itself fighting alone against the Bengali rebellious forces as no aid was provided by the member countries
of SEATO. As a result, East Pakistan broke away from Pakistan waking the people realize how useless their
SEATO membership had been. Therefore, Pakistan chose to withdraw from the organization b/c no support was
granted even to settle the internal crises.
Thirdly, Pakistan had join SEATO in the hope of gaining support over the Kashmir issue, The lack of support
in wars and the Bangladesh crises indicated to Pakistan that it could not hope to use their treaty in future to
support the Kashmir issue. When Pakistan realized that there was no chance of support from member countries
over Kashmir issue in future, it withdrew from the organization.

Q10. Why did Pakistan join UN?7marks

Firstly, Pakistan joined the UN on 30 September 1947 in a hope to be acknowledged as an important member
of the world community that stood for international co-operation to maintain peace in the world and to
established respect for human rights and liberties. Pakistan was a new country and wanted to show the world
that it intended to keep peace around the globe. Pakistan joined UN so that it could be acknowledged as a
separate country open to from foreign relationship with other countries.
Secondly, Pakistan realized that many of its governmental department were underdeveloped. Their available
resources only promised an underdeveloped economy. In order to receive a number of loans from the world

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 7 Pakistan international affairs

Bank to assist in economic department, Pakistan joined UN.

Thirdly from the very beginning Pakistan got involved arguments for the rights of Kashmiris. It was also faced
with the question of Hyderabad and Junahgarh, Pakistan realised that UN membership was essential to solve
these crisis. Therefore, in order to earn support of member countries and raise these questions in the Security
Council, Pakistan joined UN.
Q11 Why did Pakistan have good relationship with Iran since its creation? 7 marks
There several reason why Pak had good relations with Iran since its creation. Firstly, relations b/w Iran and Pak
have been consistently good since Pak achieved its independence. It was the first country which recognized Pak
as a separate state after independence. After independence PM of Pak visited Iran which was reciprocated by the
Shah of Iran.
Accordingly, Iran had always extended its most sincere and vocal support to Pak on Kashmir issue. Therefore,
During 1965 war on Kashmir, Iran came out with very help and assistance to Pak to meet the requirements. Iran
persuaded other countries to send aid to Pak but was not successful. Despite this Pak appreciated it. The vocal
support of Iran and sending material aid in 1965 war led to good relations b/w them.

The trade agreements made b/w both countries led towards good relations. In 1964, largely as a result of the
work of Ayub khan.Turkey, Iran and Pakistan set up regional cooperation for development. The RCD provided
greater opportunities to develop closer trade links and help each other in Industrial projects. As Iran and Pak
were members of RCD. This improved relation and trade b/w both countries. The trade agreements singed by
both the countries explain the reason for good relationship between the two countries.

Q. 12 Why did Pakistan support the Palestine issue? 7 marks

There were religious and political reasons for Pakistan to support the Palestine issue. First of all, Palestine is an
Islamic country and the majority of the people are Muslims. Therefore, the govt and people of Pakistan were
bound to have a soft corner for them as for as their war with the Jews was concerned. There were also several
sacred Islamic buildings, such as the mosque Aqsa situated in Palestine which were being profaned by the
Jewish army. Therefore, the govt of Pakistan, supported Palestinian cause in relation to that Palestinians view
point.
Secondly, the act on the part of the Israel govt to evict the muslims from what they called a Jewish land was
unjust and unfair for Pakistan in relation to the international law. The Jews were using a massive force to carry
out that act, oppressing, torturing and killing innocent people. Thus, it was important for Pakistan to raise the
voice for Palestine.
Thirdly, Pakistan at that point of time, needed to have economic and political support from Arabs. The Islamic
world was of the opinion that Israel, a forced country, was an American ally, that has been hoisted upon the
muslims of Pslestine. Therefore, in order to strengthen the view point of the Arabs, Pakistan supported the
Palestine cause.
Important Questions
Answer the following questions (part a 4marks)
(part b 7marks)
Why relations between Pakistan and Gulf states were remained successful so far?

Why were relations between Pakistan and the United Nations not so successful?

PAKISTAN, SUMMIT CONFERENCE (important questions)

✓ Explain the role of Pakistan in OIC?
✓ Why is Pakistan a very active member of the OIC?
✓ Explain the importance of the OIC?
✓ Explain the role played by OIC in the Arab - Israel Conflict?
✓ Why do we say that the people of Pakistan felt close to the Turkish people even before1947?
✓ Explain the relations between Turkey and Pakistan with reference to CENTO, ECO and RCD.
✓ Explain Pakistan's relation with Turkey.
Note: Don’t use abbreviations for countries, because (b/c)and between(b/w).It is against CIE rules.

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