LESSON 1: NURSING TODAY
• Philosophical ideals of right and wrong that define
NURSING AS A PROFESSION
• Patient-centered care
• Professionalism
• Administer quality care
• Be responsible and accountable
• Healthcare advocacy groups
SCIENCE AND ART OF NURSING PRACTICE
• Nursing requires current knowledge and practice
standards
• Insightful and compassionate approach
• Critical Thinking
o When we provide nursing care, we need
to make clinical judgement based on our
knowledge
o Use this thinking to help you gain and
interpret and
• Patricia Benner’s stage of nursing proficiency –
Novice to Expert
DEFINITION OF NURSING
• Nursing is the protection, promotion, and
optimization of health and abilities; prevention of
illness and injury; alleviation of suffering through
the diagnosis and treatment of human response;
and advocacy in the care of individuals, families,
communities, and populations. – American
Nurses Association (ANA)
• Nursing is the protection, promotion, and
optimization of health and abilities; prevention of
illness and injury; alleviation of suffering through
the diagnosis and treatment of human response;
and advocacy in the care of individuals, families,
communities, and populations. – International
Council of Nurses (ICN)
SCOPE AND STANDARDS OF PRACTICE
• GOAL – To improve the health and well-being of
all individuals, communities, and populations
through the significant and visible contributions of
registered nursing using standards-based
practices
STANDARDS OF PRACTICE
• Assessment, Diagnosis, Outcome Identification,
Planning, Implementation, Evaluation
• Nursing process – foundation of clinical decision
making and includes all significant actions taken
by nurses in providing care to patients
STANDARDS OF PROFESSIONAL PERFORMANCE
• Ethics, Quality of Practice, Professional Practice
Evaluation, Education, Communication,
Resources, Evidence-Based Practice and
Research, Leadership, Environmental Health,
Collaboration
CODE OF ETHICS
principles used to provide care
• Incorporate your own values and ethics into your
practice
• Ask yourself: How do your ethics, values, and
practice compare with established standards?
PROFESSIONAL ROLES AS A NURSE
1. Autonomy and Accountability
• Autonomy – essential element of
professional nursing that involves the initiation
of independent nursing interventions without
medical orders. Nursing is defined as a
profession because nurses practice autonomy
• Accountability – you are responsible
professionally and legally for the type and
quality of nursing care provided.
2. Caregiver
• You help patients maintain and regain health
and find their maximum level of independent
function through the healing process.
• A patient’s health care needs include the
patient’s emotional, spiritual, and social well-
being.
3. Advocate
• Protect human and legal rights of patient and
help patients assert those rights when
needed
4. Educator
• Your teaching can be formal or informal.
Always use teaching methods that match your
patient’s capabilities and needs, and
incorporate other resources, such as the
family, in teaching plans.
5. Communicator
• Nurse-patient rapport
• Routinely communicate with patients and
families
6. Manager
• establish an environment for collaborative
patient-centered care to provide safe, quality
care with positive patient outcomes.
CAREER DEVELOPMENT
• Nursing provides an opportunity for you to commit
to lifelong learning and career development
• Provider of care
• ADVANCED PRACTICE REGISTERED
NURSES (APRN)
o Clinical nurse specialist – Expert in
specialized area such as critical care,
disease specialty, rehabilitation
o Certified nurse practitioner – provide
healthcare in group of patients with more
complex problems
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 o Certified nurse midwife – educated in
midwifery and is involved in independent
care for women during independent
pregnancy
o Certified registered nurse anesthetist
– specialized in anesthesia and is the
highest paid nurse
o Nurse Educator – Works primarily in the
school of nursing
o Nurse Administrator – Manage patient
care within a healthcare agency
NURSING SHORTAGE
• Time Management, Therapeutic Communication,
Patient Education, Compassionate
Implementation of bedside skills
HISTORICAL INFLUENCES
• Nurses
o responds to needs of patients
o Actively participate in determining best
practice
• Knowledge of the history increases your ability to
understand the social and intellectual origins of
the discipline
FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE
• First practicing epidemiologist
• Organized first school of nursing
• Improved sanitation in battlefields hospitals
• Practices remain a basic part of nursing today
CIVIL WAR TO THE BEGINNING OF THE 20TH
CENTURY
• Clara Barton – founder of the American Red
Cross, tended soldiers on the battlefields
• Mother Bickerdyke – organized ambulance
services and walked abandoned battlefields at
night, looking for wounded soldier
• Harriet Tubman – female in the Underground
Railroad Movement to free slaves
• Mary Mahoney – first professionally trained
African American nurse.
• Lillian Wald and Mary Brewster – opened the
Henry Street Settlement which focused on the
health needs of poor people who lived in
tenements in New York City
THE 20TH CENTURY
• Movement toward scientific, research-based
practice and defined body of knowledge
• Nurses assumed expanded and advanced
practice roles
o 1906: Mary Adelaide Nutting – first
nursing professor at Columbia Teacher’s
College
o Army and Navy Nurse Corps established
o 1920s: Nursing specialization began
21ST CENTURY
• Changes in curriculum
• Advances in technology and informatics
• New programs address current health concerns
• Leadership role in developing standards and
policies
CONTEMPORARY INFLUENCES
• Importance of nurses’ self-care
• Changes in society lead to changes in nursing:
o Affordable Care Act (ACA) – affects
how health care is paid for and delivered.
There will be greater emphasis on health
promotion, disease prevention, and
illness management in the future.
o Rising health care costs
o Demographic changes
o Medically underserved
TRENDS IN NURSING
• Evidence-based practice – practice needs to be
based on current evidence, not just according to
your education and experiences and the policies
and procedures of healthcare facilities
• Quality and Safety Education for Nurses –
QSEN addresses the challenge to prepare
nurses with the competencies needed to
continuously improve the quality of care in their
work environments
• Impact of Emerging Technologies – many
technologies have the potential to rapidly change
nursing practice.
• Genomics – a newer term that describes the
study of all the genes in a person and interactions
of these genes with one another and with that
person’s environment.
• Public Perception of Nursing – always act in a
competent professional manner
• Impact of Nursing on Politics and Health
Policy – nurses able to increase the influence
nursing has on health care policy and practice.
NURSING PRACTICE
Nursing Practice Acts
• Overseen by State Boards of Nursing
• Regulate scope of nursing practice
• Protect public health, safety, and welfare
Licensure and Certificate
• Licensure: NCLEX-RN® examination / PNLE
• Certification: requirements vary
PROFESSIONAL NURSING ORGANIZATIONS
• Address member concerns
• Present educational programs
• Publish journals
• Student organizations
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HISTORY OF NURSING
• 1845 – Florence Nightingale and volunteers
improve nursing during the Crimean War,
emphasizing the importance of female nurses
and sanitation practices.
• 1855 – The Nightingale Fund is established to
support nursing education, leading to the creation
of the first nursing school at St. Thomas Hospital.
• 1896 – The Nurses Associated Alumnae is
formed, evolving into the American Nurses
Association, which continues to influence nursing
standards and ethics today
• 1915 – The National League of Nursing
Education (NLNE), the first professional nursing
organization organized by women, presents a
standard curriculum divided into seven sections,
emphasizing practices such as observation and
experimentation.
• 1947 – The NLNE aims to bring nursing to higher
education, endorsing two and three-year
programs leading to associate or baccalaureate
degrees
• 2015 – OSHA issues guidelines to improve nurse
safety, addressing concerns such as overexertion
and workplace violence
• 1999-2020 – Nurses consistently rank as the
most ethical professionals in Gallup surveys,
earning high regard across age, gender, race,
and political affiliations
• 2020 and Beyond – The e COVID-19 pandemic
transforms nursing, bringing increased pressure
and challenges. Nurses adapt to policy changes,
shortages, and new technologies like telehealth.
o The World Health Assembly declares
2020 as the "Year of the Nurse, "
acknowledging nurses' resilience and
sacrifices during the pandemic
EARLY CIVILIZATIONS
• Individuals provided care for the sick and injured
• In ancient times, societies like Egypt, Greece,
and Rome had individuals designated to care for
the health of others.
• In ancient Egypt, there were documented roles of
"house of life" personnel who attended to the ill.
• Greek and Roman cultures had dedicated
women, often slaves, serving as caregivers.
• During the Middle Ages, nursing became closely
associated with religious institutions.
o Monasteries and convents played a
crucial role in providing care, and nuns
often served as nurses.
o The Christian church formalized nursing
roles, emphasizing compassion and
service
19th to 21st Century
• 16th Century – Establishment of religious based
nursing orders
• 17th Century – Continued to be primarily
provided by religious orders. Hygiene and
cleanliness gained recognition
• 18th Century – Transition from religious-based
nursing to a more secular approach
• 19th Century – Marked a significant turning point
for nursing with the influence of key figures like
Florence Nightingale. Development of nursing in
the United States
• As urbanization and industrialization increased,
people without families to care for them found
themselves in hospitals with wildly varying levels
of nursing care.
• Hospitals relied on recuperating patients or
recruited men and women to provide nursing care
to patients.
• Hospitals established their own training schools
for nurse
• Germ Theory
• Private-duty nurse cared for sick individuals in
their homes
• The profession grew more diverse
• Innovative reorganizations of their patterns of
care
CODE OF ETHICS FOR NURSES
• Provision 1 – The nurse practices with
compassion and respect for the inherent dignity,
worth, and unique attributes of every person.
• Provision 2 – The nurse’ s primary commitment
is to the patient, whether an individual, family,
group, community, or population.
• Provision 3 – The nurse promotes, advocates
for, and protects the rights, health, and safety of
the patient.
• Provision 4 – The nurse has authority,
accountability, and responsibility for nursing
practice; makes decisions; and acts consistent
with the obligation to provide optimal patient care.
• Provision 5 – The nurse owes the same duties
to self as to others, including the responsibility to
promote health and safety, preserve wholeness
of character and integrity, maintain competence,
and continue personal and professional growth.
• Provision 6 – The nurse, through individual and
collective effort, establishes, maintains, and
improves the ethical environment of the work
setting and conditions of employment that are
conducive to safe, quality health care.
• Provision 7 – The nurse, in all roles and settings,
advances the profession through research and
scholarly inquiry, professional standards
development, and the generation of both nursing
and health policy.
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 • Provision 8 – The nurse collaborates with other
health professionals and the public to protect
human rights, promote health diplomacy, and
reduce health disparities.
• Provision 9 – The profession of nursing,
collectively through its professional
organizations, must articulate nursing values,
maintain the integrity of the profession, and
integrate principles of social justice into nursing
and health policy
Republic Act No. 9173 – An act providing for a more
responsive nursing profession, repealing for the purpose
Republic Act No. 7164, otherwise knowns as “The
Philippine Nursing Act of 1991” and for other purposes
THE RIGHT OF THE PATIENTS
1. Right to Appropriate Medical Care and Humane
Treatment
2. Right to Informed Consent
3. Right to Privacy and Confidentiality
4. Right to Information
5. The Right to Choose Health Care Provider and
Facility
6. Right to Self-Determination
7. Right to Religious Belief
8. Right to Medical Records
9. Right to Leave
10. Right to Refuse Participation in Medical Research
11. Right to Correspondence and to Receive Visitors
12. Right to Express Grievances
13. Right to be Informed of His Rights and
Obligations as a Patient
LESSON 2: NURSING AS AN ART
• Art – expression or application of human creative
skill and imagination, typically in a visual form
o Ex. Painting or sculpture, producing
works to be appreciated primarily for their
beauty or emotional power
• Nursing as an Art – the nurse’s ability to be
compassionate, caring, and communicative.
Why is Nursing an Art?
• It involves creativity, empathy, and intuition.
• Compassion, care, and communication are soft
skills that are associated with the art aspect of
nursing
• The Circle of Caring model, a holistic nursing
approach, expands on traditional nursing
structures by incorporating artistic aspects,
allowing for a comprehensive understanding of
the patient's needs, values, and social
determinants.
Concepts Related to Art of Nursing
1. Empathy – the ability to sense other people's
emotions, coupled with the ability to imagine what
someone else might be thinking or feeling.
2. Compassion – the sympathetic pity and concern
for the sufferings or misfortunes of others.
3. Caring Relationship – a mutual relationship that
requires the development of trust between both
parties.
Caring: An Integral Part of Nursing
• Foundation of Nursing
• Influences the outcome
• Establishing relationships with the client, through
showing willingness and commitment
LESSON 3: HEALTH AND ILLNESS
• Health – a state of complete physical, mental,
and social wellbeing and not merely the absence
of disease or infirmity.
• Health belief – a person’s individual convictions,
attitudes, and perceptions regarding health,
illness, and healthcare practices.
• Health practice – individuals’ role in maintaining
health and preventing diseases. It involves the
actions and behaviors that individuals engage in
to promote their well-being and prevent the
spread of illnesses.
• Wellness – a holistic concept that refers to the
active pursuit of activities, choices, and lifestyles
that promote holistic health.
• Illness – personal experience of living with a
health condition
MODELS OF HEALTH AND ILLNESS
Health Belief Model – psychological health behavior
change model developed to explain and predict health-
related behaviors, particularly regarding the uptake of
health services.
Health Promotion Model
• Dr. Nola Pender – developed the Health Promotion
Model (HPM)
• Focuses on helping people achieve higher levels of
well-being.
• Describes the multi-dimensional nature of people as
they interact within their environment to pursue
health.
The Three Focus Area
1. Individual Characteristics Experiences
2. Behavior-specific knowledge and effect
3. Behavioral Outcomes
Holistic Health Model
• An approach to life rather than focusing only on
illness or parts of the body which are not well.
• It considers the whole person and how he or she
interacts with his environment.
• It is about the connection of the mind, the body,
and the spirit.
• To achieve maximum well-being where
everything is functioning the best as possible.
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Health Illness Continuum
• Measure person’s perceived level of wellness.
• Health and illness/disease opposite ends of a
health continuum.
• Move back and forth(forward) within this
continuum day by day.
MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS
Characteristics of Basic Needs
• Their lack of fulfillment results in illness.
• Their fulfillment helps prevent illness or signals
health.
• Meeting basic needs restores health.
• Fulfillment of basic needs takes priority over other
satisfactions when unmet.
• A person feels something is missing when a need
is unmet.
• A person feels satisfaction when a need is met.
Physiologic Needs
• Most essential to life and is the highest priority.
• Oxygen (most essential), water, food, elimination,
temperature, physical activity, rest, etc.
Safety/Security Needs
• Second in priority.
• Have both physical & emotional components.
• Being protected from potential/actual harm.
• Using proper hand hygiene to prevent infection.
Using electrical equipment properly.
administering medications knowledgeably. etc.
Love and Belongingness Needs
• Third priority needs, often called higher-level
needs.
• Understanding & acceptance of others in both
giving and receiving love.
• Families. peers, friends, a neighborhood, and a
community.
• Unmet needs produce loneliness and isolation.
Self-Esteem Needs
• Need for a person to feel good about oneself.
• Positive self-esteem facilitates the person's
confidence and independence.
• Factors affecting self-esteem: role changes and
body image changes.
Self-actualization Needs
• Acceptance of self and others as they are.
• Focus of interest on problems outside oneself.
• Ability to be objective.
• Feelings of happiness and affection for others.
• Respect for all people.
• Creativity as a guideline for solving problems and
pursuing interests.
LESSON 4: DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH AND
FACTORS AFFECTING HEALTH STATUS
DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
Non-Modifiable
• These factors are beyond individual control and
remain relatively constant.
• Ex. Genetics influence susceptibility to certain
diseases, age affects physiological changes, and
gender.
Modifiable
• Factors that individuals can influence or change
through their behavior and choices.
• Ex. Dietary habits, physical activity levels, and
tobacco use
HEALTH BEHAVIOR & LIFESTYLE
Health Behavior
• The actions and habits individuals adopt that
impact their health.
• Ex. Regular exercise, maintaining a balanced
diet, practicing good sleep hygiene.
Lifestyle
• The overall pattern of living that includes various
health-related behaviors.
• Ex. Choosing an active lifestyle, making healthy
food choices, managing stress
FACTORS AFFECTING HEALTH STATUS
Individual
• Personal characteristics and choices that affect
health.
• Ex. Genetic predispositions, level of education,
socioeconomic status, and personal health
habits.
Interpersonal
• The impact of relationships and social
connections on health.
• Ex. Family support, peer influence, and the role
of social networks in promoting or deterring
health behaviors
Community
• Effect of the community environment on
individuals' health.
• Ex. Access to healthcare facilities, availability of
recreational spaces, and community resources
Environmental
• External factors in the broader environment that
influence health.
• Ex. Air and water quality, safety of
neighborhoods, and living conditions.
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Health Care LEVELS OF CARE
• The role of health care services in shaping health • Different stages of healthcare services provided
outcomes. to individuals based on the nature and complexity
• Ex. Accessibility of health care. quality of medical of their health needs.
services. • Form a hierarchical framework that guides
healthcare professionals in delivering
comprehensive and specialized services.
LESSON 5: PORCHSKA’S SIXSTAGE MODEL OF
ELEMENTS OF CARE
BEHAVIOUR CHANGE: TRANSTHEORETICAL
MODEL STAGES OF CHANGE Emergency Care – Treats injuries and illnesses that need
immediate and acute attention, frequently in a hospital’s
The Transtheoretical Model
emergency room.
• Also known as the Stages of Change Model
Urgent Care – Focuses on ambulatory care in a walk-in
• Crafted by Prochaska and DiClemente during clinic setting for non-life-threatening emergencies
the late 1970s.
Long-term Care – Handles the care for those with
• Its development stemmed from extensive
disabilities or chronic conditions who cannot take care of
investigations into the journeys of individuals who
themselves effectively or for long periods.
successfully quit smoking independently
compared to those who sought additional Mental Health Care – Concentrates on the mental well-
treatment. being of patients with mental disorders in an ambulatory
• Objective – was to discern the factors setting.
enabling some individuals to quit Hospice Care – Centers on keeping terminally ill patients
autonomously. comfortable during the end of life.
• Places emphasis on the individual's decision- LEVELS OF CARES
making process and serves as a framework for PRIMARY: ESSENTIALS
purposeful and intentional transformation.
• Initial point of contact between individuals and the
SIX-STAGE MODEL OF BEHAVIOUR CHANGE
healthcare system.
1. Precontemplation – The person doesn’t see • a client might seek primary care for these
their addictive behavior as a problem and reasons, as follows:
rationalizes it. o Illness, Injury, Referral
2. Contemplation – The person starts to see the • Primary Care Providers May Be:
problem with their addiction but is not committed o doctors, nurse practitioners, physician
to change yet. assistants
3. Preparation – Acceptance of the addiction being • Primary Care Providers Benefit the Healthcare
a problem occurs, they are ready to change System By:
4. Action – Action to combat the behaviors are o enhancing access to healthcare services
taken o providing better health outcomes
5. Maintenance – The person is focused on o decreasing hospitalization and use of
maintaining their lifestyle and goal-oriented emergency department visits
change.
6. Relapse – The person may relapse and fall back SECONDARY: SPECIALIST
into addictive behavior. • Diagnosis and treatment of specific health
10 STRATEGIES THAT HELP PEOPLE MAKE AND conditions that require more specialized
MAINTAIN CHANGE knowledge.
• Specialists Include: Cardiologist,
1. Consciousness-raising
Endocrinologists, Oncologists
2. Dramatic relief
• Sometimes problems arise in secondary care,
3. Self reevaluation
these may include:
4. Environmental reevaluation
o Wrong specialist
5. Social liberation
o Lack of coordination of care
6. Self-liberation
7. Helping relationships TERTIARY
8. Counterconditioning • Requires highly specialized equipment and
9. Reinforcement management expertise within a hospital.
10. Stimulus control • Procedures such as:
o Coronary artery bypass surgery
o Dialysis
o Plastic and neuro surgeries
PUNO, ABIGAILE | 6
 o Severe burn treatments o Ex. Face-to-face conversation, phone
o Complex treatment or procedure calls, public speaking, assistive
QUARTERNARY technology
o Pros: Can be used to convey complex
• Extension of tertiary care. However, it is even
information, can be easily recorded and
more specialized and highly unusual.
documented, can be used to
• Some may only provide quaternary care for communicate over long distances.
medical conditions or systems of the body.
o Cons: Can be easily misunderstood, can
• The types of quaternary care include: be time consuming, can be difficult to
o Experimental medicine and procedure convey emotions accurately.
o Uncommon and specialized surgeries
• Non-verbal – uses cues other than words to
LESSON 6: COMMUNICATION convey a message.
BASIC ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION PROCESS o Ex. Facial Expression, Body Language,
Eye Contact, Touch
• Sender – First person and is a source of
o Pros: Can be used to convey emotions
information. It is the person who delivers
and feelings more effectively than words,
messages.
can be used to communicate with people
• Encoding – process of giving form and meaning
who don't speak the same language, can
to the message. It means selecting the means
be used to send subliminal messages.
through which to deliver the intended message.
o Cons: Can be easily misinterpreted, can
• Message – output of the encoding process. It is
be difficult to control, can be culturally
the subject material that the sender wants to
specific
communicate to the receiver.
• Medium or Channel – selection of channels of FACTORS INFLUENCING COMMUNICATION
communication through which a sender conveys Cultural Diversity and Background
his encoded message to the receiver. • Cultural norms, values, customs, and language
• Receiver – who receives messages, nuances can all affect how a message is
understands the same, and takes the necessary understood.
steps for a response. Personal Beliefs and Values
• Decoding – the receiver translates the message
• Individual beliefs and values shape perspectives
into terms meaningful to them. It is the means of
and opinions
understanding messages by the receiver.
• Feedback – last step in the communication Emotional State
process. It decides whether the message is • Can influence tone of voice, body language, and
surely understood and whether the necessary the choice of words.
effort is practiced by the receiver as meant by the Listening Skills
sender.
• Poor listening skills can lead to
• Noise – it may or may not come in the process of
misunderstandings and inhibit effective
communication. It is any of the elements that
communication.
disrupt the effectiveness of communication. It
disturbs the free flow of information from one Communication Channels
person to another. • The choice of communication channel should
align with the context and purpose of the
LEVELS OF COMMUNICATION
message.
• Intrapersonal Communication – Power Dynamics
communication with oneself or self to-self
communication. • Those with more authority may influence the flow
• Interpersonal Communication – of communication, and individuals in lower
communication between two or more people. positions might hesitate to express their thoughts
openly.
• Public Communication – practice of dispersing
a message to the general populace or to a Physical Barriers
specific group using various tools and methods • Physical barriers such as distance, noise, or
FORMS OF COMMUNICATION technical issues can hinder effective
communication.
• Verbal – uses words to convey a message. This
can be done through spoken language.

PUNO, ABIGAILE | 7
Perception and Interpretation
• Individuals perceive and interpret information
based on their experiences, knowledge, and
biases.
Personal Experiences
• Both positive and negative past experiences
influence how we exchange words, news, ideas,
and emotions.
Language Concern
• Difficulties with vocabulary, grammar,
pronunciation, and tone can affect the clarity and
accuracy of the message being conveyed.
THERAPEUTIC COMMUNICATION
• Consists of an exchange between patient and
nurse using verbal and non-verbal cues.
• Process in which the healthcare professional
consciously uses specific techniques to help
patients better understand their condition or
situation.
• Also encourage patients to freely express their
ideas and feelings in a relationship of mutual
respect and acceptance.
• Goal – to help patients get through emotional
and/or psychological distress.
NURSING PROCESS
• 1958 – Ida Jean Orlando started the nursing
process that still guides nursing care today.
• Defined as a systematic approach to care using
the fundamental principles of critical thinking,
client centered approaches to treatment, goal-
oriented tasks, evidence-based practice (EDP)
recommendations, and nursing intuition.
• Defined as a systematic, rational method of
planning that guides all nursing actions in
delivering holistic and patient-focused care.
• The nursing process consists of five steps:
assessment, diagnosis, planning,
implementation, and evaluation.
HISTORY OF NURSING IN THE PHILIPPINES
Early Beliefs & Practices
• Mysticism and Superstitions – early beliefs of
health and illness in the Philippines
• Cause of disease – primarily believed to be due
to either another person, whom which was an
enemy, or a witch or evil spirits.
• Word doctors – called to those who has the
power to banish demons.
• Herb doctors – used leaves or roots to heal the
sick
Health Care During the Spanish Regime
• The religious orders exerted their efforts to care
for the sick by building hospitals in different parts
of the Philippines. The earliest hospitals were:
• Hospital Real de Manila (1577) – it was
established mainly to care for the Spanish king’s
soldiers, but also admitted Spanish civilians;
founded by Gov. Francisco de Sande.
• San Lazaro Hospital (1578) – founded by
Brother Juan Clemente and was administered for
many years by the Hospitallers of San Juan de
Dios; built exclusively for patients with leprosy.
• Hospital de Indios (1586) – established by the
Franciscan Order; service was in general
supported by alms and contributions from
charitable persons.
• Hospital de Aguas Santas (1590) – established
in Laguna; near a medicinal spring, founded by
Brother J. Bautista of the Franciscan Order.
• San Juan de Dios Hospital (1596) – founded by
the Brotherhood of Misericordia and administered
by the Hospitallers of San Juan de Dios; support
was delivered from alms and rents; rendered
general health service to the public.
Nursing During the Philippine Revolution
• In the late 1890’s, the war between Philippines
and Spain emerges which resulted to significant
number of casualties.
• With this, many women have assumed the role of
nurses to assist the wounded soldiers.
• The emergence of Filipina nurses brought about
the development of Philippines Red Cross.
• Josephine Bracken — wife of Jose Rizal,
installed a field hospital in an estate house in
Tejeros. She provided nursing care to the
wounded night and day.
• Rosa Sevilla de Alvero — converted their house
into quarters for the Filipino soldiers; during the
Philippine-American War that broke out in 1899
• Dona Hilaria de Aguinaldo — wife of Emilio
Aguinaldo who organized that Filipino Red Cross
under the inspiration of Mabini.
• Dona Maria Agoncillo de Aguinaldo — second
wife of Emilio Aguinaldo; provided nursing care to
Filipino soldiers during the revolution, President
of the Filipino Red Cross branch in Batangas.
• Melchora Aquino a.k.a. “Tandang Sora” —
nursed the wounded Filipino soldiers and gave
them shelter and food.
• Capitan Salome — a revolutionary leader in
Nueva Ecija; provided nursing care to the
wounded when not in combat.
• Agueda Kahabagan — revolutionary leader in
Laguna, also provided nursing services to her
troops
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 • Trinidad Tecson (“Ina ng Biak-na-Bato”) —
stayed in the hospital at Biak na Bato to care for
wounded soldiers
College of Nursing
1. UST College of Nursing (1877) – 1st College of
Nursing in the Philippines
2. MCU College of Nursing (June 1947) – 1st
College who offered BSN – 4-year program
3. UP College of Nursing – June 1948
4. FEU Institute of Nursing – June 1955
5. UE College of Nursing – Oct 1958
Iloilo Mission Hospital (1906)
• Established by Baptist Missionaries
• First hospital in the Philippines which trained
Filipino Nurses
• April 1944 – graduated nurses took the 1st
Nurses Board Examination at Iloilo Mission
Hospital
• Pensionado Act of 1903 – allowing Filipino
nursing student to study in United States
St. Paul’s Hospital School of Nursing (Manila, 1907)
• Established by the Archbishop of Manila,
Jeremiah Harty under the supervision of the
sisters of St. Paul de Chartres located in
Intramuros.
• It provided general hospital services. It opened its
training school for nurses in 1908, with Mother
Melanie as superintendent and Miss Chambers
as Principal.
Philippine General Hospital School of Nursing
(Manila, 1907)
• Mary Coleman Masters – opened classes in
nursing under the Auspices of the Bureau of
Education.
St. Lukes Hospital School of Nursing (Quezon City,
1907)
• admitted. These three girls had their first year in
combined classes with the PGH School of
Nursing and St. Paul’s Hospital School of
Nursing.
START OF NURSING PRACTICE (1911-1921)
• Promulgation of Act No. 2491 – amends
Medical Law Act No. 310 allowing the regulation
of nursing practice transpired during this period.
• 1919 – The First True Nursing Law was enacted
through Act 2808
• 1920 – The first nursing board examination was
given
Nursing during World War II
• 31 nurses who were taken prisoners of war by the
Japanese army and confined at the Bilibid Prison
in Manila were released to the Director of the
Bureau of Health.
• 1946 – post war records of Bureau of Health
showed that there were 308 public health nurses
and 38 supervisors compared to the pre-war 556
public health nurses and 38 supervisors.
Proliferation of Nurses as a Workforce (1951-1971)
• The Philippine Nursing Law was approved under
the Republic Act No. 877 on June 19, 1953.
• Nurses’ Week – proclaimed by President Carlos
P. Garcia under the Proclamation No. 539
Degree of Bachelor of Science in Nursing
• A nursing curriculum which was based on the
thesis presented by Julita V. Sotejo
19093
• female graduated as “qualified medical-
surgical nurses”
1919
• The 1st Nurses Law (Act No. 2808) was enacted
regulating the practice of the nursing profession
in the Philippines Islands.
• It also provided the holding of exam for the
practice of nursing on the 2nd Monday of June and
December of each year.
1920
• 1st board examination for nurses was conducted
by the Board of Examiners, 93 candidates took
the exam, 68 passed with the highest rating of
93.5% which is Anna Dahlgren
• Theoretical exam was held at the UP
Amphitheater of the College of Medicine and
Surgery. Practical exam at the PGH Library.
1921
• Filipino Nurses Association was established (now
PNA) as the National Organization of Filipino
Nurses
• PNA: 1st President – Rosario Delgado
• Founder – Anastacia Giron-Tupas
1953
• Republic Act 877, known as the “Nursing Practice
Law” was approved.
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