From Water to Land
1.According to paragraph 1, which of the following
enabled lobe-finned fish to evolve into tetrapods?
A. They had larger backbones than other fish.
B. They had bones that other fish lacked in some of
their fins.
C. Their body weight was more evenly distributed
than other fish.
D. They had a strong internal skeleton that other
fish lacked.
Paragraph 1
Fish were the earliest vertebrates (animals with
backbones), able to live only in water. During the
Devonian period (416-358 million years ago), a
group of lobe-finned fish started a transition from
water to land that ultimately led to the evolution of
tetrapods--four-limbed animals including
amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals (some
tetrapods, like snakes, have later evolved to be
limbless). Unlike ray-finned fish--the most common
types of fish found today--lobe-finned fish have
bones supporting some of their fins. This
arrangement made it possible for fins to evolve into
primitive limbs. It is Ikely that the main anatomical
transition from fins to limbs was completed in an
aquatic environment, where the limbs did not have
to support the entire weight of the body due to the
water's buoyancy (the upward force of water on a
submerged object). The primitive fin-limbs
probably first developed flexible joints, helping
them to bend and push the fish forward as it
crawled along in the shallows or negotiated thick
waterweeds. The fin-limbs grew stronger as they
developed simple knee, ankle, elbow, and wrist
joints. Eventually, the primitive fish-tetrapod would
have been able to crawl out of the water, where the
lack of buoyancy would drive the evolution of
limbs to support the weight of the animal's body. In
turn, this would favor a stronger internal skeleton.
2. The word "adjacent" in the passage is closest in
meaning to
A. neighboring
B. separate
C. all
D. different
3. According to paragraph 2, all of the following
helped tetrapods adapt to life on land EXCEPT
A. a backbone that was rigid but also flexible
B. hip bones that attached hind limbs to the
backbone
C. shoulder bones that were connected to the skull
D. changes to the muscles that connected some
parts of the body
4. According to paragraph 3, which of the following
is true about how lungfish breathe?
A. They store air in air sacs that also function as
swim bladders.
B. They need to dive down in order for air to reach
their lungs.
C. They remain on the surface while taking in and
forcing out air.
D. They force air out to reduce the water pressure
as they dive below the surface.
5. Paragraph 3 suggests which of the following
about the evolution of lungs in lobe-finned fish?
A. Lungs in lobe-finned fish first evolved as a
breathing organ but eventually took on a role in
maintaining buoyancy.
B. As lungs evolved in lobe-finned fish, the fish
became less affected by changes in water pressure.
C. While the lungs of lobe-finned fish allowed the
fish to take in air above water during the Devonian
period, the more evolved lungs of later lobe-finned
fish allowed those fish to take in air underwater.
D. The lungs that lobe-finned fish developed in the
Devonian period eventually evolved into the lungs
of tetrapods.
Paragraph 2
One such skeletal adaptation was the development
of a rigid backbone, with sliding and overlapping
processes to link adjacent vertebrae, while
providing the necessary overall flexibility. In
addition to securing support for the body, the hind
limbs became the actual driving force for tetrapod
locomotion. This required strong hip bones to
anchor these rear limbs to the backbone. The fore
limbs became the steering force, and so shoulder
bones--which attach to the skull in fish--became
detached in tetrapods, providing them with a
flexible neck. Muscular changes accompanied these
skeletal adaptations, promoting strong limb
function and linking the hip and shoulder bones to
the backbone.
Paragraph 3
Another requirement for the evolution of tetrapods,
together with legs that work on land, is the ability to
breathe air on land. Primitive air sacs existed in
ray-finned and lobe-finned fish long before the first
tetrapods appeared. In ray-finned fish, these air sacs
were used as swim bladders to maintain buoyancy.
In lobe-finned fish of the Devonian period, however,
the air sacs had already evolved into air-breathing
lungs. Lobe-finned fish, such as living lungfish,
breathe by gulping air into their mouths at the
surface of the water. When they subsequently dive,
the increasing water pressure bearing onto them
forces the air in the mouth down into the lungs. The
process reverses as the fish rises to the surface
again, forcing stale air out of the lungs and mouth
as the fish gulps in a fresh mouthful. Since this
basic mechanism for respiration already existed in
Devonian lobe-fins, the earliest tetrapods were
already well on their way to the evolutionary stage
of breathing on land.
6. Why does the author state that "primitive limbs
may have helped the earliest tetrapods crawl
between pools of water?
A. To challenge the theory that early tetrapods were
fully aquatic animals living in shallow waters
B. To support the theory that primitive limbs helped
tetrapods to stalk prey and to avoid predators
C. To illustrate how specific environmental
pressures could have encouraged the evolution of
fins into limbs
D. To provide evidence for the idea that climate
change significantly reduced the habitat of early
tetrapods
7. The word "notable" in the passage is closest in
meaning to
A. remarkable
B. favorable
C. total
D. unexpected
8. Paragraph 4 mentions all of the following as
possible advantages of the transition from fins to
limbs EXCEPT
A. improved ability to move along the bottom
surfaces of water environments
B. availability of warmer habitats
C. reduced pressure from predators
D. easier access to food sources
Paragraph 4
The transition from fins to limbs was only one part
of the evolutionary journey for terrestrial tetrapods.
Many other anatomical changes must have taken
place to help early tetrapods cope with life on the
land. For example, the evolutionary change that
resulted in a flexible neck increased the mobility of
the head, helping them pick up food instead of
grabbing items that passed by in the water. No one
knows exactly which evolutionary forces prompted
the transition from fins to limbs. The first tetrapods
were probably still fully aquatic animals that lived
in shallow waters. Some experts think they may
have used their primitive limbs to stalk prey
through the dense vegetation that lined the bottom
of rivers and swamps. Others believe that
environmental pressures, such as an increasingly
dry climate, prompted the transition from water to
land. As the heat dried up the shallow waters,
primitive limbs may have helped the earliest
tetrapods crawl between pools of water. Yet another
hypothesis is that they were chased out of the water
by bigger predatory fish. Any tetrapod that could
survive out of water would have found itself in a
new paradise, with an abundance of plant and insect
foods and a notable absence of dangerous predators.
9. Look at the four squares ■ that indicate where the
following sentence could be added to the passage.
The emergence of each of those new structures
allowed greater mobility.
Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a
square sentence ■ to add in the passage.
Paragraph 1
Fish were the earliest vertebrates (animals with
backbones), able to live only in water. During the
Devonian period (416-358 million years ago), a
group of lobe-finned fish started a transition from
water to land that ultimately led to the evolution of
tetrapods----four-limbed animals including
amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals (some
tetrapods, like snakes, have later evolved to be
limbless). Unlike ray-finned fish-the most common
types of fish found today-lobe-finned fish have
bones supporting some of their fins. This
arrangement made it possible for fins to evolve into
primitive limbs. It is Ikely that the main anatomical
transition from fins to limbs was completed in an
aquatic environment, where the limbs did not have
to support the entire weight of the body due to the
water's buoyancy (the upward force of water on a
submerged object). The primitive fin-limbs
probably first developed flexible joints, helping
them to bend and push the fish forward as it
crawled along in the shallows or negotiated thick
waterweeds. ■ The fin-limbs grew stronger as
they developed simple knee, ankle, elbow, and
wrist joints. ■ Eventually, the primitive
fish-tetrapod would have been able to crawl out of
the water, where the lack of buoyancy would drive
the evolution of limbs to support the weight of the
animal's body. ■ In turn, this would favor a
stronger internal skeleton. ■
10. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete
the summary by selecting the 3 answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some
sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or
are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

Tetrapods are vertebrates that have evolved to live on land

Answer Choices

A. The process of the evolution of tetrapods likely started with lobe-finned fish in the Devonian period,
which already had air-breathing lungs.

B. Fish-tetrapods first evolved hind limbs strong enough to push the body forward on land before they
developed lungs that were adapted to breathing on land.

C. One challenge facing early tetrapods was making the transition from feeding on aquatic plants to feeding
on land plants, which required additional adaptations in the mouth and neck.

D. Fish fins evolved into limbs, which eventually became strong enough to support the body weight of the
animal without the buoyancy of water.

E. The transition from water to land required improved flexibility and mobility, which was accompanied by
a series of changes in joints, skeleton, and muscles.

F. After tetrapods moved onto land, those that later returned to live in aquatic environments had difficulty
maintaining features like flexible necks and strong hip bones.
 How Old is the Continental Crust?
1. Paragraph 1 supports which of the following
statements about the oldest rock samples yet
identified on Earth?
A .These rock samples are very unlike continental
rocks being formed today.
B. These rock samples can provide important
evidence about the first 600 million years of Earth's
existence.
C. These rock samples were probably part of a
continental crust at one time.
D. Metamorphism has not affected these rock
samples.
2. Why does the author ask the question, "Where
would one look for such evidence?"?
A. To introduce a discussion of a method geologists
use to learn when the first continents formed
B. To cast doubt on the idea that evidence remains
from the earliest continents
C. To emphasize that finding very old sediments
might be very difficult
D. To provide an example of the kind of question
geologists should ask to find evidence from the
earliest continents
Paragraph 1
Although we now know that the Earth formed
roughly 4.5 billion years ago, the next 600 million
years of Earth history is essentially blank. The
oldest rock samples yet identified on Earth (from
the Northwest Territories in Canada) have an age
slightly greater than 3.9 billion years. These rocks
have undergone strong metamorphism (changes to
the form of the existing rock due to heat and
pressure), and it is difficult to tell much about their
origin. However, they are not very different from
many other typical continental rocks that are much
younger. Thus we know that there were at least
some fragments of continental crust in existence 3.9
billion years ago.
Paragraph 2
The question of when the first continents formed is
one that has long intrigued geologists, because it is
evident that the continental crust has grown and
evolved over geologic time. It is probable that there
were small continents even before the creation of
the 3.9-billion-year-old rocks. The clues that lead to
this conclusion are rare and minute and difficult to
discover. Where would one look for such evidence?
The answer provides a good example of how
geologists often work: by using the present as a
window into the past. We know that the products of
erosion accumulate on the edge of continents today,
and there is no reason to think that the situation was
different in the past. Even the earliest continents
must have had beaches. There is a chance that if
some of those very old sediments have been
preserved, they might contain mineral grains from
even older continents.
3.According to paragraph 3, all of the following are
true of the grains of zircon found in a sandstone in
Western Australia EXCEPT:
A. Some have undergone a variety of geological
processes.
B. Some have existed more than 4.1 billion years.
C. Some are older than the rock that they were
found in.
D. Some are badly damaged from weathering or
other forms of erosion.
Paragraph 3
Geologists have thus sifted through some of the
oldest known sandstones, which were probably
originally laid down along the shorelines of ancient
continents, in search of mineral grains that are
especially resistant to destruction during weathering
and transport. One such search was in a
3.6-billion-year-old sandstone in Western Australia.
Some of the grains in these rocks are much older
than the sandstone itself and have apparently
survived multiple cycles of erosion, deposition,
consolidation into solid rock, uplift, and re-erosion.
Geologists have found that a few grains of the
weathering-resistant mineral zircon from these
sandstones have ages in the range of 4.1 to almost
4.3 billion years.

Paragraph 4

4. The word "reside" in the passage is closest in Zircon crystals are small but common constituents
meaning to of many rocks. The weathering and erosion
A. are present processes that break down their parent rocks have
B. dominate little effect on the inert zircon crystals. Large,
C. affect transparent zircon crystals are often sold as
D. are transformed gemstones. But the ones that are most useful to
geologists are the small zircon grains that are
carried long distances in streams or even by wind.
5. According to paragraph 4, which zircon crystals These become tracers of the ultimate source for the
are most useful to geologists? sedimentary materials in which they now reside.
A. Zircons that have not traveled far beyond their
place of origin
B. Large zircon crystals that can be sold as
gemstones
C Those that can be used to trace the source of
sediments
D. Those that are still contained within their parent
rocks
6. Which of the sentences below best expresses the
essential information in the highlighted sentence in
the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning
in important ways or leave out essential
information.
A. It can be inferred that continents existed only a
short time after Earth formed 4.3 billion years ago.
B. If these grains actually came from continental
rocks, continents existed within a few hundred
million years after Earth formed
C. Continental rocks actually produced these grains
only a few hundred million years after continents
had formed on Earth.
D. It is indeed the case that these grains came from
continental rocks, extending the existence of
continents back a few hundred million years.
7. According to paragraph 5, all of the following
statements about zircon crystals are true EXCEPT:
A. They are commonly found in rocks such as
granite.
B. They acquire significant amounts of uranium
during their formation.
C. They are rarely found in rocks on the ocean
floor.
D. They provide a lot of information about the
types of rock from which they were originally
eroded
8. According to paragraph 6, what is one possible
reason why no fragments of continental rock are
preserved from the first 600 million years of Earth's
existence?
A. Earth was repeatedly struck by material left over
in space from the process of Earth's formation.
B. Early formed continental rock was completely
eroded by weathering.
C. The early Earth was so hot that continental rock
could not form.
D. Earth's powerful circulatory motion caused
pieces of early formed crust to be thrust into space.
Paragraph 5
As their name implies, zircons are rich in the
element zirconium. Fortunately, they also
incorporate considerable amounts of uranium when
they form, and the radioactive decay of uranium
produces isotopes of lead that can be measured to
determine the age of the grain. Modern techniques
are so sensitive that even the minute amount of lead
in a single zircon grain can be measured precisely
and its age determined. Because these ancient
zircons are single grains rather than rock fragments,
it is difficult to say much about the types of rock
from which they were originally eroded. However,
zircons are common in continental rocks such as
granite but virtually absent from the ubiquitous
basalts of the ocean floor. The inference is that
these grains must have come from continental rocks,
and if this is indeed the case, the existence of
continents can be extended back to almost 4.3
billion years, only a few hundred million years after
the formation of the Earth.
Paragraph 6
Even if the Earth's crust began to form very early,
there are several possible reasons why no fragments
of continental rock are preserved from
approximately the first 600 million years of our
planet's existence. One is that for much of this
period, the Earth was experiencing heavy
bombardment from space as the residual material
from the planet's formation process was gathered in
by the Earth's gravity. A second is that the early
Earth was very hot. Vigorous circulatory motion of
materials in the hot Earth may simply have
destroyed much of the early formed crust
9. Look at the four squares 【】that indicate where
the following sentence could be added to the
passage.
The likelihood of finding even earlier samples of
continental crust is, however, small.
Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a
square sentence 【】to the passage. to add the
Paragraph 6
【 】 Even if the Earth's crust began to form very
early, there are several possible reasons why no
fragments of continental rock are preserved from
approximately the first 600 million years of our
planet's existence. 【】 One is that for much of this
period, the Earth was experiencing heavy
bombardment from space as the residual material
from the planet's formation process was gathered in
by the Earth's gravity. A second is that the early
Earth was very hot. 【】Vigorous circulatory motion
of materials in the hot Earth may simply have
destroyed much of the early formed crust. 【】
10. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete
the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage.
Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the
passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

Geologists have strong evidence that continental rocks had formed about 3.9 billion years ago, but
they have been searching for clues to even older continents.

Answer Choices

A. Geologists believe that since sandstones must have formed along the shorelines of the earliest continents,
it is likely that some sandstones are older than 3.9 billion years.

B. Since the most likely source of zircon crystals is continental rock, continents probably existed much
earlier than 3.9 billion years ago.

C. Six hundred million years ago, Earth had not yet been fully formed; material left over from earlier stages
of the planet's formation was still being gathered by Earth's gravity

D. Zircon grains discovered in sedimentary rocks have been dated to be significantly older than 3.9 billion
years old

E. Unless zircon grains contain a considerable amount of uranium, it is difficult to determine their age with
sufficient precision.

F. There are several factors that could explain why no fragments of continental rock older than 3.9 billion
years have been preserved.
 Lenape Horticulture

1. The word "persuasive" in the passage is closest Paragraph 1

in meaning to
A. convincing Older scholarship on Native Americans assumed
B. important that, at the time of their first contact with Europeans,
C. ambitious Native Americans in the northeastern United States
D. brilliant were farmers whose main food source was maize
(corn). This view was based on evidence of
2．The word "corroborated" in the passage is closest extensive fields inland. It was also consistent with
in meaning to reports from early European explorers, including
A. developed Henry Hudson who sailed for the Dutch, about
B. spread trading with Native Americans for "Turkish wheat,"
C. examined the explorers term for maize. However, in the 1970s
D. confirmed a persuasive archaeologist, Lynn Ceci, challenged
this orthodoxy. She argued that for the people living
3. According to paragraph 1, Ceci considered all of in coastal New York, such as the Lenape occupying
the following facts to be evidence that maize was Manhattan Island when Dutch explorers arrived in
less important on the coast EXCEPT: the early seventeenth century, the environment was
A. Old fire pits along the coast reveal few traces of so abundant with resources that horticulture was an
seeds and maize. adjunct to the diet, not the primary source of
B. The soil along the coast was not well suited for calories. She argued along several lines of evidence.
growing maize. First, she noted that "flotation tests" in which
C. Many different sources of food were available on prehistoric fire pits are flooded with water caused
the coast. relatively few seeds and corn kernels to float to the
D. Maize fields on the coast were frequently surface in coastal sites compared to inland sites.
flooded with water. Second, she argued that the soils in coastal regions,
generally sandy and rocky, are not particularly
productive and would require a lot of work to
cultivate (an observation also noted by the Dutch).
Third, she argued from ecological evidence that it
really was not necessary for coastal people to adopt
an agricultural way of life, given the year-round
abundance of shellfish, fish, mammals, nuts, and
berries. Other archaeologists corroborated these
views by testing Lenape bones from local
archaeological sites and showing that the Lenape
primarily ate local plants, not maize, and a lot of
seafood, and were generally healthy. (Adopting
agriculture often leads to a reduction in the health
of a population.)
4. According to paragraph 2, the modern crop
model was not an accurate simulation of Lenape
agriculture because
A. the type of maize used in the model was not the
same as Lenape maize
B. the soil on Manhattan was different from the soil
types used by the Lenape
C. the model used only one type of plant but the
Lenape used several types of plants
D. the climate of Manhattan is no longer
appropriate for growing Lenape maize
5. Which of the sentences below best expresses the
essential information in the highlighted sentence in
the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning
in important ways or leave out essential
information.
A. The maize relied on the stems to reach the sun
and on the beans for fertilizer.
B. The beans turned atmospheric nitrogen into a
natural fertilizer for the maize.
C. The beans and maize were able to grow in areas
with sun and natural fertilizer.
D. The maize helped the beans reach the sun while
the beans fertilized the maize.
6. According to paragraph 3, men made which of
the following contributions to Lenape plant
cultivation?
A. They planted maize seeds.
B. They created ash that fertilized the soil.
C. They removed weeds from around the crops.
D. They improved soil moisture with irrigation.
7. Paragraph 3 suggests which of the following
about squash grown on Lenape fields?
A. It increased the availability of water for the
maize and beans.
B. It was usually planted in late April.
C. It led to increasing weeds.
D. It needed irrigation in order to grow
successfully.
Paragraph 2
Research has added a couple of twists to Ceci's
hypothesis. A Columbia University student used a
modern crop model to simulate maize horticulture
on Manhattan, using representative soil types,
climate, and maize varieties. He found that when
maize was grown by itself, productivity was uneven,
and there was a modest but significant probability
of total crop failure each year. Soil nitrogen levels
appeared to be the limiting factor. But the Lenape
did not plant maize in monoculture (as a single
crop), rather they practiced team planting (also
known as multicropping); that is, they grew maize
in combination with beans and squash-the
traditional "three sisters" garden.
Paragraph 3
Beginning in late April, Lenape men cleared a plot
of land by cutting down the large trees and burning
the vegetation. Burning fertilized the soil with ash,
which promoted plant growth by changing the soil
chemistry from acidic to alkaline, releasing more
nutrients. In early May the women created mounds
and planted maize kernels saved from the year
before. A few weeks later, they planted beans along
the sides of the mounds and squash between them.
Over the course of the summer, the beans climbed
up the maize stalks, using the six-foot stems as a
ladder to reach the sun; in the meantime, the beans,
which have nitrogen-fixing nodules on their roots,
transformed nitrogen from the atmosphere into a
natural fertilizer which fed the maize and the beans.
The squash, growing its large green leaves between
the mounds, kept the weeds down and held in soil
moisture between rain showers (the Lenape did not
practice irrigation). Crops were harvested from late
summer until first frost, usually in October.

8. In paragraph 5, why does the author mention that
Lenape women had to perform tasks other than
gardening?
A. To suggest that Lenape women were treated
unfairly
B. To challenge the belief that gardening was a
woman's responsibility
C. To provide a factor that limited the total amount
of food grown on Lenape fields
D. To demonstrate that Lenape gardening was
similar to modern gardening
Paragraph 4
Modern crop models are generally not written to
include team planting, because they assume
monocultures-but they will accept inputs of
fertilizer. Researchers simulated nitrogen inputs
from bean plants at three different levels and
showed that even modest nitrogen support
increased maize productivity, and, more
importantly, enhanced the consistency of the crop.
In model simulations by researchers, maize rarely
failed when grown with beans. Productivity, though,
was still generally low, at about 700-2,300
kilograms per hectare.
Paragraph 5
How many people that level of productivity would
feed depends, of course, on how large the fields
were. As mentioned, gardening was a woman's
responsibility, but women had many other tasks that
would limit their time in the garden. The Lenape
were not immune to the human-wildlife conflicts
that bedevil suburban gardeners today-deer,
squirrels, raccoons, and assorted other wildlife were
pests in the fields. Keeping the animals out required
diligence throughout the growing season
9. Look at the four squares ▋sentence could be
added to the passage that indicate where the
following
If maize had been the main food source for the
Lenape, Ceci reasoned, more remains of corn
should have risen to the top.
Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a
square to add the sentence to the passage.
Paragraph 1
Older scholarship on Native Americans assumed
that, at the time of their first contact with Europeans,
Native Americans in the northeastern United States
were farmers whose main food source was maize
(corn). This view was based on evidence of
extensive fields inland. It was also consistent with
reports from early European explorers, including
Henry Hudson who sailed for the Dutch, about
trading with Native Americans for "Turkish wheat,"
the explorers term for maize. However, in the 1970s
a persuasive archaeologist, Lynn Ceci, challenged
this orthodoxy. She argued that for the people living
in coastal New York, such as the Lenape occupying
Manhattan Island when Dutch explorers arrived in
the early seventeenth century, the environment was
so abundant with resources that horticulture was an
adjunct to the diet, not the primary source of
calories. ▋She argued along several lines of
evidence. First, she noted that "flotation tests" in
which prehistoric fire pits are flooded with water
caused relatively few seeds and corn kernels to float
to the surface in coastal sites compared to inland
sites. ▋Second, she argued that the soils in coastal
regions, generally sandy and rocky, are not
particularly productive and would require a lot of
work to cultivate (an observation also noted by the
Dutch). ▋Third, she argued from ecological
evidence that it really was not necessary for coastal
people to adopt an agricultural way of life, given
the year-round abundance of shellfish, fish,
mammals, nuts, and berries. ▋Other archaeologists
corroborated these views by testing Lenape bones
from local archaeological sites and showing that the
Lenape primarily ate local plants, not maize, and a
lot of seafood, and were generally healthy.
(Adopting agriculture often leads to a reduction in
the health of a population.)
10. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete
the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage.
Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the
passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

The Lenape of Manhattan changed their environment through horticulture and fire.

Answer Choices

A. Early Dutch and English explorers adapted Lenape methods of growing maize in order to provide a food
source for settlers in inland areas.

B. Crop models have shown that the Lenape "three sisters" horticulture on Manhattan produced a significant
probability of crop failure because of low nitrogen levels in the soil.

C. The Lenape did not rely primarily on horticulture for food, but they did grow beans, squash, and maize on
Manhattan.

D. Historians long believed that groups of Native Americans such as the Lenape ate primarily maize, but
recent research has shown that the Lenape actually ate relatively little maize.

E. The methods that the Lenape used to practice horticulture, such as burning vegetation and planting
different crops at different times, reduced nutrients in the soil and kept productivity low.

F. The mixture of crops grown by the Lenape helped sustain overall agricultural production, although
keeping wildlife out of the fields was a problem.