A TECHNICAL REPORT ON

STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME

(S.I.W.E.S)

BY

JIMOH LUKKAN AMOTTO

20L1BC0013

BOCHEMISTRY PROGRAMME

DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

FACULTY OF SCIENCE

CONFLUENCE UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND

TECHNOLOGY, OSARA

JUNE, 2023
 A TECHNICAL REPORT ON

STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME (S.I.W.E.S)

UNDERTAKEN AT

NATIONAL SPACE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT AGENCY

(NASRDA), FCT ABUJA

BY

JIMOH LUKMAN AMOTTO

20L1BC00130

BOCHEMISTRY PROGRAMME

DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

i
 FACULTY OF SCIENCE

CONFLUENCE UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,

OSARA

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS

FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (B.Sc.) IN

BIOCHEMISTRY

DECEMBER 2022 TO FEBRUARY 2023

ii
DECLARATION

I, Jimoh Lukman Amotto with matriculation number 20L1BC00130 hereby declare that this

report is compiled by me, and it is a result of my 10 weeks industrial training undertaken at

National Space Research and Development Agency (NASRDA) FCT Abuja from December

2022 to February 2023

__________________________ ___________________________

Name of Student Signature and Date

iii
CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that Jimoh Lukman Amotto with Matric number 20L1BC0130 compiled this

report based on his 12 weeks Student Industrial Working Experience Scheme (S.I.W.E.S.)

carried out at National Space Research and Development Agency FCT Abuja

_____________________________ ________________________

Name of Student Signature and Date

_________________________________________ ________________________

Name of Departmental SIWES Coordinator Signature and Date

_________________________________________ ________________________

Name of Head of Department Signature and Date

iv
DEDICATION

I dedicate my Thesis to Almighty God who have been my strong pillar, source of inspiration,

Knowledge, wisdom and understanding. Also, to my family for their endless love, support and

encouragement through my pursuit for education. I hope this achievement will fulfil the

dream they envisioned for me.

v
ACKNOWLEGDEMENTS

I would like to express my deepest gratitude to the hospitality I was treated with throughout

my SIWES programme.

I will like to also express my deepest appreciation to my institutional supervisor in person of

Mr. Tayo, My HOD and SIWES coordinator, Dr Apeh.

I will also like to express my Gratitude to my elder brother who hosted me throughout my stay

during my SIWES programme. I say a very big thank you.

vi
ABSTRACT

This Industrial training report presents the experience garnered during my 3 months of

industrial training undertaken at National Space Research and Development Agency

(NASRDA) FCT Abuja. My training was on Space Research During this period, I acquired

practical knowledge on how to Write a Literature Review and I also assisted in providing the

units the functionality they need. This report discusses the technical skills gained during the

training period and justify the relevance of the scheme in equipping students with needed

technical competence to thrive in the real world after graduation.

vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Content Page

Cover page

Title page i

Declaration ii

Certification i

Dedication v

Acknowledgements vi

Abstract vii

Table of Contents viii

List of Tables xi

List of Figures xii

List of Abbreviations/ Acronyms xiii

viii
CHAPTER ONE PAGES

1.0 History of Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) 1

1.1 Purpose of Training 1

1.2 Aims and Objectives of SIWES 2

1.3 A Brief Background of NASRDA 2

1.4 Scope of NASRDA 3

1.5 Vision of NASRDA 4

1.6 Mission of NASRDA 4

1.7 Organizational Structure of the Agency 5

ix
CHAPTER TWO

2.0 THE TRAINING PROGRAMME

2.1 Description of Work Done 8

2.2 Department (s) posted and work carried out in each of the department 8

2.3 Experiments carried out: Description, Objectives, Methodology and Instrumentation,

Result and Result Interpretation 8

2.3.1 How to Write A Literature Review 9

2.3.2 Nano Medicine

2.3.3 Roles of A Biochemist in Space Science 22

2.3.4 Introduction to Osteoporosis 24

2.3.5 Public Health Impact of Osteoporosis 25

2.3.6 Management of Osteoporosis 26

2.3.7 Treatment of Osteoporosis 26

2.4 Safety tips and Precautions observed 27

x
 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 PROJECT/ASSIGNMENT CARRIED OUT 27

xi
CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 Observations and Contributions 29

4.1 Observations

4.2 Contributions

xii
CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 Recommendation and Conclusion

5.1 Recommendations 30

5.2 Challenges Encountered 31

5.3 Conclusions 31

xiii
LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

1.0 Effect of treatment on osteoporosis 25

1.1 xx xx

xiv
LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

1.0 Figure 1 NASRDA centers 18

1.1 Figure 2 NASRDA organogram 19

1.2 Figure 3 Nanoscales and nano structures 27

1.3 Figure 4 Pharmaceutical nano systems 28

1.4 figure 5 Liposomes 32

1.5 figure 6 Dendrimers 33

1.6 figure 7 Metallic nanoparticles 33

xv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS/ ACRONYMS

List in alphabetical order Meaning

BMD Bone marrow disease

CBSSA Centre for Basic Space Science and Astronomy

CSSTE Centre for Space Science Technology Education

CSTD Centre for Satellite Technology Development

CSTP Centre for Space Transport and Propulsion

CUSTECH Confluence University of Science and Technology

EERs Estimated Energy Requirements

EVA Extravehicular Activity

FCT Federal Capital Territory

ITF Industrial Training Fund

NASRDA National Space Research Development Agency

NSP Nigerian Space Programme

PLSD Physical and Life Science Department

QDs Quantum Dots

SIWES Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme

TEE Total Energy Expenditure

xvi
CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION TO TRAINING PROGRAM

1.1 Purpose of Training (Write about SIWES Scheme, Purpose of SIWES, Aim and

Objectives of SIWES)

Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) was established in 1973/1974

session. Prior to the establishment of the scheme, there was a growing concern among our

industrialists that graduates of our institutions of higher learning lacked adequate practical

background studies preparatory for employment in the industries. It is against this

background that the rationale for initiating and designing the scheme was hinged.

Consequently, the scheme affords students the opportunity of familiarizing and exposing

themselves to the needed experience in handling equipment and machinery that are usually

not available in their institutions. The growing concern led to the formation of Students

Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) by ITF in 1993/1994 (Information and

Guideline for SIWES 2002). SIWES in Nigeria is organized and coordinated by the

Industrial Training Fund (ITF) for a period of Three (3) months to One year, depending on

the Institution or Faculty involved. ITF’s mandate is to promote and encourage the

acquisition of skills in Commerce and Industry with the view of generating numerously

trained man power, which will gather basic practical knowledge needed in the industrial

world out there. Here in CONFLUENCE UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND

TECHNOLOGY, OSARA the SIWES Program is expected to last a period of three (3)

months which begins every Second Semester for qualified candidates in the Third-year

class. As a Semester Course, it is awarded twelve (6) Credit units in the Department of

Biological Sciences. It is from the foregoing that I hence present this report – a summary of

my Work experience at National Space Research and Development Agency (NASRDA) –

1
Physical and life science department (PLSD) the Agency in which I gained Industrial Work

Experience.

1.2 Aims and Objectives of SIWES

Students Industrial Work Scheme aims at the following:

1. Provide an avenue for students in institutions of higher learning to acquire industrial

skills and experience in their approved course of study. 2. Prepare students for the industrial

work situation which they are likely to meet after graduation.

3. Expose students to work methods and techniques in handling equipment and machinery

in their institutions.

4. Provide students with an opportunity to apply their knowledge in real work situation

thereby bridging the gap between theory and practical.

5. Enlist and strengthen employers’ involvement in the entire education process and

prepare students for employment in industry and commerce.

6. Make transition from the various institutions to the world of work easier and thus,

enhance students contact for job placement.

1.3 A Brief Background of NASRDA

NASRDA was established in 1 August 2001 after preparation period since in 1998 by

Nigerian president Olusegun Obasanjo and the Nigerian government with a primary

objective of establishing a "fundamental policy for the development of space science and

technology" with an initial budget of $93 million. The Agency is located along Umaru

Musa Yar’adua Express Road (Airport Road), Abuja, Nigeria. In May 2006, the new

extended national space program was adopted. Nigeria through NASRDA, commenced the

implementation of the National Space Policy and Programme by launching her first Earth
2
Observation Satellite micro-satellite, NigeriaSat-1, into space in 2003. This was followed

by a launch of communication satellite NIGCOMSAT-1 in 2007. Following the success of

NigeriaSat-1, request for a better resolution data and continuity of NigeriaSat-1 (with five

years life span), Nigeria would soon launch NigeriaSat-2 in conjunction with Nigeria built

Satellite (Nigeria Sat-X).

1.4 Scope of NASRDA

The initial scope of the Nigerian Space Programme (NSP) to be implemented by the

National Space Research and Development Agency (NASRDA) should include: The study

of basic space science in order to lay the foundation for deriving maximum benefits from

the nation’s participation in the space enterprise; For the attainment of space capabilities,

Nigeria’s efforts should focus on research and rigorous education, engineering

development, design and manufacture, particularly in the areas of instrumentation, rocketry

and small satellites as well as in satellite data acquisition, processing, analysis and

management of related software; The establishment of a national earth observation station

for remote sensing and satellite meteorology data acquisition. Such an infrastructure will

enhance the indigenous ability to adopt, modify and create new techniques for national

resources inventories, monitoring, evaluation and management; the provision of efficient,

reliable and adequate telecommunications services in Nigeria in order to enhance the

growth of the industrial, commercial and administrative sectors of the economy. The focus

areas of the National Space Programme (NSP) include:

1. Basic Space Science and Technology to provide the understanding of how the universe

works and what its impact is on the world. This will enable us to lay the foundation for

deriving maximum benefits from the nation’s participation in the space enterprise.

3
2. Remote sensing to help Nigerians understand and manage our environment and natural

resources using space-acquired information. This technology will enable us to better

understand our land, air and water resources and their associated problems.

3. Satellite Meteorology to study atmospheric and weather sciences using satellite data to

facilitate the effective management of our environment.

4. Communication and Information Technology to provide efficient and reliable

telecommunications services for Nigeria in order to enhance the growth of the industrial,

commercial and administrative sectors of the economy.

5. Defense and Security. The Federal Government shall develop a necessary Space Science

Technology (SST) programme that will address the national needs of Nigeria. For this

purpose, the government shall establish a Defense Space Command in the Ministry of

Defense. The Command shall comprise representatives of the defense, intelligence, security

and law enforcement services and report through the Ministry of Defense to the National

Space Council.

1.5 Vision of NASRDA

Develop and promote the use of space technology as a key driver for socio-economic

development.

1.6 Mission of NASRDA

• Develop and deploy high technologies in space systems for application in

communication, earth observation, and observatory and space transportation.

• Apply the high technologies for infrastructural development, resource and

environmental management including hydrology, agriculture, water resources,

education, healthcare delivery, security, etc.

• Pursue the domestication and development of space technology and its products

towards job and wealth creation.

4
 • Develop infrastructure for geospatial data acquisition and management.

1.7 Organizational Structure of the Agency

The NASRDA Centers and Their Mandate The implementations of the above keys

objectives was decentralized through the establishments of six activities centers located in

different part of the countries each saddled with unique responsibilities so as to attain the

objectives with supervision of NASRDA. The establishment of NASRDA marked the

beginning of active space research in Nigeria. The Agency has six activities Centers whose

mandates are directly relevant to the objectives of the mission statement. The centers are

listed thus:

1. Centre for Satellite Technology Development (CSTD), Abuja; with the mandate to

undertake satellite manufacture and space missions.

2. Centre for Space Transport and Propulsion (CSTP), Epe, Lagos State with the mandate to

manufacture rockets and develop launch facilities

3. Centre for Basic Space Science and Astronomy (CBSSA), Nsukka, Enugu with the

mandate to carry out research and development in space environment

4. Centre for Space Science Technology Education (CSSTE), Ile-Ife, Osun state with the

mandate to undertake capacity building in all areas of Space science and Technology.

5. National Centre for Remote Sensing, Jos, with mandate to carry out research and

development in applications areas of Earth Observation and Remote Sensing.

6. Centre for Geodesy and Geodynamics, Toro, with the mandate to carry out research and

development in areas of crustal movement.

5
Figure 1: NASRDA centers

6
Physical and life science

Figure 2: MASRDA organogram

Ochijele, V. (2016). MY IT REPORT.

www.academia.edu.

7
CHAPTER TWO

2.0 THE TRAINING PROGRAMME

2.1 DESCRIPTION OF WORK DONE

During my 12 weeks of industrial training at Physical and Life Science Department in

National Space Research and Development Agency, my main training was research based

on space science and I did various research e.g. How to Write a Literature Review, Roles of

Biochemistry in Space science, The use of Nanotechnology in medicine and health (NANO

MEDICINE), Introduction to Osteoporosis (introduction, morbidity rate, management,

mortality rate of osteoporosis), The effect of cosmic radiations (X-rays and Gamma rays)

on human.

2.2 DEPARTMENT POSTED AND WORK CARRIED OUT IN THE

DEPARTMENT

During my training, I was posted to Life Science Department, in this department researches

based on space science and life science are carried out e.g., Roles of Biochemistry in Space

science, The use of Nanotechnology in medicine and health (NANO MEDICINE)

respectively and other researches.

2.3 Experiments carried out: Description, Objectives, Methodology and

Instrumentation, Result and Result Interpretation

2.3.1 Experiment 1 (How to Write A Literature Review)

Definition of terms

Literature Review: A literature review is a survey of scholarly sources on a specific

topic. It provides an overview of current knowledge, allowing you to identify relevant

theories, methods, and gaps in the existing research that you can later apply to your paper,

thesis, or dissertation topic. [by ShonaMcCombes.]

There are steps involved in writing a literature review, these steps are

8
Step 1 Search for relevant literature

Before you begin searching for literature, you need a clearly defined topic. If you are

writing the literature review section of a dissertation or research paper, you will search for

literature related to your research problem and questions.

Search for relevant sources

Use your keywords to begin searching for sources. Some useful databases to search for

journals and articles include:

 Your university’s library catalogue

 Google Scholar

 JSTOR

 EBSCO

 Project Muse (humanities and social sciences)

 Medline (life sciences and biomedicine)

 EconLit (economics)

 Inspec (physics, engineering and computer science)

You can also use Boolean operators to help narrow down your search.

Make sure to read the abstract to find out whether an article is relevant to your question.

When you find a useful book or article, you can check the bibliography to find other

relevant sources.

STEP 2 Evaluate and select sources

9
You likely won’t be able to read absolutely everything that has been written on your topic,

so it will be necessary to evaluate which sources are most relevant to your research

question.

For each publication, ask yourself:

 What question or problem is the author addressing?

 What are the key concepts and how are they defined?

 What are the key theories, models, and methods?

 Does the research use established frameworks or take an innovative approach?

 What are the results and conclusions of the study?

 How does the publication relate to other literature in the field? Does it confirm, add

to, or challenge established knowledge?

 What are the strengths and weaknesses of the research?

Make sure the sources you use are credible, and make sure you read any landmark studies

and major theories in your field of research.

You can use our template to summarize and evaluate sources you’re thinking about using.

Take notes and cite your sources

As you read, you should also begin the writing process. Take notes that you can later

incorporate into the text of your literature review.

It is important to keep track of your sources with citations to avoid plagiarism. It can be

helpful to make an annotated bibliography, where you compile full citation information and

10
write a paragraph of summary and analysis for each source. This helps you remember what

you read and saves time later in the process.

STEP 3 Outline your literature review’s structure

There are various approaches to organizing the body of a literature review. Depending on

the length of your literature review, you can combine several of these strategies (for

example, your overall structure might be thematic, but each theme is discussed

chronologically).

Chronological

The simplest approach is to trace the development of the topic over time. However, if you

choose this strategy, be careful to avoid simply listing and summarizing sources in order.

Try to analyze patterns, turning points and key debates that have shaped the direction of the

field. Give your interpretation of how and why certain developments occurred.

Thematic

If you have found some recurring central themes, you can organize your literature review

into subsections that address different aspects of the topic.

For example, if you are reviewing literature about inequalities in migrant health outcomes,

key themes might include healthcare policy, language barriers, cultural attitudes, legal

status, and economic access.

11
Methodological

If you draw your sources from different disciplines or fields that use a variety of research

methods, you might want to compare the results and conclusions that emerge from different

approaches. For example:

 Look at what results have emerged in qualitative versus quantitative research

 Discuss how the topic has been approached by empirical versus theoretical

scholarship

 Divide the literature into sociological, historical, and cultural sources

Theoretical

A literature review is often the foundation for a theoretical framework. You can use it to

discuss various theories, models, and definitions of key concepts.

You might argue for the relevance of a specific theoretical approach, or combine various

theoretical concepts to create a framework for your research.

STEP 4 Write your literature review

Like any other academic text, your literature review should have an introduction, a main

body, and a conclusion. What you include in each depends on the objective of your

literature review.

INTRODUCTION

The introduction should clearly establish the focus and purpose of the literature review.

Tip

12
If you are writing the literature review as part of your dissertation or thesis, reiterate your

central problem or research question and give a brief summary of the scholarly context.

You can emphasize the timeliness of the topic (“many recent studies have focused on the

problem of x”) or highlight a gap in the literature (“while there has been much research on

x, few researchers have taken y into consideration”).

Body

Depending on the length of your literature review, you might want to divide the body into

subsections. You can use a subheading for each theme, time period, or methodological

approach.

As you write, you can follow these tips:

 Summarize and synthesize: give an overview of the main points of each source and

combine them into a coherent whole

 Analyze and interpret: don’t just paraphrase other researchers—add your own

interpretations where possible, discussing the significance of findings in relation to

the literature as a whole

 Critically evaluate: mention the strengths and weaknesses of your sources

 Write in well-structured paragraphs: use transition words and topic sentences to

draw connections, comparisons and contrasts

Conclusion

In the conclusion, you should summarize the key findings you have taken from the

literature and emphasize their significance.

13
2.3.2 Experiment 2: THE APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN MEDICINE

AND HEALTH (NANO MEDICINE)

DESCRIPTION:

Nanotechnology is the study of extremely small structures. The prefix “nano”

is a Greek word which means “dwarf”. The word “nano” means very small or

miniature size. Nanotechnology is the treatment of individual atoms, molecules, or

compounds into structures to produce materials and devices with special properties.

Nanotechnology involve work from top down i.e., reducing the size of large

structures to smallest structure e.g., photonics applications in nano electronics and

nano engineering, top-down or the bottom up, which involves changing individual

atoms and molecules into nanostructures and more closely resembles chemistry

biology.

Nanotechnology deals with materials in the size of 0.1 to 100 nm; however, it is also

inherent that these materials should display different properties such as electrical

conductance chemical reactivity, magnetism, optical effects and physical strength, from

bulk materials as a result of their small size. Nanotechnology works on matter at

dimensions in the nanometer scale length (1-100 nm), and thus can be used for a broad

range of applications and the creation of various types of nano materials and nano devices.

Nano scale and Nanostructures The nano scale is the place where the properties of most

common things are determined just above the scale of an atom. Nano scale objects have at

least one dimension (height, length, depth) that measures between 1 and 999 nanometers (1-

999 nm) (Figure 1). The brief explanation of pharmaceutical nano system is as follows: As

shown in the schematic diagram (Figure 4), pharmaceutical nanotechnology is divided in

two basic types of nano tools viz. nano materials and nano devices. These materials can be

14
sub classified into nano crystalline and nano structured materials. Nano structure consists of

nano particles, dendrimers, micelles, drug conjugates, metallic nano particles etc.

Figure 3: nanoscales and nanostructure

Figure 4: Schematic diagram of various types of pharmaceutical nano systems.

Nikalje AP (2015) Nanotechnology and its Applications

in Medicine. Med chem 5: 081-089.
15
 Classification of Nanomaterials

Nano materials can be classified dimension wise into following categories:

Classification Examples

• Nano rods, nano wires have dimension less than 100 nm.

• Tubes, fibers, platelets have dimensions less than 100 nm.

• Particles, quantum dots, hollow spheres have 0 or 3 Dimensions < 100 nm. On the basis

of phase composition, nano materials in different phases can be classified as,

• The nano material is called single phase solids. Crystalline, amorphous particles and

layers are included in this class.

• Matrix composites, coated particles are included in multi-phase solids.

• Multi-phase systems of nano material include colloids, aero gels, Ferro fluids, etc.

The Application of Nanoparticles in Medicine and Health (Nanomedicine).

Even today various disease like diabetes, cancer, Parkinson’s Disease, Alzheimer’s

disease, cardiovascular diseases and multiple sclerosis as well as different kinds of serious

inflammatory or infectious diseases (e.g., HIV) constitute a high number of serious and

complex illnesses which are posing a major problem for the mankind. Nanomedicine is an

application of nanotechnology which works in the field of health and medicine. Nano-

medicine makes use of nanomaterials, and nano electronic biosensors. In the future, nano

medicine will benefit molecular nanotechnology. The medical area of nano science

application has many projected benefits and is potentially valuable for all human races.

With the help of nano medicine early detection and prevention, improved diagnosis, proper

treatment and follow-up of diseases is possible. With the help of nanotechnology, damaged

16
tissue can be reproduced or repaired. These so called artificially stimulated cells are used in

tissue engineering, which might revolutionize the transplantation of organs or artificial

implants.

Advanced biosensors with novel features can be developed with the help of Carbon nano

tubes. These biosensors can be used for astrobiology and can throw light on study origins of

life. This technology is also being used to develop sensors for cancer diagnostics.

METHODOLOGY

Methods Used in Nanomedicine

 Diagnostic And Imaging Method

 Drug Delivery Method

Diagnostic and Imaging Method.

The major and the first applications of nanomedicine are improved fluorescent markers for

diagnostic and screening purposes. Conventional fluorescent markers require complex

color-matched lasers, which can only be used once before fluorescence fading, and lack

discriminatory capacity due to dye bleeding. Fluorescent nanoparticles, like „quantum

dots‟, PEBBLES (probes encapsulated by biologically localized embedding) and per

fluorocarbon particles

Imaging techniques such as X-ray, ultrasound, computed tomography, nuclear medicine

and magnetic resonance imaging are well established, and are widely used in biochemical

and medical research. However, these techniques can only examine changes on the tissue

surface relatively late in disease progression, although they can be improved through the

use of contrast and targeting agents based on nanotechnologies, to improve resolution and

specificity, by indicating the diseased site at the tissue level

17
 Materials Used in Diagnosis and Imaging.

 NANOBOTS: Nanobots are robots made of nanomaterials that can carry out tasks.

Scientists hope to use nanobots in medicine to kill cancer cells, deliver drugs to

target tissues, and improve vaccines. Nanobots are also used in research as DNA

probes, cell imaging materials, and cell-specific delivery vehicles

 QUANTOM DOTS: Quantum dots (QDs) are fluorescent semiconductor

nanocrystals (1-100 nm) and have shown potential use for several biomedical

applications, such as drug delivery and cellular imaging. Quantum dots possess a

shell-core structure, in which the core structure is typically composed of II-VI or

III-V group elements of the periodic table

Drug Delivery.

In nanotechnology nano particles are used for site specific drug delivery. In this technique

the required drug dose is used and side-effects are lowered significantly as the active agent

is deposited in the morbid region only. This highly selective approach can reduce costs and

pain to the patients. Thus, variety of nano particles such as dendrimers, and nano porous

materials find application. Micelles obtained from block co-polymers, are used for drug

encapsulation. They transport small drug molecules to the desired location. Similarly, nano

electromechanical systems are utilized for the active release of drugs.

Materials Used in Drug Delivery.

 Liposome

 Dendrimers

 Metallic nanoparticles

18
 LIPOSOMES

These have been extensively explored and most developed nano carriers for novel and

targeted drug delivery due to their small size, these are 50-200 nm in size. When dry

phospholipids are hydrated, closed vesicles are formed (Figure 5). Liposomes are

biocompatible, versatile and have good entrapment efficiency. It finds application as long

circulatory and in passive and active delivery of gene, protein and peptide.

Figure 5: Liposome

DENDRIMERS

Dendrimers are hyper branched, tree-like structures. It contains three different regions: core

moiety, branching units, and closely packed surface (Figure 5). It has globular structure and

encloses internal cavities. Its size is less than 10 nm. These are used for long scale building

blocks with control on size, composition etc. Materials manufacturing will be

revolutionized by further assembling into larger structures with designed properties.

Without machining, metals, polymers, ceramics etc. can be manufactured at exact shape.

19
 Figure 6: Schematic representation of a dendrimers showing core, branches, and surface.

METALIC NANOPARTICLES

Metallic nano particles have used in drug delivery, especially in treatment of cancer and

also in biosensors. Amongst various metals, silver and gold nano particles are of prime

importance for biomedical use

Figure 7: Surface functionalized metallic nano particles.

20
 RESULT

At the end of my research, I was able to figure out that with the help of nanotechnology,

early detection, diagnosis, treatment of cancer and other tumors are made easy.

The treatment of cancers and other tumors e.g., brain tumor, eye correction etc. will be

effective with the aid of nanotechnology.

2.3.3 Experiment 3 (ROLES OF A BIOCHEMIST IN SPACE SCIENCE)

A Biochemist has several roles in space science. I focused my research on how a

biochemist can improve the nutritional intake of astronauts.

Biochemists monitor and calculate the dietary intake of astronaut before and after flight

METHOD

The methods used by a biochemist in space science is by calculating the amount of energy

intake by astronauts.

Below are the calculations:

The estimated energy requirements (EERs) for space missions are based on total energy

expenditure (TEE) as calculated from the 2002 Institute of Medicine Dietary Reference

Intake

reports [279], using an activity factor of 1.25 (active) along with the individual’s age, body

mass (kg), and height (m) in the following calculations:

EER for men 19 years and older

EER = 622 – 9.53 × Age [y] + 1.25 × (15.9 × Mass [kg] + 539.6 × Height [m])

EER for women 19 years and older

EER = 354 – 6.91 × Age [y] + 1.25 × (9.36 × Mass [kg] + 726 × Height [m])

For historical reference, the daily energy requirements for male and female astronauts

21
were defined in 1991, and again in 1995, and are as follows:

Missions of 30–120 days: Energy consumption should be sufficient to maintain weight

and body composition, with continuous monitoring during space flight. A 70-kg man

exercising 1 to 2 hours per day is expected to require about 3,000 calories/day.

Missions up to 360 days: Intake of energy should be sufficient to maintain body weight

and composition, and the extensive activities planned for International Space Station crew

members. Energy requirements will be calculated for each individual by using the World

Health Organization equations:

Men

¾ 18-30 y: 1.7 (15.3W + 679) = calories/day required

¾ 30-60 y: 1.7 (11.6W + 879) = calories/day required

Women

¾ 18-30 y: 1.6 (14.7W + 496) = calories/day required

Food, Energy and Macronutrients 27

¾ 30-60 y: 1.6 (8.7W + 829) = calories/day required

¾ where W = weight in kg

These equations are to be used for moderate levels of activity. The original space flights

requirements included an additional 500 calories/d that would be supplied to the diet during

the period when end-of-mission countermeasures (such as more intensive exercise) are

being

conducted.

On the basis of results from previous space missions, it was also recommended that an

additional 500 calories/d be supplied to crew members on days of extravehicular activity

(EVA); the extra energy should be similar in nutrient composition to the rest of the diet.

22
Risk On Exploitation Mission That Biochemist

The risks associated with protein intake come from deficiency or excess. Deficiency of

protein leads to muscle loss, weakness, wasting, tissue breakdown, inability to perform the

job (including getting out of the spacecraft), and ultimately death. Low-protein diets can

have

negative consequences for bone. Excess protein exacerbates increased

excretion of calcium and the risk of renal stone formation, and is detrimental to bone.

Specific

amino acids may additionally increase these risks. (HEER et al., 2009)

2.3.4 Experiment 4 (INTRODUCTION TO OSTEOPOROSIS)

OSTEOPROSIS

Osteoporosis is a disease that is characterized by bone loss and damage. This disease has

generally been defined by Bone Mineral Density (BMD) that has a T-score less than -2.5

the mean of a matched healthy population. Symptoms for this condition include Low bone

mass, degeneration of bone tissue, and disruption of bone microarchitecture, which can all

lead to weakened bones and increased risk of bone fracture risk. Additionally, there are

widely established pharmaceutical and therapeutic treatment for osteoporosis

There are 2 major types of osteoporosis including primary and secondary (type I and II).

Primary osteoporosis is generally linked with increased age and lack of sex hormones in

females. It is characterized by the time dependent deterioration of the trabeculae in the

bone. Additionally, the bone loss is exacerbated in postmenopausal women due to a

decrease in estrogen production. In men, ageing there is an inactivation in sex hormone-

binding globulin which contributes to loss of BMD over time.

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Secondary osteoporosis on the other hand, have been linked to disease conditions and

treatment resulting in deficiency in calcium, vitamin D and sex hormones. This type of

osteoporosis is caused by diseases such as endocrine disease, Celiac disease, inflammatory

bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and malignant neoplasm.

Glucocorticoids in particular has been identified as the most commonly used drug

connected with drug-induced osteoporosis. One study identified that BMD was associated

with 3-6 months of initiating glucocorticoid medication. Other Lifestyle factors and

depression have also been found to be associated with secondary osteoporosis.

(NIH Consensus Development Panel

on Osteoporosis, 2009)

2.3.5 Experiment 5 (PUBLIC HEALTH IMPACT OF OSTEOPOROSIS)

The most frequent bone disease in humans is osteoporosis, which is a huge public health

issue. Osteoporosis is a quiet illness that reveals no symptoms until fractures develop and

this has resulted in morbidities and mortalities. While this disease affects both the male and

female populations, populations at high risk for this disease include the white population

white and Asian women over the age of 50 years.

According to reports, 30% of women in Europe and the United States are osteoporotic, and

40% of postmenopausal women and 30% of men may encounter an osteoporotic fracture

over their lifetimes. In Nepal, the prevalence of osteoporosis among the elderly was

reported to be 49%. Additionally, India, and Denmark accounted for 36.1% and 19%

disease burden among the elderly compared to only 1.6% experienced in Canada. A

systematic review identified a pooled osteoporosis prevalence of 20% in China between

24
2003 and 2015. Additionally, findings suggest that Asia accounts for the highest incidence

of osteoporosis among men and Africa among women.

. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

2.3.6 Experiment 6 (MANAGEMENT OF OSTEOPOROSIS)

This should include the identification and treatment of underlying secondary causes of

osteoporosis, lifestyle changes to reduce bone loss, prevention of falls, and specific

treatment

of osteoporosis. The Royal College of Physicians has published guidelines on the

management of osteoporosis based on the grade of evidence available for each intervention.

Grade A recommendations are based on randomized controlled trials. Grade B

recommendations result from controlled studies without randomization or epidemiological

studies. Grade C evidence is based upon expert committee reports or the clinical experience

of recognized authorities. The grading or recommendation takes no account of study size,

the magnitude of the treatment effect, or the patient groups studied.

. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

2.3.7 Experiment 7 [TREATMENT OF OSTEOPOROSIS]

Treatments for osteoporosis can be divided into antiresorptive and anabolic agents.

Antiresorptive agents decrease bone resorption and, because of the transient uncoupling of

bone turnover, result in a modest increase in BMD of between 5%

and 10%, predominantly in the first year of treatment. In contrast, anabolic agents can

increase BMD by up to 50%.39 In studies of the treatment of osteoporosis, estrogen,

raloxifene, bisphosphonates, calcitonin, calcium, and vitamin D and parathyroid hormone

have all been shown in randomized controlled trials to have a beneficial effect on

25
BMD. The effect of these treatments on fracture incidence is

also shown in table 1.

Table 1

[PubMed] [Google Scholar]

2.4 Safety tips and Precautions observed

I made sure on every research I am working on, I always put down the citation for

referencing.

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 PROJECT/ASSIGNMENT CARRIED OUT

During my 12 weeks SIWES program in NASRDA, the assignment I carried out was The

Use of Nanotechnology in The Treatment of Cancer

(NANOTECHNOLOGY CANCER THERAPY)

AIM:

The aim of this research is to see possible ways to increase the rate and efficiency of

diagnosis and treatment of cancer.

NANOTECHNOLOGY CANCER THERAPY

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Nanotechnology offers the means to target therapies directly and selectively to cancerous

cells and neoplasms. With these tools, clinicians can safely and effectively deliver

chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and the next generation of immuno- and gene therapies to the

tumor.

The traditional use of nanotechnology in cancer therapeutics has been to improve the

pharmacokinetics and reduce the systemic toxicities of chemotherapies through the

selective targeting and delivery of these anticancer drugs to tumor tissues. The advantage of

nanosized carriers is that they can increase the delivered drug’s overall therapeutic index

through nano formulations in with chemotherapeutics are either encapsulated or conjugated

to the surfaces of nanoparticles.

METHODS AND MATERIALS.

METHODS MATERIALS

Diagnosis Quantum dots

Drug delivery Liposomes

DIAGNOSIS OF CANCER

In the diagnosis of cancer, quantum dots are used in detecting affected tissues.

Quantum Dots (QDs) are fluorescent nanoparticles known for their exceptional optical

properties, i.e., high fluorescence emission, photostability, narrow emission spectrum, and

broad excitation wavelength. These properties make QDs an exciting choice for bioimaging

applications, notably in cancer imaging. The high luminescence, narrow emission, and

(depending on the elemental composition) low toxicity and biocompatibility of QDs make

them a perfect candidate for bioimaging, diagnostics, and biosensing applications

When the quantum dot is placed in the pathways, the patience is then placed under X-ray

and been watched in a microscopic environment, when the X-ray hits the quantum dot it

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emits a type of fluorescence but when X-ray hits the quantum dot in the presence of

affected tissue it emits another type of fluorescence

NOTE: The fluorescence they emit are different based on the size and location of the

quantum dots.

TREATMENT OF CANCER (using drug delivery method and instruments).

When treating cancer with the aid of nanotechnology, nanomaterials like liposome are used

to deliver nanodrugs to affected tissues using the drug delivery system.

Liposome, have been extensively explored and most developed Nano carriers for novel and

targeted drug delivery due to their small size, these are 50-200 nm in size. When dry

phospholipids are hydrated, closed vesicles are formed in figure 5 above. Liposomes are

biocompatible, versatile and have good entrapment efficiency. It finds application as long

circulatory and in passive and active delivery of gene, protein and peptide.

RESULT

The cure of cancer can be effective with the use of nanotechnology, early detecting and

bioimaging of the tumor will also be made easy and effective.

Nanotechnology also reduces the risk, pains of surgeries and also help to monitor the

process of the treatment.

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 OBSERVATIONS AND CONTNRIBUTIONS

4.1 Observations (State your independent observations made during your stay in your

establishment)

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During my 12 weeks of SIWES in NASRDA, I observed that there was no fully equipped

laboratory for students to carry out physical experiment

4.2 Contributions (What contributions did you make to the organization during your

stay there?)

During my stay in NASRDA, I contributed in recording the minute of the meeting held by

the radiation team for an upcoming project in the department where I was posted

I also attended a presentation made by a staff of the organization where I asked several

questions about the topic he presented on.

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CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Conclusion

Literature review is very useful in reporting a research work, it helps in arranging your

work with the reference.

Nanotechnology is not only the study of small structures or materials; it has application in

medicine and health also known as (NANOMEDICINE) and is also used in treatment of

tumors and various diseases.

Osteoporosis is a bone disease that damage the bone and reduces bone mineral density, it is

caused by lack of balanced diet and also low or deficiency of calcium in the system. There

are two types of osteoporosis which are secondary and primary. It can be treated medically

and traditionally. It can also be managed based on the grade of evidence available for each

intervention.

Biochemists also plays a vital role in space science by calculating the dietary intake of

astronauts and also energy required i.e., before and after flight. They also monitor the

activities of nutrients present in the astronauts before and after flight.

5.2 Challenges encountered during training period

 Transport system to place of attachment

 No laboratory in the organization for student to carry out physical experiment

5.3 Recommendation.

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 The government should provide more facilities for skilled personnel to help the

society in terms of health. Organizations should not stress students that are seeking

for a place of attachment

 Equipped laboratory should be available for student to perform physical experiment.

31