CURRICULUM GRADE 10 -12 DIRECTORATE

NCS (CAPS)

LEARNER SUPPORT DOCUMENT

GRADE 12

AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

STEP AHEAD PROGRAMME

2021
 PREFACE
This support document serves to assist Agricultural Sciences learners on how to deal with
curriculum gaps and learning losses as a result of the impact of COVID-19 in 2020. It also
captures the challenging topics in the Grade 10 -12 work. Activities should serve as a guide
on how various topics are assessed at different cognitive levels and also preparing learners
for informal and formal tasks in Agricultural Sciences. It will cover the following topics:

A. Animal Nutrition 3 -12

B. Animal Production 13 - 17

Animal Reproduction
C. 18 - 24

Animal Diseases and Protection

D. 25 - 31

Basic Agricultural Genetics

E. 32 - 38

Agricultural Production Factors

F. 42 - 44

Agricultural Marketing
G. 43 - 44

Agricultural Entrepreneurship and Business

H 45 - 47
Planning

Page 2 of 47
ACTIVITY 1.1: Structure identification and naming

DIAGRAM A

DIAGRAM B

DIAGRAM C
1.1.1 Classify the farm animals with alimentary canals in DIAGRAM A and DIAGRAM C. (2)
1.1.2 Provide examples of farm animals in DIAGRAMS A – C. (3)
1.1.3 Name the alimentary process in DIAGRAM B that occurs in structure A, C & E. (3)
(8)

ACTIVITY 1.2

1.2 The flow chart below shows different processes involved in the movement of food
through the digestive system tract of farm animals.

Soluble food
particles move
Food taken in Food particles are
through the mouth broken down
across the wall of
the small intestine
into the bllood

A B C

Undigested food is Dissolved food

eliminated from the particles are taken
body by body cells

E D

1.2.1 Name the processes labelled A-E. (5)

1.2.2 Match the descriptions below with the processes in the flow chart above. Write only the
letter.

1.2.2.1 Finger-like projections will increase surface area for nutrient uptake (1)

1.2.2.2 Mechanical and enzyme digestion occurs. (1)

1.2.2.3 Nutrients from food are moved across the whole body. (1)

(8)
 ACTIVITY 1.3
1.3 The Diagram below shows a digestive system of a farm animal.

1.3.1 Identify the type of farm animal shown in the diagram above. (1)
1.3.2 Refer to at least ONE structure in the diagram above to motivate the answer to
QUESTION 1.3.1 (1)
1.3.3 Identify the part where each of the following occurs and write down only
the letter (A-E)
(a) Excretion (1)
(b) Absorption of amino acids (1)
(c) Main absorption of water (1)

(5)

ACTIVITY 1.4

1.4 The diagram below shows the accessory digestive glands.

D
C

1.4.1 Identify the digestive glands represented by LETTER A & D (2)

1.4.2 Give ONE function of part A in animal nutrition. (1)
1.4.3 Depict the name of the fluid found in structure B and list ONE function. (2)
1.4.4 Name the part of the small intestines represented by letter E. (1)
(6)
Activity 1.5
1.5 The structure below represents a cross section of a villus.

1.5.1. Name a part in the alimentary canal where the structure illustrated above is found. (1)
1.5.2. Depict the main nutrients absorbed by parts A and B. (2)
1.5.3. Identify the structures labelled G increasing surface area of absorption. (1)
1.5.4. Name the glands labelled as D secreting intestinal juices. (1)
1.5.5. State the name of digestive juices secreted by part D. (1)
(6)

Activity 1.6
1.6 The diagram below shows the absorption of nutrients from the small intestines into the
blood circulatory system.

1.6.1. Identify the types of nutrient transport in A and B. (2)

1.6.2. Identify structure C. (1)
1.6.3. Name the nutrient that is absorbed through each of the following:
(a) Blood capillaries (1)
(b) Lacteal (1)
(5)
Activity 1.7
Table 1.1

Vitamins Solubility Functions Deficiency Food source

Fats/water symptoms
1__________ 2__________ Blood clotting 3______________ 4_________
Vitamin A 5_________ 6___________ 7_______________ Green
Pasture
8_________ 9_________ 10__________ Anaemia 11________
Vitamin D 12_________ 13__________ Rickets 14_________
Vitamin B12 15_________ 16__________ 17____________ 18_________
19_________ 20_________ 21__________ Curled-toe paralysis 22_________
Vitamin B1 23________ 24__________ Degeneration of 25________
nerve cells
26________ 27________ 28________ Muscular dystrophy 29________

Activity 1.8
The periodic table alongside shows all the elements which occur in nature. Some elements
have been marked with red numbers (1-13). Those are important in animal nutrition.

1.8.1 State whether each numbered element is a macro or micro element. (13)
1.8.2 State the function of each numbered element in the body (13)
(26)
Activity 1.9
Below is a schematic representation of the components of feed.

1.9.1 Identify the substances represented by A, B and C (3)

__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

1.9.2 Distinguish between an oil and fat. (2)

__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

1.9.3 State the end product of digestion of the following in pigs:

(a) Carbohydrates (1)
_________________________________________________________________________

(b) Protein (1)

_________________________________________________________________________
1.9.4 Supply ONE word/term for each of the following descriptions. Write only the
word/term next to the question number.

(a) The vitamin needed for the normal absorption of calcium and phosphorus from the
gastrointestinal tract. (1)
_________________________________________________________________________

(b) A disease linked to a shortage of vitamin B2 in the ration of chickens. (1)

_________________________________________________________________________

(c) The part of ingested food that consists of carbohydrates of plant origin and is poorly
digested. (1)
_________________________________________________________________________

(d) A substance in green plants that includes all the constituents except water (1)
_________________________________________________________________________
Activity 1.10
A total of 2,5kg of green Lucerne, with a moisture content of 60%, was given to an animal.
The animal excreted 0,255kg of dry matter in the faeces.

1.10.1 Determine the co-efficient of digestibility of the green Lucerne. (5)

1.10.2 State the specific nutrient that best fits in each of the following descriptions:
(a) A micronutrient which occurs in green leafy feeds needed for the transportation of
oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body fluids of animals. (1)
(b) The mineral that is essential for the formation of vitamin B12. (1)
(c) A vitamin that is responsible for healthy skin, hair and connective tissue. (1)
(d) The mineral that prevents milk fever and fragile bones in dairy cows. (1)
1.10.3 Water, vitamins and minerals should always be included as an integral part of animal
nutrition. State THREE functions of water in animal nutrition. (3)

1.10.3 Name a vitamin or mineral deficiency that may lead to each of the following:
(a) Osteomalacia (1)
(b) Night blindness (1)
(c) Goitre (1)
(d) Anaemia (1)
_________________________________________________________________________

Activity 1.11

1.11. The table below shows the biological value (BV) of different feeds that are fed to
growing piglets.

TYPES OF FEED BIOLOGICAL VALUE (BV)

Fishmeal 90
Soymeal 70
Wheat 60
Peanut meal 75
Maize meal 55
Bone meal 78

1.11.1 Explain the concept biological value. (2)

1.11.2 Indicate the relationship between the biological value and the quality of a feed. (2)
1.11.3 Identify the feed with the lowest biological value in the table above. (1)
1.11.4 Determine the suitability of the feed identified in QUESTION 1.11.2 for animal
production. (1)
1.11.5. Explain why it is important to feed pigs with a feed that has a high biological value.(1)
Activity 1.12

1.12. The diagram below is a schematic representation of the energy flow

in a farm animal.

1.12.1. Refer to the schematic representation above and identify A, B and C. (3)
1.12.2. Identify the type of energy that serves as a potential energy value of a feed. (1)
1.12.3. Write down the formula used to work out digestible energy. (1)
1.12.4. Give TWO reasons why net energy is important to livestock. (2)

Activity 1.13
A heifer eats 6, 48 kg of hay per day, which contains the total of 123, 8 MJ gross energy.
She loses 35, 5 MJ in faecal energy, 5, 4 MJ in urine, 10, 45 MJ in methane production and
21, 0 MJ is lost in heat.
1.13.1 Calculate the DE, ME and NE available to the animal per day again give a detailed
description of the calculations and interpret the results. (6)

Activity 1.14
1.14. The table below shows the composition of two animal feeds.

FEED A FEED B
80% TDN 70% TDN
10% DP 12% DP
NR = 1 : 7 …

1.14.1. Use a formula to calculate the nutritive ratio (NR) of FEED B. (3)
1.14.2. FEED A cannot be recommended for milk-producing cows. Refer to the nutritive
ratio above to justify this statement. (2)
Activity 1.15

1.15. The following feeds and feed supplements are available to livestock farmers:

yellow maize meal; bone meal; urea; lucerne; silage; salt; fish meal

Choose the most suitable feed or feed supplement from the list above that matches each of
the following descriptions:

1.15.1. A concentrate to be used as an energy source (1)

1.15.2. A substance that is used to regulate the lick intake of grazing animals (1)

1.15.3. A cheap protein supplement in the ration of ruminant farm animals (1)

1.15.4. A protein-rich concentrate that can be fed to pregnant farm animals (1)

1.15.5. A protein-rich roughage that is fed to growing calves (1)

Activity 1.16
1.16. The diagram below represents a form of mineral supplementation in cattle.

1.16.1. Indicate the mineral supplementation method represented in the diagram above. (1)
1.16.2. Suggest a possible partial substitute for protein that could be used in the ration of
ruminants. (1)
1.16.3. Briefly explain how the following growth regulators would increase the production
output of a farm animal:
(a) Hormones (1)
(b) Antibiotics (1)

ACTIVITY 1.17

A balanced ration of maize meal with 14% DP and sunflower oilcake meal with 45% DP
was prepared for a dairy herd. The feeds were mixed at a ratio of 12:19. The animals'
digestible protein requirement is 26%.

1.17.1 Determine the amount of EACH feed needed to prepare 600 kg of the ration if maize
meal is 61, 29% and sunflower oilcake meal is 38, 71%. (4)

1.17.2 Indicate the feed that will constitute 19 parts. (1)

ACTIVITY 1.18

1.18 The chart below indicates the available feed and supplement requirements in a
sheep production unit.

KEY:

Jan. xxx : Veld fodder

Dec.
xxx 000 : Oats supplement
Nov.
xxx Feb.
xxx +++: Mineral lick supplement
xxx
000 ●●●:
●●● Concentrate supplement

Oct. xxx xxx

000 000 Mar.
●●●

xxx xxx
Sept.
000 000
Apr.

+++
+++ 000
000
Aug. xxx
+++ +++ May
000 000
Jul. Jun.

1.18.1 Identify the months during which the veld fodder was sufficient. (2)
1.18.2 Give a reason for the answer to QUESTION 1.18.1. by referring to the chart above. (1)
1.18.3 Give a reason for introducing a concentrate in October and November. (2)
1.18.4 Assume that the veld, as mentioned above, supplied 3,4 tons of fodder for January.
Calculate:
a) In kg, the quantity of fodder supplied by the veld in January. (1)
b) The demand on the veld in January if 50 sheep each consumes 2 kg of fodder
per day. Show ALL calculations. (2)
ANIMAL PRODUCTION

ACTIVITY 2
2.1 The photographs below indicate two types of production systems (A and B) generally
practiced in South Africa.

A B

2.1.1 Identify production systems A and B. (2)

2.1.2 Compare the differences between production system A and production system B,
using the following headings:
a) Environmental control (2)
b) Productivity (2)
c) Human input (2)

2.1.3 Give ONE main reason why cattle are kept in the facility represented by system B.
(1)
ACTIVITY 2.2

2.2.1 From the diagrams marked 1 to 3, select the shelters which are the most suitable for
the following systems for production:
a) Extensive farming (1)
b) Indigenous system of farming (1)

2.2.2 Name TWO characteristics that are normally associated with the production system
marked 2. (2)
2.2.3 Compare, in table format, the production system marked 2 and 3 with regard to the
following aspects:
a) Environment control (2)
b) Drought risk (2)
c) Production output (2)

ACTIVITY 2.3

2.3.1 Compare subsistence and commercial production systems in a table format

with regard to the following:

2.3.2 Purpose (2)

2.3.3 Management (2)
 ACTIVITY 2.4

Animal production enterprises should make optimal use of all the natural resources available to
maximise production.

In most of the extensive animal production enterprises, ruminants consume natural vegetation as
their major source of nutrients. Unfortunately, this practice may result in exploitation that is not
beneficial to animals and the environment.

Explain how EACH of the following impacts on an extensive production system:

2.4.1 Natural resources (1)

2.4.2 Feeding (1)

2.4.3 Exploitative practices (1)

2.5. Analyse different structures below used for sheltering farm animals and answer the
questions that follow.

Match the structures with each of the following descriptions:

2.5.1 Backyard system (1)
2.5.2 Free range system (1)
2.5.3 Deep litter house (1)
2.5.2 Indicate two letters of structure that are examples of intensive production systems. (2)
2.6 The diagram below represents farm animals and the ways in which they lose heat.

2.6.1 Identify THREE ways in which heat (energy) is lost in animals A, B and C. (3)
2.6.2 Indicate TWO ways in which heat (energy) is lost, other than those shown in the diagram
above. (2)
2.6.3 Name TWO signs of heat stress in farm animals. (2)
2.6.4 Suggest TWO management practices to reduce the type of heat loss in animal A. (2)

2.7. The pictures below illustrate animal production systems commonly used by farmers.

A B

2.7.1 Identify the animal production systems labelled A and B (2)

2.7.2 Give reasons visible in the pictures for identified production systems in Question2.4.1.

(2)
2.7.3 Link each of the production systems in Question 11.1 with farming system. (2)
2.7.4 Name TWO factors a farmer can put in place to ensure the increased production in
picture B. (2)
2.8. The illustration below shows different spots one should consider when approaching farm
animals.

Indicate the letter that represents the following position:

2.8.1 The distance the animals like to keep between themselves and a threat to danger. (1)
2.8.2 A point of balance (1)
2.8.3 An area in which an animal will kick when approached. (1)

2.9. Farm animals have to be handled correctly when carrying out certain management
practises.
Give the reason for each of the following measures when handling animals:
2.9.1 Use of recognisable signal like touching the cow (1)
2.9.2 Not yelling when working with animals (1)
2.9.3 Grouping animals before transporting them (1)

2.10 The drawing below shows an apparatus used to perform certain livestock management
practices.

2.10.1 Identify the apparatus. (1)

2.10.2 Name two management practices for this apparatus in sheep. (2)

2.10.3 Give one reason why each management practice in Question 3.5.2 is important. (2)

ANIMAL REPRODUCTION
3.1. The diagram below represents the reproductive system of a farm animal.

3.1.1 Indicate the process that takes place in part D. (1)

3.1.2 Identify parts A, B and E. (3)
3.1.3 Name and explain TWO congenital defects of part D that lead to infertility. (4)
3.1.4 State TWO functions of part C. (2)
[10]
3.2. The diagram below illustrates the reproductive system of a bull.

3.2.1 Identify parts A, B and D. (3)

3.2.2 State the function of part A. (1)
3.2.3 State the function of the hormone secreted in part D. (1)
3.2.4 Briefly describe why part D is suspended from the animal body. (2)
[7]
3.3 The diagram below represents the female reproductive system.

3.3.1 Write down the letter (A–G) of the structure where semen will be deposited:
(a) Under natural mating conditions (1)
(b) With artificial insemination (AI) (1)
3.3.2 Write down the letter (A–G) and the name of the structure that:
(a) Captures the ripe follicle after ovulation (2)
(b) Serves as a site for fertilization (2)
3.3.3 Explain the term ovulation. (2)
[8]
3.4 The diagram below illustrates the female sex organs of a cow.

3.4.1 Identify TWO labels (A–E) that represent secondary sex organs from the illustrated
diagram above. (2)
3.4.2. Indicate the labelled part (A–E) where the following will take place:
(a) Site of fertilization (1)
(b) Prevention of microbial infection of the uterus during pregnancy (1)
3.4.3 Briefly describe the function of the part labelled D in the diagram above. (1)
3.4.4 Identify the part of the fallopian tube that is responsible for catching the released ovum
and name TWO adaptations for this purpose. (3)
[7]
3.5. The diagrams below represent the reproductive organs of a bull, the processes of
sperm formation and the development in the sex cells.

3.5.1 Name parts A, B, C and H. (4)

3.5.2 Identify process K. (1)
3.5.3 State ONE function each of parts D and L. (2)
3.5.4 Describe how congenital defects can influence the process in DIAGRAM 2. (2)
3.5.5 Give a reason why part H in DIAGRAM 1 is situated outside the abdominal cavity of a
male animal. (1)
[10
]
3.6. The diagram below represents the process of spermatogenesis.
3.6.1 Refer to the above diagram and identify the type of cell division that occurs when cell
A divides into the cells at B. Motivate the answer. (2)
3.6.2 State the stages of spermatogenesis represented by C and D respectively. (2)
3.6.3 Name the part of the testes where the process of spermatogenesis takes place. (1)
3.6.4 Name the part of the reproductive organ where the spermatozoa achieve mobility. (1)
3.6.5. What is the similarity between spermatogenesis and oogenesis? (1)
[7]
3.7 The diagram below illustrates a sperm cell.

3.7.1 Identify part B. (1)

3.7.2 Write down the letter of the part that represents the acrosome. (1)
3.7.3 Name ONE function of part E. (1)
3.7.4 Distinguish between a sperm cell and semen. (2)
[5]
3.8 The chart below illustrates the stages of the oestrus cycle of a cow.

3.8.1 Write down the letter (A–D) of the stage where the following takes place:
(a) Increased vaginal and cervical mucus production (1)
(b) Rapid growth of follicles (1)
(c) Corpus luteum regresses if no fertilisation occurred (1)
3.8.2 The levels of two hormones change during stage C. Name the hormone that:
(a) Starts to decrease from a higher to a lower level (1)
 (b) Reaches its highest level (1)

3.8.3 Give the role of the hormone in QUESTION 3.8.2(b). (1)

3.8.4 Name the stage of the oestrus cycle represented by B. (1)
[7]
3.9 Farmers can use several electronic and mechanical devices to detect heat in farm
animals.
Identify each device described below:
3.9.1 Placed around a cow's lower leg to record movement (1)
3.9.2 Marker that is placed on a teaser cow to leave a mark on the back of
a mounted cow (1)

3. 9.3 Placed on cows as a marker and stretches from the hip bone to where the tail begins
(1)
[3]

3.10.
The correct technique must be used during artificial insemination (AI) to minimise the risk of
injuring an animal.
Below are the steps that should be followed when artificial insemination is done:
1. The inseminator feels for abnormalities and whether the cow is not already pregnant
by inserting the hand into the rectum.

2. The pistolette is guided through the vulva, vagina to the cervix.

3. A cow is sheltered and kept calm.

4. Excess faecal matter is removed.

3.10.1 Re-arrange the steps above in the correct order to ensure that the process is carried
out with success.
(4)
3.10.2. State TWO disadvantages of artificial insemination for the farmer. (2)
6
3.11. The picture below represents one of the procedures of artificial insemination.
 B

3.11.1 Name the activity happening in this diagram. (1)

3.11.2 Indicate the instrument that is used to collect semen. (1)
3.11.3 Give the term that is used to describe Animal B. (1)
3.11.4 Identify the correct time for artificial insemination. (1)
3.11.5 Discuss TWO characteristics of good quality semen. (2)
6

3.12. The statement below indicate main stages of a reproductive technique conducted in
cows.
A. Flushing the embryo from the donor cow
B. Artificial insemination of the donor cow
C. Super ovulation of the donor cow
D. Placement of the embryo in the recipient cow
E. Synchronisation of both donor and recipient cows

3.12.1 Identify the reproductive technique above (1)

3.12.2 Re-arrange the above statements (A-E) in the correct order. (5)
3.12.3 State TWO benefits of this reproductive technique. (2)
3.12.4 Define the concept recipient cow. (2)
3.12.5 List TWO advantages of transplants. (2)
3.12.6 Identify the main reason for embryo transplants. (1)
13 marks
3.13. Embryo transfer and Nuclear transfer (cloning)
3.13.1 Identify the type of cloning above. (1)
3.13.2 Define the concept of cloning. (2)
3.13.3 Explain the purpose of embryo transfer. (2)
3.13.4 Describe surgical removal of the embryo during transfer. (2)
3.13.5 Differentiate between cloning and embryo transfer. (4)
11 marks

3.14. Study the following diagram and answer the question that follows.

3.14.1 Identify the processes taking place at 1, 2 and 3. (3)

3.14.2. Name TWO functions of fluid A. (2)
3.14.3. State the main function of structure B. (2)
3.14.4. Indicate the hormone responsible for the process taking place at 1. (1)
3.14.5. Describe how part F is adapted to enables it to enter the egg cell. (2)

3.15. Study the diagram of an udder below and answer the questions that follow.
3.15.1 Label parts B, C and E. (3)
3.15.2. Name the hormone responsible for the growth of the udder. (1)
3.15.3. Mention the hormone responsible for the flow of milk when the calf is drinking. (1)
3.15.4. Name the area in the udder where milk formation takes place. (1)
3.15.5. Briefly describe the milk releasing reflexes. (2)

3.16. Study the graph below on the lactation curve and answer the questions that follow.

3.16.1 Name the milk, secreted by the cow between days 1 and 3 after calving. (1)
3.16.2 Differentiate the milk named in QUESTION 3.16.1 from ordinary milk. (1)
3.16.3. Give TWO important functions of the milk named in QUESTION 3.16.1. (2)
3.16.3. When does a cow reach her maximum milk production? (1)
3.16.4. How long does lactation in a cow last? (1)

13.17. The presentation of the foetus during parturition is of utmost importance and the
incorrect position may cause serious problems which may result in injuries and even death.
Refer to the illustrations of different foetal presentation below to answer the following
questions.
13.17.1 Write down the letter that represents the following:
(a) The abnormal foetal presentation (1)
(b) The normal foetal presentation (1)
13.17.2. Describe TWO conditions that may result in the illustration marked B. (2)
ANIMAL DISEASES
4.1 Various options are provided as possible answers to the following questions. Choose
the answer and write only the letter (A–D) next to the question number (1.1.1–1.1.10)
in the ANSWER BOOK, for example 1.1.11 D.
4.1.1 A method to administer medicine to the skin or directly to the wound:
A. Topical

B. Oral

C. Injection

D. Dosing

1.1.2 Some of the signs below may indicate stress in farm animals.
I. Drooping head and ears

II. Slow movement

III. Lying down and reluctant to get up

IV. Pawing

Choose the CORRECT combination:

A. (i), (ii) and (iii)

B. (i), (iii) and (iv)

C. (ii), (iii) and (iv)

D. (i), (ii) and (iv)

1.1.3 Which of the following are examples of contagious bacterial diseases?

A. Redwater and mastitis

B. Anthrax and tuberculosis

C. Anthrax and avian flu

D. Newcastle disease and tuberculosis

1.1.4 The purpose of vaccination is mainly to … diseases in farm animals.

A. control

B. treat

C. prolong

D. prevent

1.1.5 A bacterial venereal infection causing the worst cases of abortion which results in
infertility in cows:
A. Anthrax

B. Trichomoniasis
 C. Brucellosis

D. Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis

1.1.6 An example of a disease that can only be controlled by vaccination:

A. Mastitis

B. Milk fever

C. Rabies

D. Ringworm

1.1.7 Which ONE of the statements below about the seriousness of animal diseases is
INCORRECT?
A. Chronic diseases are long-lasting and recur in the same animals.

B. Per-acute diseases are sudden and animals die without previous signs.

C. Acute diseases are sudden and may become chronic.

D. Acute diseases cannot be cured.

1.1.8 The following are examples of bacterial diseases in farm animals:

A. Rabies, mastitis and coccidiosis
B. Tuberculosis, anthrax and mastitis
C. Swine flu, redwater and lumpy wool
D. Ringworm, anaplasmosis and mastitis

1.1.9 The bacterial disease mainly affecting the mammary glands of farm animals:
A. Redwater

B. Mastitis

C. Anaplasmosis

D. Anthrax

2x9= (18)
4.2 Animal diseases are caused by pathogens. Some diseases can be transmitted on
contact; others need a disease-carrying organism. All diseases have a negative
impact on farmers, labourers and the economy of the country.

4.2.1. Give a scientific term used in animal health to describe EACH of the following
conditions:
A. Diseases that can be transmitted from animal to animal (1)

B. Disease-carrying organism (1)

4.2.2 Name ONE bacterial disease that can be transmitted from one animal to the other. (1)
4.2.3 State THREE role of the farmer to control the occurrence of the diseases in
QUESTION 4.2.2.
(3)
24
4.3. The table below shows diseases that affect farm animals and the role of the state in
controlling the spread of diseases.

4.3.1 Refer to the table above and identify A, B, C, D and E. (5)

4.3.2 Suggest TWO duties of stock owners to prevent the spread of deadly diseases, such
as the one in A.
(2)
4.3.3 Name the vector for redwater. (1)
4.3.4 Parasites can cause serious economic loses; hence the farmer should ensure that
parasites are effectively controlled. Suggest the most appropriate method used to
administer remedies to control each of the following parasites and conditions:
A. To eradicate round and flat worms (1)
B. To treat external parasites such as ticks and mites (1)
C. To treat blowfly attacking open wounds (1)

4.4. Refer to the table below and answer the questions that follow.
DISEASE ORGANISM SYMPTOMS TYPE OF ANIMAL
Mastitis A Inflammation in Farm animals
the udder
Rift Valley fever Virus High abortion rate B
Redwater C Fever, anaemia Cattle
and death
D Fungus Forms a crust Wool sheep
on the skin

4.4.1. Complete the table above by writing down the missing information for A, B, C and D.
(4)
4.4.2. Identify a disease in the table that affects only dairy cows. (1)
4.4.3. Suggest a management practice that may be used to prevent redwater. (1)
4.4.4. Name the farm animal that is most susceptible to mastitis. (1)

4.5. Read the scenario below and answer the question that follows
H1N1 is a respiratory disease of fowls caused by the Type A influenza virus. This
disease is very resistant and can remain infectious for many months. Swine fever is
also a highly contagious, notifiable viral disease. The organism causing the disease
can remain viable for several weeks in unprocessed pig meat. Both diseases are
enzootic.
4.5.1 Name the pathogen responsible for both H1N1 and swine fever. (1)
4.5.2 Identify a common characteristic of H1N1 and swine fever. (1)
4.5.3 State TWO economic implications of these diseases. ` (2)
22

4.6. The illustration below represents the life cycle of a parasite that affects farm animals.

4.6.1 Classify and name the parasite represented above. (2)

4.6.2 Identify the letter (A-F) representing each of the following:

A. Intermediate host
(1)

B. eggs hatch into larvae (1)

4.6.3 State THREE economic implications of this parasite for the farmer. (3)

4.7. The picture below represents the life cycle of a parasite that attacks farm animals,
especially wool sheep.

4.7.1 Identify the parasite in the life cycle. (1)

4.7.2 Indicate the most harmful stage in the life cycle of this parasite. (1)
4.7.3 Identify the condition caused by the stage in Question 53.2 that occurs in the wounds of
wool sheep. (1)

4.7.4 Give the term used for the removal of wool around the tail and rear leg areas. (1)

4.7.5 Name three non-chemical management practices used to control infestation by this
parasite. (3)

4.8. The picture below represents the life cycle of a microscopic external parasite that is found
mainly in sheep.

4.8.1. Identify the external parasite in the life cycle above. (1)

4.8.2 Give the term used to describe the symptoms of a severe infestation by this parasite in
sheep. (1)

4.8.3 Indicate a visible sign of the symptom in Question 4.8.2. (1)

4.8.4 State two economic implications of this parasite. (2)

4.9. A group of animals consumed a poisonous plant in a grazing camp, they indicate
symptoms of infection.

4.9.1 What are the two biological methods to control plant poisoning. (2)

4.9.2 Give any three effects of plant poisoning on animals. (3)

4.9.2 Which mineral in toxic quantities can cause urea poisoning in animals? (1)
4.9.3 Briefly explain how the mineral mentioned in 2 leads to urea poisoning. (2)
4.9.4 How can Urea poisoning in cattle be treated. (2)
10
4.10.
4.10.1. Name two symptoms of salt poisoning. (2)
4.10.2. State two ways of treating farm animals with salt poisoning. (2)
4.10.3. Describe two points that must be considered when handling poisoned animal by poison
bulb. (2)
4.10.4. Name any three factors that contribute to plant poisoning of farm animal. (3)
4.10.5. Provide any three measures to prevent or control plant poisoning of animals. (3)
4.11. Lantana camara and Dichepetalum cymosum or poison leaf (‘gifblaar’) are
two of the most common and important hepatotoxic plants for farm animals.

4.11.1. State a common name/phrase used to describe plants in the scenario above. (1)
4.11.2. Name the farm animal which is mainly affected by poison leaf (‘gifblaar’). (1)
4.11.3. Give TWO examples of other plants in this category. (2)
4.11.4. Give examples of TWO types of sheep who are most susceptible to these types of
plants. (2)
4.11.5. Name the white granular inorganic substance fed to ruminants as a
protein substitute, which has the same effect as the plants mentioned above it is fed in
excess. (1)
7

4.12. The South African government plays an important role in the regulation of farming
practices. It ensures quarantine services and control measures regarding the import
and export of animals. They also conduct research and provide veterinary services.

4.12.1. Indicate THREE types of animal health research done at the Veterinary Institute. (3)
4.12.2. What is the purpose of a quarantine station? (2)
4.12.3. Besides the roles mentioned in the above extract, name TWO other roles performed
by the state to protect the South African animal industry. (2)
7
GENETICS ACTIVITIES

Activity 5.
5.1.1 A farmer cross-pollinated a heterozygous pea plant with yellow seed (G) and a pure-
bred pea plant with green seed (g).
5.1.1.1 Indicate the genotype of EACH parent in the first crossing. (2)
5.1.1.2 Use the Punnet square method to determine the possible genotype of the offspring
in the first crossing. (3)
5.1.1.3 Name the type of dominance shown by the crossing in QUESTION 5.1.1.1. (1)
5.1.1.4 Explain a reason for the type of dominance in QUESTION 5.1.1.3. (2)
5.1.1.5 Calculate the percentage of heterozygous offspring in the F1-generation. (2)

Activity 5.1.2

5.1.2. A homozygous dominant ram with long, fine wool is crossed with a homozygous
recessive ewe with short, coarse wool.
5.1.2.1 Identify the type of crossing represented by the statement above. (1)
5.1.2.2 Motivate the answer to QUESTION 5.2.1.1. (2)
5.1.2.3 Determine the phenotypic ratio of the F2-generation. (1)
5.1.2.4 List the FOUR possible phenotypic combinations as they could appear in the
offspring of the crossing above. (4)
5.1.2.5 Explain the economic importance of this crossing. (2)

Activity 5.1.3

5.1.3 The following is a representation of a dihybrid crossing. Answer the questions

using the legend below.

Characteristic 1: (Horn conformation)

A - Poll (no horns) a - Horns

Characteristic 2: (Hair colour)

B - Black b - Red
5.1.3.1 State the genotype of the following individuals:
(a) Number 11 (1)
(b) Number 14 (1)
5.1.3.2 Determine the phenotype of the following individuals:

(a) Number 6 (1)

(b) Number 12 (1)
5.1.3.3 Individual number 6 and individual number 16 were crossed. Draw a Punnett
square to determine the genotype of their offspring. (4)
5.1.3.4 Indicate the phenotype of the crossing in QUESTION 5.1.3.3 (1)
Activity 5.2

5.2 Below is a schematic representation of plants with red (R) flowers that are crossed with
plants with white (W) flowers.

5.2.1 Indicate, from the schematic representation above, the parent with red flowers. Give
a reason for the answer. (2)
5.2.2 Determine, from the schematic representation above, the phenotypic percentages in
the F2 generation. (3)
5.2.3 Identify the type of dominance represented by the schematic representation above.
(1)
5.2.4 Justify the answer to QUESTION 1.3. (1)
5.2.5 Distinguish between incomplete dominance and codominance. (2)
5.2.6 Distinguish between continuous variation and discontinuous variation. (2)
Total: 11 Marks

Activity 5.3
5.3 The milk production of a Jersey cow is controlled by two pairs of genes. The
genotype aabb gives a milk yield of 200 litres. Each additive dominant gene
adds 20 litres of milk.
5.3.1. Indicate the type of inheritance that controls the milk yield of a Jersey cow. (1)
5.3.2 Calculate the milk yield of a Jersey cow with the AAbb genotype. (3)
5.3.3 Work out the genotypic and phenotypic ratios of the F1-generation if the cross
between AABB and aabb is done. (3)
5.3.4 The picture below indicates a pattern of inheritance in farm animals.

(a) Identify the phenomenon above. (1)

(b) Give a reason for the answer to QUESTION 5.6.4.1. (2)
(c) Give the alternative name of the phenomenon in QUESTION 5.6.4.1. (1)
Total: 9 Marks

Activity 5.4
Variation is a phenomenon used for selection and breeding.
5.4.1. Give TWO benefits of variation in a breeding programme. (2)
5.4.2. Name TWO internal causes of variation. (2)
5.4.3. Differentiate between variation and selection. (4)
5.4.4. The pattern of inheritance can lead to differences in the phenotype. If white flowers
(W) are crossed with red flowers (R), the offspring in the F1 generation will all be
pink.

(a) Use the Punnet square method to show the offspring of the F2 generation from
the F1 parents above. (4)
(b) Indicate the type of dominance in the offspring of the F1 generation that are all
pink. (1)
(c) Give a reason for the answer to QUESTION 5.7.4.2. (1)
(d) Give the phenotypic ratio of the F2 generation. (1)
Total: 15 Marks

Selection

Activity 5.4

5.4 The graph below represents a normal distribution curve used in the selection of
animals for a breeding programme by taking only their phenotypic characteristics
into account.

Low
Improved
vigour
vigour
A C

poor average good

Performance

5.4.1. Deduce, from the graph, the most suitable group of animals (A, B or C) to be used in
a breeding programme for the next generation. (1)
5.4.2 Give a reason for the answer to QUESTION 1.1. (1)
5.4.3. Identify the method of selection used in this breeding programme. (1)
5.4.4 Differentiate between selection and variation. (4)

5.4.5 Name the selection method used in each of the following situations in animal
breeding:
(a) Selection based on the quality of relatives in the same generation (1)
(b) Selection based on the quality of offspring (1)
Activity 5.6

5.6. A farmer can use heritability and estimated breeding value to predict the
progress of a breeding programme. The higher the heritability of a
characteristic, the greater the chances of improving performance through
selection and breeding. The average slaughter weight of the flock is 47,5 kg.
The parent weighs 52,5 kg. The table below shows the heritability
characteristics of sheep.

HERITABILITY BIRTH POST- MEAT SLAUGHTER

OF WEIGHT WEANING TENDERNESS WEIGHT
CHARACTERISTICS GAIN
Heritability % 49 50 60 85

5.6.1 Use the heritability value to calculate the slaughter weight (genetic gain). Show ALL
calculations, including the formula. (4)

5.6.3 Explain the implication of the value in QUESTION 5.8.2.1. (2)

Activity 5.7
5.7 The illustration below shows an animal breeding method with cattle from
two farmers (A and B). Farmer A has a commercial Hereford herd
while Farmer B is a Sussex stud breeder.

B ull supplied Cow from her d

by F armer A of F armer B

MM mm

Offspring

5.7.1 Identify the breeding method depicted above. (1)

5.7.2 State THREE benefits that this breeding method will have for Farmer B. (3)
5.7.3 Deduce a possible advantage that this breeding process can have for Farmer
A. (1)

Activity 5.8

5.8.1 Identify the animal breeding system applied by Farmer B. Substantiate

the answer. (2)

5.8.2 State TWO advantages of outcrossing. (2)

5.8.3 Give TWO reasons for the selling of old and non-fertile cows. (2)

5.8.4 Name the breeding system that will be applicable once Farmer B
starts using his own outstanding bulls. (1)
Activity 5.9

5.9 A recent development in the improvement of maize is the genetic modification that
makes it resistant to the maize stalk borer. A soil bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis
(Bt), naturally produces a toxin (poison) that kills the maize stalk borer. Genetic
engineering techniques are used to transfer the Bt toxin gene from the bacterium to
the DNA of maize plants.

5.9.1 Identify TWO potential benefits of this genetically modified (GM) crop. (2)

5.9.2 State TWO negative effects of GM crops on the environment. (2)

5.9.3 Explain the technique of using the bacterium in the scenario above to modify maize
plants genetically. (2)

5.9.4 The illustration below shows a technique used by farmers to genetically modify
tomatoes.

(a) Identify the technique above. (1)

(b) State TWO advantages of the technique in QUESTION 5.9.2.1 for the farmer. (2)

(c) Suggest TWO socio-economic implications that plants produced from the
technique in QUESTION 5.9.2.1 and other related techniques have for the farmer. (2)
Total: 11 Marks
Activity 5.10
5.10 Read the case study below and gives answers to the following questions
World population is increasing at an alarming rate. World food programme (WFP) together
with scientists around the world is working around the clock to address the issue of food
insecurity as a result of the population growth. One of their efforts was to make a resistant
maize variety to the pest called maize stalk borer.
A bacterium, called Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), naturally produce a toxin that kills the maize
stalk borer. Genetic modification techniques are used to transfer the Bt toxin from the
bacteria into the DNA of maize plants

5.10.1 Briefly explain the technique in using this bacterium to modify maize plants
genetically. (2)
5.10.2 List THREE potential benefits of this GMO crop. (3)
5.10.3 Name the possibility of negative effects GM crops may have on the environment. (2)

Total: 7 Marks
Activity 6.1
6.1. The table below represents two groups of farmers with different ways of
farming.

GROUP A GROUP B
• 20 small pieces of land 576 ha arable land
• Average size of 1 ha per farmer 1 big tractor, a boom sprayer and
• 2 small tractors, others use oxen a combine harvester Grows
• 1 hand sprayer maize practicing a
• Grows different crops per growth monoculture system
season Produces 5 tons per hectare
• Harvests by hand
• Combined harvest is 1 ton per
hectare

6.1.1 Indicate the land factor described in EACH of the two scenarios. (1)
6.1.2 State TWO benefits of the practices by the farmers in GROUP B that may have
contributed to the higher production per hectare. (2)
6.1.3 Suggest TWO techniques applicable to the farmers in GROUP A that can improve
their production per hectare. (2)
6.1.4 Identify an economic characteristic of land that will be negatively affected by
monoculture and continuous cultivation. (1)
6.1.5 State TWO functions of land as a production factor. (2)

Activity 6.2

6.2. An increase in the human population in recent times has led to the use of
good agricultural soil for non-agricultural purposes as indicated in the
diagram below.
 Reserved
for human
settlement

6.2.1 Identify the economic characteristic of land indicated in the diagram above. Give
a reason for your answer. (2)
6.2.2 Suggest TWO ways in which the economic characteristic above impacts on
the productivity of the land. (2)

Activity 6.3
6.3. You are the manager on a sheep stud farm with 300 merino ewes and 15 rams.
You are responsible for managing labor properly in order to increase productivity.
The table below indicates tasks performed on the farm and the time in which each
task is expected to be completed.

TASKS PERFORMED DURATION OF THE TASK

1. Inspecting watering points Once per week

2. Feeding of stud rams Twice daily, 1 hour per feed

3. Dosing of sheep On-going, as needed

 4. Counting of sheep and keeping of Counting each camp once per month
records

5. Shearing of sheep Seven days per year

6. Upgrading of dams and watering Ten days per year

troughs

6.3.1. Identify TWO tasks in the table above that need to be performed by each of the
following labourers:

(a) Permanent laborers (2)

(b) Temporary laborers (2)

6.3.2 Name ONE task in the table above that needs computer skills. (1)
6.3.3 Identify the most non-repetitive task to be performed by the laborers. (1)

Activity 6.4

6.4.1 When a farmer employs a new worker, a contract must be drawn up. The terms
and conditions of the contract must comply with labor legislation. Some of
the items to be included in the contract are:
Working hours
• Compensation for injury whilst on duty
• Wages/Salaries
• Conditions for termination of service
• Affiliation to trade unions and right to strike
• Supply of protective clothing
• Contributions to the Unemployment Insurance Fund (UIF)

6.4.2 Choose ONE statement from the list above which is addressed by the following:
(a) Occupational Health and Safety Act, 1993 (Act 85 of 1993) (1)
(b) Basic Conditions of Employment Act, 1997 (Act 75 of 1997) (1)
(c) Labor Relations Act, 1995 (Act 66 of 1995) (1)
6.4.3 State TWO benefits of the Unemployment Insurance Fund for farm workers. (2)
Capital

Day 1

6.5

6.5.1 Identify TWO sources of capital that can be used to expand the egg- producing
enterprise in the scenario above. (2)
6.5.2 Identify TWO problems with capital in the scenario above. (2)
6.5.3 Name TWO other problems associated with capital, besides those identified in
QUESTION 6.5.2. (2)
6.5.4 Use a formula to calculate the profit per month from egg sales, if the income is
R14,85 per dozen and the expenditure is R8,55 per dozen.
(Show ALL calculations.) (3)

TOTAL MARKS = 9

Capital

Day 2

6.6 The table below shows a record with the estimated income and expenditure for an
Enterprise for a financial year.

6.6.1 Identify the financial record illustrated in the table above. (1)
6.6.2 Give a reason for the answer to QUESTION 6.6.1. (1)
 6.6.3 Use a formula and calculate the possible net income of this enterprise. (4)
6.6.4 Identify the problem that this enterprise is likely to experience. (1)
6.6.5 State TWO possible ways in which this farmer can make the enterprise
viable. (2)

TOTAL MARKS = 9

Management

Day 3

6.7 The graph below indicates the skills of a farm worker and a farm manager.

6.7.1 Refer to the graph and identify TWO important skills a farm manager should
have. (2)
6.7.2 Name ONE important skill that will enable the farm worker to perform a
task. (1)
6.7.3 Justify the answer to QUESTION 6.7.2. (2)
6.7.4 Name TWO management skills, other than the skills in the graph, that are
very important for the farm manager. (2)
6.7.5 State TWO management principles that a farmer must apply in the farm
business. (2)

TOTAL MARKS = 9
Management

Day 4

6.8 The table below shows the different farming enterprise on a farm.

6.8.1 Name TWO risk management strategies in the table above. (2)
6.8.2 Refer to the strategies identified in QUESTION 6.8.1 and justify
EACH strategy. (2)
6.9 The farming business is influenced by both internal and external forces.
6.9.1 Name the external force represented by EACH of the statements below:
(a) The increase of VAT on commodities (1)
(b) The outbreak of listeriosis that led to food contamination (1)
(c) New emerging markets for the same product (1)
(d) Today's youth believe in fast foods, whilst parents are part of the staple diet
group. (1)
6.9.2 Give the sources of risk linked to QUESTION 6.9.1(a)
and QUESTION 6.9.1(b). (2)

TOTAL MARKS = 10
 WEEK 6 ASSESSMENT ACTIVITIES

Day 1 Activity (Entrepreneurship)

8.1

8.1.1 In the scenario above, identify THREE phases of the entrepreneurial process. 3)
8.1.2 Name THREE personal characteristics of a successful entrepreneur. (3)

8.2 The table below shows the characteristics of two individuals.

8.2.1 Identify the individual (A or B), in the table above, who represents an
entrepreneur. (1)
8.2.2 Identify TWO personal characteristics, in the table above, of an
entrepreneur. (2)
TOTAL MARKS = 9

Day 2 Activity (SWOT analysis)

8.3 The schematic representation below shows the aspects of a SWOT analysis done by
an emerging farmer.
 8.3.1 Link statement A, B, C and E in the schematic representation with the elements
of a SWOT analysis. (4)
8.3.2 Explain how the farmer may use the strengths and opportunities in the
schematic representation above to improve the farming enterprise. (2)

TOTAL MARKS = 6

Day 3 Activity (SWOT analysis)

8.4 Read through the following terms, and decide whether they are treats, opportunities,
weaknesses or strengths for a grain producing enterprise.
8.4.1 Untrained labour force
8.4.2 Low grain prices
8.4.3 Drought
8.4.4 Imports from other countries
8.4.5 Changes in legislation
8.4.6 Consumers moving away from eating bread
8.4.7 Good soil
8.4.8 Favourable climate
8.4.9 Insecticide-resistant pests
8.4.10 Increase in diesel price
8.4.11 Decrease in water costs
8.4.12 Lack of management knowledge (1X12) = 12
Day 4 Activity (Business plan)

8.5 A business plan is a plan of action that an entrepreneur should have for a business.

8.5.1 Give TWO reasons for drawing up a business plan. (2)

8.5.2 List THREE items that should be included in the format of a good business
plan. (3)
8.5.3 State TWO problems that may be encountered when drawing up a business
plan. (2)

TOTAL MARKS = 7