EE-226 Circuit Analysis-II Laboratory Report

Experiment 07: Frequency Response of Passive Low Pass and High Pass Filter Circuits

Date Experiment Performed: 24-04-2024

Submitted by

Israr Ahmed (Report writing)

Saeeda Qaiser (Proof reading )

Maham Saeed( editing)

Section B

Group no 11

Department of Electrical Engineering

Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences
 Abstract

This abstract outlines the outcomes of an experiment studying the Frequency Response of Passive
Low Pass and High Pass Filter Circuits. The objective was to explore how these filters impact
signals across various frequency ranges. Notably, findings indicate that the low pass filter efficiently
obstructs high-frequency signals, whereas the high pass filter impedes low-frequency signals. The
primary focus of discussion centers on the cutoff frequency, particularly pinpointing where 70 percent
of the maximum output persists. Ultimately, the experiment reaches conclusions concerning the
operational functionality and effectiveness of passive filters in signal processing applications.
Contents

1 Introduction 2
1.1 Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

2 Equipment and Procedure 3

2.1 Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.2 Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.2.1 Part-A: Passive Low Pass Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.2.2 Part-A: Passive Low Pass Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

3 Results and Discussion 5

3.1 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.2 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

4 Summary and Conclusion 8

4.1 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.2 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

References 9

A Formulas and Calculations 10

1
Chapter 1

Introduction

1.1 Purpose
The purpose of this experiment is to analyze the Frequency Response of Passive Low Pass and High
Pass Filter Circuits. It aims to investigate how these filters attenuate or pass signals of varying
frequencies, shedding light on their functionality and suitability for signal processing applications.

1.2 Background
An electronic filter is a crucial component in electrical circuits that selectively processes voltage
signals, comprising various frequencies, by isolating specific frequency ranges. In our exploration,
inspired by insights from [?], we delve into the foundational principles guiding passive filter circuits.
These circuits, comprising capacitors, inductors, and resistors, govern the flow of electrical signals
by permitting certain frequencies to pass while attenuating others. For example, low pass filters
enable the passage of low-frequency signals while suppressing high-frequency ones, whereas high
pass filters operate conversely. Through empirical investigations detailed in our study, we strive to
bridge theoretical concepts with practical applications, unveiling the real-world implications of filter
circuits. By doing so, we aim to foster a deeper comprehension of these circuits and their relevance
in contemporary electronics across fields like telecommunications and audio systems.

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Chapter 2

Equipment and Procedure

2.1 Equipment
• Function Generator

• Oscilloscope

• Digital Multi-meter(DMM)

• 2.2kΩ Resistor

• 0.33 µF Capacitor

2.2 Procedure
2.2.1 Part-A: Passive Low Pass Filter
R
Vout
−
Vin + C

GND

1. Wire the circuit as shown in ?? and consider voltage across the resistor to be the output
voltage.

2. Measure the frequency response of the circuit at suitable frequencies such as 20Hz, 50Hz,
100Hz, 200Hz, 500Hz, 1kHz, 2kHz, 5kHz and 20kHz. Record the observations in 3.1

3. Derive the transfer function of the circuit and compute the theoretical gain and phase of the
circuit.Plot both the calculated and theoretical gains and phases versus frequency.

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2.2.2 Part-A: Passive Low Pass Filter
C
Vout
−
Vin + R

GND

1. Wire the circuit as shown in ?? and consider voltage across the resistor to be the output
voltage.

2. Measure the frequency response of the circuit at suitable frequencies such as 20Hz, 50Hz,
100Hz, 200Hz, 500Hz, 1kHz, 2kHz, 5kHz and 20kHz. Record the observations in 3.2

3. Derive the transfer function of the circuit and compute the theoretical gain and phase of the
circuit.Plot both the calculated and theoretical gains and phases versus frequency.

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Chapter 3

Results and Discussion

3.1 Results
The following table 3.1 shows the experimental and theoretical data calculated for low pass filter
frequency response and 3.2 shows the experimental and theoretical data calculated for high pass
filter frequency response

Table 3.1: Low pass filter frequency response

f Vin Vout Gain Exp Gain Th Phase Ex Phase Th
(Hz) (Volts) (Volts) (dB) (dB) (Deg) (Deg)
20 0.636 0.626 -0.137 -0.035 89.9 89.99
50 0.651 0.631 -0.1 -0.2 89.9 89.99
100 0.651 0.635 -0.6 -0.821 89.97 89.98
200 0.651 0.640 -7.64 -2.63 89.95 89.97
500 0.658 0.636 -17.7 -7.93 89.93 89.94
1000 0.660 0.0186 -23.4 -13.36 89.99 89.46
2000 0.662 0.037 -23.7 -19.26 89.99 89.46
5000 0.678 0.015 -31.18 -27.17 89.91 88.81
20000 0.675 0.012 -36.8 -39.20 89.90 87.62

Table 3.2: High pass filter frequency response

f Vin Vout Gain Exp Gain Th Phase Ex Phase Th
(Hz) (Volts) (Volts) (dB) (dB) (Deg) (Deg)
20 0.657 52.2 -20.3 -20.833 81.4 84.78
50 0.658 80.8 -12.34 -13.06 75.16 77.15
100 0.659 198.2 -6.8 -7.639 62.88 65.46
200 0.664 480 -3.04 -3.427 50.83 46.63
500 0.666 646 -0.925 -0.764 24,97 23.63
1000 0.668 652 -0.282 -0.204 11.91 6.57
2000 0.63670 668 -0.009 -0.052 6.10 2.51
5000 0.672 668 -0.001 -0.0083 1.82 1.25
20000 0.675 679 -0.0011 -0.00052 1.34 0.628

To perform the above calculations we used the relationships given in A.1 ,A.2,A.3 and A.4

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Figure 3.1: Output Wave form for Low Pass Filter

Figure 3.2: Output Wave form for High Pass Filter

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3.2 Discussion
In our investigation into the Frequency Response of Passive Low Pass and High Pass Filter Cir-
cuits, our experimental findings closely aligned with our theoretical predictions. The low pass filter
effectively blocked high-frequency signals while allowing low-frequency ones, and conversely, the
high pass filter blocked low-frequency signals while permitting high-frequency ones to pass through.
Although there were slight discrepancies, primarily due to equipment limitations and component
tolerances, the overall trends remained consistent with established electrical principles.
Our experiment largely unfolded as anticipated. The low pass filter inhibited high-frequency
sounds but permitted low-frequency ones, and vice versa for the high pass filter. Minor variations
arose, likely stemming from the precision of our instruments and subtle differences in component
characteristics. Nevertheless, the observed outcomes were largely in accordance with our expecta-
tions upon constructing these filters.
This underscores the applicability of theoretical knowledge from textbooks to practical scenar-
ios. It demonstrates that the principles elucidated in our studies translate effectively to real-world
applications. To enhance the quality of our future experiments, meticulous attention to equipment
setup and thorough verification of component specifications will be imperative. Low pass and high
pass filters are complementary in their function, each serving to isolate specific frequency ranges in
a signal. Together, they form the basis of more complex filter designs such as band pass and band
stop filters, which selectively pass or block signals within defined frequency bands. Understanding
the behavior and characteristics of low pass and high pass filters is fundamental in various fields of
electronics and signal processing. In summary, low pass and high pass filters are essential compo-
nents in electronics, serving to manipulate the frequency content of signals for various applications.
Their simple yet effective design makes them valuable tools in fields ranging from audio engineering
to telecommunications.

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Chapter 4

Summary and Conclusion

4.1 Summary
In our study concerning Passive Low Pass and High Pass Filter Circuits, we explored the impact of
these filters on signals of varying frequencies. Our findings closely mirrored theoretical predictions,
confirming that low pass filters obstruct high-frequency signals while permitting low-frequency ones,
and conversely for high pass filters. Although minor disparities were evident, likely attributable to
constraints in equipment and variations in component tolerances, our results affirmed the real-
world utility of electrical principles. This investigation underscored the critical role of filter circuits
in signal manipulation and stressed the necessity of precise equipment configuration and component
validation for forthcoming experiments.

4.2 Conclusion
In conclusion, our experiment effectively showcased the frequency response attributes of passive low
pass and high pass filter circuits. The obtained outcomes closely paralleled theoretical predictions,
validating the efficacy of these filters in selectively modifying signals according to their frequency
compositions. This experimentation highlights the tangible significance of filter circuits in diverse
signal processing contexts and underscores the critical role of precise equipment calibration and
thorough component validation to ensure experimental accuracy.

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References

James William Nilsson and Susan A Riedel. Electric circuits. Pearson Education Limited, 2020.

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Appendix A

Formulas and Calculations

1. Theoretical value of capacitive Reactance at particular frequency is given by:

Xc = 1/2πf C (A.1)

2. Theoretical value of Gain for Low pass filter is given by:

p
Gain(dB) = Xc2 / Xc2 + R2 (A.2)

3. Theoretical value of Gain for High pass filter is given by:

p
Gain(dB) = R2 / Xc2 + R2 (A.3)

4. Experimental value of gain is calculated through:

Gain(dB) = 20 log V o/V i (A.4)

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