Reading N Writing

Senior High School
READING AND WRITING

SKILLS
SECOND SEMESTER, QUARTER 3
Module 2: Properties of a Well-Written Text
(Weeks 4 – 6)
About the Module
This module details the properties of a well-written text which can be used as bases for
evaluating any piece of writing.
This module is divided into three lessons namely:
Lesson 1 : Organization
Lesson 2 : Coherence and Cohesion
Lesson 3 : Language Use and Mechanics of Writing
Enjoy learning!
PRETEST
Directions. Read the word or phrase after each number. The word or phrase is
associated with one of the properties of a well-written text. On a
separate sheet of paper, write the letter corresponding to the correct
answer.
1. Categorical or topical sequence

A. Organization C. Language Use
B. Coherence and Cohesion D. Mechanics of Writing
2. Capitalization
3. All relevant details only

4. Level of formality
5. Spatial
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6. Punctuation
7. One focused idea

8. Chronological order
9. Connectedness of thesis statement and main idea per paragraph

10. Problem-solution
11. Transitional words / transitional expressions

12. Cause-and-Effect
13. Grammaticality
14. Spelling
15. Pronouns and their antecedent

2
Lesson ORGANIZATION
1
What I Need to Know
Given varied activities, you should be able to:
• complete the basic outline of an essay;

• sequence paragraphs to form a logical and meaningful essay; and
• write a third logical supporting point that reinforces the main idea of
the essay outline.
What’s In
Before you start the activity, be in a seated position and lift both your legs to a 45-
degree angle. Gently point and flex both feet eight times then carefully lower both feet
back to the floor.
Directions. Place the fish – W, X, Y, and Z – in the tanks according to the clues.
Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
W X Y Z
Tank 1 Tank 2 Tank 3 Tank 4
Clues:
1. The W fish is between the X fish and the Y fish.
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2. The X fish is next to the Z fish.
3. The Y fish is not in Tank 1.
Adapted from The Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs, Office of English Language Programs
Whether you are aware of it or not, everything has a system – an order, a

pattern. When you unlock the pattern, it is easier to predict what something contains
or where something is going. Good writing also follows a system – an order, a pattern.
When you, as a reader, understand the pattern, it is easier to find certain information
and comprehend the text, even the point of view of the writer.
What’s New
Directions. Read the essay below and answer the questions that follow. Write your
answers on a separate sheet of paper.
Working Student: A Balancing Act
Over the years, the concept of work-study balance has been a tough struggle
for working students. Running from school to work and juggling academic
requirements and side-hustles while keeping your family, social, or love life in check is
a truly daunting task. But many students have conquered this challenge. As long as
you find a feasible work-study option, understand and stick to your priorities, and
keep your communication lines open, work-study balance can be achieved.
First of all, look for a practicable work-study alternative. For example, you can
look for work opportunities inside your school campus. Aside from scholarships, some
schools offer financial aids to students by working as a student assistant (SA) in your
school’s different departments and faculty. Some benefits of being an SA can include
free or discounted tuition fees or school allowances. It also provides you with more
time for your academics since you won’t have to travel between classes or shifts. But
you have to keep in mind that most SA programs require certain grade retentions, so
you’ve really got to aim high.
Next, identify your goals and keep them in mind when deciding what you will
and will not do. Of course, the ultimate goal is for you to finish your studies so your
priority is your schooling. Your close second goal is to keep your job as it is what will
finance your studies. Other working students, though, are also helping with family
financial problems. But as much as possible, find ways on how you can fit your work
schedule to your daily classes –but never the other way around. Set a flexible work-
study calendar by considering the travel time, exam schedules, extracurricular
activities, and other engagements. Make some allowances in case your boss suddenly
requires you to extend an hour on your shift or you have to rush a due school project.
4
Finally, communicate your struggles. As you face the burdens of working while
studying, it is important to communicate your situation to your professors, employers,
and parents. Doing so will not only help you plot your schedule properly but can also
help other people know what you’re up to and help them manage their own
expectations from you.
Being practical with your choice of work, keeping your priorities, and letting key
people know what you are up to can definitely lighten the burden of managing work
and study. When everything feels quite overwhelming, just remember that you are not
alone. You can always find support and encouragement from your loved
ones, mentors, and friends who are all rooting for you to succeed.
Nukum (2018)
Questions:
1. What is the main idea of the whole essay?

2. Can you easily create an outline out of the whole essay? What contents do you
see in your outline?
3. Do all the supporting details reinforce the main idea of the essay? Do all the
supporting details in the second, third and fourth paragraphs reinforce the
topic sentences of the respective paragraphs?
4. Was the essay easy to read and understand?
Essay writing is a skill that every K-12 graduate should master. Before you
begin to claim mastery, you should make sure you understand the basic structure of
an essay. Below is an outline of the Basic Structure of an Essay:
I. Introduction
A. Opener
In an opener, the writer strategizes in getting the reader’s

attention. There are several methods by which a reader’s attention can be
captured. Commonly used are anecdotes, questions, and quotations. Just
remember, an effective opener gets the reader curious, excited, or interested to
continue reading the essay.
B. Thesis Statement
A thesis statement is to an essay as a topic sentence is to a

paragraph. What that means is that a thesis statement must capture in one
sentence what the entire essay is about. An effective thesis statement needs to
reflect the ideas in the body of the essay, specifically the main ideas in each
paragraph (or topic sentences).
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II. Body
This is where the writer elaborates the thesis statement by explaining the
main points which are usually limited to three main points, but can be as many
as five main points.
III. Conclusion
A. Restatement of the thesis (statement)
The restatement of the thesis serves as a recap of the essay. It usually

resembles the thesis statement that is why it is called the restatement of the
thesis. The major difference between the two is that the thesis statement
sounds like a preview while the restatement of the thesis sounds like a
review. While many writers would restate the thesis, some writers may opt not
to. Therefore, the Restatement of the thesis may be considered optional.
B. Ender
The ender is like a knot that is made at the end of braiding a rope. This
is where the writer gives his/her final thought about the essay. Several
strategies can also be used such as using a quotation, asking a rhetorical
question, or giving a recommendation.
Can you create an outline of the essay, Working Student:

A Balancing Act, based on the basic structure
presented? See if it resembles the outline below.
I. Introduction
A. Opener
Starting with an opposite: Over the years, the concept of work-study

balance has been a tough struggle for working students. Running from school to
work and juggling academic requirements and side-hustles while keeping your
family, social, or love life in check is a truly daunting task. But many students
have conquered this challenge.
B. Thesis Statement
As long as you find a feasible work-study option, understand and stick to

your priorities, and keep your communication lines open, work-study balance can
be achieved.
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II. Body
Main Point 1:
First of all, look for a practicable work-study alternative.
Main Point 2:
Next, identify your goals and keep them in mind when deciding
what you will and will not do.
Main Point 3:
Finally, communicate your struggles.
III. Conclusion
Being practical with your choice of work, keeping your priorities,

and letting key people know what you are up to can definitely ease the
burden of managing work and study.
B. Ender
Recommendation:
When everything feels quite overwhelming, just remember that you

are not alone. You can always find support and encouragement from your
loved ones, mentors, and friends who are all rooting for you to succeed.
LOGICAL ORGANIZATION
The following ways of organizing information may be employed in writing:
1. Chronological organization is I. Introduction

highly applicable when writing
about an event you have A. Opener
experienced or when talking about B. Thesis Statement
how a process unfolds. The focus of
the organization is really more on II. Body
the body of the essay.
A. Event / Step 1
B. Event / Step 2
C. Event / Step 3
III. Conclusion

B. Ender
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I. Introduction
2. Spatial organization is
useful when writing about A. Opener
objects or places and the B. Thesis Statement
focus is more on describing
them. It is advisable to move II. Body
from one area to another. It
is up to you as the writer A. Area description 1
whether you wish to move B. Area description 2
from the bottom up, or left to C. Area description 3
right, or inside out.
III. Conclusion

B. Ender
I. Introduction
3. Cause-and-Effect is used
when talking about the cause A. Opener
and effect of something. As B. Thesis Statement
mentioned before, you can be
cause-focused (in which case, II. Body
go with the first column), or
effect-focused (in which case, A. Cause 1 / Effect 1 / Cause and Effect 1
go with the second column), B. Cause 2 / Effect 2 / Cause and Effect 2
or when discussing both C. Cause 3 / Effect 3 / Cause and Effect 3
cause and effect (in which
case, organize using the third III. Conclusion
column).
B. Ender
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I. Introduction
4. Comparison-and-
Contrast is when you put
A. Opener
two elements side by side
B. Thesis Statement
and extract their
similarities and
II. Body
differences. In the first
suggestion, you can focus
A. Element 1
on the first element solely
1. Point of Comparison 1
before you discuss the
second element. In the
second suggestion, you
can focus on their points
B. Element 2
for comparison (or
contrast) putting the
elements side by side.
OR
A. Point of Comparison 1
1. Element 1
2. Element 2
B. Point of Comparison 2
1. Element 1
2. Element 2
C. Point of Comparison 3
1. Element 1
2. Element 2
III. Conclusion

B. Ender
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5. Categorical or Topical is when you have subsets of topics. From the one general
topic, you have subtopics and can be organized as suggested in the outline below.
I. Introduction
A. Opener
B. Thesis Statement
II. Body
A. Subtopic 1
B. Subtopic 2
C. Subtopic 3
III. Conclusion

B. Ender
6. Problem-Solution Order is for when you have a problem that you wish to provide
solution(s) to. In the first main point, the problem can be elaborated. In the next
paragraph(s), the solution(s) can be discussed.
I. Introduction
A. Opener
B. Thesis Statement
II. Body
A. Problem
B. Solution
III. Conclusion
B. Ender
What way of organizing information is used by the

writer of Working Student: A Balancing Act?
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What I Can Do
Directions. The outline below states the thesis statement of an essay and the main
ideas in the paragraphs that follow. Complete the following by adding a
third logical supporting point that will parallel the two already provided.
1. The first day of a new normal school can be nerve-wrecking.
a. Being in class while your parents are eavesdropping
b. Finding your way around a new virtual classroom platform
c. ______________________________________________________
2. My teacher has three qualities I admire.
a. Patience
b. Thoughtfulness
c. ______________________________________________________
3. Cebu has become a hub for adventures.
a. Canyoneering in Badian
b. Island hopping in Mactan
c. ______________________________________________________
4. The news can be stressful.
a. There’s more bad news than good.
b. Some news outlets are biased.
c. ______________________________________________________
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5. There are several ways to take care of your mental health.
a. Meditate
b. Exercise
c. ______________________________________________________
What I Have Learned
Directions. Express what you have learned by completing the basic structure of an
essay. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
I. Introduction
A. ______________________________
B. ______________________________
II. Body
A. ______________________________
B. ______________________________
C. ______________________________
III. Conclusion
A. ______________________________
B. ______________________________
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What’s More
Directions. Sequence the paragraphs placed in the boxes to form a logical and
meaningful essay. Write the number located on the upper right-hand
corner of the box according to the most logical sequence. Be guided by
the description on the table below. Write your answers on a separate
sheet of paper.
Number of the introductory paragraph
Number of the second paragraph (body)
Number of the third paragraph (body)
Number of the fourth paragraph (body)
Number of the concluding paragraph
1
The third highest incident of child-labor is in prostitution. Despite the
many studies and reports on the issue, the incidences of Filipino children in
prostitution, pornography and the sex tourism industry are probably even higher
than reported. A casual audit of everyday news stories from various media would
reveal Filipino children still being trafficked from rural to urban areas for forced
domestic service and prostitution. Today, with technology in place, many children
as young as a few months old in the rural areas fall victim of online pornography.
Our country is a signatory to the United Nations Convention on the Rights

of the Child. We have enough laws against child labor. And yet the worst forms of
child labor can still be found in many parts of the country today, according to a
recent European Commission-funded study. Many of these children are exploited
in mining, sugarcane plantations, and prostitution.
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3
Existing social protection programs are clearly not sufficient and there are3
significant gaps in the enforcement of existing laws. If Congress increased fines
and revised child labor rules, and the executive reinvigorated enforcement of anti-
child labor laws, children would be in schools where they belong.
4
Aside from mining, there is also an alarming incidence of child labor in
sugarcane plantations. Extreme cases of worsening working conditions for child
laborers in sugarcane plantations show how children are brought to plantations
that are far from their hometown. Trucks would pick them up and bring them to
‘camps’ that are located in nearby provinces to stay and work there from two
weeks to one month without their parents. They stay and sleep in makeshift tents
within the plantation. This was the report revealed by the European Union.
5
The highest incident of child labor is in the mining communities at 14.2 percent, of
which 93.75 percent are boys and 6.25 percent are girls. Girls in mines are part of
the indirect employment in small-scale mines. This is quite alarming because
mining is already marked as one of the deadliest forms of employment. The
occurrence of accidents in small scale mines is 6-7 times higher than in large scale
mines, according to the International Labor Organization.
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Lesson COHERENCE AND
2 COHESION
What I Need to Know
• compare and contrast cohesion from coherence;

• provide the appropriate transitions to tie together the sentences and
ideas in the essay;
• prove that a sample essay has coherence by extracting the thesis
statement and the ideas that support the thesis statement; and
• discuss the basic structure of an essay by completing the essay guide
map.
What’s In
Before you start the activity, be in a seated position and gently roll your shoulders to
the back five times. Now, do the opposite motion and roll your shoulders forward five
times. Once you are done, relax the shoulders and do one deep inhale and one deep
exhale.
Directions. Examine the set of four pictures arranged horizontally. Guess the word
that is depicted by the four pictures. The number of boxes is equivalent
to the number of letters of the mystery word. The first and last letter of
the words have been provided as clue. Write your answers on a separate
sheet of paper.
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This Photo by Unknown
S T
This Photo by Unknown

Author is licensed uder CC This Photo by Unknown Author
BY-SA is licensed under CC BY-SA
C G
What’s New
COHERENCE AND COHESION
A piece of writing is coherent when every statement in the piece of writing

contributes to the elaboration of the main idea. It’s a lot like the four pictures that
suggests only one word.
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In the previous lesson, we have learned that an essay has a thesis statement.
The thesis statement needs to be elaborated. To achieve coherence, every main idea in
the body should reinforce the big idea in the thesis statement. To further appreciate
whether the essay, Working Student: A Balancing Act (found on the previous lesson),
has coherence, let’s look at the graphic organizer on the next page.
Thesis statement of the Essay:
As long as you find a feasible work-study option, understand and stick to your
priorities, and keep your communication lines open, work-study balance can
be achieved.
Main Idea 1 Main Idea 2 Main Idea 3
First of all, look for a Next, identify your goals and keep Finally,
practicable work-study them in mind when deciding what communicate your
alternative. you will and will not do. struggles.
The ONE idea that the essay is trying to say is ... work-study balance can be
achieved as highlighted in bold in the graphic organizer. How that can be achieved is
stated in the thesis statement itself. Now take a look at main ideas 1, 2, and 3. Key
words from the thesis statement can be found in the main ideas of the second, third,
and fourth paragraphs as pointed out in the arrows. Naturally, they are stated slightly
differently but in essence, they mean the same. This is one way of saying that a piece
of writing has COHERENCE.
Now let’s examine closely the second, third, and fourth paragraphs of the essay,
Working Student: A Balancing Act, and see if all the supporting details truly reinforce
the respective topic sentences.
Looking at the first paragraph of the essay, Working Student: A Balancing Act,
(re-printed below this paragraph) you may notice that only one example of a
“practicable work-study alternative” is given. Another option may be given like
scouting for jobs within walking distance to the school. There are normally many fast-
food chains that open their businesses just across or next to a school campus. Adding
a second example that directly contributes to the main idea of the paragraph can
increase and widen the understanding of the reader in terms of the point that you are
trying to make as a writer.
First of all, look for a practicable work-study alternative. For example, you can
look for work opportunities inside your school campus. Aside from scholarships, some
schools offer financial aids to students by working as a student assistant (SA) in your
school’s different departments and faculty. Some benefits of being an SA can include
free or discounted tuition fees or school allowances. It also provides you with more time
for your academics since you won’t have to travel between classes or shifts. But you
have to keep in mind that most SA programs require certain grade retentions, so you’ve
really got to aim high.
17
Now let us examine the third paragraph of the essay as re-printed below. What
do you think makes it incoherent?
Next, identify your goals and keep them in mind when deciding what you will
and will not do. Of course, the ultimate goal is for you to finish your studies so your
priority is your schooling. Your close second goal is to keep your job as it is what will
finance your studies. Other working students, though, are also helping with their
family’s financial problems. But as much as possible, find ways on how you can fit
your work schedule to your daily classes –but never the other way around. Set a flexible
work-study calendar by considering the travel time, exam schedules, extracurricular
activities, and other engagements. Make some allowances in case your boss suddenly
requires you to extend an hour on your shift or you have to rush a due school project.
After you have read the entire paragraph, I want you to read again the
underlined sentence. While it is true that many working students help with their
family’s finances, the underlined sentence seems to be a commentary to the sentence
before it. It does not really contribute to the main idea found on the first sentence of
the paragraph which states, “Next, identify your goals and keep them in mind when
deciding what you will and will not do.”
Therefore, when we talk about coherence, a piece of writing must strike a

balance between making sure the necessary details are included and restraining
oneself from putting in the unnecessary ones.
What about cohesion? Cohesion dwells more on words that are used to
connect one idea to the next. That means, writers need to be careful about their
pronouns and transitions.
Writers need to take the extra pains of checking that every pronoun has a clear
antecedent (a noun that it is referring to) and the pronoun adheres to the number
(singular or plural) and gender (masculine, feminine, or neutral) of the antecedent.
Transition words help make sense of the relationship of one idea to the next.
They are perhaps the most effective in making sentences and paragraphs in essays
cohesive as they provide cues of the relevance of one sentence to the next and of one
paragraph to another. Below is a list of common transition words and the sort of cue
they provide when connecting sentences and paragraphs.
LOGICAL RELATIONSHIP TRANSITIONAL EXPRESSION
Similarity also, in the same way, just as … so too, likewise, similarly
Exception/Contrast but, however, in spite of, on the one hand … on the other
hand, nevertheless, nonetheless, notwithstanding, in
contrast, on the contrary, still, yet
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Sequence/Order first, second, third, … next, then, finally
Time after, afterward, at last, before, currently, during, earlier,

immediately, later, meanwhile, now, recently,
simultaneously, subsequently, then
Example for example, for instance, namely, specifically, to illustrate
Emphasis even, indeed, in fact, of course, truly
Place/Position above, adjacent, below, beyond, here, in front, in back,

nearby, there
Cause and Effect accordingly, consequently, hence, so, therefore, thus
Additional Support or additionally, again, also, and, as well, besides, equally

Evidence important, further, furthermore, in addition, moreover,
then
Conclusion/Summary finally, in a word, in brief, briefly, in conclusion, in the end,

in the final analysis, on the whole, thus, to conclude, to
summarize, in sum, to sum up, in summary
Adapted from The Writing Center of the University of North Carolina
What transition words or transitional expressions were used by

writer as the essay progresses to the third and fourth paragraphs?
What relationship is established by the transition words among
the second, third, and fourth paragraphs?
19
What I Can Do
Directions. In the spaces provided, write the appropriate transitions to tie together
the sentences and ideas in the following essay. Draw from the words
given in the boxes. Use each word in the box only once. Write your
answers on a separate sheet of paper.
Online Gaming Risks
Online games aren’t new. Consumers have been playing them since as early as
1960. However, the market is evolving. Games that used to require the computing
power of dedicated desktops can now be powered by smartphones, and online gaming
participation has skyrocketed. This, unfortunately, means that the dangers of online
gaming have evolved as well. Online bullying and harassment, viruses and malware,
and phishing scams and account takeovers have become rampant threats to today’s
online gaming.
Choices for numbers 1-5:
first of all for example for instance on the other hand so
1_______________, online bullying and harassment is perhaps the biggest

susceptibility for online gamers. A recent study shows that 65% of players who
participate in online gaming have been harassed – a statistic that does not bode well
for underage gamers. Two types of harassment specific to online experiences go a step
beyond what is expected from online bullying: doxxing and swatting. Doxxing is when
one or more online participants seek personal, identifying information on a particular
user for blackmail or intimidation purposes. 2_______________, some adult gamers who
pretend to be teenagers befriend teen gamers or even children as young as six years
old just to get personal information about them and their family and other people
living in their home, 3_______________ doxxing can often lead to the release of real
names, phone numbers, home addresses, employer information, and more. Swatting,
4_______________, is a form of harassment that uses doxxing techniques to create an
actual, tangible threat. A harasser, 5_______________, will call in a threat to a doxxed

user’s local police unit, often claiming there is a kidnapping or hostage situation at the
victim’s address. This may bring a large SWAT response unit to descend upon the
address.
20
Choices for numbers 6-10:
additionally also another lastly as soon as
6_______________ threat is the exposure to viruses and malware. As with almost

every digital experience, specific cybersecurity risks are associated with the online
gaming landscape. Unknowingly for many children, the “cheats” that they can
download from forums are packed with malware—usually ransomware or info-stealing
Trojans. What’s worse is that a lot of young gamers 7_______________ don’t run
antivirus because they think it will make the game slower. The bottom line is cheating
at online games isn’t just ethically icky, it makes these naïve gamers a proven target
for hackers.
8_______________, online games are also vulnerable to phishing scams and

account takeovers. With more than 1 billion gamers actively spending money not
just on games, but in games, it’s no surprise that phishing scams have become
commonplace in gaming communities. One of the most prevalent phishing tactics in
gaming is account takeovers where gamers are often prompted by a risky link click on
a gaming forum, or a compromised account sending out phishing links to other users.
9_______________ the hacker has control of the account, they can run up fraudulent
charges to any attached credit cards or, in some cases, sell the compromised account
(particularly if it contains valuable items or character skins).
There are plenty of tools to help gamers stay secure while gaming.
Reliable antivirus software installed and up-to-date security checks on all of the
household smart devices can protect a family from malicious software.
10_______________, wrapping the household web traffic in the secure encryption of
a trusted VPN could reduce doxxing potential. As for parents, the best thing they can
do with their kids is providing them digital literacy. Conversations about online
bullying, recognizing cybersecurity threats and phishing scams are necessary to
protect not just the entire family’s private data but also a child’s total well-being.
Battle (2019)
21
What I Have Learned
Directions. Express what you have learned by comparing and contrasting coherence
and cohesion. On a separate sheet of paper, draw a Venn diagram
(similar to what you see below). Point out one similarity between
coherence and cohesion and write this on the area that the two circles
share. Point out one difference and write this on the areas that the two
circles do not share. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
Coherence Cohesion
Coherence Cohesion
What’s More
Directions. Read the essay below and follow the instructions written after the
essay.
Have you ever noticed how successful people always seem to ‘have their act
together’, while some of us struggle to get through the day? Are they just
lucky? Intelligent? Born with a silver spoon? No, success is not a pre-determined
destiny, or limited to your IQ level, or the size of your bank account. So, while there’s
no proven formula, there’s no denying that people we admire share certain traits and
habits that helped them get ahead.
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Think book nerds are losers? It’s quite the opposite, actually. Last I checked,
they rule the world. Mark Cuban, an American billionaire entrepreneur, insists on
reading three hours a day, while Bill Gates, co-founder of Microsoft Corporation, reads
for one hour as part of his bedtime routine. J.K Rowling, author of the Harry Potter
fantasy series and the first ever billionaire author, reads ‘absolutely anything’ as a
child. Former US President Barack Obama, Facebook CEO Sheryl Sandberg, and the
genius Albert Einstein are book lovers, too. Reading helps you learn from the
mistakes and successes of others. Instead of just diving in, relying on your guts and
motivation to lead you, reading gives you a mental map to bypass rookie mistakes
people make in life.
Successful people find the time to meditate. Studies suggest meditation

alleviates anxiety, pain and prevents depression. It can also improve your ability to
focus instead of getting overwhelmed with everything that’s happening around you.
That’s what happened to Arnold Schwarzenegger, a retired bodybuilder and former
governor of California, when he had a habit of doing transcendental meditations in the
70s. Unfortunately, quieting the mind doesn’t come as naturally to many of us. So, for
beginners, you can create the habit of meditating by concentrating on your breath for
3-5 minutes, which is the average starting point of new meditators. If random
thoughts keep popping in your head, give your monkey brain something to chew on by
chanting “Om Namah Shivaya” (I honor the divinity within me).
Serena Williams, who has won 23 Grand Slam singles titles in lawn tennis,
wakes up at 6 AM to practice tennis, and she’s been doing that since she was a
kid. Even her after-school routine revolved around practicing the sport. Simone Biles,
the most decorated gymnast in the world, trains 32 hours a week, six days a week.
You can find shortcuts for everything in life, but you can never sidestep the hard work
required to build the foundation of your goals.
I hope you don’t get too excited and apply all these habits at once. That will
drive you crazy. Instead, pick the easiest habit for you, and then do it for 3-6 months
until it becomes a natural part of your routine. After that, check back here to pick
another one.
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Instructions. Prove that the essay above has coherence by extracting the thesis
statement and the ideas that support the thesis statement. The table below
serves as your guide. Complete it by filling out what is being asked. (15 pts)
Thesis statement of the Essay: (6 pts)
Main Idea 1 (3pts) Main Idea 2 (3pts) Main Idea 3 (3pts)
Directions. Read the essay first and fill in the discussion of the avatar. For blank
spaces that are not preceded by an ellipsis, the options are on the box
below. For blank spaces preceded by an ellipsis, you have to look at the
essay and take your answers from sentences or lines from the essay.
body conclusion statistics transition
coherent introduction thesis
cohesive spatial topical
According to DOST-FNRI, the Philippines wastes 1,717 metric tons of food every
day. Every Filipino is believed to waste one tablespoon or 14 grams of rice daily which
is equivalent to Php 23 million worth of rice wasted in the Philippines per day. All over
the world, approximately $1 trillion worth of food is lost or wasted every year —
accounting for roughly 1/3 of the world’s food. According to the Food and Agriculture
Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, reversing this trend would preserve enough
food to feed 2.1 billion people. If only people plan their meals, know their serving size,
and start their own home garden, food wastage can be reduced.
24
The paragraph above is the _______________ of this essay. It
attracts the readers’ attention by revealing alarming
_______________ about food waste and food loss. The last
statement is the _______________ statement of the essay which
outlines the ideas of how people around the world can reduce
food waste.
The next three paragraphs are part of the _______________ of the essay.
The topic sentence of the second paragraph states that…
_____________________________________________________________. This
connects with the idea in the thesis statement which says…
_____________________________________________________. The topic
sentence of the third paragraph says that…
_____________________________________________________________ which
is synonymous to the idea in the thesis statement that says…
_____________________________________________________. The topic
sentence of the fourth paragraph suggests that…
______________________________________________ mirroring the idea in
the thesis statement that says… _____________________. These are
evidence that the essay is _______________. _______________ words like
– first of all, second, for example, finally, and eventually – make the
essay _______________. The organization used here is _______________.
First of all, it is best for families to create a cycle menu. This means that
families will list down what they will eat for breakfast, lunch, and dinner every day of
the week which can be expanded to every day of the month. Doing so determines the
quantity and types of food to purchase. A shopping list can be derived from the meal
plan which will lessen trips to the supermarket saving both time and money. For
example, if a family has decided that, for breakfast, they will have rice, scrambled
eggs, and baked tuna, the ingredients of this meal can be determined plus the
quantity of each depending on how much each family member can consume for a
particular meal. It is believed that when all the meals are carefully planned, a family
can minimize food waste.
Second, every member of the household should be acquainted with their serving
size. The one preparing the meals should cook and serve only what each household
member can finish. Children can be educated about the importance of reducing food
waste by involving them in food preparation and cooking and giving them the chance
to get their meal serving on their own. The visual guide called “Pinggang Pinoy” of
25
DOST-FNRI can serve as a tool to know how much variety of food one should eat in
one meal in order to be healthy. On occasions when some of the family members
cannot eat the meal prepared for them, like when they have a party they are suddenly
invited to or they decide to eat at a restaurant, the leftovers should be handled and
stored properly to avoid food spoilage. In storing leftovers, the FIFO (First In, First
Out) system should be adopted which means food that was put in the storage first
must be consumed first. If there is no available storage space, excess food
(presumably clean and safe to eat) can be shared to the neighbors. Food can definitely
brighten up one’s day.
Finally, every home should start a home garden. Whatever vegetables and
herbs the family members regularly eat can be the first set of produce that they plant.
A garden can benefit from unavoidable food waste when turned to compost. It has
been found that food waste disrupts the environment when it winds up in landfills
because it emits methane, a potent greenhouse gas that promotes global warming. If
it cannot be avoided, food waste can be thrown to a compost bin. Eventually, the food
waste can become fertilizer for the home garden.
The last paragraph below is the _______________ of the essay. The

restatement of the thesis statement is the sentence that says…
_________________________________________________________________.
Last September 29, 2020 was the first ever celebration of the International Day
of Awareness of Food Loss and Waste by the United Nations. It will be celebrated
yearly henceforth. This celebration aims to promote the importance of a sustainable
food supply chain to achieve food security and nutrition as well as to reinforce global
efforts towards resolving the issues of food loss and waste. Everyone around the world
can do his/her share by doing little efforts like planning meals, recognizing one’s
serving size, and maintaining a vegetable garden.
The Sustainable Diner (September 2020)
26
Lesson LANGUAGE USE AND
3 MECHANICS OF WRITING
What I Need to Know

• enumerate the properties of a well-written text;
• explain briefly what each property is about;
• provide verbs that grammatically fit in the context; and
• evaluate an essay based on the properties of a well-written text.
What’s In
Before you start the activity, stand and stretch your arms out to the side. Now do a
forward circular motion five times, then reverse. Do a backward circular motion five
times. Gently let your arms rest to the side and take one deep inhale and one deep
exhale. Be seated.
Directions. Complete the script by filling in each blank with a number (zero, one,
two, three, etc.). Some numbers will be used more than one time. You
may have to use information from other sentences to fill in some of the
blanks. When you’re done, answer the Bonus Question below the script.
Early one afternoon, A meets B on campus.
A: Wow! That’s a lot of books. How many do you have there?
B: _______. One for each day of the week. And they’re heavy!
27
A: Where are you taking them?
B: Back to the library. _______ of them are overdue. The other _______ is due today.
A: Will you have to pay a fine?
B: I’m afraid so. The library charges _______ peso for every day a book is late.
A: Sorry to hear that. What are the books about?
B: This _______ is about the moon. And I have _______ biographies – one on Cleopatra
and one on Henry VIII.
A: What about the other _______ books?
B: These _______ are guides for healthy eating, and these _______ are about the
environment.
A: They all sound interesting. Say – how will you get to the library?
B: I have _______ choices: walk, ride my bike, or take the bus.
A: Actually, you have _______ choices. I could take you there on my motorcycle.
B: Great idea! And maybe you could help me pay the library fine, too.
A: Sorry, there’s _______ chance of that. I don’t have any money!
They get on A’s motorcycle and ride away to the library.
Remember: The English language is particular with agreement. Make sure that your
number agrees with the noun or verb after it.
Bonus Question:
Add all the numbers that you wrote. What is the total of those number? _______
Adapted from the Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs, Office of English Language Programs
28
What’s New
Language Use includes the following:
1. Use of appropriate language

2. Grammaticality
USE OF APPROPRIATE LANGUAGE
The major consideration for use of appropriate language is the level of

formality of your piece of writing. These are the different levels of formality:
1. Informal
In an informal piece of writing, a writer can use language which
closely resembles spoken language. For instance, if the teacher asks
that you write a letter to one of your best friends, you can use
expressions like “bruh,” “yo!,” and other colloquial expressions. It is,
after all, realistic to use this type of language with the intended reader.
2. Semi-formal
In a semi-formal piece of writing, a writer will be leaning more
toward the formal tone; however, contractions (joining two words into one
but putting an apostrophe in the letter that has been removed such as
don’t, aren’t, I’m, we’re, etc.) may be acceptable as well as the use of the
first person pronoun (such as I, me, my, our, we, etc.). Reflection papers,
required in a Philosophy class, may use a semi-formal tone as one writes
about the self – one’s thoughts, feelings, actions, and realizations.
3. Formal
Most of the writing outputs done in school, especially research
papers, report writing like in Science classes, and term papers require a
formal tone. Many writers find the shift unusual, but the self will be
referred to in the third person. That is, for example, in a research paper,
a writer doesn’t say…”I distributed the questionnaires to residents of…,”
but will have to say…”The researcher distributed the questionnaires to
residents of…” Contractions are also unacceptable in formal writing as
well as the “wanna, gonna, kinda.”
Judging from the essay, Working Student: A Balancing

Act, what do you think is the level of formality?
29
While many students are under the impression that essays are always
formal, this is not always the case. Students may adopt a semi-formal tone,
but this all depends on what is required by the teacher. The presence of
contractions in Working Student: A Balancing Act suggests that the essay is
semi-formal.
GRAMMATICALITY
Another major consideration for the Use of Appropriate Language is

grammaticality. Many writers today rely on the “autocorrect” features of Word
applications. There are also apps that can be used to double-check the
grammaticality of your piece of writing before submitting to your teacher. You
may also solicit feedback from a peer or classmate. In many written academic
reports, GRAMMATICALITY is always part of rating a piece of writing. A highly
ungrammatical output affects ease of reading the text and may also affect fully
understanding what the writer is trying to say. While there are no explicit
discussions pertaining to grammaticality in this module, the What I Can Do
portion of module should refresh your grammatical prowess.
CORRECT USE OF MECHANICS OF WRITING
Mechanics of Writing include the following:
1. Spelling
2. Capitalization
3. Punctuation
Spelling and capitalization should not be much of an issue as there are

now dictionary apps that are downloadable and can be accessed without an
internet connection. Every 21st century learner is expected to have a dictionary
app on his/her device. Spell checkers on MS Word applications are also fairly
accurate. That leaves us with the issue of punctuation.
The punctuations that will be discussed below are limited only to what
have been deemed essential in academic writing. It is assumed that you are
already familiar with most of the punctuation marks and how/when they are
used especially the end punctuations: period, question mark, and exclamation
point.
Here are the essential punctuations in academic writing and how they are used:
The Quotation Marks “ “
• are used to indicate a direct quotation from another writer in a

documented essay or research paper. Any sentences, clauses,
phrases, or key words that are copied directly from a source must
be placed within quotation marks.
30
e.g.
Bill George opened his latest book saying, “There is nothing quite
like a crisis to test your leadership. It will make or break you as a
leader.”
George (2009)
The Ellipsis …
• is used to indicate that something in a passage has been omitted.

If you’re quoting a source and you decide to omit part of a
passage, then you should use an ellipsis to indicate that you have
done so. MLA style requires that you enclose the ellipsis you
insert with brackets to indicate that you have created the
omission.
e.g.
In A Sense of Urgency, John Kotter writes, “People who see

opportunity in a crisis […] recognize that the biggest single
problem of all is in the heart where fear and anger can kill hope.
They recognize that the heart needs hope, they tend to act with
passion, with conviction, with optimism, and with a steely resolve
[…] They focus on other’s hearts much more than on their minds.”
George (2009)
The Colon :
• is used to separate a long quotation from its introduction.
e.g.
Describing the beauty of the countryside through Baldo’s

character in How My Brother Leon Brought Home a Wife, Manuel
E. Arguilla writes:
[…] The sun was in our eyes, for it was dipping into the bright sea.
The sky was wide and deep and very blue above us: but along the
saw-tooth rim of the Katayaghan hills to the southwest flamed
huge masses of clouds. Before us the fields swam in a golden haze
through which floated big purple and red and yellow bubbles
when I looked at the sinking sun. […]
31
The Parentheses ( )
• Used to enclose page numbers of in-text references in documented

essays and research papers.
e.g.
As Bill George put it in 7 Lessons for Leading in a Crisis, “In a

crisis, people look to leaders’ hearts and their humanity, not just
the brilliance of their minds.” (126).
George (2009)
The Brackets [ ]
• are used to insert material not in an original text. Using brackets

allows you to fit a quotation into your sentence’s structure rather
than having the structure of the quoted material take over. It also
clarifies pronoun antecedents that may not be captured by the
quoted lines.
e.g.
As Alsop (2004) stated, “They [organizations] build up ‘reputation

capital’ to tide them over in turbulent times. It’s like opening a
savings account for a rainy day. If a crisis strikes […] reputation
suffers less and rebounds more quickly.” (17).
Coombs (2007)
• are used with the Latin word sic (which means “thus”) to indicate
that a mistake in the quoted material is there because it was in
the original.
e.g.
As published in Seasite, Arguilla described the cow using simile:

“Labang's white coat, which I had wshed [sic] and brushed that
morning with coconut husk, glistened like beaten cotton under the
lamplight and his horns appeared tipped with fire.”
32
What I Can Do
Directions. Fill in the blanks with either is, are, do, does, has, or have. The correct
answer is dependent on the context, so make sure you comprehend the
text fully. Use a separate sheet of paper for your answer.
Sports plays an important role in our lives. From the early childhood years
where we take sports very seriously to the later years in life when we 1__________ it as
a hobby, a fitness ritual, and sometimes even a profession. Today in every part of the
world, some sports 2__________ passionately followed. People take their sporting
heroes as their role models and often 3__________ an emotional attachment with their
favorite sports stars and sports teams. People in different regions of the world
4__________ different favorite sports. This makes ranking sports quite a challenging
and difficult job. This __________ exactly why it 6__________ hard to ascertain the
5
reliability and accuracy of different sports lists out there.
It 7__________ important to know exactly what we mean by most popular sport.

The word “popular” could mean “most-watched sports,” “most played sports,” or
“most-revenue generating sports.” But in all honesty, it would be unfair to rank the
sports by popularity if we take just one or two criteria. Therefore, it 8__________ been
decided that 15 different criteria be used in order to rank the most popular sports in
the world. The criteria 9__________ the following: Global Fan Base and Audience,
Viewership on TV, TV Rights Deals, Popularity on Internet, Presence on Social Media,
Number of Professional Leagues in the World, Average Salary of Athletes in the Top
Leagues, Sponsorship Deals, Number of Countries in which the Sport is Popular,
Biggest Competition, Relevancy throughout the Year, Gender Equality, Access to the
General Public, Number of Amateur Players in the World, and the prominence of the
sports in sports headlines on print and electronic media.
The criteria 10__________ been used extensively to make sure that the popularity
of the different sports 11__________ ascertained, and the sports 12__________ ranked in
the correct order. After looking at the data of each sport, hands down, soccer
13__________ come out as the world’s most popular sport.
In terms of global fan base and audience, soccer enjoys the greatest number of
fans in almost all regions of the world. The number of people who follow the sport
regularly and watch its global as well as regional competition 14__________ unmatched.
When it comes to TV viewership, soccer 15__________ the king. In order to give you
some idea of the popularity of the sport, whenever there 16__________ a regional or
global international competition, billions of football fans around the world 17__________
hooked to their TV screens. The same 18__________ the case with club competitions
33
and major leagues around the world. Soccer also 19__________, by far, the most
number of professional leagues in the world. Every country in every continent
20__________ a national soccer body and under that body, there 21__________ a
professional league being played.
Today, different social media outlets 22__________ full of content related to

soccer. With millions of fans around the world, it takes only a few major soccer
happening to become a top trend in the world of social media. Whether it 23__________
Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram, soccer stars like Cristiano Ronaldo, Lionel Messi, and
Neymar 24__________ the most number of followers, likes, and shares.
Sourav (2020)
What I Have Learned
Directions. Express what you have learned by enumerating the five properties of a
well-written text and giving a brief description of each (limit your
description to no more than five words). The brief description may just
be words relevant to each property. Write your answers on a separate
sheet of paper.
Properties of a well-written text
Properties Description of each property
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
34
What’s More
Directions. Read the essay, A Basic Guide in Growing Your Own Food at Home, and
evaluate it based on the properties of a well-written text. Answer the
questions posed below so you have a sound guide in your evaluation of
the essay. Then, rate the extent to which each property of a well-written
text is evident in the essay. Put a check mark on the box depending on
your evaluation of the essay. Write your answers on a separate sheet of
paper.
A Basic Guide in Growing Your Own Food at Home
With the pandemic almost shutting the entire world for months, businesses and
economies were severely damaged and we are forced to adapt to what we call now as
the ‘new normal’. In this new normal, one thing that people should consider is
survival. Thus, several countries including the Philippines are highly-encouraging
growing our own food as the new normal. Home gardening has always been a
household idea and lately, more and more people are engaging and discovering the
benefits of growing your own plants at home. Not only does it give you organic produce
but it is also said to help boosting one’s mood. Growing your plants take up a lot of
patience and trial and error but with a little planning and a lot more of caring, you’ll
have a vegetable and fruit garden in no time, may it be in a big or small backyard.
These tips should help you prepare for your own vegetable or fruit garden.
First of all, the most important thing to consider is the right plant. If you have
a smaller backyard, pick plants that don’t grow or crawl up big like tomatoes, lettuce,
water spinach (kangkong), calamansi, peppermint, basil, and arugula. Some of these
small plants can also be planted on pots or beds, which is easier especially for people
who have limited space outdoor.
Next, choose the right bed. If you have a bigger backyard and you’re planning
to get bigger plants, it is important to visualize your plant bed once they are full-
grown. Make sure to research on the plant’s height and size and anticipate its growth
35
by allotting a bigger space for them. You can create your own plant box or choose the
right space for your bed, considering the right amount of sun as well.
Then, keep in mind the right season. Sometimes, no matter how much you
take care of the plant, it gets withered. It’s frustrating, yes. But have you ever
considered the season? Each plant has its own seasons where they grow in full bloom.
In the Philippines, summertime is most likely the best time to plant as you get the
right amount of sun. Be mindful though as summer season in the Philippines can be
really really dry and can damage some plants that don’t get enough moisture or
water. In other countries, planting season is during spring.
Also, pick the right fertilizer. There are two types of fertilizers: organic and non-
organic. If you’re getting non-organic fertilizers, in order to get the full potential of it,
you have to make sure that it contains nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in order
for your plants to have strong stems and roots. The most common organic fertilizer,
on the other hand, is compost where you can mix vegetables or fruit peels together
with the soil. This is said to be one of the most nutritious, cheapest, and easiest
fertilizers to use.
Finally, study the soil. If you’re planning to plant your vegetables/fruits using
your backyard soil, the first thing you have to do is to test the soil’s pH and nutrient
levels. Most soils lack nutrients but most of the time, garden soils work fine. If you
want to check on your soil’s current nutrient levels, you can purchase soil testing kits
at the Bureau of Soils and Water Management‘s website (Php 1,500/kit). Black soils,
on the other hand, are mostly available in the market. You can mix these ones to your
regular soils.
Whether or not your house is equipped with a big space, you can definitely grow
your own vegetables! Vegetable gardening can be very easy as long as you give it the
right amount of everything. It just needs a little more patience and in no time, you
won’t have to spend too much on your groceries as most of the items you need can be
found right in your own garden.
1. Is there one focused idea? What is the thesis statement? What are the
main ideas that support the thesis statement?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
36
2. Do all the statements in the second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth
paragraphs support their respective topic sentences? Is there any statement
that seems out of place? What statements are these?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3. Do the transition words make sense? Do they effectively connect sentences

and ideas? Do all the pronouns have clear antecedents? List those that do
not.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
4. What way of organizing information is used?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
5. What level of formality is used by the writer? Is it appropriate? Is there

anything ungrammatical in the essay? What is it?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
6. Is there anything misspelled in the essay? What is it? Are the punctuations
appropriate? Does the essay consistently observe correct capitalization?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
To what extent are the following VGE [ 5 ] GE [ 4 ] SE [ 3 ] LE [ 2 ]

exhibited in the essay? (Very Good (Good (Some (Little
Extent) Extent) Extent) Extent)
Logical Organization
Coherence and cohesion
Use of appropriate language
Correct use of Mechanics of

Writing
37
Posttest
Directions. In the spaces provided, add appropriate transitions to tie together the
sentences and ideas in the following essay. Draw from the words given
in the boxes. Use each word only once. Then, read the completely filled-
out essay and answer the questions that follow. Write your answers on
a separate sheet of paper.
For the first two paragraphs, these are your choices. You can use the words only
once.
consequently first in contrast next
“How do I build a relationship with God?” is a question I’m often asked, and it’s
tempting to make the process more complicated than it needs to
be. 1_________________________, it is effortless to establish a relationship with God. If
you have a desire to build a relationship with God, that is the essential first step. That
desire will set your intention and focus. The rest is a matter of taking regular baby
steps towards God and 2_________________________ being open to what happens.
3_________________________, take the time to touch bases with God,

acknowledging and giving thanks for His presence. Invite Him to come close — to sit
with you at your heart’s kitchen table and just hang out. 4_________________________,
talk to Him. Some days this will feel like pouring out your heart. Other days, it will be
a casual chit-chat. Occasionally, all you’ll be able to manage is, “Here I am, Lord.
Please be with me.”
For the last three paragraphs, these are your choices. You can use the words only
once.
even though eventually finally in the same way indeed then
5_________________________, learn to listen. Remember to make it a two-way

conversation and expect to hear from God, just as you would from a trusted friend.
6_________________________, God wants you to know how much He loves you. He wants
to offer support and guidance to you. If you don’t take the time to listen, you won’t
hear His “still, small voice.” For me, this communication from God comes in any of
38
various forms: thoughts, feelings, music, reading, nature, other people, or
circumstances. Sometimes I only recognize God’s voice in retrospect.
7_________________________, take action when you hear God’s voice. If you feel
God is guiding you or telling you something, take action on it as soon as possible. The
insight you receive may only show you where to take the next step, but once you’ve
taken that step, the following step will appear in front of you. 8_______________________
there is electrical power in your house, the light doesn’t turn on until you have flipped
the switch to harness that power. 9_________________________, God’s power is waiting
for you to remember to flip the switch.
Make these three steps regular practices and expect it to take time.
10_________________________ you’ll find yourself learning to recognize God’s voice and
beginning to trust it. One day, you’ll realize you’re in a relationship with God that is
treasured and invaluable in your life.
Cottrell (n.d.)
11. What type of logical organization is used in the essay?

A. Chronological C. Topical
B. Spatial D. Problem-Solution
12. What is the main idea of the essay?

A. Many people question the existence of God.
B. God is a friend that can be called upon during a time of need.
C. You must have intention and focus to have a relationship with God.
D. There are small steps that you can take to build a relationship with God.
13. Where is the restatement of the thesis in the concluding paragraph?

A. First Sentence
B. Second Sentence
C. Last Sentence
D. No Restatement of the Thesis
14. What is the level of formality of the essay?

A. Informal
B. Semi-formal
C. Formal
D. None of the Above
15. First, Then, Finally are words that make the essay more __________.
A. Grammatical
B. Coherent
C. Cohesive
D. Logical
39
References:
Battle, L. (2019). Online Gaming Risks and Kids: What to Know and How to
Protect Them. Webroot. Retrieved November 11, 2020 from
https://www.webroot.com/blog/2019/10/10/online-gaming-risks-and-kids-what-to-
know-and-how-to-protect-them/
Cottrell, E. (n.d.). 6 Simple Steps to Building a Relationship with God.

Heartspoken. Retrieved August 5, 2020 https://www.heartspoken.com/6246/6-
simple-steps-to-building-a-relationship-with-god/
Mendoza, C. (n.d.). 10 Habits of Ultra Successful People: The Secret Sauce to

Success. KEEPINSPIRING.ME. Retrieved August 7, 2020 from
https://www.keepinspiring.me/10-habits-of-ultra-successful-people-the-secret-sauce-
to-success/
Nucum, K.N. (2018, May 18). Balancing Job and Academics as a Working
Student in the Philippines. Edukasyon. Retrieved November 10, 2020 from
https://blog.edukasyon.ph/grown-up-guide/balancing-job-and-academics-as-a-
working-student-in-the-philippines/
Philippine Primer (2020, August 13). Home Gardening 101: A Basic Guide in
Growing Your Own Food at Home. Retrieved November 17, 2020 from
https://primer.com.ph/tips-guides/2020/08/13/home-gardening-101-a-basic-guide-
in-growing-your-own-food-at-home/
Sourav (2020, October 3). Top 10 Most Popular Sports in the World. Sports
Show. Retrieved November 17, 2020 from https://sportsshow.net/top-10-most-
popular-sports-in-the-world/
The Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs, Office of English Language

Programs (2019). The Lighter Side of TEFL, Volume 2. U.S. Department of State.
Retrieved November 06, 2020, from
https://americanenglish.state.gov/resources/lighter-side-tefl-volume-2
The Manila Times (2015, March 16). Child Labor Persists in the Philippines.
The Manila Times. Retrieved August 7, 2020 from
https://www.manilatimes.net/2015/03/16/opinion/columnists/child-labor-persists-
in-the-philippines/169878/
The Sustainable Diner. (2020, September). What are We Wasting for? Reducing
Food Waste Starts at Home! Retrieved January 15, 2021, from
https://wwf.org.ph/resource-center/story-archives-2020/food-waste-starts-at-
home/?fbclid=IwAR3BlPpFNycz5H--
NHCORw2fA0c_kgM9MaI9Im3BdfpJLjMVPZ3aK45KHRU
45
The Writing Center. (2018, September 27). Transitions. University of North
Carolina. Retrieved August 12, 2020, from https://writingcenter.unc.edu/tips-and-
tools/transitions/
Development of the Self-Learning Module Team

Contextualizer
/Compiler : Carelle C. Baring, TIII, Don Sergio Osmeña Sr. MNHS
Editor : Rowena A. Diputado, TIII, Pardo National High School

Angelique B. Villafuerte, TIII, Mabolo National High School
Evaluator : Evelyn R. Pielago, Principal IV, Abellana National School
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:
Department of Education – Division of Cebu City

Office Address: Imus Avenue, Cebu City
Telephone Nos.: (032) 255 -1516 / (032) 253 -9095
E -mail Address: cebu.city@deped.gov.ph
46

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Senior High School

READING AND WRITING

This module is divided into three lessons namely:

1. Categorical or topical sequence

3. All relevant details only

7. One focused idea

9. Connectedness of thesis statement and main idea per paragraph

11. Transitional words / transitional expressions

15. Pronouns and their antecedent

What I Need to Know

Given varied activities, you should be able to:

• complete the basic outline of an essay;

Tank 1 Tank 2 Tank 3 Tank 4

1. The W fish is between the X fish and the Y fish.

Whether you are aware of it or not, everything has a system – an order, a

Working Student: A Balancing Act

1. What is the main idea of the whole essay?

In an opener, the writer strategizes in getting the reader’s

A thesis statement is to an essay as a topic sentence is to a

A. Restatement of the thesis (statement)

The restatement of the thesis serves as a recap of the essay. It usually

Can you create an outline of the essay, Working Student:

Starting with an opposite: Over the years, the concept of work-study

As long as you find a feasible work-study option, understand and stick to

A. Restatement of the thesis (statement)

Being practical with your choice of work, keeping your priorities,

When everything feels quite overwhelming, just remember that you

The following ways of organizing information may be employed in writing:

1. Chronological organization is I. Introduction

A. Restatement of the thesis (statement)

A. Restatement of the thesis (statement)

A. Restatement of the thesis (statement)

A. Restatement of the thesis (statement)

What way of organizing information is used by the

1. The first day of a new normal school can be nerve-wrecking.

a. Being in class while your parents are eavesdropping

b. Finding your way around a new virtual classroom platform

2. My teacher has three qualities I admire.

3. Cebu has become a hub for adventures.

b. Island hopping in Mactan

4. The news can be stressful.

a. There’s more bad news than good.

b. Some news outlets are biased.

What I Have Learned

Number of the introductory paragraph

Number of the second paragraph (body)

Number of the third paragraph (body)

Number of the fourth paragraph (body)

Number of the concluding paragraph

Our country is a signatory to the United Nations Convention on the Rights

What I Need to Know

Given varied activities, you should be able to:

• compare and contrast cohesion from coherence;

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COHERENCE AND COHESION

A piece of writing is coherent when every statement in the piece of writing

Thesis statement of the Essay:

Main Idea 1 Main Idea 2 Main Idea 3

Therefore, when we talk about coherence, a piece of writing must strike a

LOGICAL RELATIONSHIP TRANSITIONAL EXPRESSION

Similarity also, in the same way, just as … so too, likewise, similarly

Time after, afterward, at last, before, currently, during, earlier,

Example for example, for instance, namely, specifically, to illustrate