India’s efforts to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals

Manisha Bhimte and Rakhi Sharma

Ph.D. Research Scholars, Department of Economics, Govt V. Y. T PG College, Durg, (Affiliated to

Hemchand Yadav University, Chhattisgarh India)

Address – Q.no. 174 Panchshil colony Tifra Bilaspur Chhattisgarh.

Mobile No. 8839469889

Abstract

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), also known as the Global Goals, were established by the
United Nations in 2015 as a universal set of goals to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure peace and
prosperity for all by 2030. was adopted as a call. The 17 SGDs are integrated – actions taken in one area
under these goals will influence outcomes in another and lead to socially, economically, and environmentally
sustainable/sustainable development. It gives priority to backward countries in development. The SDGs are
designed to eliminate poverty, hunger, AIDS, and discrimination against women, etc. The report’s
assessment of India is illustrated above. According to the report, India is well on track to meet SDG
commitments related to climate change and sustainable consumption and production. The country has
achieved more middling results when it comes to reducing poverty, improving education, and promoting
inclusive economic growth. Public health, clean water, and energy, reducing inequality, designing
sustainable cities, and building trustworthy and just institutions remain areas for improvement. India’s
biggest challenges, according to the CSD Working Paper Series: Towards a New Indian Model of
Information and Communications Technology-Led Growth and Development SDSN index, lie in the fields
of reducing hunger and malnutrition, achieving gender equality, and creating resilient infrastructure as the
foundation of a resilient, inclusive and innovative industrial sector. Overall, SDSN ranks India’s SDG
attainment at 112th out of 166 surveyed countries (2023), placing it somewhat below the East and South
Asia regional average.

The objective of the presented paper is to study the sustainable development goals and the efforts and
success made to achieve them in India. Research Methodology -The data is collected from secondary
sources with the aid of Books, newspapers, magazines, Journals, the internet, and Economic Survey reports
of India.

Keywords: SDGs, Economic Development, Economic Growth, SDSN index, Economic Sectors.

Introduction
The aim of every country is economic development, but excessive use of resources for economic
development causes harm to the environment and society. Therefore, at present, not only development but
sustainable development is necessary for every country.

The Sustainable Development Goals are the blueprint to achieve a better and more sustainable future for all.
They address the global challenges we face, including those related to poverty, inequality, climate change,
environmental degradation, peace, and justice. The 17 Goals are all interconnected, and to leave no one
behind, we must achieve them all by 2030. Click on any specific Goal below to learn more about each issue
and take action.

Literature review
1. Dr. Keshari Nandan Mishra 2010 ., The main objective of this paper is to discuss from the wall
“Spirituality as a path of sustainable development”. It is meant to introduce the spirit of harmony of
the one-and-a-half objective concept of spirituality, which has a one-and-a-half spiritual significance
rather than a solely human one. Every day scientists put forward many theories and hypotheses about
planet Earth, mankind, environment and ecology, climate, the relationship between man and nature,
etc. Among these, the question that perplexes the mind the most is planet Earth's and humanity's
existence. There are already many such theories that predict human extinction in hundreds of
thousands or even millions of years, as predicted by scientists. Every day an adult realizes that the
Earth is becoming a planet with an increasing human population, owning human nature, and an
evolving yet will blow up in giant fireballs. That's why NASA's NASA devices have come together
to provide a practical solution to the extinction humans face, which any evolution can do. It is
promising. But, human extinction still haunts every human being. This belief is quite evident from
the fact that humans are continuously investigating other habitable planets in the universe, are
learning more about the universe from the discoveries of machines are developing organisms in
greenhouses, and are constantly finding We are showing signs of breaking away from the
atmosphere and getting bigger and bigger. Because of this, we will lag behind human development,
but we will not have to suffer its serious consequences.

2. United Nations Summit – The 17 goals of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development – adopted
by 193 countries in September 2015united nations Summit Officially entered into force on 1 January
2016. While ambitious and universal, his principles paved the way for nations to achieve fair,
equitable, inclusive, and environmental development. As the SDGs are interdependent, achieving
development outcomes requires action at all levels.
National and state-level data testify to a trend of exclusion from land ownership and agriculture.
Census data shows that in the 10 years between Census 2001 and Census 2011, India had about 9
million fewer farmers. The number of landless agricultural workers in the country increased from
106.7 million in 2001 to 144.3 million in 2011. Furthermore, landlessness is highest among Dalits
(57.3 percent), Muslims (52.6 percent), and women. (56.8 percent) headed families, blaming them
for working as agricultural laborers and facing danger. Low and unequal wages or being expelled
entirely, joining mass migration to the cities. Shrinking agriculture and related insecurities due to
commercialization, natural disasters, and climate irregularities.

3. ,D/o Jaiveer S. Dhankhar, Rohtak. 2016, In this paper, we focus on strategies for sustainable
development that are necessary for the survival of our present generation as well as the generations
to come. The main challenges of sustainable development, which are global, include poverty and
addressing exclusion, unemployment, climate change, conflict, and humanitarian assistance, building
peaceful and inclusive societies, building strong institutions of governance, and supporting the rule
of law. The conceptual meaning of sustainable development is not to hinder the development process
 but the concept is related to how we use our resources so that there can be an inter- How to use
resources so that there can be an inter-relationship Is established between present and future
generations. To achieve sustainable development many possible strategies may be useful.
Technologies, reduce, reuse, and recycle approach, promoting environmental education and
awareness. Along with India's sustainable development, it will also be beneficial in tackling climate
change.

4. Ahmad Mohan Khalid., 2020, This study discusses the key issues raised by developing countries
about the SDGs. Using expert opinion on the SDGs concerning its implications and future, a case
study for India is presented. The study with its findings and policy recommendations aims to benefit
SDG implementation efforts and planning at the national and sub-national levels in India and other
developing countries, enabling them to improve their reach and implement their national SDGs on
similar lines as India. Will help in redesigning and examining implementation strategies.

5. Singh, & Anil Pratap. (2020). In this paper, he has studied the Ocean Science Decade for Sustainable
Development. Through the 75th session of the United Nations General Assembly, the coming decade
i.e. the period from 2021 to 2030 has been announced to be celebrated on the theme of Ocean
Science Philosophy for Sustainable Development. In which proper care of the oceans and coastal
resources and scientific and research officers can be increased as required through international
coordination and cooperation. To implement this work, the responsibility has been assigned to the
Inter-Cooperative Ocean Commission of the Scientific and Cultural Organization of the United
Nations. The ocean is vital for our nutrition and livelihood. In August 2015, 193 countries
unanimously agreed on 114 sustainable development goals on the conservation and use of oceans
and marine resources. However, other sustainable development goals will also benefit from this, such
as poverty alleviation, food security, and better nutrition, Promotion of sustainable agriculture,
promotion of health security and quality of life among people of all age groups, reduction of
inequality between and within countries, efforts have been made to take these issues seriously and
ensure maximum effective solutions.

6. Aakash Singh, Anurag Kanaujia & Vivek Kumar Singh*2022, Research publications analyzed in the
study SDGs from India to develop an analytical understanding of the response to Indian research for
SDGs. there was a significant increase in the number of research publications SDG-related across all
topics (CAGR =17.32%). The top contributors were SDGs 3 and, 7, and 13And the top contributing
topics were medical and health Sciences and Engineering. of these magazinesThese topics are
included in the top 10 and most Publications on SDGs were from Anna University, AIIMS, IIT, VIT,
and IISc. The results confirm this positive attention given by the Indian scientific community to
nationally relevant SDG targets. Results offer useful insights and hints about Scientific policy and
planning activities. we argue will provide useful insights for researchers, policymakers, and other
organizations working to achieve various goals under SDGs

7. *M. Prabhakar Christopher David In this paper, the role seeks to understand the challenges India
faces in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. This paper also tries to suggest ways to
overcome the challenges. Sustainable development is a term coined to ensure that development
occurs in such a way that natural resources are sustained and can be passed on to future generations
without any harm. Seventeen Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) have been developed to create
a more prosperous, more equal, and more secure world by 2030. These were adopted by 193 member
states at the United Nations General Assembly summit in September 2015 as a part of their agenda
for sustainable development. India is a signatory to this summit and is strongly committed to the
2030 Agenda. India is the second most populous country in the world. The steps taken by India to
 achieve SDGs are of great importance to the world. If India succeeds in achieving the SDGs, it will
mean that a large section of the world has achieved them. It is therefore imperative for India to
develop effective ways to implement, monitor, and measure progress on the SDGs. The biggest
challenge for India appears to be the development of appropriate indicators. This can be controlled
by developing the Indian Index for Sustainable Development (IISD) based on the Ibrahim Index.

8. Arunika kumari ,2023., In this paper, the role of women in energy conservation has been studied.
Where the issue of energy conservation arises, the role of women is paramount. Women use it the
most. Even in big industries, by adopting the method of energy conservation, they save up to Rs
42,000 crore every year. In such a situation, it is the duty of all people, especially women, to
properly utilize and conserve the energy available in the country. By adopting various videos on
energy conservation, the country can save money spent on energy.

9. Srishti Bilaiya, Nilesh Sharma, Ankita Sahu, & Ravindra Solanki. (2023)., In this paper, the role of
Conservation agriculture is an alternative to sustainable development. The word ‘conservation’ being
used in conservation agriculture itself reflects the specialty of this farming. Through conservation
agriculture, along with the moisture and quality of the soil, the useful microorganisms, etc. found in
the soil are conserved. These are directly helpful in increasing the yield and quality of the crop. The
main objective of this method is to reduce the negative effects of traditional farming like soil erosion,
physical degradation of soil, organic matter degradation, fuel consumption, etc.

Objectives of the study

1. The objective of the presented research paper is to study the efforts made to achieve sustainable
economic development in India.
2. To study the factors hindering sustainable economic development in India.
3. To present suggestions for sustainable economic development in India.

Research Methodology
The data is collected from secondary sources with the aid of Books, newspapers, magazines,
Journals, the internet, and Economic Survey reports of India.

Concept of Sustainable Development

Economic development is a process of structural transformation with continuous technological
innovation and industrial upgrading, which increase labor productivity, and are accompanied by
improvements in infrastructure and institutions, which reduce transaction costs. Industrial policy is
essential for the government of a middle-income country to prioritize the use of its limited resources
to facilitate technological innovation and industrial upgrading by overcoming inherent externality
and coordination issues in structural transformation. Sustainable development is the development
that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet
their own needs. Sustainability refers to the ability to maintain and develop our society without
depleting natural resources, ensuring they are available for future generations. The United Nations
defined sustainable development in the Brundtland Report as development that meets the needs of
the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Sustainable Development includes

The following are included under sustainable economic development.
 Sustainable Development Goals

Goal 1 End poverty in all its forms everywhere

End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable
Goal 2
agriculture
Goal 3 Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages
Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning
Goal 4
opportunities for all
Goal 5 Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls
Goal 6 Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all
Goal 7 Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all
Promote sustained, inclusive, and sustainable economic growth, full and productive
Goal 8
employment, and decent work for all
Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and
Goal 9
foster innovation
Goal 10 Reduce inequality within and among countries
Goal 11 Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable
Goal 12 Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns
Goal 13 Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts*
Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas, and marine resources for sustainable
Goal 14
development
Protect, restore, and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably
Goal 15 manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt
biodiversity loss
Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access
Goal 16 to justice for all, and build effective, accountable, and inclusive institutions at all
levels
Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for
Goal 17
sustainable development

Sustainable Development in India

India plays a critical role in the success of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) on a global level.
During the UN Sustainable Development Summit in 2015, the Indian Prime Minister acknowledged that
the sustainable development of one-sixth of humanity will greatly impact the world and our planet. NITI
Aayog, which is the Indian government's premier think tank, is responsible for coordinating the SDGs,
mapping out schemes related to the SDGs and their targets, and identifying lead and supporting ministries
for each target. The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) is leading discussions
to develop national indicators for the SDGs. State governments are also crucial to India's progress on the
SDGs since they are in the best position to prioritize people's needs and ensure that no one is left behind.
The UN Country Team in India supports NITI Aayog, Union ministries, and state governments in their
efforts to address the interconnectedness of the goals, ensure that no one is left behind, and advocate for
adequate financing to achieve the SDGs..

India’s progress towards achieving SDGs so far

 SDG 1 (No Poverty): India has made significant progress in reducing poverty, with the poverty rate
declining from 21.9% in 2011-12 to 4.4% in 2020. The government’s efforts to provide financial
inclusion and social protection schemes have contributed to this progress.
  SDG 2 (Zero Hunger): India has made progress in reducing hunger, with the prevalence of
undernourishment declining from 17.3% in 2004-06 to 14% in 2017-19. The government’s initiatives
such as the National Food Security Act and the Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana have
contributed to this progress.
 SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-being): India has made progress in improving maternal and child
health, with maternal mortality ratio declining from 167 per 100,000 live births in 2011-13 to 113 in
2016-18. The government’s efforts to strengthen health systems and increase access to healthcare
services have contributed to this progress.
 SDG 4 (Quality Education): India has made progress in improving access to education, with the
gross enrolment ratio for primary education increasing from 93.4% in 2014-15 to 94.3% in 2019-20.
The government’s initiatives such as the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan and the Right to Education Act have
contributed to this progress.
 SDG 5 (Gender Equality): India has made progress in improving gender equality, with the sex ratio
at birth increasing from 918 in 2011 to 934 in 2020. The government’s initiatives such as the Beti
Bachao Beti Padhao and the Maternity Benefit Programme have contributed to this progress.

Recent findings by the National Family Health Survey

 Multidimensional poverty declined: At a compounded annual average rate of 4.8 percent per year
in 2005-2011 and more than double that pace at 10.3 percent a year during 2011-2021.
 Declining child mortality: There are some issues with the 2011 child mortality data, but for each of
the 10 components of the MPI index, the rate of decline in 2011-2021 is considerably faster than in
2005-2011.
 Average decline in overall indicators: The average equally weighted decline for nine indicators
was 1.9 percent per annum in 2005-2011 and a rate of 16.6 percent per annum, more than eight times
higher in 2011-2021.
 Consumption inequality decline: Every single household survey or analysis has shown that
consumption inequality declined during 2011-2021. This is consistent with the above finding of
highly inclusive growth during 2011-2021.

Obstacles in the way of Sustainable Development

The following are the factors hindering sustainable economic development-

War and Instability

When there is turmoil, instability and war between nations it stands to reasons that sustainable development
cannot occur. For instance the war in Ukraine has had an impact on sustainable development. In fact, one of
the biggest issues that has affected countries outside of Ukraine are issues surrounding food sustainability
since Ukraine and Russia are big producers of wheat and barley.
In fact, Russia and Ukraine account for around 30% of all exports around the world, which is a big figure
and ultimately has a significant impact on food production and availability. This is one of the effects of
globalization is that nations have become dependent on each other to support their own standards of living.
It is difficult to maintain a civil society and the well-being of people when there is war or the threat of
conflict over a country. In these cases, sustainable development goals cannot be easily met.
Suitability and Availability
Another issue is the ability of a nation to implement sustainable development programmes in their country.
It is common for developed nations to suggest to developing nations that the process they use in their own
countries should be future proofed and sustainable, but this raises the question whether this is firstly possible
and secondarily pragmatic. This is why developing countries need subsidies and support from the developed
world to help them reduce their liabilities towards non-sustainable enterprises.
Take for example forestry. In some countries, their vast forests are resources that they can use to improve
the lives of their citizens. However, this might come at a cost to biodiversity and of the natural resources that
are being consumed.
It can be easy for a Western-developed nation to suggest that these forms of economic development should
be reduced. Greenhouse gas emissions and environmental issues are important but without incentives and
buy-in from governments, policymakers and the private sector, it is unlikely that sustainable development
initiatives surrounding will be a priority.
Sustainable development programmes need to be tailored to fit the local context. They need to take into
consideration the current level of developmental stage each country is currently at, and support them
accordingly, to implement competitive and useful sustainable development programmes that do not hinder
their development. There is no point in addressing global sustainable developmental issues at a cost of the
progress and improvement of other developing nations.
In many cases where there are issues surrounding environmental degradation it is important to introduce
modern technologies that can help provide better synergies between the use of a country’s resources and its
sustainability of that resource.
Governmental Issues
Other issues relate to what initiatives Governments may want to sign-up to, and how keen they are on
sustainable development. Most governments sign up to issues surrounding global warming and other climate
issues, but not always. In some cases, there is a political initiative to reject environmental issues and
sustainable development goals to instead address the immediate needs of their country or populous. For
example – promoting and supporting legacy fossil fuel industries because they play a big part in supporting
deprived local communities and areas. Closing certain industries without replacing them can lead to certain
communities suffering job losses and poverty. In these locations many governments are resistant to change
related to sustainable development programmes.
Often political parties can get into power based around supporting certain stakeholders and groups that are
opposed to and have incompatible view with sustainable developmental goals. For instances, gaining
support from the fossil fuel companies and lobbyists. Once in power it is difficult for a government to then
reverse those policies with more sustainable decision-making since their support base have incompatible
agendas.
Ultimately, sustainable development needs to take place within the right political climate for it to be
successful and often sustainable development only works if it offers positive results for the government in
question.
Poverty & Unemployment
One of the goals of sustainable development is to end poverty but this is no easy task and cannot be done
without addressing a number of other issues that contribute to poverty.
Some of the issues relate to inequalities and economic opportunities that people face. This can be
inequalities between different countries. It’s well known that people in developed nations tends to be (as a
whole group) better off financially than those individuals who live in developing nations.
However, inequalities can occur within a country itself. For example, the difference in wealth that may be
found in urban areas when compared to some rural locations where employment can be difficult to obtain or
is less well paid. Or, rural opportunities are only available in certain industries, such as the agricultural
sector. Take for instance the difference to access to employment between someone living in New York
compared to an individual located in the American Rust Belt.
Inequalities also occur between men and women. In many countries women lack access to well-paid
employment or any employment at all. Often, sustainable development programmes in term of employment
initiatives have goals related to equality of opportunity.
Without addressing the issues surrounding the causes of poverty within any given community, then it can be
difficult to reduce poverty, and in turn also difficult to address some of the wider goals and challenges of
sustainable development.
The social sciences look at how individuals interact with each other. The case studies and socio scientific
research that academics carry out can help us understand what the challenges are in a particular community
and help us address those issues.
A lot of work has been done to reduce poverty but there still is a massive amount to do. Take for example
that it is estimated that 650 million people still go hungry and do not have enough food. Food security is a
problem and may get worse due to population growth.
One of the key inputs for sustainable development which is linked to increased poverty and a lack of
progress in terms of development is the access that citizens have to electricity. Energy poverty is a major
issue that affects the poverty of an individual. This has been one of the key goals of sustainable development
and significant improvements have been made in this area. As recently as 2020 it is estimated by the World
Bank that just over 90% of the world population now has access to electricity. However, there are big gaps
in some of the poorest nations where a large percentage of their populations do not have access to electricity.
Unfortunately, addressing poverty and global development has become more difficult after 2020 with
additional global challenges such as the global downturn, recession and a slow recovery from the Covid-19
pandemic.
The Covid-19 pandemic had a massive impact on global economic and caused an increase in poverty around
the world. Take for example just one statistic – where the pandemic pushed just under 5 million people into
poverty in South East Asia alone.
The Global Economy
The financial crisis that occurred post-coronavirus has also had a negative impact on sustainable
development goals. At any point when there are global financial issues – the poorest people are at risk of
being affected. Some countries can be shielded from these downturns – while others that rely on trade with
western nations that are experiencing a downturn may suffer as a consequence of globalization. Take for
example the downturn in the United States and its impact on one of their biggest supplier, Mexico.
Due to the interconnectedness of world trade, there are many synergies between nations around the world,
and what affects one country can also impact another indirectly.
Population Growth
Another potential challenge for sustainable development is population growth. As the United Nations say
themselves in their reports – population growth in developing countries can be seen as both a success and a
challenge for the future. The larger the world’s population the more resources are needed to ensure that
people remain out of poverty and have utilities such as fresh water and electricity.

Suggestions

(i) Technology:

Using appropriate technology is one which is locally adaptable, eco-friendly, resource efficient and

culturally suitable. It mostly involves local resources and local labour. Indigenous technologies are more

useful, cost-effective and sustainable. Nature is often taken as a model, using the natural conditions of that

region as its components. This concept is known as “design with nature”. The technology should use less of

resources and should produce minimum waste.

(ii) Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle Approach:

The 3-R approach advocating minimization of resource use, using them again and again instead of passing it

on to the waste stream and recycling the materials goes a long way in achieving the goals of sustainability. It

reduces pressure on our resources as well as reduces waste generation and pollution.

(iii) Promoting Environmental Education and Awareness:

Making environmental education the centre of all learning process will greatly help in changing the thinking

pattern and attitude of people towards our earth and the environment. Introducing subject right from the

school stage will inculcate a feeling of belongingness to earth in small children. ‘Earth thinking’ will

gradually get incorporated in our thinking and action which will greatly help in transforming our lifestyles to

sustainable ones.
(iv) Resource Utilization as Per Carrying Capacity:

Any system can sustain a limited number of organisms on a long-term basis which is known as its carrying

capacity. In case of human beings, the carrying capacity concept becomes all the more complex. It is

because unlike other animals, human beings, not only need food to live, but need so many other things to

maintain the quality of life. Sustainability of a system depends largely upon the carrying capacity of the

system. If the carrying capacity of a system is crossed (say, by over exploitation of a resource),

environmental degradation starts and continues till it reaches a point of no return.

Carrying capacity has two basic components:

i. Supporting capacity i.e. the capacity to regenerate ii. Assimilative capacity i.e. the capacity to tolerate

different stresses. In order to attain sustainability it is very important to utilize the resources based upon the

above two properties of the system. Consumption should not exceed regeneration and changes should not be

allowed to occur beyond the tolerance capacity of the system.

(v) Improving Quality of Life Including Social, Cultural and Economic Dimensions:

Development should not focus just on one-section of already affluent people. Rather it should include

sharing of benefits between the rich and the poor. The tribal, ethnic people and their cultural heritage should

also be conserved. Strong community participation should be there in policy and practice. Population growth

should be stabilized

Conclusion

The analysis provides a valuable tool for policymakers to address the gaps and focus on the indicators that
require more attention, thereby improving the well-being of its citizens and creating a sustainable future for
all.

References
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Ecology
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6. Aakash Singh, Anurag Kanauji & Vivek Kumar Singh*Research on Sustainable Development
Goals: How has Indian Scientific? Community Responded? Department of Computer Science,
Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, India Received 12 July 2022; revised 25 October
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7. “ M. Prabhakar Christopher David Assistant Professor Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) -
Challenges for India”*, Department of Business Administration, School of Management Studies,
Vels University, Pallavaram, Chennai.
8. Arunika kumari, 2023., Role of women in energy conservation
https://epatrika.icar.org.in/index.php/kheti/article/view/439/262
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