Introduction

 Texts for reference

 Merchant Ship Construction D.A. Taylor
 Ship Construction D.J. Eyres
 Merchant Ship Construction D. J. Pursey
 Merchant Shipping Act (rel Portions)
 International Loadline Convention, SOLAS Convention
 Websites
 www.imo.org
 www.mpa.gov.sg
 www.veristar.com
Introduction
 Assessment
 Pass mark – 50%,
 Two assessments weightings – 25%
(term1) and 75% (term 2)
 Term 1 – topics 1 to 4 – 50 marks
 Term 2 – topics 5 to 8 – 50 marks
Topic 1, Materials
 Aims
 Know the structural materials in ship
construction
 Objectives
 Know the composition of various types of
steels
 Know the properties of various types of
steels
 Know the properties of aluminium
Topic 1, Materials

 Different types used on ships

 They include
 Pig iron
 Steels
 Aluminium
 Brass
 etc
 Topic 1, Materials
 Steel an alloy of iron
 Properties vary depending upon alloying elements
 Specifications for shipbuilding steels laid down by
class
 Shipbuilding steels tested and grades by class
surveyors and stamped with approval marks
 Shipbuilding steels have 5 grades
 High tensile steels used in areas of high stress, low
temperatures
Topic 1, Materials
 Common terms
 Tensile strength – ability of a material to
withstand load in service
 Ductility – ability of a material to undergo
permenant change in shape without loss of
strength
 Hardness – measure of workability of a material
 Toughness – ability of a material to resist crack
formation
 Notch toughness – those that have a greater
ability to resist the spreading of a crack
Topic 1, Materials
 Common terms (contd)
 Heat treatment – changing the physical
properties of steel by changing the metals
grain structure – by heating to a specific
temp and then cooling
 Brittle fracture – a crack with a bright
granular appearance and herring bone
pattern pointing towards the source –
caused by poor design fabrication
Topic 1, Materials
 Mild steel
 Carbon content between 0.15 to 0.23 %
 Tensile strength – 41-50kg/mm2
 Carbon increases tensile strength and notch toughness
reduces ductility
 Manganese increases tensile strength and notch toughness
 Sulphur produces hot shortness (steel becomes brittle at
high temperatures)
 Phosphorus reduces ductility and toughness and creates
faults
 Nitrogen – increases tensile strength during annealing
Topic 1, Materials
 Grades of steel
 A – plates upto 20.5mm in thickness
 Ordinary steel
 Carbon content – 0.23%
 Manganese 2.5 times carbon
 B – better quality than A
 Reduced carbon and manganese content
 Used for plate thickness – 20.5 to 25.5mm
Topic 1, Materials
 Grades of steel (cont)
 C
 Better notch toughness than A or B
 Reduced carbon content
 D
 Used for plates 25.5 to 40mm
 E
 Used for plates greater than 40mm in thickness
Topic1, Materials
 Tests for steels
 Tensile test
 Charpy ‘V’ notch test
Topic 1, Materials
 Notch tough steels (usage)
 Areas of high stress
 Low temperatures
 Thicker plating
 (e.g) – sheer strake, near mid ships (0.4L),
hatchway corners, ends of bridge
superstructures, reefer spaces
 Ships shell expansion plan will indicate grade of
steel used and plating thickness
Topic 7, Materials

 High Tensile Steels

 Greater UTS and yield strength than mild
steel
 Noted by suffix ‘H’
 Better properties because of increased
amount of carbon and manganese, heat
treatment & additional alloys
Topic 7, Materials
 HT steels
 Advantages
 Saving of weld metal
 Ease of handling
 Bigger fabricated units
 Disadvantages
 Less allowable wastage
 Increased vibration
 Greater care when welding, burning
 Increased deflection
Topic 1, Materials
 Aluminium alloys
 Properties
 Obtained from bauxite
 Alloyed with other metals e.g. – Mg, Si, Cu, Ni, Mn
 Tensile strength(TS) – 27kg/mm2 – without heat treatment – TS can be increased
with heat treatment
 Advantages
 Weight saving
 Corrosion resistance
 Non magnetic
 High thermal conductivity
 Notch tough at low temperatures
 Disadvantages
 Costly
 Lower melting point
 Galvanic corrosion
 vibration
Topic 1, Materials
 Aluminium alloys
 Usage
 Superstructures, deckhouses, funnels, masts,
guard rails, vent trunks etc.
 Connections
 Special connections to steel
Topic 1, Materials
 The Iron Carbide diagram
 Quench Hardening
 Heat above upper critical
 Quench in water
 Structure is hard and brittle
 Tempering
 Quench hardened steels are too brittle
 Heat the quench hardened steels to temperatures below
lower critical
 Then cool the steel
 The steel then gets different colours depending upon the
temperature to which it is heated
Topic 1, Materials

 Full annealing
 Heat above upper critical and cool in a
furnace
 Used for castings
 Process Annealing
 Heat below lower critical and cool slowly
 Used to soften materials that have been
cold worked during fabrication
Topic 1, Materials
 Spheoroidise Annealing
 Applies to high carbon steel
 Heat below lower critical, cementite becomes globular,
allows it to be cold worked
 Normalising
 Heat the steel to a temperature above upper critical, the item
is allowed to cool rapidly in air
 Refines the grain structure
 Overheated and burnt steels
 When the steel is heated to temperatures well above upper
critical, the resulting structure has poor ductility and impact
resistance
Questions
 Distinguish between low carbon steel and mild steel based on carbon
content
 Mild steel is used in shipbuilding.
 Distinguish between different grades of mild steel plates as per Lloyd's
Register of Shipping grades and indicate some of the areas of usage.
 Some of the alloying elements have beneficial effects, whilst others are
undesirable in the manufacture of steel.
 Highlight the effects of Carbon, Manganese, Sulphur, Phosphorus,
Nitrogen, and Oxygen, in general terms.
 What are high tensile steels, and how are they named differently from
normal grade steels.
 Enumerate the advantages and disadvantages of using High Tensile
Steels.
 What does the term `Notch tough' imply and how is notch toughness
of steel determined.
 Describe and name the test used.
Questions
 Outline the advantages and disadvantages of using Aluminium alloy in ship-
building.
 List some areas of its usage.
 What are the different grades of Mild steels used in ship construction under the
Classification societies requirements.
 How is it ensured that the properties required are present in the steels produced
for ship construction.
 Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of incorporating aluminium into
structures of vessels.
 In the construction of many ships, aluminium and steel are closely associated.
How is the maintenance of these parts effected.
 Explain with the aid of a diagram
 Yield Point
 Ultimate Tensile Stress
 Modulus of Elasticity
 Explain your understanding of the iron – carbide diagram with reference to
carbon steels
Answers
 The iron carbide diagram illustrates the upper
critical and lower critical temperatures of
steels based on carbon content.
 It also indicates that if you heat steels above
these two temperatures the steel undergoes
a change in its properties.
 These two temperatures vary for steels based
on carbon content, however for steels whose
carbon content is 0.85% the upper and lower
critical temperatures are the same.