Communication Systems

1.What are types of Communication Systems?

Communication Systems may be classified according to the
source (digital/analog, baseband/passband, single-
user/multiuser), according to the communication medium
(optical/cable/wireless) or according to the receiver
(broadcast/cooperative/blind).

There are few classifications for the communication systems.

They can be classified according to the communication medium
as wire line and wireless communication systems. In case of
wires the signals are transmitted as electrical currents and in case
of wireless type, the signal will be transmitted in form of
electromagnetic waves.
The wireless communication systems are classified further to sub
classes according to the frequency band used. These are the rf,
the microwave and the optical communication systems. In case of
microwave and optical systems the waves can be guided and
transmitted across either metallic wave guides or insulator wave
guides like the optical fibers.
The other type of classification is according to the signal nature.
There are two basic types of signals, the analog signal and the
binary digital signal.
Therefore, there are two types of communication systems: the
analog and digital communication systems. The physical form of
the information signal is audio, video and data. The raw form of
the audio and video is analog where data is in binary form. The
modern communication systems are digital where all analog
signals are converted to digital at the source and transformed
back to analog at the destination. This is the meritorious
advantages of the digital systems compared to their analog
counterpart.
The digital systems have also drawbacks versus the analog.
These drawbacks could be overcome by digital signal processing
which are made feasible by the powerful computing devices and
high speed data converters. In addition, not only the digital
processors but also, the presence of the digital electronic memory
revolutionized the digital communications.

2.Wired and wireless communications

2.1 Wired communications

Wired communication refers to the transmission of data over

a wire-based communication technology. Examples
include telephone networks, cable television or internet access,
and fiber-optic communication.
Also waveguide (electromagnetism), used for high-power
applications, is considered as wired line. Local telephone
networks often form the basis for wired communications that are
used by both residential and business customers in the area.
Most of the networks today rely on the use of fiber-optic
communication technology as a means of providing clear
signaling for both inbound and outbound transmissions. Fiber
optics are capable of accommodating far more signals than the
older copper wiring used in generations past, while still
maintaining the integrity of the signal over longer distances.
Alternatively, communication technologies that don't rely on wires
to transmit information (voice or data) are considered wireless,
and are generally considered to have higher latency and lower
reliability.
• One-way transmission mode (Telephony).
• Both way transmission mode.

2.2 Wireless communications

What does Wireless Communications mean?

Wireless communications is a type of data communication that
is performed and delivered wirelessly. This is a broad term that
incorporates all procedures and forms of connecting and
communicating between two or more devices using a wireless
signal through wireless communication technologies and devices.
Wireless communication generally works through electromagnetic
signals that are broadcast by an enabled device within the air,
physical environment or atmosphere. The sending device can be
a sender or an intermediate device with the ability to propagate
wireless signals.
• One way. (TV, Radio, Paging system)
• Two way. (mobile communications).

Computer networks are used to have two-way communication

by having computers exchange data. Ways that this is possible is
wired interconnects and wireless interconnects.
Types of wired interconnects are Ethernets and fiber optic cables.
Ethernets connect local devices through Ethernet cables. Fiber
runs underground for long distances and is the main source of
Internet in most homes and businesses.
Types of wireless interconnects include Wi-Fi and Bluetooth.
The problem with these networks is that they don't have unlimited
connection span. To expand the reach there are wide area
interconnects such as satellite and cellular networks. Also, there
are long-distance interconnects which need backhaul to move the
data back and forth and last mile to connect the provider to the
network
3.Telephony
Telephony is divided into telecommunication planning and telephone set

3.1 Telecommunication planning

Telecommunications Planning

Forcasting
Telephone
Denisty Models

Stratgies of Technical Quality of

planning planning Service

3.1.1 Forcasting.

▪ Number of subscribers.
▪ Telephone traffic.
Determination of number of subscribers.

➢ Number of inhabitants.
➢ Telephone density.
➢ Number of houses.
➢ Number of population in industry commerce.
➢ Income distribution.
➢ Some measure of economic activities.

3.1.2 Telephone density models.

1) Linear Model.
For small number of years.
S=s0+Kt
❖ S: number of subscriber at t-years.
❖ S0:initial number of subscribers’
❖ K: constant of annual growth.
2) Exponential Model.
If the annual increase in number of subscriber is constant
percentage.
(ds/dt)/s=1/t
ds/s= dt/t by integrate both sides
ln s=(t/t1)+ln k
S=k e(t/t1)
At T=t=0
S=k
S=s e(T/t)

3) Gompertz Model.
Caters for saturation of demand.
➢ P: total number of people in the area.
➢ S: number of telephone subscriber.
 ➢ P-S: number of remaining.
ds/dt α P-S
ds/dt α S
ds/dt α S(P-S)
ds/dt= k2s(lnP-lnS)
ds/dt= k2s ln(P/S)
ln(P/S)=Y
P/S=eY
S=P e-Y
ds/dt=-Pe-Y dy/dt
k2*s lnP/S =-Pe-Y dy/dt
dY/dt=-k2Y
dy/Y=-k2dt
lnY=-k2t+k2t2=-k2(t- t2)
Y=e-k2(t- t2)
Ln P/S= e-k2(t- t2)
S=P e-e^ e-k2(t- t2)
• t2 : constant
• k2: constant
• t :change with P&S
4) Logistic Curve Model.
ds/dt=k3s(P-S)
ds/s(P-S)=k3dt integrate it by partial fraction
(P-S)/S ds+s ds/P-S=k3 dt
ds/s + ds/P-S=k3P dt
lnS-ln(P-S)=k3P(t-t3)=k3Pt- k3t3P
P-S/S=e k3P(t-t3)
S=P/1+e k3P(t-t3)
5) Approximated Model
Gross National Product.

ds/s=B dy /y
ln s=A+B ln y
ln s=B ln y+ A

Y:is a measure of economic activity

A,B: constant
3.1.3 Strategies of planning

• Replacement.(analog to digital)
• Overlay
• Hybrid
3.1.4 Quality of service

❖ Transmission quality
❖ Delay time
❖ Grade of service

3.1.5 Technical plans

 3.2 Telephone set

Telephone Set

Telephone set
Loud speaker Microphones
circuit

Communication systems

❖ Telephony.
❖ Mobile communication.
❖ Optical fibers.
❖ Data communications.
❖ Satellite communications.
❖ Wireless communications.