E LE M E N T A RY A EG E B E E ,

GE OR G E W M Y E R S .

THE U N IV E R S IT Y O F C H ICA G O

A ND

GE OR G E E . A T W OO D
N E VV B U RG H , NE W YO R K

S C O TT , F O RE S M A N A N D C O M PA NY

C H IC A GO NE W YO R K
 C OPY R IG H T 1916

BY

S C O TT . F OR E S M A N A ND C O M P A NY

E D UC A T l O N D E PT
;
 P RE FA C E

Th e a ut h o rs ma ke ol o gy for o ffer i n g a n o t h er a lg eb ra
n o ap

t o t h e s c h oo l pub li c .In i n fl ue n t i a l pl a c es a lg e b r a h as b e e n
c h a l l e n g e d as a s ui t a b l e s u b j e c t for h ig h s c h oo l pu pil s Is .

it n ot t he part of w i s do m b e fo r e e li m i n a t i n g a s u b j e c t of s o
,

l o n g an d u n di s put e d st a n di n g as a lge b r a t o t ry r e c o n st r u c t ,

in g a nd i m pr ovi n g it s fo rm an d e v e n s o m e o f it s s ub st a n c e ?
T h e a ut h o rs b e li e v e t h at t his t ext h as a c c o m pli s h e d m u c h
in bot h o f t h ese pa rt i c ul ars .

T h i s b o o k is n o t writ t en h o we v er w i t h t h e t h oug h t o f
, ,

d e fe n di n g a n u nw o rt h y c l ai m a n t t o a pl a c e in t h e c u rr i c ul um .

T h e t ru e V i ew is t h at t h e hi gh e du c a t i o n a l m e r i t o f s c h o o l
a lg e b r a m a y b e r ai s e d e v e n hi g h e r b y a t r ea t m e n t w h ose

l a n gu a ge an d m od e o f expo s it i o n a re in a c c or d wi t h t h e poss i
bil it ies a n d a ppr ec i at io n s o f yo u t h a n d w h o s e s c i e n t ifi c
,

s o u n d n ess is a t t h e s am e t i m e n o t ser i o u s l y c o m pr o m i s e d .

It is t h e aut h o rs c o n vi c t i o n t h at r igh t l y t augh t a lg e b r a is o f

’
,

g re at e du cat i o n a l v a lu e a nd t h at t o m o st hi gh s c h oo l s t u d e nt s
,

it is n o t di s t as te ful .

In c a r ry in g o ut t h e i r vi e ws o n t h i s li ne t h e a ut h o rs h a v e ,

a tt e m pt e d se v e ra l s pec ifi c t hi n g s So m e o f t h e s e s t a t e d
.

b ri efl y a re as follows
1 T o pres e n t t h e m at e ri a l in a l a n g u a g e a n d m o d e t h a t a r e
.

s i m pl e a n d a t t h e sa m e t i m e m a t h e m a t i c a ll y s o u n d w i t h o u t ,

r es o rt t o m at h e m a t i c a l t e c h ni c ali t i es .

2 T o m o t iv at e t h e v a rio u s t o pi cs o f a lge b r a e i t h e r t h r o ug h
.

s pe c i a l pr obl em a t i c s ituat i o ns o r t h r o ug h t h e
,
gr a du a ll y
r i s i n g d e m a n d s of t h e e q u at i o n fo r p a rt i c u l a r ph ases o f a lg e

braic t ec hniq ue . As e xa m pl e s s e e pa ges 2 7 3 2 5 9 2 66 e t c , , , ,

.

3 Pe rs i st e n t l y t o m a ke t h e fi rst st e ps i n t o t h e t r e at m e n t s
.

o f a lg e b r a i c s u b j e c t s t h r o ug h t h e a n a l o g o u s s ub j e c t s o f a r i t h

m et i c .
( Se e p a g es 2 0 4 1
,
9 1 1
, 0 7 1 8 0 ,
2 2 9 e tc ) , ,
.

54 l 291
iv P RE FACE
4 . To give t h e pu pil s ome
ll y v a lu ab l e h e l p in l e ar n i n g
rea

t o re a d t o c o m pr e h e n d a n d t o i nte rp r e t a lge b r a i c l a n gu a g e
, , ,

a n d t o e xpr e s s m at h e m a t i c pr i n c i pl es a n d r u l es in t h i s l a n

gu a g e C h a pt e r X I II o n G e n er a l N um b ers F o rm ul as a nd
.
, ,

Typ e fo rm s m ay b e c it e d as a go o d illu st r at io n of t h i s
-

t r eat m e n t .

5 .T o giv e a n e ar l y i n t r odu c t io n t o s i m u l t a n eo u s s i m pl e
e q u at io n s a n d t o c o m pl e t e t h e i r s t ud y b y r e c u rr e n t t r e a t m e n t s

as t h e c our se d e v e lo ps .

6 T o m a k e e ar l y a n d fr e q u e n t u se o f t h e gr a ph fr ee d fro m
.

a n a l yt i c a l t e ch n i ca li t i e s a s a n a i d to the dev el op men t of a l g e

,

bra t h r oug h c l arifyi n g a n d vivifyi n g m ea ni n gs o f a lg e b r a i c

p r o c ess es a n d t e c h n i q u e in t h e be g i n n i n g s ta g es o f t e a c h i n g
a n d l e arn i n g t h e m
‘

7 T o se e k di lig e n t l y fo r s u c h a n o r d er o f t r e a t m e n t o f t h e
.

s pe c i a l t o p i cs a s is di c t a te d b y t h e h ig h e s t e c o n o m y in t h e

m ast e ry o f t h e el e m e nt s of t h e sc i e n ce of a lg e b r a . B y this
m e a n s it is h o pe d t o giv e a s t ro n g er a n d a m o re h ig h l y e d u
c at iv e fi rs t ye ar c ourse in t h e c u s t o m a ry t i m e
-
.
( See T a bl e
o f C o n t e nt s ) .

8 C ar e full y t o gr a d e as t o diffi c u l t y a n d t o b a l a n c e as t o
.

q u a li t y a n d q u a n t i t y t h e p r o b l e m s a n d exer c i s es of t h e b oo k ,

a g a i n wi t h a n e ye s i n gl e t o t h e u n fo ldi n g n e e d s of a lg e b r a .

(S ee probl em li st s give n u n d er t h e di ff er e nt t o pi c s )
-
.

9 T o c o rr e l at e wi t h a r i t h m e t i c g e o m e t r y g e n era l sc i e n c e
.
, , ,

a n d e v ery d a y lif e to a s g r e a t a d e g r ee as t h e be s t s c h o o l

i nt erest s of fi rst-yea r a lgeb ra r e q ui re .

1 0 T o h e ig h t e n t h e w o rk a b ili t y o f t h e t e xt by a s yn o pt i c
.

ta b l e of c o n t e n t s a s u mm a ry of d e fi ni tio n s ( pag e
,
a nd

a go o d w o r ki n g i n d e x .

A lit t l e of th e pe d agogi c a l b a c kgro un d of t h e o rg a niz a

‘

t i o n of t h i s t ext m ay b e s t a te d h e r e Th e a u t h o rs h old t h e
.

vi ew t h at t e a c he rs o f pr e se n t d ay se c o n d ary a lg e b r a s h o uld
-

re c og ni z e t h a t t he y a re u n de r t hr ee sig nifi c a nt pr ofe ss i o na l

o b lig at io n s t o t h e ir pu pil s viz ,
 P RE F ACE
I . To ra ti ona l ize the a n a l ogou s a ri th meti c f the
o a l gebr a i c

topi cs ta u ght .

It is h ar dl y o n a b l e t o expe c t o f b e gi nn e r s in se c o n d ary
re as

a lge b r a t h at t h e y re a ll y u nd er s ta nd t h e i r ar i t h m e t i c e ve n ,

as a rit hm e t i c St ill l es s m ay se c o n d ary t e a c h e rs r igh t fu ll y

.

e x pe c t t h a t be gi n ni n g pu pil s h a v e g ras pe d t h e i r a ri t h m e t i c

in s u c h fo rm t h at it c an b e m a d e t h e b as i s fo r a lg e b r a Thi s .

is a m u c h m o r e diffi c ul t m at t e r b e c a us e a l t h ough bot h a r i t h ,

m e t i c an d a lge b ra a r e ab str ac t s c i e n c es a lge b r a i n v o lv es a ,

m u c h high er o r d er o f ab s t r a c t n ess t h a n a r i t h m e t i c .

In vi e w o f t h e sc o pe an d c o m pl exi t y o f m o d e rn e l e m e n t a ry
s c h oo l a r i t h m e t i c o f t h e s lig h t e m ph as i s o f s c h oo l o ffi c i a l s
, ,

e x a m i n e rs a n d s urv e yo r s a n d e v e n o f s c h oo l pr o g ra m s u po n
, ,

r a t i o n al i z i n g pr o ce s s e s it is w o rs e t h a n u se l ess t o e xpe c t l e t
, ,

t h e m o s t c o n sc i e n t iou s t e a c h er s t r iv e as h e m ay t h a t m o re b e ,

d o ne in t h e e l e m e nt a ry s c h o o l t h a n t o r a t i o n ali z e t h e m ost
e l em e n t a ry n ot i o n s an d pr o c esse s o f a r i t h m e t i c In f a c t fo r .
,

se v e r a l yea r s e l e m e n t a ry t ea c h e rs h a v e b e e n u r g e d b y s o m e

a ut h o r i t i e s t o r e n o u n c e r at i o n a li z in g fo r m e re h a b i t u at i n g a n d

d rill pro c e d ures T h ese t hi n gs c o u pl e d wi t h t h e fa c t t h at

.
,

a r i t h m e t i c o f t h e so rt c o v e r e d in o ur g r a mm a r g r a d es is o n e

o f t h e m o s t di ffi c ul t o f al l m at h e m at i c a l b r a n c h e s a n d w i th ,

li m i t at io ns o f pro gr a m t i m e a n d i mm at uri t y o f pupil s h o pe ,

l e ss l y pre c lud e a n y a t t e m pt s a t t h o se fa r r e a c h i n g i n d u c t i o ns -

a n d g e n e r a li z a t i o n s t h at a re e s se n t i a l a t t h e v ery b e gi nn i n g

o f r a t i o n a l a lg e b r a T he re fo re t h i s fun d a m e nt a l w o rk fo r
.
,

t h e h ig h l y s pe c i a li z e d n ee d s o f t h e s e v er a l a lg e b r a i c t o pi c s
b e l o n gs pro pe rl y t o t h e a lg eb r a t e a c h e r T hi s t e xt s uppli es .

t h e i n i t i a t o ry a r i t h m e t i c a l r at i o n a li z i n g fo r t h e a lg e b r a i c
t o pi c s a n d s ub j e c t s at t h e pre c i s e pl a ce s w h ere it is n e e d e d
a n d of t h e s o r t t h at is a ppr o pri a t e
‘

II . To s how tha t ma n y a l g ebr ai c thin gs ca n be done geomet

ri ca l l y, i . e .
,
by t h e a id of t he c o n c re t e s pa c e m a t e r i a l o f

di agr am s , p i c t u r es o f a n y gr a ph i ca l h e l ps t o c l ea r t h i n ki n g
, .

T o see ,
t o c a l c u l a t e a n d t o co m pr e h e n d is t h e t r ue o r d er o f
,
vi P RE FACE
st e ps in m ast e r i n g lge b ra i c t as ks T h e c o nc ept s o f li n es
a .
,

r ec t i l i n ea r figu r es a n d so lid s ar e s o m u c h s pa c e m a t e ri a l
, ,

a l w a ys a n d e v e r yw h e r e a v a il a b l e fo r c o n cr et i n g vi s u a li z i n g , ,

a n d vivifyi n g n u m b e r l a w s a n d re l a t i o n s at n o g re at c o s t
,

in m o n e y o r e ffo rt T h e h ig h s c h oo l yo u t h h as liv e d l o n g
.

e n o u g h in t h i s w o rld o f s p a c e t o h a v e b ec o m e f a m ili a r w i t h it ,

a n d his s pa t i a l e x pe r i e n c e s n ee d o n l y t o b e d r a w n u p o n t o

e n a bl e him t o l a y fi rm h o ld o n t h e h ig h l a b s t r a c t fun d a m e n
y
t a l s of b e gi nn i n g a lg e b r a R eall y t o see t h at a lg eb r a m e re l y
.

g e n er ali z es m e n s u rat i o n l aws t h at a lg eb r a i c n u m b ers l a ws

, , ,

a n d p r o b l e m s pi c t u r e i n t o vivid f o r m s a n d t o l ea r n t h e s e c r e t
,

o f l a yi n g b e f o r e h is e ye s di a g r a mm at i c a ll y t h e c o n dit i o n s o f

a lg e b r a i c p r o b l e m s as a n aid in fo r m ul a t i n g t h ese c o n di t i o n s

i nt o a lg eb r a i c l an gu a ge a n d t e c h ni q u e a r e of t h e h igh e st ,

i nt ere st a n d v a lu e t o t h e b e gi nn e r Th e pro fes si o n a l d ut y

.

o f e m pl o yi n g t h e c o n c r e t i n g a g e n c i es o f p i c t u r e s di a g r a m s , ,

g e o m et r i c a l figu r es a n d g r a ph s t o vivify a n d vi t ali z e a lge b r a

,

will b e re a dil y a c c e pt e d b y t h e t ea c h e r w h o st riv e s t o re a li z e

in pr ac t i c e t h e e du ca t i o n a l m e r i t s o f w e ll t a u g h t a lg e b r a -
.

N o c l um sy l a b o r at o ry e q ui pm en t o f e xt e n s iv e a n d e x pe n s iv e
a pp ar a t u s is r e q ui r e d t o e n ab l e t h e a lg e b r a t e a c h er t h r oug h

s p a c e m at e r i a l s t o s u ppl y g e n e t i c b a c k g r ou n d s fo r a lg e b r a i c
-

p r o b l e m s t r u t h s a n d l aw s
, ,
.

III To s how the pu pi l tha t a l gebra wil l en a bl e him to d o mu ch

.

m ore tha n he ca n do wi th either a ri thme tic or g eometry, or both

T he fi rs t a n d se c on d
f i l d ut i es are re all y prel im i
pr o e ss o n a
n a ry t h r o u g h w h i c h m o t iv a t i n g a n d c l e a ri n g t h e w a y fo r
,

e ff e c t iv e a t t a c k a re a c c o m pli s h e d T h i s t hi r d dut y is pe c u
.

l ia rl y d ue t o a lg e b ra It is in f a c t d ue t o b o t h pu pil a n d s ub
.

j e c t t h a t t h e p a r t i c u l a r g a i n s t o b e sec u r e d b y a m as t e r y o f t h e

s u b j e c t m at t er s h a ll a pp e a r in t h e l ea r n i n g ac t s
-
.

F o r ex a m pl e t h e pu pil s h o uld s ee s u c h t h i n g s as t h at by
, ,
'

a r i t h m et i c h e c a nn o t s u b t r a c t if t h e s u b t r a h e n d h a ppe n s t o b e

g re at er t h a n t h e m i n ue n d ; t h at h e c a n no t s o lv e s o s i m pl e
a n e q ua t oi n as x + 9 = 3 ; b ut t h at if h e i n c lud e t h e n e g at iv e
 P RE F AC E V ii

n u m b er s am on g his n um b e r n o t o n s i he c an do b oth e as il y .

He s h o u ld s ee t h at h e c a n s q ua r e a n d c ub e num b ers g eo
m e t r i ca ll y , b ut t h a t h e c a n g o n o fu rt h e r w i t h i n v o l ut i o n t h a n
t hi s I f , h o w e v e r , h e w ill l ea rn t h e s ym b o li sm o f a lge b ra h e
.

m ay e as il y expr ess a n d w o rk w i t h 4 t h , 5t h , 6t h , e v e n wi t h n t h
p o w e r s H e s.h o uld b e s h o w n t h a t w h il e h e c a n s o lv e e q u a

t i o n s in o ne , two , a nd pe r h a ps in t h r ee u nkn o w n s wit h

gr aph i c a l pi c t u res g e o m e t ri c a ll y t h e gr eat pow er h e g a i n s
,
i . e .
, ,

b y m as t erin g t h e a lg eb r ai c w ay e n a b l es h im t o g o r ig h t o n
'

e as il y t o t h e s o l ut i o n of s i m ul t a n e ou s e q u at i o n s in 4 5 6 , , ,

a n d e v e n n u nk n o w n s H e sh o u ld b e m a d e t o f e e l t h a t w h il e
.

a ri t h m e t i c w o uld e n a b l e him by a s l o w pro c e s s o f f ee li n g

,

a bou t t o fi n d one s o l u t i o n o f m a n y pro bl e m s a lg e b r a if he

, , ,

w ill l ear n its l a n g u a ge a n d m e t h o d will l ea d him di r e c t l y n o t ,

t o o n e b ut t o a l l pos si bl e s o lu t i o n s
,
It will t h u s e n a b l e hi m
.

t o kn o w w h e n h e h as s o lv e d h is pr obl e m co mpl e tel y Th e se .

a n d s i mi l a r g a i n s of p o w er o v e r q u a n t i t a t iv e pr o b l e m s a re t h e

r ea l r e aso n s w h y t h e e du c a t e d m a n o f t o d ay c a nn o t a ffo r d

n o t t o kn o w a lg e b r a Le t t ea c h e rs pe rfo rm t h i s pr of e ssio na l
.

du ty we ll a n d t h e fo es of alge b ra as a s c h oo l s ub j e c t will b e
c o n fi n e d t o t h o s e w h o a re ig n o r a n t of it The o ne who h a s .

l e arn e d t h e s ub j e c t w ill t he n r e g ar d it as t h e ema nci pa tor

of qua ntita ti ve thin king .

It is d e si re d t o c a ll pa rt i c ul ar a tt e nt i o n t o t h e i n t r odu c t o ry
pa g e s o n R e as o ns fo r S tu d yi n g A lg e b r a a n d t o Sugg es t i o n s o n ,

P rob l em so l v i n g o n p age 1 1 3 a n d t o t h e c a r e ful t r eat m e nt o f

-
,

f ac t o ri n g Th e t re at m en t o f t h e fu n c t i o n n o t i o n o n pa g e s
.
,

50 5 6 will a ppe a l t o m a ny t e a c h er s
-
, It w ill b e no t e d a l s o .
.

t h a t t his e l em en t a ry c o u r s e is divid e d i nt o h a lf yea r u n i t s -

.

T he probl em a n d e x e r c i se li s t s are full v ar i e d a n d c a re full y , ,

c h o se n Teac h e rs wh o e m pl o y suppl e m e n t a ry li st s of exer

.

c i s e s w i t h t he re gul a r t e x t s h o u ld n o t r e q ui r e u il t t t
p p s o ry o
so lv e a l l t h e pr obl e m s a n d e xe r c i s es g iv e n h e r e T h ese li st s .

a re m a d e full a n d v a ri e d t o a ffo r d c h o i ce a n d r a n g e of m a t e ri a l .

G r eat c a re h a s b ee n e x er c i se d t o c o v e r al l t h e st a n d ar d d iffi
V iii P RE F A C E

c ul t ie s o f fi rst yea r a lg e b r a , fo r t h i s
-
b o o k m a k es it s pr im al
t as k t o t eac h g oo d a lg e b r a .

T h i s t e x t is t o b e fo llo w e d pr e s en t l y by a s e c o n d c o u rse o n
I nt e rm edi at e A lg e b r a Th e t wo t og e t h e r will c o v e r t h e
.

s t a n d a r d r e q u i re m e n t s o f se c o n d ary a lg e b r a .

T h e pl e as a n t t as k n ow r e m a i n s t o a c k n ow l e dg e t h e as s i st
a n ce t h e a u t h o rs h a v e r e c e iv e d f r o m M r J o h n D e Q B r igg s . .

o f St P a ul A c a d e m y St P a ul M i nn ; f r o m t h e M i s ses E ll e n
.
,
.
,
.

G o ld en a n d E s t e ll e F e nn o o f C e n t r a l H igh S c h o ol W as h i n g ,

t o n D C ; a n d fr o m Pr o f ess o r H C C ob b of Le wi s I n s t i t u t e
,
. . . .
,

C h i c a g o a l l of w h o m r ea d a n d c ri t i c i z e d t h e p roo f s o f t h e
,

b o ok . T h e i r c ri t i c i sm s a n d su gg es t io n s h a v e r es ul t e d in
n u m e r o u s i m pr o v e m e n t s .

M ay t h i s b oo k fi n d fr i e n d s a m o n g st t e a c h ers a n d pu pil s ,

a n d a d e s e r vi n g pl ac e a m o n g s t t h e i n flu e n c e s n ow m a ki n g fo r

t h e i m pr o v e m e n t o f t h e e du c a t i o n a l r es ul t s o f h ig h s c h oo l
a lg e b r a
TH E A U T H O R S
.

Chica go , S eptember , 1 91 6 .
 C ON TE NTS

F IRS T H AL F Y E AR -

C HA PT R
E

I N T RO D U C T I O N R E A SO N S F OR STU D YI N G A L G E B R A
.

N O T ATI O N IN A L G E B R A T H E E QU ATI O N .

N o t a ti o n .

Th e E q ua ti on
D i r e c ti o n s fo r M akin g St a t em e n t s an d So l v i n g
Pr o bl e m s .

P OS I TIV E AND NE G ATIV E N UM B E RS . DE FI N I TI O N S

P os iti v e and N e g a ti v e N u m b e r s
De fin iti o n s
A DDI T I O N
Ad d iti o n o f M o n o m i a ls
Ad d i n g Si m ilar Te r m s
A dd in g D iss i m i l ar Te r m s
Add itio n o f P o lyn o mia l s
SU B TR A CTI O N S Y M B O LS O F A GGRE G AT I O N
.

S ub t r a c ti o n o f M o n o m i a ls
S ub tr a c ti n g Si m ila r T e rm s
S ub t ra c ti n g D i ss i m ilar T er m s
S ubt ra c ti o n of Po l yno m i a ls
Sym b o ls o f A ggr e g a ti o n
Ad d itio n o f T e rm s P a rtly Si m ila r
S ubt r a c ti o n o f T erm s P artl y Si m il ar
G RA P HI N G F UN CTI O N S S O LVI N G E QU ATI O N S IN
. ON E
UN K N O W N G R A P H I C A LL Y
'

G raph i n g F un c ti o ns .

So l v i n g E q ua ti o n s in O n e Unkn o w n G r a ph i c a ll y

E QU A T I ON S . G E N E R A L R E VI E W
E qua ti o n s
F c ti
.

C le a r i n g E q ua ti o n s of ra o ns

G en er a l Re v i ew
G RA P HI N G D AT A S O L VI N G S I M U LT AN E O U S E QU ATI O N S
.

G RA P HI C A LLY
G r a ph i n g D a t a
So lv i n g Sim ult an eo us E qua ti ons Gr aph i c a ll y .

IX
 C O N TE N T S
PAG E

S I M U LT A N E O U S S I M P LE E QU AT I O N S E L IM I N A TI O N BY .

ADDI TI O N OR SU B T R A C TI O N .

Sim ult an eo us Si m p l e E q u a ti o n s
E l i m i n a ti o n b y A d d iti o n o r S ubtr a c ti on
M U LT I P L I C A T I O N.

T h e Sign o f t h e P r o d u c t .

T h e E xp o n e n t in t h e P r o d u c t
M ultiplyi n g On e M o n o mi al b y An o t h er
P ow er s o f M o n o m i al s .

M ultiplyin g a P olynom ia l b y a M o n om ia l
M ulti p lyi n g a P o l yn o m i a l b y a P o l yn o mi a l
S I M P LE E QU AT I O N S
D IVI S I O N
m
.

D i v i d i n g a M o n o mi a l b y a M o n o i a l
D i v i d i n g a P o l yn o m i a l b y a M o n o m i a l
D i v i d i n g a P o l yn o m i a l b y a P o l yn om i a l
XII . A PP L I C ATI O N S O F S I M P LE E QU ATI O N S E L I M I N AT I O N BY .

SU B S TI TUTI O N 1 13
S ugges ti o ns o n Pro bl em S o lv i n g-
1 13
E li m i n a ti o n b y S ub s tit u ti on 1 20
XIII . G E NE R AL NUM B E RS F ORM U L A S T Y PE —F ORM S
. . 1 23
G en er a l N um b er s . 1 23
F or m u l as 1 24
Fo rm s a n d Type— for m s of A lge b r a i c N um b ers 1 30
XI V . F A C T OR I N G 134
M o n o m ia l F a c to rs ( Typ e form : a x + a y + az)
-
134
C o mm on C o m po un d F a c t or : 1 35
S quar e o f t h e Sum o f T w o N um b ers : 1 37
S qu ar e of t h e D i ff er en c e of T w o N um b ers ( a 2a b + b )
2 2
1 38
Tr i n om i a l S quar es (x 2xy + y )
.
2 i 2
140
P ro d uc t of t h e Sum a n d D i ff er e n c e O f T w o N um b e r s
( a + b) ( a b)
D iffer e n c e o f T w o S quar es ( a — b2
Z
) .

Pr od u c t o f T w o B i nom i a ls w ith a C o mm on T er m

S pe c i a l Q uad r a ti c Tr i n om i a ls :
— —
Th e G e n er a l Q ua d r a ti c T r i n om i a l : ( a mH bx l c ) -

2 2 — 4
I n co m ple t e Tr i n om i a l S quar es : (113 + x y l y )
4 -

3 — 3
D i ff er en c e o f t h e S a m e O dd P o w er s : ( x y)
Sum o f t h e S a m e O dd P ow er s
Re v i e w
 C O N TE N T S Xi

C HA PTE R PA G E

SE C O N D H AL F YE AR -

E QU ATI O N S . E X E RC I S S F OR RE VI W N
E E A D P RA C TI C E .

So lu tio n o f E qua ti ons b y Fa c t or in g .

E xer c is es for R ev i ew an d P r a c ti c e .

H I G HE S T C O MM O N F A CT OR . LO W E ST C OMM O N M U LT I P LE
H igh es t C o mm o n F a c t or
H igh t C es o m m on F ct a o r of M o n o m i a ls .

H igh es t C o mm o a n F ct
o r o f P o lyn o mi a ls b y F a c t or i n g

Lo w es t C o m m on M ulti ple
Lo wes t C o m m o n M ulti pl e o f M o n o m i a ls
L o wes t C o mm o n M ultipl e o f P o lyn o m i a ls b y Fa c
t or in g
XV II . F RA C TI O N S .

Red uc ti o n o f I m pr o pe r Fr a c ti o ns
Red uc ti o n o f M ixed E xpr e ss i ons .

Lo w es t C o mm o n D en om i n a to r
Ad d iti o n a n d S ub tr a c ti o n o f Fr a c ti o n s
M ulti pli c a ti o n o f Fr a c ti o n s
D i v i s i o n of Fra c ti o ns

X V III . L I TE RA L FRA C I O N AL E QU ATI O N S

AND T . S O LUTI O N
FORM U L AS .

L it l d F c ti l E q u ti
er a an ra on a a o ns
S pe c i a l M e t h od s .

G e ner al Pro b le m s .

So l uti on of Form ul as
S I M U LT A N E O U S S I M P LE E QU AT I O N S
E l i m i n a ti o n b y C o m pa r iso n .

P ro b l e m s in Si mult a n eo us S im le E q ua ti o n s
T hr ee or M or e Un kn o wn N um ers

P ROPORTI O N V A R IATI O N
.

Ra tio
P r o po rti o n
P ri n c i p l es of Pro p tior on

XXI . P O WE RS R OO TS
.

I nv o l uti o n .

P o wer o f a Pr od u c t
P o wer o f a r a c ti o nF
P o we rs o f B i n o m i a l s
 C O N TE N T S
TE R PA G E

P O W E RS R OO TS— C on tin u ed
.

E v o l u ti o n .

Roo t o f a P ow er
R oo t o f a P r od u c t
Roo t of a Fr a c ti o n
N um b er o f R oo t s
I m a gi n ar y Ro o t s .

Signs o f R ea l R oo t s
T o F in d t h e R ea l Roo t s o f M o n o mia l s
S quar e R oo t o f a P o lyn omia l
S qua r e R o o t o f N um b e rs
T o F i n d t h e S q u a re R oo t o f a D e c i m a l
T o F i n d t h e S q u ar e R o o t o f a C o m m o n F c ti
ra on

I . E X PO N E N TS . R ADI C A L S .

E xp o n e n t s
R a d i c a ls .

Sim p lifi c at i on of Ra d i c
T o R ed u c e a M ix ed N u m b e r t o a n E n tir e S ur d
Ad d iti on a nd Sub tr a c ti o n o f S ur d s
T o R ed u c e S ur d s t o t h e S a m e O r d er
M u lti p li c a ti o n o f S ur d s
D i v i s i o n o f S ur d s .

R a ti o n a l i z i n g S ur d s .

S quar e Ro o t o f B i n o m i a l S ur d s .

Appro x i m a t e Va l ues o f S ur d s .

I rr a ti o n a l E qua ti ons in On e Un kn o wn
Q U AD R A T I C QU AT I O N S
E
T h e G r a phi ca l M e t h o d o f S o l uti o n
S o l v i n g Q ua d r a ti cs b y F a c t or i n g .

S qu ar e R o o t M e th od o f S o l uti o n
T o C o m pl e t e t h e S q ua r e Wh en a is 1
T o C o m p l e t e t h e S quar e wh e n a is n o t 1 .

S ol uti o n b y Fo r m ul a .

T o F i n d A p pr o x i m a t e V a l u es o f R o o t s o f Q ua d r a ti c
E q ua ti o n s
E q ua ti o n s In Q u ad r a ti c F or m
G r aph i c a l S o luti on o f Q uadr a ti c s
C h ar a c t er o f th e R o o t s o f Q ua d r a ti c E q ua ti o ns ~

T o F o r m a Q u ad r a ti c E q ua ti o n w it h G i v e n R oo t s .

F a c tor i n g b y P ri n c i pl es o f Q uad ra ti cs .

Pr o bl e m s in Q ua dr a ti c E q ua tion s
S I M U LT A N E O U S S Y S TE M S S O LV E D BY Q U AD R A TI CS .

SUM M A R Y O F D E FI N I T I O N S
I NDE X
 IN T R O D UC T ION

RE AS O NS F O R S TUD YI N G AL G E B RA
T h e h ig h sc h oo l ould b e c o m e c o n vi n c e d a s e a rl y
pu pil sh ,

a s po s s i b l e ,
t h a t t h e r e are s t r o n g re a s o n s w h y h e S h o u ld
l ea r n alge b r a T h e ki n d o f wo rk t h e pu pil w ill d o a n d h is
.

c o n s e q ue n t se n se o f it s a c t u a l v a l ue t o him d e p e n d s o ,

l a rg e l y o n t h e a ppr o v a l h e gives t o it s s t ud y t h a t it s ee m s
wo rt h w h il e e v e n b e f o r e b e gi nn i n g it t o c o n s id e r t h e rea s o n s
, ,

fo r st u d yi n g a lg e b r a .

ALL T A S KS REGARDED A S P RO BL E MS T O B E S O LVED

W he t h e r ap pu il c o n t i n u e s in s c h o o l o r l e a v es e a r l y fo r t h e

w o r k o f life h e w ill s oo n l ea r n t h a t t h e b es t w a y t o d e a l w i t h
,

t h e q u es t i o n s a n d diffi c u l t i es t h a t a r i s e is t o re g a r d t h e m a s
,

p r ob le m s t o b e so lv e d a n d ,
t o a tt a c k t h e m a s s u c h H
. o w
t o l ea r n h is l ess o n s t o w r i t e a c o m po s i t i o n t o d o a n e x pe ri
, ,

m e n t t o d e b a t e a q ues t i o n t o win in a c o n tes t t o d o a n y

, , ,

t h i ng t h e fi rs t fe w t i m es a r e f a m ili a r pr obl ems t o t h e h ig h

,

s c h o ol pu pil .

H o w to ea r n m o r e a n d w as te l es s t o m a n a g e a ff a i r s m o re
,

e c o n o m i c a ll y t o g e t m o r e o u t o f a n d t o p u t m o re i n t o lif e
, ,

h o w t o c o n d u c t h o u se h o ld a ff ai rs m o r e e c o n o m i c a ll y t o ,

l ea r n to a ppre c i ate a n d t o u n d e rs t a n d m o r e o f t h e re a ll y
go o d a n d t r ue in b oo ks a n d in life a re a c t ua l pr o bl em s t o
,

e v e ry r ig h t m i n d e d m a n a n d w o m a n
-
.R igh t livi n g is li tt l e
m o r e t h a n s o lvi n g a c o nt i n uo u s c h a i n o f pro b l e m s Th e
“
.

q u e s t i o n fo r e v e r y yo u n g pe r s o n s h ould b e H ow fa r c a n
,

I a dv a n c e in t h e pro bl em b o o k o f t h e g re at w o r ld b e fo re t h e
-

”
p r o b l e m s g e t t o o h a r d for m e ?
 “E LE M E N TARY ALG E BRA
I MP OR TA N T T O A CQ UI RE P O WER A N D SKILL I N PRO BLE M W ORK
C l ea rl y t h e n , it is of g r e at i m po rt a n c e t o l ear n w h a t it
m e a n s t o s o lv e a pr o b l e m a n d t o a c q u i r e w h a t e v e r Skill w e
m ay in t h e a r t o f pro bl e m so lvi n g a n d t h i s t o o n o t m e r e l y
-
, ,

b e c a u s e o u r t e a c h e r o r o u r par e n t s w a n t u s t o d o s o b ut
, ,

for o u r o w n s a k es p ur e l y .In a n e s pe c i a l s e n s e a lg e b ra
t e a c h es t h e ta cti cs a n d t h e techn ique o f pr o b l e m s o lvi n g -
.

Th e t o o l s b y w h i c h b o t h t h e s c i e n c e a n d t h e art a re w r o u g h t
o ut a r e t h e a lg e b r a i c n u m b e r a n d t h e a lg e b ra i c e q u a t i o n .

T o b e Wi t h o u t t h e a b ili t y t o u s e the e q u a t i o n s killf u ll y is t o

b e w i t h o u t t h e a b ili t y t o d o m u c h pro b l e m t h i n ki n g -
Po w e r .

t o u s e t h e e q u a t i o n w i t h s k ill a n d i n s ig h t is t h e m a i n pa rt
o f t h e e q u i pm e n t o f a n a c c u r a t e t h i n ke r a n d a lg e b r a is
,

e s s e n t i a ll y t h e s c i e n c e a n d t h e a rt o f t h e e q u at io n .

T W O REA S O N S WH Y ALGE B RA SH O UL D B E S T UD IE D B Y ALL

E v e ry pe r s o n w h o h a s h is w a y t o m a ke in t h e wo r ld m u s t
s u c c e e d o r f a il in h is s t ru ggl e w i t h life s pr o b l e m s The
’
.

w o r ld s pr o b l e m s a r e h ar d e r t h a n t h o s e o f a lg e b r a b ut t h e
’
,

b e st w a y t o a c q uIre a bili t y t o g r a pp l e w i t h h a r d e r pr o b l e m s
is fi rst t o g e t so m e s kill w i t h e as i er o n e s A lge b r a st a rt s
.

w i t h c o m pa r a t iv e l y s i m pl e di ffi c u l t i e s t h a t g ra d u a ll y i n c r ea s e
in c o m pl exi t y a s o n e s s kill g ro w s t o diffi c ul t i es g re a t
’
,

e n o ug h t o t a x t h e p o w ers o f e v e n t h e b r ig h t es t pu pil s .

F o r t w o reas o n s a t l e a st t h e pro bl em s o lvi n g o f a lg e bra

,
-

is e a s i e r t h a n t h a t o f e v e r y d a y life .

In the fi rs t p l a ce t h e l a n gu ag e o f a lg e b r a m a k es reas o n i n g
,

e a si e r t h a n d o es a n y o t h er l a n gu a g e m e n h a v e ye t
d e vi se d .

B e fo r e a lg e br a i c l a n gu a g e w a s i n v e nt e d t h e a n c i e nt ,

m a t h e m at i c i a n s u se d o r di n a ry w o r d s a n d sen t e nc e s in t h e
p r o bl e m s t h e y a t t e m pt e d . T h e f o r m of t h e i r w o r k w h i c h ,

w a s l ar g el y s e n t e n c e m a k i ng is n o w c a ll e d r hetori ca l a lg e br a
-
,
.

It n e v er a m o u n t e d t o m u c h as a pro bl em s olvi n g i n st r u m e nt
-
.
 RE A S O N S F OR S T UD Y IN

M at h e m at i c i a n s l at er m a d e us e o f a bb re v i a t e d w o r d s ,

p h r as es a n d
,
e v e n s e n t e n c es t h a t o c c ur r e d f r e q u e n t l y n i
p r o b l e m s o f i n ,
i t i a l l e tt e r s s u gg es t iv e,
s y m b o l s a n d t h u s ,

fo rm e d w h at is n o w c a ll e d a bb rev iat io n al o r s yn copa ted ,

a lg e b r a T h i s w as a r e a l a dva n c e a n d a v er y fa i r s ort o f
.
,

a lg e b r a n ow d e v e l o pe d a s t h e n ee d fo r it c a m e a l o n g and ,

m e n g r e w i n t e r est e d in it B ut it w a s st ill c u m b e r so m e
.
,

a n d m e n co n t i n u e d t ryi n g t o i m pr o v e it in t h i s w a y a n d

th a t u n t il fi n a ll y a ft e r m a n y c e n t u r i es t h e y h it u po n t h e
, ,

m o d e r n f o r m o f w r i t i n g a lg eb r a i c n u m b e r s a n d r e l a t i o n s .

F r o m t h i s t im e fo rt h s ymbol i c a lg e b r a a s w e n o w k n o w it
, , ,

s t e p b y s t e p b u t r a pidl y g r e w u p
- -
, ,
T h e a d v a n c e in m a t h e
.

m at i e s a n d m a t h e m a t i c a l s c i e n c e t h a t s o o n f o ll o w e d is
a l m o s t i n c r e di b l e T h us t h e h i st o r y o f m a t h e m at i cs S h o w s
.
~

t w o t h i n g s v iz ,

1 . Tha t a d v a n ce in m a thema ti ca l thou g ht depen d s g r ea tl y

on the kind f
o l a n gu a g e em p l oyed , a n d
2 . Tha t the l a n gua ge of m o d er n s ym bol i c a l ge bra i s the m os t

p ower u l a i d f to p r eci s e thin ki n g tha t the w or l d ha s yet fou n d .

E v e ry c ivili z e d r a c e u ses t h i s l a n gu a ge t o d a y O f a l l .

e x i s t i n g l a n gu a g es o f t h e w o r ld it is b e s t e n t i t l e d t o b e c a ll e d

t h e u n iv e r sa l l a n g u a g e o f m a n .

In the s econd p l a ce a lg e b r a i c pr o b l e m s h a v e d e fi n i t e
,

a n s w e r s so t h a t t h e b e gi nn er m ay a l w a ys h a v e a c o m pl e t e
,

c heck on h is t h i n ki n g d ur i n g t h e a ppre n t i c es h i p pe r i o d -

w h il e h e is n e c essa r il y s o m e w h a t do ub t f ul a b o ut it s r e li a
bil it y O n t h e o t h e r h a n d t h e pr ob l e m s of life h a v e n o
.
,

a n s w e r s o r t h e a n s w ers a r e o f t h e g e n era l n a t u re o f s u c c ess

,

o r f a il ur e in o n e s e n t er pr i s e s
’
Wi t h t h e l at t er t h e r e is n o
.

c h a n c e t o g o b a c k a n d c o rr e c t e r r o r s b e f o r e t h e e rr o r s h a v e

re s u l t e d f a t a ll y T h i s is a s t r o n g r ea s on wh y a lge br a is a
.

go o d ea r l y t r a i n i n g in pro b l e m st u d y a n d pro b l e m s t rat e gy

- -
.

We c a n d o h ar d t h i n g s b y vi rt u e o f t h e power a n d s kill
a c q u i re d in d o i n g s i m il ar b ut e a s i er t h i n g s
, , .
 “E LE M E N TARY ALG E BRA
4
ALGE B RA N O T C REAT E D FOR A M ERE SCH OOL D I SC I P LI N E
It t h u s a pp ea r s t h at lg e b r a wa s n ot c r ea t e d a s p u pil s
a ,

a r e s o m e t i m e s pr o n e t o t h i n k m e r e l y a s a s e v e r e di s c i pli n e
,

fo r sc h o o l b o ys a n d gi r l s A lg e b ra w as fo rm e d t h ro u g h
.

t h e u n i t e d e ff o rt s o f a l o n g s u c c e s s i o n o f s c i e n t ifi c m e n t o
d e vi se a t o o l a n d t e c h n i q ue fo r s o lvi n g t h e pr o b l e m s o f
sc i e n c e t h a t a r o s e f r o m a g e t o a g e —
p r o b l e m s t h a t n o

kn o w n s u b j e c t o r d e v i c e c o u ld c o n q u e r It w a s c r ea t e d a s a
.

n e c e s s i t y t o W in e v e n t h e li t t l e s c i e n t ifi c k n o w l e dg e t h e r a c e

a c qui re d fr o m a g e t o a g e A ft e r a lg e b r a h a d r e v e a l e d t h e
.

d es i re d so l ut i o n s s o m et i m es a n o t h e r m a t h e m a t i c a l s ub j e c t
,

w as f o u n d c a pa b l e of yi e ldi n g a s o l ut i o n a l s o b ut a lg e b ra
,

wa s u s u a ll y t h e pi o n ee r a n d it is o n l y r a r e l y t h a t a n y s c i e n c e
,

fu rn i sh e s e a s i e r a n d m o r e r e li a b l e w ays of s o l v i n g pr o b l e m s
t h a n a lg e b r a . T o b e ig n o r a n t o f a lg eb r a is t o b e d e pr iv e d
of t h e m o st e ff e c t iv e pr o b l e m s o l v i n g e n gi ne ye t i n v e n t e d
-
.

Wh y n ot se i z e t h e o p po rt un i t y t o a c qui r e s om e m as t e ry
v
o e t r h i s po w e r fu l t oo l ? T h e b e gi nn i n g s o f t h e s ub j e c t a r e
ea s il y w i t h i n t h e c o m pr e h e n s i o n o f t h e t w e lv e ye a r o l d b o y
-

o r gi r l .

ALGE B RA I S F UN D A M E N T A L T O ALL M AT HE M ATI C AL SC IE NC E S

O ne o f t h e s t r o n g est r e aso n s lg e b r a is t h at it is
fo r st u d yi n g a

fun d a m e n t a ll y n ec e ss a ry t o so m a n y fi e ld s o f h ig h e r s c ie n
t ifi c w o r k . A sid e fr o m a litt l e e l e m ent a ry g eo m e t ry al m ost ,

n o m at h e m a t i c s b e y o n d t h e s i m pl est a r i t h m e t i c is p o s s i b l e

w i t h o ut a kn o w l e dg e o f a lg e b ra T o at t e m pt t o g e t o n in
“
.

m at h e m a t i cs w i t h o u t a lg e b ra is v e r il y t o t ry t o w a l k w i t h ou t
feet .
”
P e r h aps t h e m o s t wid e l y u se fu l m at h e m at i c a l
s u b j e c t w i t h i n r e ac h o f h ig h s c h o o l s t u d e n t s is t r ig o n o m e t ry .

T r ig o n o m e t ry is t h e sc i e n c e of t h e t ri a n gl e a n d is m a d e up
,

v e ry l a r g e l y o f c o m pa c t pra c t i c a l r ul es o r l a w s express e d in
, ,

t h e l a n g u a g e o f a lg e b ra i c f o r m ul as a n d e q ua t io n s The
.

t r a n s fo r m at i o n s o f t h es e f o rm ul a s t h a t l e a d t o t h e m o s t
6 E L E M E N TARY ALG E BRA

re c e n t ly : 0 ,
t h at I kne w eno ug h a lg e b r a to ena bl e m e to
u n d er s t a n d t h e fo rm u l a s o f Ke n t s E n gin eer s P ocket B ook
’ ’
-
,

t o b e a b l e t o m a ke pr o pe r s ub s t i t ut i o n s in t h es e f orm ul a s
'

,
”
a n d t o k n o w t h e m e a n i n g o f t h e r es u l t s " It i s t h e w e a k j

n e s s o f t h e i r p r o b l e m so l v i n g a b ili t y t h a t m e n o f pr a c t i c a l
-

a ff a i r s se e m m o st t o r e g re t T h e se m en o ft en c o n t e n d t h a t
.

m u c h o f w h a t t h e y h a d t o s t u d y in t h e h ig h sc h oo l h a s
b ee n o f li t t l e o r n o u s e t o t h e m b ut t h a t t h e y c o u ld n o t h av e
,

b ee n giv e n t oo m u c h m at h e m at i c s fo r t h e w o r k t h e y h a v e
si n c e h a d t o d o T h ey t e ll u s t h e l e a d e r s t o d ay a r e n o t t h e
.

g r e a t o ra t o rs a n d c h a r m i n g t a l ke r s o f a g e n er at i o n a g o b ut ,

t h e m a them a tized t h i n k e r s It is t h e l a t t er t h e y t e ll us t h a t
.
, ,

a re c a rry i n g o ff t h e pr i z e s o f t h i s c o m m e r c i a l a n d i n d u s

t ri al ag e .

Le t bo ys a n d gi r l s w h o h a v e n o t ye t l o st t h e o ppo rt u ni t y
t o pr o fi t b y s c h oo l w o r k in m at h e m at i cs m a ke t h i s s t udy
- -

a s pro fi t a bl e as p o s s i b l e t o t h e m s e lv es b y t a ki n g up t h e
,

fu n d a m en t a l s u b j e c t o f a lg eb ra w i t h e n e r gy a n d d e t e rm i n a
t i on. Di sm i s s t h e id ea if yo u h o ld it t h at yo u a re st ud yi n g
, ,

t h i s s u b j e c t a s a f a v o r t o yo u r t e a c h er o r pa r e n t s E m brac e .

a n d c h e r i sh t h e t r u e id e a t h a t y o u a r e s t u d yi n g it fo r yo u r

o wn b e n e fi t t o r a i s e y o u r o w n e ffi c i e n c y a n d t h a t yo u a r e
, ,

o n l y c h e a t i n g yo u rs e lf if yo u d o p o o r w o r k T h e c h a n c es .

a r e m a n y t o o n e t h at t h e t a sk s o f a f t e r lif e w ill b e f o u n d t o
-

m ak e s t ro n g er d e m a n d s o n yo u r pro b l e m so lvi n g ab ili t y t h a n -

a lg e b r a re q ui r es D o n o t f o r g e t t h at a lg e b r a is in a pe culi a r
.

se n s e t h e s u b j e c t w h i c h c a n b e s t d e v e l o p a n d pe r f e c t a b ili t y

o f t h i s t y pe . T h er e f o r e t a ke up t h e w o rk vig o ro u sl y t h e
fi rs t d a y n e v er r e l ax i n g yo u r e ffo rt s t o m ast e r t h e s u b j e c t
,

u nt il t h e l a s t l ess o n is l e ar ne d .
 E LE M E N TA R Y A LG E B RA

F IR S T HA L F - YE AR

CH AP TE R I

N OTATI O N IN AL G E B RA . THE E Q UATI O N

N OTATIO N

1 .T he po w e r o f a lg e b ra is d u e m a i n l y t o it s l a ngu a g e a n d
it s s ym b o l s Yo u h a v e a l re a d y m a d e so m e s t a rt wi t h t h i s
.

l a n gu a g e fo r e v e ryt h i n g yo u h a v e c o r r e c t l y l e a r n e d a b o ut
,

t h e l a n g u a g e a n d t h e s ym b o l s o f a r i t h m e t i c h o ld s g o o d a l s o
in a lg e b r a B ut b e c a u s e a lg e b r a is a s o r t o f gene r a l a r i t h
'

m et i c it a dd s so m et h i n g t o t h e l a n g ua g e a n d s ym b o l s o f
,

a r i t h m et i c a n d e m p o ys t h e m m o r e gen er a l l y t h a n a r i t h
l
m etic d oes P e rh a ps t h e m o s t i m po r t a n t t h i n g s fo r t h e
.

b e gi n n e r t o ke e p in m i n d f r o m t h e o ut se t are t h a t w h a t t h e
a lg e b ra i c l a ng u a g e t a l ks a b o u t a n d w h a t t he a lge b ra i c
s ym b o l s s t a n d fo r a r e n u m ber s a n d n um b e r r e l a ti o n s T h o ug h .

t h e b o o k o r t h e t e a c h e r m a y t a l k a b o u t a lg e b r a i c e x p r e s s i o n s ,

o r qua n tities o r m o n o m i a l s o r po l y n o m i a l s it is i m port a n t

, , ,

to r e m e m b er t hat all t h e se t e rm s , and m any o t h e rs , a re

on l y o t h e r n a m e s fo r n umb e r s .

Alg eb ra li ke a ri t h m et i c t re a t s o f n u m b er s
, ,
. It a dd s ,

s ub t r a c t s m ul t i pli es a n d d ivid es n um b ers r a i s es

, , , th em t o
po w e r s a n d e x t r a c t s t h e i r r o o t s
,
.

2 . No ta tio n is t h e m et h o d of i g
e xpr e s s n n u m b ers by
figu res or l e t t ers .
8 E LE M E N TARY ALG E BRA

In i t h m e t i c n u m b ers a re
ar ,
r e p r es e n t e d by ten A ra bi c
c h a r a c t e r s c a ll e d d igits o r fi gu re s . Th us ,

45 3 400

Th e Num b e r . Th e wh o l e of t he n u m b e r is t h e su m o f the
p art s re pr ese n t e d by t h e se v e r a l digi t s .

R e pr e s e n tin g N u m b e r s In a lg eb r a n um b ers are re pre

.
,

s e n t e d b y fig u r e s b y l e tt e r s a n d b y a c o m b i n a t i o n o f b o t h
, , .

3 . Pr o d u c ts . W h e n l e tt er s and
figu r es are wr i t t e n t o
g e t h e r in a lg e b r a ,
t h e i r p r odu ct is i n di c a t e d .

T h us ,
4a m e a n s 4 ti m e s a , an d 7a b m ea n s

If a n u m b er is t h e pr o du c t of t w o o r m o r e n u m b ers ,

t h os e n u m b e r s a re factor s o f t h e pro du ct
*
.

Th e nu m b e r s r epr e se n t e d b y t h e digi t a n d the l et t e rs in

7a b ar e t h e r e f o r e f ac t o r s o f t h e w h o l e n um b e r ,
7a b .

4 Us ing Al g e b rai c Lan gua g e

. T h e e x pr ess i o n , 5x yar d s , .

m e a n s 5 t i m e s t h e n u m b er o f ya r d s r e pr e s e n t e d by x .

E x er c i s e 1

1 . W h at is m ea n t b y t h e e x pr ess io n , 91: q u a rt s ? 1 2g c e nt s ?

3 n m il es ? sq u a r e f e et ?
2 . If n r e p r ese n t s a c e r t a n n i um b e r ,
what d oes 4n re pre

s en t ? 9n ? bn ?

3 . If 3: r e pr ese n t s t h e pr i c e of a ya r d of s il k ,
w h at d oes
5x r e pr e s e n t ? 8x? 1 2 x?

4 . A boy b o u gh t 8 o r an g es at b c e n t s a p ec e i . How m a n y
c e nt s did h e pa y fo r t h e m ?

5 . W h a t is m ea n t b y t h e e x pr es sio n ,
63: ya r d s ? 4 a d o ll a rs ?
8y bu sh e l s ? sq u are ro ds ?
*
T h e w or d fac tor m e a n s m a ker . Th e f a c t ors of a num b er are it s
ma ker s by mul ti pl ic atio n .
 N OTATIO N 9

6 . If a m an w o r k s fo r n d o ll a rs a d ay , h o w m u c h
e arn in 8 d ays ? In a: d a ys ?
7 . If a square is i n c h es o n e a c h s id e w h a t
3: ,

d o es 4x r e pr ese n t ? Wh a t d oes xx r e pr ese n t ?

8 . HO Wm any s q ua r e i n c h e s a r e t h e r e in
a r ec t a n gl e a: i n c h es l o n g a n d y i n c h es
w id e ?

9 . If yo u a re c ye a rs ol d t o d ay , h ow ol d is yo ur fat h e r
wh o is t h r ee t i m es as o l d ?

10 . .
If n
s r e pre e n t s a c e rt a n n i umber ,
w h at r e pre se n t s 6
t i m es t h e n u m b e r? m t i m e s t h e num be r ?

5 . Al g e brai c S ign s . The s ign s of a ddi t i o n ,

s ub t r a c t o n , i
m u l t i pli c a t i o n , an d divi si o nm e a n t he sam e as in ar it h m eti c .

6 . In d ic atin g M ul ti pl i catio n . Mul t i pli c at i o n is

oft e n i n di
c at ed in a lg e b ra b y pl a c i n g a d o t be t w ee n t h e fa c t o rs T h us.
,

7 . I n d i catin g Divi s io n . Divi s i o n is of t e n i n di c a t e d b y

wr i t i n g t he divid e n d o ver t h e divi so r in t h e fo rm o f a
f ra c t i o n .

E xe r c i s e 2

1 . I n di c a t e t h e s um o f 8 a n d 7 . Of a: a n d 5 . Of a a nd b.

Of 33, y an d z
,
O f 2a 3 b a nd 1 2
.
, ,
.

2 . A m a n is n y e a rs ol d t o d ay . HO W ol d w as he 7 ye ars
ag o ? E ig ht e e n ye a rs ag o ?

3 . If a m a n h as p s h ee p in o n e fi e ld an d q sh e ep in
a n ot h e r , h o w m a n y h a s h e in b o t h fi e l ds ?

4 . Wh at is m ea n t b y t h e i
e x pr es s o n , 73: fee t ? 9y sq u a re
fee t ? n+8 d ays ?
10 E LE M E N TARY ALG E BRA

5 . When n r e pr e s e n t s a n odd n u m b er , w h at w ill r e pr es ent

th e n e xt l arg er o d d n um b er ?

6 . W h at r e pr e se n t s u m b er o f s q u a r e
the n 31

i n c h es in a r e c t a n gl e a: f ee t b y y i n c h es ?

7 . If n r e pr ese n t s an e ve n n um b er , wh at wil l fr e pr ese n t

th e n e xt s m a ll er e v en n u m b er ?
8 . H ow m a n y s q u a r e i n c h es a r e t h er e in n
a r e c t a n gl e m ya r d s l o n g a n d n i n c h es w id e ?

9 . I f the su m of t w o n um b e rs is a: a n d the l a rg er n u m b e r
is y, w h at is t h e sm a ll er num b er ?

10 . If a r e ct an g u l a r pi ec e of l a n d is x rod s l o n g a nd y
r od s w id e , w h at d oes 2113+ 2 y r e prese nt ?
11 . I n di c a t e in t w o w a ys t h e pr o du c t of 5 an d x . Of
b an d y . Of 5, a, and b O f n , x, and 3
. .

12 . A m an b o ug h t x c o ws at $ 3 5 a pi e c e an d h a d 885 l e ft .

Ho w m u c h m o n ey did h e h a v e a t fi rs t ?

13 . I n di c at e t hedi ffer e n c e b e t wee n a an d b wh en a is

g reat e r t h a n b . W h e n b is g re at e r t h a n a .

14 . A b oy h a d a c ent s : He e a rn e d b c en t s a n d t h en s pe n t

8 c ent s for can dy . How m any c e n t s did h e h a v e l e f t ?

15 . A
b oy h as m q u a rt e rs a n d n di m e s . W hat e xpr es s io n
r e pr e se n t s t h e n u m b e r o f c e n t s h e h as ?
16 . W h at r e p r e se n t s t he nu m b e r of sq u are y a r d s in a

ce ili ng a: fe e t lo n g an d y fe et w id e ?

17 . u m b e r of
Wh a t w ill d e n o t e t h e n a c r es in a re ct an gul a r
fi e ld L r o d s l o n g a n d W r od s Wid e ?
18 . A m an so ld a h o r s e fo r b d o ll a rs and g a i ne d c doll ars .

How m u c h did t h e h o r se c o st him ?

19 . A m an b o ught 51: sh e e p at m doll ars a hea d and y l am b s
at n doll a rs a hea d . W h a t did a l l c ost h im ?
 T HE E Q UATIO N 11

20 . A b o y b o u gh t n a pp e s l at 90 cents i
ap ec e and so ld
th e m at y c e n t s a p ec e i . I f he ga ine d , w h a t w as his gai n ?
-

Si n c e 5 ti m es a n y n u m b er +4 ti m es the s a m e n um b er 9 ti m e s t h a t
n um b e r , a sol
9x + 4x = 1 3x 4a + a = 5 d 4n + 2 n + n = 7 n

21 . If a m an ge t s a: d o ll a r s fo r c o rn and 4 30 d o ll ars fo r
w h e at , h ow m u c h d o e s h e g e t fo r b o t h ?

Si n c e 9 ti m es a n y n um b er — 3 tim es th e s a m e num b er = 6 ti m es t h a t
num b er , 9b — 3 b 6b , a sol
l oa — 3 d = 7 a 5x 8 b — 3 b — b = 4b

22 . I f t h e l a rg e r o f t w o n u m b e rs is 8 s and the sm a ll e r is 3 s ,
what r e pr e s e n t s t he differ e n c e b e t w ee n th e tw o n um b e r s ?

23 . A h as n s h ee p . B h a s t w i c e as m a ny a s A ,
and C has
t wi c e as m a ny as A and B Ho w m a ny h a v e a l l ?
.

24 . If a se t of h arn es s c o s t s 3: d o ll ars , a c arr ai ge 3 a: d o ll a rs ,

and a h o rse 5 3; d o ll a rs W h at d o
,
a l l c ost ?

If m an ha s d o ll a rs a n d s pe n d s an d o ll a rs fo r
5y
‘

25 . a a

su it o f c o t h es ,
l ho w m a ny d o ll a rs h a s h e l e f t ?

T HE E Q UATIO N

8 . The
Si gn of e qual i ty is It i n di c a t e s t h a t t h e n u m b e rs

b e t wee n w h i c h it is pl a c e d are e q ua l .

T he e x pres s o n i 9x m ea n s tha t t h e d i ff e r e n c e b et ween

91: an d 5 is t h e s a m e as the m
su of 2x and 9 .

9 An . io n is a n
e qua t expr es si on f
o equal i ty b e t wee n t wo
e q u a l n u m b e rs T h us .
,

8x + 6 = 3x + 3 6 4n + 2 n = 5 4

10 . The fi rst m emb e r of an e q u at i o n is t he n u m b er o n t h e

l e ft of the s ign . Th e s e c o n d m e mb e r is t h e n u m b e r o n

t he r igh t .
12 E LE M E N TARY ALG E BRA
~ 11 . u at i o n e x pr es ses ba l a n ce of v a l ue s j u st as t h e
Th e eq .

h o r i z o n t a l pos i t i o n o f t h e b a r o f t h e
b a l a n c es s h o ws ba l a n ce of w eig hts .

To put betw ee n t wo n u m b er
ex pr e ss io n s is t o s a y t h a t if t h e
n u m b e r s w e r e w e ig h t s a n d t h e e x

p r e ss i o n s in t h e t w o m e m b ers w e r e

r e pr e s e n t e d b y pro per w e ig h t s o n e in e a c h p a n t h e b a l a n c e
, ,

b ar w o uld st a n d h o r i z o nt a l .

12 . Th e valu e o f a ny l e t t e r in a n um ber e x pr e ss o n i is t h e
n um b er or n u m b e rs w h i c h it r e pr ese n t s .

I f 3 u n k n o w n w e ig h t s o f a: l b . ea c h in o ne pan are bal a nc ed

b y 6 w e ig h t s of , 3 lb . eac h in t h e o t h er pa n , w e m a y s ay

L ea vi n g of the
w e ig h t s on each
id e o n t h e s

p a n s a n d
,
r e m o vi n g t h e r e st ,

t h e b a r w ill rem a i n h o r i z o n t a l ,

o r w e m a y say a : 6 lb ,
T ha t .

is t h e b a r c a n b e h o r i z o n t a l
,
a xi s . 1 8 LB

w h e n t h e pa n s a re l o a d e d o n e
w i t h 3 33 lb a n d t h e o t h e r w i t h
.

3x 18 :

1 8 lb o n l y if x = 6 l b
. .

B ut w i t h o ut t r o ubli n g w i t h t h e b a l a n c e b y m e r e l y a ppl y ,

in g t h e divi s i o n p r i n c i pl e t h a t e q u a l n u m b e r s divid e d b y
t h e sa m e n u m b e r giv e e q u a l n u m b ers t o t h e e q u a t i o n 3 x 18 , ,

we find x = 6 In t h i s w a y a lg e b ra m a kes r ea s on in g t a k e t h e
‘

p l ac e o f t h e w ei g hi n a
g pp a ra tu s .

In t h e e q ua ti o n ,
3x = 1 8 , i c
s n e 33: m ea n s 3 ti m es x, 32: and 18 a re

e q ua l on ly w h en 3: r e pres e n s t 6 .

In t h e e q ua ti o n ,
3 n + 2u = 3 5, i c 3 n + 2u is
s n e 5 n , 3 n + 2n and 35 ar e

e q ual on ly wh en n r e pr es e n s t 7; o r t h i n k t h us
14 E LE M E N TARY ALG E BRA

In lg e b ra wh e n t h e r e a so n fo r a c h a n g e in a n e q u at i o n is
a

a s k e d t h e pu p il is e x pe c t e d t o q u o t e o r t o c i t e a n a x i o m t h a t
,

j us t ifi e s t h e c h a n g e
16 . G iv e t h e re aso n fo r t h e l
c on c us o n i in e a ch of t he
fo ll o w i n g
x =7 and =4 t h n x+y= 11
y ; e

a n d d = 6 ; t h en c — d=l 5
a =r a n d b = 3 ; t h en a — = —
b x 3
e = 2n
; t h en l 0 0 = 20n

d = 32 ; th en

x =7 and =7 t h n x =
y ; e y
3y = 2 7 ; t h e n y = 9
If n = 5 t h en 8 n = 40
‘

;
If m = 9 a nd n =4
; t h e n m n = 36

10 . I f m = 28 and n =4
; t h e n fl=7
n

11 . H it t h en x =8

12 . If 5 ; t hen a = 80

13 . I f mn = 7 n ; t h en m = 7

E x e rc i s e 3

1 . So lv e 8 x — —
3 x + 2x x 30 .

8r — 3x + 2x — m= 3 0
6x 30
B y the divi si o n ax om ,
i x 5
C h e c ki n g ,
40
or 30 30

A l w a ys ch e c k ort es t t h e v a lue o f t h e un k no wn n u m b e r a ft e r it is
f o un d ,
b y sub s tit uti n g it fo r t h e un kn o wn n um b er in t h e gi v en e q ua ti o n .
 T HE E Q UATIO N 15

So lv e a nd c hec k

2 .
—
6x 2x + 3 x = 49 3 .
— —
5n 2n + 4 n n = 4 8

4 . 5 s + 6s —
3 s = 48 5 .
—
9a 3 a — 2a + a = 45
.

e 8y — 4 — 2 = 2 4 7 8 b+ 7 b - —
b 4 b = 55
y y
~

. .

8 .
—
7x + 2x 3x = 54 9 . 4n — —
3 n + 6u n = 72

17 . S olvin g
p ro b l eam is t h e p r o c es s o f fi n di n g t h e v a l u e s o f
t h e u n kn o w n n u m b e rs i n v o lv e d in t h e pr o b l e m .

In a r i t h m e t i c t h e u n k n o w n n u m b e rs a r e fo u n d b y o n e or
m o re o f t h e f un d a m e nt a l pr o c esses .

In a lg e b r a t h e u n k n o w n n u m b e rs a r e r e p rese n t e d b y l e t t ers
a n d t h e i r v a lu e s a r e f o u n d b y t h e u se o f e q u a t i o n s .

So lvi n g a pro b l e m in alg e b r a i n v o lv es t h r e e s t e ps : n ota tion ,

s ta temen t, s o l v in g a n equ a tion .

E xer c i s e 4 S o l v i ng P r ob l e m s

1 . Th e s um o f two n u m b ers is 2 5 2 a n d ,
t he l a rg e r n u m b e r
is 6 t i m es t h e s m a ll e r . Fi n d t h e n u m b e rs .

Le t s = the sma ll e r n u m b er ;
N o ta ti o n ,
h e n 6s = t h e l arge r n um b e r .

H e n ce s + 6s a nd 25 2 ar e two n um b e r e xpress o ns , i ea ch of wh i c h
r e p re s e n s t the su m of t h e t wo n um b e rs .

S ta te m e nt , 8 6s 252

Th e n ota tion is the re pr es e n t a t o n i in a lg e b ra i c s ym b o s l

of t he u n kn o w n n um b e rs in t h e pr o b l e m .

T he s ta te m e n t is t h e i
e x pr ess o n o f the con di t i o ns of t he
pr o b l e min o ne or m o re eq u at i o ns .

73 25 2
S olvin g th e e qua ti n ,o 3 36
63 2 16
 6 E LE M E N TARY ALG E BRA

To check, su b s t it u t e in t h e s ta tem en t . Thus ,

2 52 , or 252 2 52
E v en th e t t
s a em e n t it s e lf m a y b e wr o n g . To t es t w h e t h er t h i s is
th e c as e ,
c o n d iti o n s o f t h e
s u b s tit u t e in t h e pr o b l e m it s e lf .

2 T h e s u m o f t w o nu m b e r s is 84 6 a n d t h e l a r g er n u m b e r is
.
,

8 t i m e s t h e s m a ll e r Fi n d t h e n u m b e r s
. .

3 . Se v e n t i m e s a c e r t a n n u m b er
i u m b er p I
l Is 6 t i m es t h e n

m i n u s 8 t i m e s t h e n u m b e r eq u a l s 1 7 5 Fi n d t h e n u m b er . .

1 8 O b tain in g S ta te m e n ts of P rob l e m s
. To obt a i n t h e .

s t a t e m e n t in a pr o b l e m is t o t r a n s l a t e t h e c o n di t i o n s o f t h e

p r o b l e m i n t o a n e q u a t i o n .

DI RE C TI O NS FOR M AKI N G S TAT E M E N T S AN D S O LVI N G PRO BLE MS

1 . Let a n y a p p r opr ia te l e tter r epr es en t on e o f the u n kn own
n u m ber s to be foun d .

2 . F rom the c on di tion s o f the pr obl em expr ess , i n ter m s of

the s a me l etter , the other u n kn own n u mbers .

3 . Fin d two n u m ber exp r ess ion s tha t r ep r es en t the s a me n u m

ber a nd p l a ce them equ a l ,

for m in g a n equ a ti on .

4 . S ol v e the equ a tion a n d d etermin e whether the r esu l t s a tis

fi es the con di ti on s of the probl em .

E xe rc i s e 5

1 . On e n u m b er is 5 t i m es a n o t h er , an d the di ff ere n c e
b et w ee n t h e m is 4 8 . Fi n d t he n um b ers .

Le t s = the sm a ll e r n um b er ;
N o tatio n ,
t h e n 5s = t he
l a rg e r n um b e r .

H e n c e 5 s s a n d 4 8 a r e t w o n u m b e r e x pr e s s i o n s
—
, ,
each of

w h i c h r e pre s e n t s t h e d ifi er en ee b e t we e n t h e n u m b ers .

S ta t e m e n t , 5s s 48

S ol v in g th is e qua t ion , s 12 and 5s 60

Ch e ckin g , 60 or
 T HE E Q UATIO N 17

2 . A is S ix t im e s as o l d as B ,
and th e di ff ere nc e b e t w ee n
’
t h e ir a ges is 7 5 ye a rs . Fi n d B s ag e .

3 . In a s ch o o of
8 55 pupil s t h e r e a r e t
l wi ce as m any gi rl s
as b o ys . H o w m a n y gi rl s a r e t h e r e ?

4 . A e a rn e d fi v e t i m es as m uc h as B . If B e a rn e d $64 8
l ess th an A ,
h ow m u c h did b o t h t o g e th e r ea r n ?

5 . The l e ng t h o f a re c t a n gl e is 3 t i m es it s wid t h , an d the

per i m et e r is 2 24 i n c h es . Fi n d t h e di m e n s i o n s .

19 L e tte r s R e pr e s e n t N u m b e r s
. In s o lvi n g pr o b l e m s .
,

a l w a ys l e t t h e l e t t e r r e p r ese n t so m e n u m ber It m u st n o t .

re pr e se n t m o n e y b ut a n u m be r o f d o ll a r s o r c e n t s ; n o t t im e
, ,

b ut a n u m ber o f d a ys o r h o u rs ; n o t we ig h t b ut a n u m ber o f
p o u n d s o r o u n c es ; n o t d i s t a n c e b ut a n u m be r o f m il es r o d s, , ,

o r o t h e r u ni t s o f m e a s ure .

E xerc i s e 6 — P r ob l e m s

1 . A h o rse , c arr a i ge ,
a nd h a r n ess c o st $4 5 0 . Th e c a rr a i ge
c o st 3 t i m es as m uc h as t h e h a r n ess , t h e h o rse t wi c e as m u ch
as the c a rr a i ge . Fi n d t h e c o st o f e a c h .

Le t n = t he n um ber c os t ;
of d o ll ar s t h e h a rn es s
t h en 3 n = t h e o f d o ll a rs t h e c a rr i a g e c os t ;
n um b e r

an d 6n = t h e n um b e r o f d o ll a rs t h e h or s e c o s t .

H e n c e n + 3 n + 6n an d 4 5 0 a re t w o n um ber e xpressi o n s ,

e ac h o f wh i c h re pr e s e n t s t h e c o s t o f a l l .

n + 3 n + 6n = 4 50

2 . One n um b e r is 9 t i m es a no t he r , an d t h e di ff ere n c e
b et w ee n t h e m is 624 . Fi n d t he n um b e rs .
18 E L E M E N TARY ALG E BRA

3 . A h as t w i c e as m a n y s h ee pB h as 4 t i m esas C, a nd as

m a ny as C . I f a l l h a v e 665 h o w m a ny h as B ?
,

4 . A h ou se and l ot co st 37 2 50 t h e h o u se , c ost n i g 4 times

as m uc h as the l ot . Fi n d t h e c o st o f e a c h .

c o st o f ho us e

7 2 50

5 . I f twic e
’

a nu mb e r is a dd e d t o six t i m e s th e s a m e n u m b e r ,

t he s um is 1 9 2 . Fi n d t h e n u m b e r .

6 . The s um o f the a g es of f a th e r a n d so n is 9 6 ye a rs , and

t h e i r a g e s is t w i ce t h e
’
the di ff e re n c e b e t w ee n son s ag e .

W h a t is t h e f at h er s a g e ? ’

7 . A rec t a ngl e fo rm e d b y pl a c i n g t w o
eq u al id e b y s id e h a s a pe ri m
s q u a re s s

e t e r o f 2 7 0 f ee t Fi n d t h e s id e o f e a c h
.

s q u a r e a n d t h e a r e a of t h e r e c t a n gl e .

8 . If tw o gl e s o f t h e s a m e w id t h a n d
r ec t a n t wi c e as l ong
a s w id e a re p l a c e d e n d t o end the ,

p e r i m e t er o f t h e r ec t a n gl e f o r m e d is w

1 8 0 i n c h es Fi n d t h e ir di m e ns io n s
. .

9 . On e u m b e r is 4 t i m es a no t h er
n ,
a nd 4 t i m es t h e i r
di ffer e n c e is 5 7 6 Fi n d t h e n u m b e rs
. .

10 . A m an so ld a h o rse a n d c a rr a i g e fo r $ 340 re ce ivi ng 3 ,

t i m es as m u c h fo r t h e h o rs e as fo r t h e c a rr i a g e Ho w m u c h.

did h e g e t fo r t h e ca r a r i ge ?
 T HE E Q UATIO N 19

11 . The s um o f two n um b e rs is 3 2 2 , and t hei r di ffere n ce is

5 t i m es t h e s m a ll e r . Fi n d t h e l a rg er n um b e r .

12 . A B , ,
and C ow n 840 s h ee p . A o wns 3 t i m es as

m a ny as B ,
a nd C ow ns t w i ce as m a ny as A a nd B t o g e t h er .

H o w m a ny d o A and C t o get he r o wn ?

b y 3 ti m es B
’
the s um
’
A ds B s ag e , an d of
’
13 . s ag e exc e e s

t he ir a g e s is 7 5 years . Fi n d A ’
s age .

14 . In a m i xt ur e of 228 b u s h e l s of c orn and o at s t h ere a re

twice as m an y b us h e l s o f c o r n a s o f o at s . Ho w m a ny b u s h e l s
o f o at s a r e t h e re in t h e m i x t u re ?

15 . A n um b e r i nc re a se d b y 3 t i m es i t se lf ,
4 t i m e s i t s e lf , a nd

5 t i m es i t se lf is 65 0 . Fi n d t he n um b e r .

16 . A m an so ld so m e
l a m b s a t $3 a h e a d a n d t h re e t i m e s
as m a n y s h ee p a t $ 5 a h ea d re c e ivi n g $ 3 24 fo r a l l o f t h e m , .

Ho w m a ny o f e a c h did h e s ell ?
17 . Th e l e n gt h of a re c t a n gl e is 4 t i m es it s wid t h ,
an d the

pe r i m et e r is 2 80 yar d s . Fi nd t h e dim e n si o ns .

18 . A B , ,
and C own 600l a n d B o wn s 3
ac r e s of .

t im es as m any a c re s a s A a n d C o wn s h a lf as m a ny a c re s
,

as A a nd B t o g e t h e r . Ho w m a ny ac r es h av e B an d C ?
1 9 A m e r c h a n t p a id
. $ 50 fo r t w o pi ec es of s il k o f u al
eq

v a lu e ,
a
p y n i g 80¢ a ya r d fo r one pi e c e and a ya r d
for t h e ot h e r . H o w m a ny ya r d s w e re in e ac h pi ec e ?

20 .T w o e q u al gl e s w h o s e l e n g t h is 3 t i m es t h e w id t h
re c t an ,

if pl a c e d e n d t o e nd fo rm a re c t a ngl e wh o se peri m e t e r is
,

1 96 i nc hes . Fi nd t h e l engt h o f e a c h re c t a ngl e .

 CH AP TE R I I

P O S I T IVE AND N E G AT IVE N UM B E R S .

D E FI N I TI O N S

P O S ITIVE AND N E G ATIV E N UM B E R S

20 . N u mb e r s of Ari th m e ti c . T he
l y r e l a t i o n o f n u m b ers
on

c o n s id ere d in a r i t h m e t i c ist h e r e l a t i o n o f s i z e .

A b oy st a rt s fr o m 0 t a kes 1 2 st eps t ow a r d t h e right t h e n

, ,

t ur n s a n d t a k e s 7 s t e ps t o w a r d t h e l eft
,
H o w fa r is h e t h e n
.

f ro m t h e s ta r tin g p l a ce 0 ?
-
,

In a ri t h m et i c w e w o u ld so lv e t h i s pr o b l e m t h u s
12 7 5
B ut s u pp o s e a ft e r t aki n g 1 2 st e p s to the r igh t and t ur n i n g
b ac k he
,
h a d t a ke n 2 0 s t e ps t ow ar d t h e l e ft . W h e re w o uld
h e t h e n b e wi t h re gar d t o t he s t a r t i n g po i n t ?
-

An A lg eb r a i c S c a l e
We kn ow t h at i t h m e t i c w e c a nn o t s u b t r ac t 2 0
in ar

f ro m 1 2 St ill b y u s i n g t h e a lg e b ra i c s c a l e a b o v e w e c a n
.
,

e a s il y s o lv e t h e pr o b l e m a n d l e a r n t h a t t h e b o y Will b e 8
,

s t e ps t o t h e l eft o f t h e s t a r t i n g p o i n t 0 I f w e a g r ee t h a t
-

“
,
.

t h e Sig n i n s t e a d o f m ea n i n g s ub t ra c t s h a ll m ea n go
l eftwa r d w e m a y wr i t e
,

12 — 20 — 8 .

It w ill b e m o r e c o m p et e a so
l l t o a g re e t h at t h e s ig n ,

i nst e a d of a l w a ys m e a n i n g
“ad d
”
a s it did in a r it h m e t l c
, ,

m ay m e a n al s o
“ h e n c e we w ri t e
g o r ig htwa r d
— 20 — 8,
+ 12
w h i ch m e ans 12 s t e ps r ig h t wa r d fo ll o w e d b y 2 0
,
s t e ps l e ft
s t e p s l eft o f t h e s t a r t i n g po i n t
”
war d l ,
ea v es o ne 8 -
.

20
22 E L E M E NTARY ALG E BRA

a re u se d in a lg eb r a and t h e q u a lit y o f a n u m b e r is d e n o t e d
,

b y t h e s ig n or

T h e Sig n b e fo r e a n u m b e r d e n o t es t h a t it is posi tiv e a n d ,

t h e Sig n t h a t it is n ega tive a s + 5 — 6 .

, ,

24 . Th e ab solute valu e o f a n um b e r is the n um b e r of un its

in it , i n d e pe n d e n t o f t h e i r qu a li t y .

The a b s o ut e
l v a l ue of + 9 is 9 .

The ab s o l ut e v a lu e of — 8 is 8 .

E x er c s e i 7

Le t us c o n s id e r di s t a n c e n or th fr o m i
a c e rt a n po i
n t as p i
os

tive and di st a n ce s ou th as n eg a tiv e .

1 . If a m a n w a l ks n or t h 1 2 m il e s o ne d ay a n d n o rt h 13
m il e s t h e n ext d ay , w h a t is t h e r es u lt ?
'

2 . If a m a n w a l ks s o ut h 1 1 m il e s o ne d ay a n d so ut h lO
m il es t h e n e xt d ay , w h at is t h e re s u lt ?
3 . If a m a n w a l ks n ort h 1 4 m il es on e d ay and so ut h -
10
m il e s t h e n e xt d a y , w h a t is t h e res u lt ?
4 . If a m a n w a l ks n o rt h 1 0 m il es o ne d ay an d so uth 15
m il e s t h e n ext d ay , w h at is t h e res u lt ?
5 . If a m a n w a l ks so ut h 1 4 m il e s on e d ay a n d no rt h 11
m il e s t h e n ext d a y , w h a t is t h e resu lt ?
6 . If a m a n w a l ks s o ut h 1 0 m il es o ne d ay an d n o rt h 17
m il es t h e n ext d a y , w h a t is t h e re s ul t ?
Y o u h a v e pro b a bl y t h es e s ix q ues ti o n s as f o ll o ws : He is
a n s w er e d

2 5 m il e s n or t h o f t h e s t a rti n g p o i n t ; 2 1 m il es s o u t h ; 4 m il es n o r t h ;
-

5 m il e s s o u t h ; 3 m il e s s o ut h ; 7 m il es n o r t h _ .

H er e a re t h e a lgeb r a i c so lu ti o n s of t h e s ix probl em s T el l h o w e ac h .

r e s ult is o bt a i n e d a n d w h a t it r e p r e s e n t s .

— 11
+ 12 + 14
— 10
+ 13 -
10

+ 25 -
21 4
 P O S ITIV E A N D N E GATIV E N UM B E RS 3

The res ul t s o f u n i t i n g t h e s e p os i t i v e and ne g a t iv e n um b e r s

s h ow t he fo ll o w i n g pr i n c i pl e s
25 . The sum o f two n u m ber s wi th l i ke s ign s i s the su m of
the ir a bso l u te v a l u es w ith the co m mo n s ig n p r efi x ed .

26 . The sum o f two n um ber s with u n l i ke s i g n s i s the difi er

e n ce between their a bs o l u te va l u es wi th the s ig n o f the n u m be r

ha vin g the gr ea ter a bs o l u te v a l u e p re fixed .

E xe r cis e 8

A ppl yi n g t h es e prIn p l es , w r i t e t h e s um s in t h e fo ll o w i n g
exa m p e s , l gi v i n g ea c h it s pr o pe r Sig n
—
31 — 41
+ 23 + 33
+ 15 14 16 + 17

27 Doub l e M e an in g of
. an d T h us it a ppe a rs t h a t
t h e s ig n s a nd a r e u s e d in a lg e b r a t o d e n o t e qua l ity o f

n u m b e r s a s w e ll a s t o d e n o t e opera ti on s .

E xe rc i s e 9 —
P rob l e m s w ith P o s iti v e and N e g ati v e N um b e r s

A s sig n q u a li t y t o t h e n u m b e r s in t h ese p r o bl ms
e ,

lve them a lg e b r a i c a ll y a n d i t e r p r e t t h e l ts
so ,
n res u

1 . A m an
’
s p r o pe r t y a m o u nt s to a nd h is d e bts to
Fi n d h is n et d ebt or pr o pe r t y .

2 . A m er c h a nt g a i n s 32 3 65 o n e ye ar and l ose s $ 1 7 90 t he
n ex t y ea r . Fi n d t h e n e t g a i n o r l o s s .

3 . If a m an t ra v e l s eas t 5 8 m il es o ne day and we st 7 3 m il es

the n e xt d ay , w h a t is t h e n et res ul t ?
24 E LE M E N TARY ALG E BRA
4 . A m a n s an nu a l i n c o m e is
’
$ 3 67 5 and h is e x pe n s e s 32 395 .

Ho w m u c h d o es h e sa ve a n n ua ll y ?
5 . If a sh ip sa il s n o rt h 5 3 m il e s o ne d ay and so u th 39
m il es t h e next d a y , w h a t is t h e n e t r es u lt ?
6 . A rea l e st at e d e a l e r g a i n s $ 1 465 o n o n e l
sa e an d $ 23 7 5
o n a not he r . Fi n d t h e r es u l t o f b o t h sa l es .

7 . D ra w a li n e r e prese n t n i g a t h e rm o m e t e r sc a e l ; m ark the

z er o po i n t ,
an d W h a t is t h e di ff er e n c e b e tw e e n
°
t h e + 24 an d th e

8 . If the w e ig h t of a s to n e is g ar d e d
re as po s i t iv e , Wha t
w o uld r e pr e s e n t t h e w e ig h t of a b a ll oo n ?
9 . If m a k e s $ 2 7 65 o n e m o n t h
a s pe c u a t o r l and l o se s 328 7 5
th e n e x t m o n t h , w h a t is h is n e t g a i n o r l o s s ?

10 . If a sto n e w e ig h s 3 4 po u n d s , and a b a ll o o n pull s u pwa r d

with a fo rc e 8 po u n d s , W h a t is
of t h e c o m bi n e d w e ig h t o f
b ot h if ,
t h ey are f a s t e n e d t o g e t h e r ?

DE F I NITIO N S
28 . A o tatio n is a s ys te m of sym b o l s by m e a n s
s ys te m of n

t h e rel a t i o ns b e twee n t h e m a nd t he
“
o f w h i c h n um b e rs , ,

o pe r a t i o n s t o b e pe r f o rm e d u po n t h e m c a n b e m o r e c o n c i se l y

e xpr ess e d t h a n b y t h e u s e o f w o r d s .

29 . Al g e b r a i c o tatio n is t h e m et h od
n of e x pr ess n i g
n um ber s b y figu re s a n d l e t t e r s .

30 . An lg e b rai c
a r
e xp e s s io n is t h e r e pr es e n t a t o n o f a n y
i
n um b er in a lg e b r a i c notat o n i .

31 . A te rm is a n u m b er e x p ress o n i w h o s e pa rt s a re no t

s e pa a t e r d b y t h e Sig n or thus,

2a >< 4b, 3 ab, my, 5 ax , and

 DE F I N ITIO N S 25

32 . A m on omia l is an e x pr e s s i o n o f / on e t e rm . A poly
n o mial is a n e x p r es s o n o f i two or mo r e t e r m s , as,

2a —l- 4l2 — 3c — 5 d

The s ig n s an d b e t w ee n t h e t e rm s o f a po l yno m i a l
m ay b e r e g a r d e d as s ig n s o f o per a ti on o r o f qu a l i ty .

Wh en m o n o m i a l s a n d t h e fir s t t erm o f a po lyno m i al ar e w tt
ri e n

w it ho u t a n y S ign b e f or e t h e m t h ey a r e posi ti v e /
I

33 . A b in omial is a po l yn o m i a l o
f two t e r m A s . tri n o m i a l
is a pol yn o m i a l of thr ee t e r m s .

34 . A
-
c o e fi c ie n t o f a t e r m is a ny fa c t o r o f t h e t e rm which
sh ows h o w m a n y t i m es t h e o t h e r f a c t o r is t a ke n as an

a dd e n d . T h us ,

C oe ffi c i en ts ar e d is ti n g uis h ed as n umerical or l i ter a l , a cc o r d i n g as

t h ey a r e e xpr e ss ed in figur es or l e tt ers .

In t h e t wo te r ms a bo v e 4 is t h e n um er i c a l c o e ffi c i e n t
,
.

A n y o t h er fa c t or o f 4a a: m a y b e re g a r d e d a s t he c o e ffi c i e n t of th e

pr o d uc t o f t h e r e m a i n i n g f a c to rs .

O b se r v e t h a t

T h i s s h o w s t h at w he n n o n u m e r i c a l co e ffi c i e nt is ex pre s s e d ,

t h e n u m e r i c a l c o e ffi c i e n t is c o ns ide re d t o b e 1 .

35 . S imil ar te rm s a re t e rm s w h i c h d o no t di ff e r ,
or whi c h
differ on l y in t heir n um e r c a i l fa c t o rs ,
as,

5 xy, my, and 8xy; 3a b and 5a b; or 4a r , a m, an d 7a r

.

36 . Di s s im il ar te rm s a re t e rm s t h a t a re no t s i m il a r ,
as

4a b, ax , 3 bc ; 3a e , 4x y ; 2x y, xe, 3 yz

37 . P a rt ly S im il a r T e rm s . T e r m s t h a t ha ve a com m o n

fa c t o r a re sa id t o b e par tl y si mi l a r , or si mi l a r with res pe c t

to tha t fa ctor .

Thus ,
ac
e, 4x , and bx ar e s i m il a r w it h r es pe ct to x; a nd 5xy, a xy,

bazy, and 4cx y a re s i m ila r w it h r es pe ct t o my .

26 E L E M E N TARY ALG E BRA

38 . Th e val u e of an a lg e b r ai c e xpr e s s ion is t h e n u m b er it

re pr ese n t s wh e n so m e p a r t i c u l ar v a l u e is ass ig n e d to eac h

l e t t er in t h e e x pr e ssi o n .

S ub s t i t u t e 1 fo r a 2 fo r b 3 fo r
, ,
c, 4 fo r d , in t h e foll o wi n g
e x pr ess io n a n d s i m plify t h e r e s ul t

2a b 3 bc 5 cd 4 ta

— —
4 32 50

E x erc i s e 1 0

Fi n d the v a lu e o f ea ch o f fo ll o wi n g e x pre s s io n s wh e n
l 1
a = 1 b= 2 c = 3 d = 4 e =0 n
__
, , , , , 2 ) 3

1 . bed — 9n — 4 a + 6a m 6a m + 9a + 2 bc — 3n
3 . 6b a dm +
—
5 bc —
6n 4ad — —
6n + 2 dm 2 b
5 . bcd — —
5 e 4 m + 3 en 8b — 4 a m + 9bn -
2a

7 . 8 a + 6mn — 2 b + bcd 8ad —

7 e
— bm + 6d n
9 . 5 cd — 8 m + 9a -
6c n 7 a + 9bd ~

8 m + 9a n
11 . 4 bc + 7d — 9n + 7 a b —
5 bd + a e 4 bm + 6n

13 . cdm + 3 cn + ab — 7e 6bn + 5 e —
6m +8 a d
15 . 9n + edm + de 2a b cd — a cn + 8 m + 3 em
 C H A PTE R I I I

ADD ITI O N
AD D ITIO N O F M O N O M IAL S

39 . Ad d itio n is t h e pro c e s s o f u n i t i n g t wo or m o re n u m b e rs

i nt o o ne n u m b er .

40 . The a d d e n d s a re t he n um b e r s to be a dd e d ; the s um is
the n um ber obt a i n e d by a ddi t i o n .

41 . To Ad d S imil ar T e rm s In . a ddi n g 5 6 a nd 3 6 in
ar i th m e t i c ,
t h e two pr o d uc t s w h i c h ,
are 30 a nd 18, a re fo u n d
and t hen
dd e d a .

Si n ce 5 t i m e s 6 pl us 3 t i m es 6 is 8 t i m e s 6 , t h ey m ay b e
a dd e d a l so b y a ddi n g t h e c o e ffi c i e n t s o f 6 t h us ,

5 -
6

42 . Ad d in g Ind i c ate d P rodu c ts . A lg e b ra i c t e rm s , w h i c h

i n di c a te d pro d uc t s c a n b e u ni t e d i n to t e rm
'

a re ,
o ne on l y by
the l atter m e t h o d F o r e xa m pl e :
.

1 . A sch ool
h a ll is l ya r d s l o n g I g o t h ro ug h it 6 t i m e s o n
.

M o n d a y a n d 1 4 t i m e s o n T u e s d a y H o w m a n y ya r d s d o I .

t r a v e l t h ro ug h t h e h a ll o n b o t h d a ys ?

M o n d ay ,
6l ya r d s
T ues d ay ,
1 4l ya r d s

B o t h d a ys ,
2 0 l ya r d s

2 . T h e t i c ke t s fo r an e n te r t a n m e n t i w ere t c en ts ea c h .

G e o rg e ld 3 4 a nd M a ry 2 8 t i c ke ts Fi n d t h e
so . to t a l re c e i pt s
fro m t h e s al e s o f G eo rg e a n d M a ry .

G e o r g e 34 t c e n t s ,

M a ry 28 t c e nts ,

B ot h , 62 t ce n t s

27
 8 E L E M E N TARY ALG E BRA
A DDI N G S I M ILAR T ER MS
43 The su m o f two s imil a r ter ms i s the sum o f their ffi
‘

. c oe

c ien ts with the com mon l etters afiixe d .

W h e t h er t h e te rm s h a ve li ke or u nlik e Sig ns , t he s um of

th e c o e ffi c i e nt s is f o u n d by 25 and 26 .

E x e rc i s e 1 1

G iv e at s igh t t h e s um o f ea c h o f the f o ll o wi n g
1 . 4 3 -
2 . 4a 3 . 8r 4 .
— ”b

53 5a — 3x b

11 . 12 .

7 7 - -
7x

25 .
-
4c

44 . R ul e . Fin d the a l g e b a ic s u
r m of the coe fiic ien ts ,
a nd

to tha t r es u l t a fi x the co m mon l etters .

30 E L E M E N TARY ALG E BRA

AD DI N G DI SS I M ILAR T ER MS
48 . Di s s im il ar te rm s c a nn o t b e u n i t e d i n t o o n e t e rm .

Th e a ddi t i o n c a n o n l y b e i n di c a t e d b y w ri t i n g t h e m in s u c
c e s s i o n In a n y o r d e r e a c h pr ec e d e d b y it s o w n s ig n as h e r e
, ,

s how n :

3a o 5a — 3 bc
be 2b — 4a o
2 bd — 3a 2b

3a o — b e + 2 bd 2a — 2b -
4a c -
3 bc -
2b

We w r it e a pos iti v e t er m fi r s t if t h er e is on e
,
. If al l th e t er m s a re

n e g a ti v e a n y o n e o f t h e m m a y b e w r itt e n fi r s t
, .

E x e rc i s e 1 3

G iv e at Sig h t the su m o f e a c h o f th e fo llo w i ng

1 . 3a 2 . b 3 .
— 2x
2 1: — 2c y
A D D ITIO N O F M O N O M IAL S 31
32 E LE M E N TARY ALG E BRA

Si m plify t h e fo ll o w i n g
51 . 4a + 2a + a + 5 a
53 . 2 x + zr - ~

7x + 8x 5b —2 b -
6b+ b + 9b
5c — 6c + c + 4 c 6v — — 7 y+ 5 v
55 .
y + 9v
57 . 7a — 3a — a — 2x 7n + 5 n -
n — 4n + 3a

59 . 8x— 4x — 3x —
y 4 b + 9b+ 7 b sb b
— —

61 .6y+ 8x — —
9y 5 x 6a — 7b — 4 a + 3 b+ a

AD D ITIO N O F P OLYN O M IA L S

49 . A ddi t i on of l yn o m i a l s pro c e e d s m u c h a s a ddi t i o n o f

p o

m ono m ial s , as t h e t w o f o ll o w i n g illu st r a t i o n s sh o w

1 . Th e i
st a r w a y of a S c h oo l h as 3
fligh t s of a b a n d , , ,

0 s t e ps r e s pe c t iv e l y
,
A b oy go es u p a n d d ow n t h e st a i rw ay
.

3 t i m e s o n M o n d a y 5 t i m e s o n T u es d ay 4 t i m e s o n We d
, ,

n e s d ay 6 t i m es o n T h u rs d ay a n d 4 t i m es o n F r id ay
, ,

Ho w m a n y s t e ps d o es h e t a k e o n t h e st a i r s du r i n g t h e w e e k ?
M o n d a y, 6a + 6b + 60 t
s e ps

T ues d ay ,
1 0a + 1 0b + 1 0 0 s t e ps

W e dn esd a y, 8 a + 8 b + 8c s t e ps

Th ur sd ay ,
1 2a 1 2 b 1 20 s te ps

Fr i d a y, 8a 8b 80 t
s e ps

Sum , 4 4a + 44 b + 4 40 s t e ps

At m o ney c h an g er s a re o f er e d fo r ex c h an
’
2 . a -
f ge
At o ne tim e , 5 2 m a r ks , 3 5
fr a n c s 1 2 , p o u n ds ;
At a n o t h e r 1 8 m ar ks 2 6 f r a n cs 24
, , , p o u n ds ;
At a n ot h e r 2 2 m a r ks 1 5 f r a n cs 1 8
, , , p o u n ds .

T h e e x c h a n g e v a lu e o f a m a r k b e i n g m c e n t s o f a f r a n c ,

f c e n t s a n d,
of a p ou n d l c e n t s fi n d t h e t o t a l e x c h a,
n g e v a l ue
o f t h e f o r e ig n c u rr e n c y in c e n t s .

F i rs t ti m e 5 2m + 35f + 1 2l c en ts
,

S e c o nd ti m e 1 8m + 2 6f + 24l c e n t s ,

Th i rd ti m e 2 2m + 1 5f + 1 8 l c e n ts,

S um 9 2m + 7 6f + 5 4l c e n t s
,
 A D D ITIO N O F P OLY N O M IALS 33

50 . To a dd ol
p y n o m i a l s , wr i te s i mi l a r ter ms i n a col u mn
a n d add ea ch co l u m n , beg in n ing at the kft .

5 a b+ 3 a e 2 bc + 3bd + 5 xy 7 x2
2a b ac 5 bd 2 xy
5a o be
3 bc

8ab 7a c

51 . A ch e ck on a lg e b ra i c w o r k is a n o t h e r o pe ra t o n i wh ic h
t e n d s t o pr o v e t h e fi rs t r e s ul t c o rr ec t .

52 . Ch e c k in g Ad d ition b y S ub s ti tu tio n . A ddi ti o n m ay b e

c h e c ke d bs t i t ut i n g a n y n um b e r in pl ac e o f t h e l e t t e r s
by su

a n d d e t e r m i n i n g w h e t h er t h e su m of the va l ues o f t h e a dd e n d s

e q u a l s t h e va l ue of the s u m .

Th e fo ll o wi n g s h o w s h o w a d di t i o n o f po l yno m i a l s m a y b e
c h ec ke d b y s ub s t i t u t i n g 1 fo r e a c h l e t te r .

Th e s um o f th e v a l ues o f t he a dd e n d s is 8, a nd the v a l ue o f
th e s um o f t he p y o mi al s i s a l so 8
ol n .

O b s e r v e t h at w h e n 1 is s u b s t i t ut e d fo r e a c h l e t t er , t he
v a lu e o f e a c h t e rm is t h e n um e ri c a l c o e ffi c i e n t .

In i g o r v e r ifyi ng a lge b ra i c pr o c e sse s a ny n um be r

c h ec k n ,

m ay b e sub sti t ute d fo r e a c h l e tt er T o a v o id l a r g e n um

.

b ers it is w e ll t o s u b s t i t ut e s m a ll n u m b e r s ; b ut s ub s t it u
,

t i n g 1 checks on l y the coefficie n ts a nd S h o u ld n o t i n gen era l , ,

b e d on e .
34 E L E M E N TARY ALG E BRA
E x er c i s e 1 4

A dd —
4a 3n — —
1 .
+ 2x, 5n 4 x + 5 , 7a 2 a + 6n + 6,
n — x — l — —
4 , an d 5 a 4 n 3x + 4 .

2 . A dd 5 b+ 3 c —
6d , c — 2 b+ 3 d , - — —
4 d 5 c + 3 b, 6d 4 c — 7 b,
an d 2 c + d + 4 b, and check .

3 . A dd 4a — 3 b+ 5 c, —
2 c 2 b+ d , — 4d —8 a
+ 7 b, 3 c + 4 a + 3 d ,
a nd 2b — d — 7 c, an d ch e ck .

4 . A dd 7x — 5 y+ 3z , 3y — —
8 5z ,
— 4
y + 6z
-
5 x , 6y — 2x — 82 ,
and 4 e + 3 y+ 8 , a n d c he c k .

5 . A dd 3a r + 4 by —2 x
y, 5 by 2ar — 3 xy — 9by,
a nd 7 xz + xy -
by, and chec k .

6 . A dd 2r — 4 y + 3z , — 5z +y — 6x, 3 y+ z + 5x , — 8 y+ 4 x
an d 7y + 3 z

7 . A dd —
7 a c a n + 3 n x, 5a x + 4a n — 6n x , — —
2 n x 3 a n 5 a c,
and an
— —
5 a x nx an d c h e ck .
,

8 . A dd 5a + 6b -
7 c, 4c — 3 b+ 5 , — 2c
+ 5b — 8a , 4c — 7b — 9,
an d

A dd 5ax + 3 bx — 2 ex, —
3 dx 4 a zr 4 cx 7 bx — 3 d zr ,
9 .
+ 5 cx ,
and 6br — 8 cx + a x .

10 . A dd 8ab — 6bo+ 4 a c , 5 ad — 5ab — 7 a c, —

4 bc a d + 5 a c ,
a n d 3 bc — —
3 ad 3 a b .

11 . A dd 4a n 7 bn + 5 a b, 4 bn 7a c 6a n , 3 a n + 6a c 9a b,
an d 4 bn ac + 4 a b, a n d c he c k .

A dd — 7y+ 5z , —
4y u — 3 z, — 2u — 4z —
12 . 6x + 6y 5x, 5y
— — —
+ 4u x , a n d 6z + 2 :e 3u .

A dd — — —
5 a o 2 a b+ 6bc , and ab —
13 . 4a b 2a c + 4 bc, 2a o .

14 . A dd 4a — 7b — 5 c, — —
3c 7a d , — —
5 b+ 3 d 2 c , —
8b 2d
— 5 + c, and

A dd — — —
2 xz 2 xy 7 yz , —
15 . 5xy 4xz + 3 yz , 3 xz x y+ 9yz ,
a nd
— —
8 yz + 6xy :ez , a n d c h e c k .
 C HAPTE R IV

S UB TRA CTI O N . S YM B OL S OF AG G RE G ATI O N

53 . S u b tr ac tio n is t h e pr o c ess o f fi n di n g o n e o f t w o n um

b e rs w h e n t h e i r s u m a n d t h e o t h e r n um b e r a r e k n o w n .

54 . T h e in in ue n d is t h e n um b e r t h at r e pr e se n t s the s um ;
t he s ub tr ah e nd is o n e of the a dd e n d s of t he m inuen d .

55 . Th e d ifi e re n c e , r e m ai nd e r , is t h e
or num b er w hi c h
a dd e d to the s ub t r a h e n d gi v e s t h e m i n u e n d .

S UB TRA CTIO N O F M O N O M IAL S

1 . A t h e rm o m e t e r re a ds a nd
fo u r h o u rs pr e vi o us l y
it re a d T h r o ug h h o w m a ny d e g re e s a n d in w h a t
di r e c t i o n h ad t he t op of t h e m e r c ur y c h a n g e d m e a n wh il e ?

Pr es en t r ea d in g , + 13
°

P r e v i o us r ea d i n g
°

,
7
T h e ch an ge t i
o b a n ed by t c ti n g
s ub r a — 7° fr o m
,

2 . St a rt i n g a st a r—
di n g a b oy g o e s u p 1 7 st e ps
f ro m i l
an ,

a n d d r o ps his p e n c il w h i c h r oll s d o w n t o t h e l a n di n g a c ro s s
, ,

t h e l a n di n g a n d o n d o w n t o t h e 6t h s t e p b e l o w t h e l a n di n g
, ,

W h ere it s t o ps T h e s te ps a re a i n c h e s h ig h Ho w fa r a n d
. .

in wh a t di r e c t io n m us t t h e b o y g o t o g e t t o t h e s t e p w he re
t h e pe n c il li es ?

C a lli n g u p w ard an d d o wn w ar d t h e b oy
arr v ni i g at 6a
s t ar ti n g fr o m + l 7a
go e s — 2 3a m ea n i n g 23 a i n c h es d o wn w a r d .
,

In t h e se c ase s we have bee n sub t ra c t n i g s ig ne d n u m b e rs .

Le t us n ow l e a rn the g e n era l pl a n o f s u b t ra c t i n g s u c h

n um b ers .
36 E LE M E N TARY ALG E BRA
SUBT RA C TI N G S I M ILAR T ER M S
56 . The fo ll o w i n g ex a m pl e s re pre se n t a l l c a ses in a d d i tio n
w it h re fe re n c e t o s ig n s a n d re l a t iv e v a lu e s o f a dd e n d s :
5a 3a
3a 5a
8a 8a

Wr i t e exam p es l in su btr a c tion , usi n g the abo ve s u m s as

m i nuends a nd o ne a dd e n d as s ub t rah e n d ,
as fo ll ow s :
8a 8a 8a 2a 2a
3a 5a 5a 3a 3a
5a 3a 3a 5a 5a

B y the b t rac t i o n t h e di ff ere n c e o r i e m a i n

de fi nition of su ,

d e r in ea c h c a s e m ust b e t h e o t h er a dd e n d .

S h o w t h at t h e c o rre c t r es ul t m ig h t h a v e b e e n o b t a i n e d in
e a c h c a s e by cha n gin g the s ign of the su btr a hen d a n d a ddi ng .

57 . Prin c ipl e . S u btr a ctin g a ny n u m ber is equ i va l en t to

a ddin g a n u m ber o f equ a l a bsol u te va l u e bu t opposi te qu a l i ty .

58 R ul e . Con cei v e the si gn o f the s u btra hen d cha n ged from

to or from to and p r o ceed a s i n a d di tion .

T he ch a ng f S ign
e o sh o ul d a l w ays b e m a d e m e n t a l ly .

E i
xe r c s e 15 — S ub trac ti ng Sim il ar T erm s

G iv e re m a i n d ers in t h e f o ll ow i n g o ra ll y
— 4x — 3b
1 . 9a 2 . 3 .

4a 6x 8b
38 E L E M E N TARY ALG E BRA
E xe rc i s e 1 6 S ub tr ac tin g M onomi a l s

G iv e rem a i nd e rs in t he foll o wi n g o ra ll y
1 . 3a 2 .
— 4 a: 3 .
-
4a
b 7x — 2n
 S UBTRA C TIO N O F P OLY N O M IALS 39

S UB TRA CTIO N OF P OLYN O M IAL S

60 . 1 . Sub tra c t 7 d o ll a rs , 3 q u a rt e rs , 8 di m es fro m 16

d o ll a rs 7 q u a rt e rs
, ,
1 2 di m e s .

L ett i n g c b e t h e n um b e r o f c en t s in a doll ar q t h e n u m b e r ,

o f c e n t s in a q u a rt e r a n d d t h e n u m b e r of c e n t s in a di m e
, .
,

we wri te

F ro m 1 6c + 7q + 1 2d
T a ke 7c + 3q + 8d
D iff er e n c e , 9c + 4q + 4d

2 .
—
Fr o m 5 a b 4 ao + 3 be b ush e l s of g ra i n 4a b 6a c + 2 ed
,

bu she l s we r e so ld . How m a ny b u sh e l s re m a ne i d?
Mi nuen d , 5ab — 4ac + 3be
Subtr a h en d ,
4a b 6ac Zed
D iff er en ce ,
ab 2a o 3bc 2c d

61 . Rul e .
-
Write the p y
o l n o mi a l s, s im il a r ter ms in a

col u mn . B egin nin g at the l e t, f s ubtr a ct a s wi th mo n omi a l s .

S ubtr a c ti o n is c h e c ked by d e t erm i n i n g w h e th er t h e d i ff ere n c e

be t w ee n t h e v a l ues o f m i nuen d a n d sub tr ah e nd is e q u a l t o t h e v a l ue
o f t h e r e m a i n d er O b s erv e t h e w o r k b e l ow
.

W ork Ch e c k

—
5a b 4 c e + 3 be 10 16
—
4 ab 6a c —
+ 2 cd 8 18
ab — 24 = 2
+ 2 a c + 3 he -
2 cd 2+

Th e bov e
a exam p e l in s ub t r a c t io n h as b e e n c h e c ke d by
s ub s t i t u t i n g 1 fo r a, 2 fo r b, 3 fo r c, a nd 4 fo r d .

It is pl a i n t h at s u b t r ac t i n g is fi n di n g wha t
now n u mber

mus t be a d ded to the su btr a hend to give the min uend . H en c e ,

a no t h e r go od c h ec k o n s ub t ra c t i o n is to a dd the s ubtr a hen d

a nd differen ce a n d s ee if the su m is the min uen d .

40 E LE M E N TARY ALG E BRA
E x erc is e 1 7 S ub trac tin g P olyn omial s

So lv e t h e fo llow i n g a nd c he c k the fi rst i

n ne

1 . Fro m 8ab 5 c + 4d 8 s u b t rac t 4 d + 3 ab 12 6c .

Sub t r a c t 5 a y 14 fro m 4 a az+ 6a y +8

t
z .

Fr o m 6bc 5 b+ 8 de f s u bt ra c t 8d e 10 5 bc 5b .

. Sub t r a c t 4 a c + 3 bd 2 bc 8 be fro m 4 a o+ 2 bd 1 0 be .

F r o m 4 cx + 7 by 9 ub tr a c t 7 by 1 0 +3 ae
1

0 xy s xy .

3
0 Sub t ra c t 4 a r 4 xy 7a b fro m 4 d x 2ac 3 xy 8a b .

4 Fr o m ax 7a y+ 3 xy s ubtr ac t 4 xy 7a y 7 + ar .

0
0 Sub t r a c t 3 a b 6 7ac ax am fro m 4a b 6a o am .

9 . F rom 6a m 4 a n + 4a r 7 rs s ub tr a c t 12 6a m 1 2a n .

Fro m sum o f
— and — 4b
10 . the 3a + 2b 30 +d 2 d + 2a s ub

t r ac t 3 b

11 . F ro m 4x — —
3 y + 2z u s ub t r a c t the sum of 3z + —
2x 6
a nd
— 2z — x 2u + 6
4g +y -
.

12 . Sub t r ac t t h e su m of 2y + — —
2 b 5x 3 a a nd 3x —-
6b+ 3 y
— —
fr o m 2 a 3 b 2x + 4 y
+ 4a .

13 . F ro m
th e su m of 3 c
— —
2 d 56 + 2f an d — — —
86 4d 3f 6c
s ub t r a c t 5 e
— 5c 3d
f .

14 . S ub tr act 2 b — 2c + —
d 2a fr o m t h e s um of .
—
2a 5b +2 c
— 2d and 4 b+ 3d — —
3a 3 c .

15 F r o m t h e s um of 3 x + 2y
. a nd 3 z — 4x 10
—
.

5 y 4u s ub t r a c t 2z 3 5x 3u 2g .

16 . Fr o m 5 a b+ 2 ac — 3 bc s u b t r ac t the s um o f 2bc + 3 a c + bd ,
4a b — —
2 bd 4 bc a nd bd — —
4 a c ab .
,

17 . Fro m t he s um of 4x + y — 2z a nd 4u + 3y — 7x — 2 z

s ub t ra ct 4u + 4 y 52 5 3x .
 S Y M BOL S O F AGGR E GATIO N 41

18 . Wh at n u m b e r gm us t be a dd e d to — —
4 a + 6b 8 0 t o giv e
— 4c?
0? To giv e 8a + 4 b

19 . Fr om —
4 a b 3 a c + 2 bc sub t r a c t t h e s um o f 3 bc + bd -
a o,

— 3 bd — bc , an d bd 7 — ab
3 ab -
2 ac .

sum of
— 2 :c —
20 . Fr o m t he 3a + 5 a d 4 x + 2 y 4 s ub t ra c t
n

the sum o f
— — —
3 x 2a + 3 an d y 2 x 2 .

2 1 If x
.
= — =
5 a 3 b+ 4 c , y 3 a — —
2 b 3c, find
—
t h e v a l ue o f x y z w
.

22 . W h at n um b r e m u st b e s u b t r ac t e d fr o m — —
2 a b 3 a c 5 bc
to gi v e ac — —
5 be + 2 a b 3 bd ? To giv e 0 ?
23 . S ub t r a c t 2a — 3 b+ 4 f ro m 7, —
2b 3a + 3 f ro m u n i t y *
,

a — 2 b+ 2 fro m z e r o , a n d a dd t h e t h re e r es u lts .

SYM B OL S O F A G G RE G ATIO N

62 T h e pr o du c t 8 X 1 4
. c an be s h o wn thus :
wh i c h m e a n s
T his us e of t he s ym b
ol c a ll e d a pa ern th e s s , i is o f a id

in l e a r n i n g r a pid m e n t a l c a l c ul a t i o n ,
t hus :

etc .

63 . A m an w a l ks n o r th 5 m il e s a n h o u r fo r 2 h ou rs a nd t h e n
so ut h al ong the sa me ro a d 3 m il es an h o u r fo r 2 h o ur s . Ho w
fa r is h e t h e n fr o m t he i g
s t a rt n -
po i n t ?
T he a ns w er to t his pr o bl e m m ay b e wr itt e n t h us
—3
)
Sh ow t h at t h e pe ri m e t er o f a re c t a n gl e a: w id e
a n d y l o n g m a y b e W r i tt e n :
I
or 2 x + 2 y,
or w+ y + r + ya n d t h a t = 2x + 2
y .

*
Uni ty m e an s 1 .
42 E LE M E N TARY AL G E BRA

64 . In a ser e s of i t he f o u r o per a t io n s t h e m ul t i pl i c at io ns
,

and divi s i o n s are to b e pe r fo r m e d fi r st T hus .

,

8 + 7 X3
8+ 21 —6 8 = 17
+ +5 15 4

In su ch a s e r es i t h e ter ms a re t h e p ar t s s e p ar a ed t b y th e s ign s
an d Th e a b ov e ex a m p el c o n t a i n s s ev e n t er m s . Wh en su ch
i
e xpr es s o n s a r e to be s i m p lifi ed o r r e d u c e d ea c h te rm
,
shou ld be fi t rs

s i m p lifi e d or r ed u e d c .

W h e n it is d e si r e d t o pe r fo rm t h e o pe r a t io n s o f a se r i e s in
a ny o r der ot h er t h an t h e o n e m e n t i o n e d a b ov e , it is n e c e s s a ry
t o use s o m e s ymbol o f a ggr ega tion .

65 . The s ym b ol s of a gg e g at
r io n a re t h e pa r en thes is
t h e bra ce j , t h e bra cket H and
, the vin cu l u m

T h ese m ea n t h a t t h e o per a t i o n s i n di c a t e d within them

a r e t o b e p e r f o r m e d b e f o r e t h e o p e r a t i o n s u pon them ; in

o t h e r w o r d s t h a t t h e e x pr e s s i o n s w i t h i n t h e m a r e in e a c h
,

c ase t o b e r e g ar d e d a s o n e n u m b e r E v ery p a rt w i t h i n t h e .

s ym b o l is a ff e c t e d b y t h e o p e r a t io n i n di c a t e d u p o n t h e

s ym bol O b s er v e t h e follo w i n g
.

18 — 9 1 5 X 12 —8 = l 72

18 15 x l 2 — 8 = 60

2 16 — 3 6 -z — 35 4 ) = 1 37
2 16 60 19 1 37

N ot ic e t he use o f t h e p a re n t h es i s in t h e f o ll o w i n g :
1 . I f t he sm a ll e r of t w o n um b e r s is 513 — 7 a nd the l ar g e r
— 2 , t he i r —
di ffe re n c e is ( tr 2 )
113
-
(x
2 . If a rect angl e is x + 8 in l o n g . a nd x + 3 in w id e , t h e
.

a re a o f t h e re c t a n gl e is s q u a re i n c hes .

If 1 f di s t a n c e b e t wee n t wo c i t i e s is x + 10 m il e s
the
3 .
3 o ,

th e w h o l e di st a n c e is 3 ( x + 1 0 ) o r ( x + 10 ) 3 m il e s .
 S Y M BOLS O F AGGR E GATIO N 43

E x e rc i s e 1 8

Re m o ve t h e s ym bol s of a ggre g at i o n an d th en s i m plify

—
1 . 4 65 + 67 X 8 ( 9 X 24 + 1 44 -
4 45
— —
— — —
2 . 7 64 ( 24 5 4 65 z 5 ) 14 X 7 + 7 89 54 0 9
— —
3 . 23 8 8 X9 1 08 ( 84 5 8 )
4 . ex ( 8 X 1 2 + 7

66 O pe rati on s on Co m po un d E xpre s s io n s Sym b o l s o f

. .

a gg r e g a t i o n a r e m u c h u s e d in a lg eb r a t o i n di c a t e o p e ra t i o n s

o n c o m po u n d e x pr e s s i o n s .

T o i n di c a t e t h e s ub t r a c t i o n o r m ul t i pli c a t i o n o f a po l y
no m i a l a pa re n t h e s i s is n ec ess a ry
,
.

T h u s x ( a + b) re prese nt s t h e pro du c t o f a: a n d a + b a n d is
,

re a d a: t i m es a + b o r a + b t i m e s n
,
o .

E x erc i s e 1 9

1 . I n di c a t e t h e s u b t ra c t i on of x —5 fr o m 3x + 4 . I n di c a t e
t h e pr o du c t of t w o b i n o mi a l s .

2 . If a m an has s h ee p a n d s e ll s 2 x + 35 of t h em , w h a t
will de not e the n u m b er h e h as l eft ?
3 . W h at d o e s ( x + 5 ) ( se -
2) r e pr e se n t , if A.

1: r e pres e n t s the n u mb e r of fe e t o n e ac h s id e a

o f a sq u a re ?
4 . W h a t d oes x x ( + 8) re pr e s e n t , if 1: s t a n d s fo r t h e n u m b er

of r od s o n e a c h Sid e of a sq u a re ?
5 R e pre s e n t in t w o f o rm s 4 t i m e s t h e s um o f a n y
. tw o
n u m b ers 5 t i m es t h e d i ff e r e n ce o f a ny t wo n u m b e rs
. .

6 .R e pr ese nt t h e pro du c t of t wo eq ual n um b e rs ea c h of

w h i c h is 8 g r e at e r t h a n T .

7 . At 85 ¢ a r o d , e xpr ess in t wo w ays t h e co st o f e nc o s n l i g

a re ct a n gul a r f arm a: r o ds by y r o d s .
44 E LE M E N TARY ALG E BRA

I f x is t han 5 , is x —
8 . a ny p o s i t iv e i nte g e r g rea t e r 5
g re at er o r l es s t h a n x — 3? Sh o w W h y .

9 . Wh a t is t h e eq u ati o n w h i c h t e ll s t h a t t h e di ff er e n c e
b e tw e e n 513 — 9 and x — 4 is a?

10 . I f t h e di ffe r e n c e b e t wee n T 12 a nd x — 8 is n, w h a t is
the v a lu e o f n ?
11 . If x is a ny p o s i t iv e i n te g er ,
w h e n is ar
e g rea t er than 33?

W h en is as l e s s t h a n £13?
12 . Ho w m a ny t ree s are t h ere in a n o r c h ar d if t he re
, a re 20
m o r e t r ees in a ro w t h a n t h er e a r e ro w s ?

13 . Wri t e 3 a t i m es t h e p r o du c t of t wo bi n o m i a l s divid e d by
t h e pr odu c t of a + b and a b .

14 . I n di c a t e h ow m a ny a cr es t h e re a re in a re c t an gul a r fi e ld
x
— 8 rd . wid e an d x + 10 rd . long .

15 . W h at m ay r e pres e n t t h e pr o du c t of 4 n u m b e rs if ,
a ny

2 of t h e m in or d e r di ff e r by t h e s am e n u m b er ?
16 . Wr i t e a n e x pr e ss o n o fi 3 t erm s , eac h t e rm co n t a n n i i g
o ne or m ore c o m po u n d f a c t o rs .

17 . A t $4 0 an a c re , w h at is t h e v a lu e of 3 fa rm s c o n t a i n i n g
at, m+ 2 0 , an d 113 — 5 a c r es , r e s pe c t iv e l y ?

18 R epr e se n t t h e pro du c t
. of t wo u ne q ual n u m b e rs , part

of e a c h n u m b e r b e i n g x .

19 . W h at is t h e a re a o f 3 eq u al r ec t a n gl es , t h e w id t h of

e ac h b e i ng x in . and the l e n gt h 6 in . g re at er ?
20 . The a re a o f a sq u a re a: in .lo n g is t h e sa m e as t h at of
gl e x+ 6 in —
by x 4 in E xpr e ss a s a n u at i o n
a re ct a n . . eq .

21 . H ow m u c h d oe s a b oy e a rn , if t h e n um b e r o f c e n t s h e
ge ts pe r d ay ex c ee d s t he n um ber o f d ays h e w o rks by 2 0 ?
46 ELE M E N TARY ALG E BRA
E x erc i s e 2 1

R em o v e t he s ym b o l s of a ggr e g a t i o n in th e fo ll owi ng and

e x pre ss the res u l t s in as fe w t e rm s a s po ss ibl e :

1 . 4a — b — —
(a 2b +c) 2 . 3x

— — —
3 . 3a (b 4 . 4 x + 3 y+ ( 3 x 4 y)

5a — b —
4a + b c —2x — 4 —
5 6 5x y) 3y
-f-
. .

—
2a + b c + — b) — —2x — 4
7 .
( 3 a 8 . 2x 3y y)

— — —
b 4a — b — — —
9 . 3a c 10 . 4n 3x + ( 3 n 4x)

W hen x 2a —
3 b+ 4 c , y 3 a + 2 b 50 , z = 4a — 5 b — 3c fi n d
,

the v a lu e o f e a c h o f t h e f o ll o w i n g :

11 x + y+ z 12 x+y — z — x — — z
. .
y
— — z — — x — z
14 . x y 15 . x y+ z +y

69 . To r em o
v e t wo o r m o r e sym b ol s o f a gg r e g a t i o n , o ne

w i t h i n a n o t h e r b e gi n w i t h t h e ou t e r o n e
,

—
1
{b j
— —
3a ( a + 2b a c -
n )
— 3a — 2b —
a +a+b -
c n

It s h o ul d be t
n o ed tha t th e s ig n b e fo r e the b b e lo n g s t o t he v in

c u l um ,n o t t o t he b . Th e Sign of t h e b is

R e m o vi n g t he o ut e r s ym b o l chan g es t he Sig n b e fo re
b — c to and t h ese t w o t e rm s a re b r ought do wn w i t h t h e
s am e s ig n s .

*
M t e a c h er s pr ef er t o b e gin w it h t h e in n erm os t s ym b o l o f a g gr e
any

g a t io n E it
. h e r w ay b e c o m es eas y a ft e r a littl e p r a c ti c e .

I t is j us t a b out as ea sy a n d it is ev en qui ck er to r em o v e a l l sym b o ls ,

o f a ggr e g a ti o n a t o n c e b y b e gi nn i n g a t t h e l e ft a n d b r i n gi n g e a c h s u c

c ess iv e t e r m d o wn w it h it s o wn o r t h e o ppo s it e s i gn a cc o r d i n g as t h er e

is an even o r a n odd n u m b e r o f th e a n t e c ed e n t m i n u s s ign s a ff e cti n g

'

it An y o ne o f t h e t h r ee w a ys b e c o m es e asy an d r eli able w it h a little

.

pr a c ti c e .
 S Y M BOL S O F AGGR E GATIO N 47

E xerc i s e 22

R em o v e t h e s ym b o l s of a ggr e g at io n in t h e fo ll o w i n g an d

Si m plify t h e r e s u lt s :
1 . 6a 2y — 3x - —
4 x 3 y)

— — — — 2 5x )
3 . 2a ( 3b a+b c) 6x y + 3 y
-

4 a — ( 2b — a+ o — b ) 5r — 2 — 4x — 3
y y)

— — — 3 m 3 n — 6x
5a ( b + a 2 b -
a ) 4n + )
— — — —4 — 3 x + 3 y)
3a (b 2a + b c ) 7x y

11 . 4a + —
(b a + 2b — c ) 3 x + 2y - —
2 x 4 y)

13 . 2a -
b) 4n

15 . 3b 2y - —
2x 3x — 3 y)

70 .fo ll ow s t h a t in o r d er t o e n c l o se t w o o r m o re t e rm s
It ,

o f a po l yn o m i a l in a s ym b o l o f a gg re g at i o n pre ce d e d b y t h e

s ig n we m ust c h a n g e t h e s ig n s o f t h e t e r m s e n c l o se d .

Th us ,

ah — a c + bc cd ab ( a o bc +-
cd )

E x e rc i s e 2 3

E n c lo s e t h e l as t t h re e t erm s o f e a c h o f t h e s e po l y n o m i a l s
a p a r e n t h e s i s p r e c e d e d b y a m i n u s Sig n :

— — —
1 . ac ax + a b + bx 2 . 2 x + 2 y :cy xz + yz

a b+ be — ac + ax —a — 2x —
3 . 4 . ar y + xy 2 y

5 . ax — — —
bx bc by 6 .
—
3 a + 2 b + a az a b+ bc

+ a b+ — bc — —
2 a a b ar
7 . an ac 8 .
+ bc -
2c

9 . ac — ac
c — bc + bx 10 . bc + 2 a + a c + —
2x a c
48 E LE M E N TARY AL G EBRA
AD D ITIO N O F TE RM S P AR TLY S IM ILAR

71 T e rm s th a t a re part l y s im il ar i e simil a r as
.
,
. .
, t o pa rt
o f t h e l e tt e r s o n l y m ay b e u n i t e d i nt o o n e te rm
, wit h a
p y
o l n om i a l c o e ffi c i e n t T h u s.
,

ay ax an

by 2n
'

( a + b) y (a + l ) w ( cl —2
M
72 . Ru l e . Wri te
the di s si m i l ar pa r ts i n a p a r en thesi s as

the p ol yn om i a l c oefiici en t of the s i m i l a r p a r t .

ab o ve d : a plu s b t i m e s y ; ” “a
Th e a n swe r s a r e r e a p l us
“
,
” ”
1 t im e s x
,
an d a m i nus 2 t im es n , a s lig h t pa u se in t h e
,

r e a di n g o c c u rr i n g w h e r e t h e l a s t c u r v e of t h e p ar e n t h es i s

st an d s .

E x e rc i s e 24

R ea d t h e sum s o f t h e fo ll owi n g .

1 . ax 2 . by 3 .

bx y
 S UBTRA C TIO N O F TE R M S P ARTLY S I M ILAR 49

S UB TRA CTIO N O F TE R M S P AR TLY S I M ILAR

73 . T e rm s part l y Sim il ar i e s i m il a r a s t o pa rt o f t h e
,
. .
,

li t e r a l fa c t o rs m ay be s ub t ra c t e d b y in di c at i n g t h e su b
,

t r a c t i o n o f t h e di ss i m il ar p a rt s T h us .
,

by
bx — c
y
— —
( a b )x ( b+ c) y (1 a )n
74 . R ul e . Write the in dica ted s u btra ction o f the di ss im il a r

p a r ts in a pa r en the s is as a p ol yn omia l coe fi cien t .

O bs e rv e t h a t t h e Sig n o f t h e di ss i m il a r p t
a r in t h e s ub t r a

h e n d is c h a n g e d fro m to o r fr o m to

E x e rc i s e 2 5

Subt r ac t a n d re a d t h e r e s ul t s o f t h e fo ll o wi n g
1 . ay 2 .
-
bx 3 . 4a 4 . ax

cy ax 4b x

21 . ha:
 CH AP TE R V

G RAP H I N G FUN CTI O N S . S OL VI NG E Q UATI O NS

IN O N E UNKN O WN G RA P H I CALL Y

G RA P H I N G FUN CTIO N S
75 . Al g e b rai c Numb e r s , or Fu n c t io n s . F o r t h e pr es e n t it
is v e n i e nt t o c a ll a n u m b e r e x press e d
con by t h e a id o f o n e o r
m o r e l e t t e r s a n a l g e b r aic n u m b e r o r a fu n c tio n o f t he
‘

2— —
n um be s d e o
r n t e d yb t h e e er h
l t s T u s x + 3 n 2n 8
t 2 .
, , ,

a+b x
— t a a lg e b r a i c n u m b fu n t i n
, y e c r e ,
. e r s o r c o s .

The n
2
in n
2 — 2n — 8 m ean s n >< u a n d is r ea d n - s qu a r e , j us t as 5 2
, ,

m e an s 5 X 5 and is r ea d 5- s quare .

W it h lg eb r a i c n u m b er or fu n c t i o n s u c h a s 3 x + 5
e v e ry a ,

( o r n
2
2 n t w o n u m b e rs m u s t b e t h o ug h t a b o u t v i z : t h e ,
.

a l g e b r a i c n u m b e r o r f un c t io n i ts e lf a n d t h e n um b e r x o r n , ,

t h a t it d e pe n d s o n fo r it s v a lu e T h e n u m b er n 2 —
2 n 8 t e ll s
.

u s t o f o r m a c o m po u n d n u m b er b y s q u a r i n g s o m e s i m p l e

n u m b e r ( n ) s ub t ra c t i n g t w i c e t h e s i m p l e n u m b e r a n d t h e n
, ,

s ub t ra c t i n g 8 T h e t w o n u m b e rs t o b e t h o ug h t a b o u t a re
.

2— —
t h e v a lu e of n 2n 8 i t se lf a n d t h e v a lu e o f n a n d s o fo r , ,

o t h er c o m po u n d n u m b er s T h e n u m b e r x n t o r y in t e rm s
.
, , , ,

o f w h i c h t h e c o m p o u n d n u m b e r ( t h e fu n c t i o n ) is e x pr esse d ,

m ay b e c a ll e d t h e in d e pe nd e nt n um b e r .

In o t h e r w o r d s t h e v a l u e o f 3 x + 5 d e pe n d s o n w h a t x is
,
.

2— —
a n d t h e v a l u e of n 2 n 8 d e pe n d s o n t h e v a lu e o f n The .

at a n d t h e n a r e t h e i n d e pe n d e n t n u m b e rs .

F o r t h e r easo n s j us t s t at e d a n u m b e r e xpr e sse d in t e rm s o f

,

x s u c h a s 3 x + 5 is c a ll e d a fun c tio n of x a n d is w r i t t e n f ( x)
, , ,

a n d r ea d : fu n cti on of x .

2— —
m
S i il a l y n
r 2 n 8 o r a n y o th e r n u m b e r e xpr es s e d in
,

t e rm s o f n m ay b e d e n o t e d b y f ( n ) a n d re a d : fu n ction of n
,
.

50
 GRA P H I N G F UN C TIO N S 51

A func tio n is a n u mber tha t d epend s on s o me other n u mber

for i ts v a l ue .

An al g e b a c r i f un c tion is a n um b e r w h ose d e pe n d e n c e o n
a n o t h e r n um b e r is e x pr es s e d in a lg e b r a i c s ym b o l s a s 3 x + 5
, ,

n —
2 —
2n 8 , + b, x — et c
a y,
“
. .

In t h i s b o o k t h e w o r d fu n c t io n m e a n s a l gebr a i c f u n c t i o n .

A fu n c t i on t h at d e pen d s o n t wo o t h e r n um b e rs as a + b , ,

is d e n o t e d by f ( a b) a n d r e a d : fu n ction of a a n d b
,
Th us .
,

a l so x —
y is d e n o t e d b y f( x y) a n d r e a d : fu n c tion of x a n d y
, .

T h e p ar e n t h e s i s in t h e f un c ti o n s ym b o l d o es n o t m e an m u lti pli
,

c a ti on b ut is a pa r t o f t h e sym b o l
,
.

If the
l ett e r w i t h i n t h e is r e p l a ce d by a po s i t iv e o r
n e g a t iv e a r i t h m e t i c a l n um b e r a s in f ( t h e m ea n i n g is ,

t h a t t h e n um b e r — 2 is t o b e s ub s t i t ut e d fo r t h e l e t t er in
, ,

t h e fu n c t i o n T h us .
,

If then f( -
1, and

if f ( n ) n —
2
2n — 8 , t e f ( 5)
h n = 5 2—
2 -
5 — 10

Fi nd f ( 3 ) if = —
f( )
x 8 x 3 .

—
Fi nd f ( 4 )

7 6 T wo . v e ry i m po rt a n t pr o b l e m s of a lg e b ra a re

I Knowin g the
. va l ue o f the in de pen de n t n u m ber , to fi nd the
va l ue o f f
the u n c ti on ; and
’

II Kn owi n g the
. va l ue o f the fu n ction ,
to fi nd the v a l ue of
the i nd epen den t nu mber .

77 . We a l re a d y kn ow ho w t o so lv e Pro b l e m I .

Fo r l t o fi n d t h e v a l ue o f 3 x + 5 fo r x = 4 we h a ve
exa m p e , ,

o n l y t o s ub s t i t u t e 4 fo r x in 3 x + 5 t h u s 3 R e du c i ng , ,

we fi n d 3 x + 5 = 1 7 fo r x = 4 a n d so a l s o fo r a n y o t h e r v a lu e ,

2— —
of x T o fi n d t h e v a l ue o f n
. 2 n 8 fo r so m e v a l ue o f n ,

a s 5 w e s ub st i t ut e 5 fo r n t h us 5
2—
,
2 X5 t o s ee t h at
,
2— —
n 2 n 8 7 fo r n 5 a nd s o fo r o t h er v a l ue s o f n ,
.
52 E LE M E N TARY ALG E BRA

Thus w e kn o w t h at to s ol v e the fi r s t of the a bove p ro bl e ms , we

ha v e on l y to subs ti tu te the va l ue o f the in dependen t n umber i n the
fu n cti on a nd to s imp l i fy .

78 . T he d pr o b l e m o c c u rs v e ry fr e q u ent l y in a lgeb r a
sec o n ,

v iz : T o fi n d t h e v a lu e o f t h e i n d e p e n d e n t n u m b e r w h e n t h e
.

va l ue of the fun cti on i s known T h i s is Pr o b l e m I I a b o v e

.

a n d it is t h e con v er se o f P r o b l e m I F o r e x a m pl e it is o ft e n .
,

n e c ess a r y t o s o lv e s u c h pr o b l e m s as

G iv e n 3x + 5 = 8 , t o fi nd the v a ue o f x , o r
l
G iv e n n
2 -
2n t o find the v al ue o f n .

= 2—
Su c h i
e x pres s o n s as 3 x + 5 8 an d n 2n
a re equa

t io n s , a n d t o s o lv e t h e m m e a n s t o fi n d w h a t v a l u e o r v a lu es ,

2— —
f r f
o x o o n w ill m k
a e 3 +5x e qu al t o 8 o r n 2n 8 e qu al t o ,

7 . C o nse q u e n t l y t o s o lv e t h e se c o n d p r o b l e m s t at e d a b o v e
,

76 I I ) r e q ui r e s a kn o w l e dg e o f t h e w ays o f so lvi n g e q u a
, ,

tio ns .We s h a ll fi rs t Sh ow by m e a ns o f pi c t u res w h at it

m e a n s t o s olv e e qu a tion s .

Le t it b e ke pt in m i n d t h at al g e
b raic e qu atio n s a r e m a d e u p of
a lg e b r a i c n um b e s r .

79 D e pe n d e n c e of an Al g e b raic
.

N um b e r , or Fu n c tio n Le t u s fi rs t .

t ry t o u n d e r s t a n d t h e r e l a t io n t h a t
e xi s t s b e t w e e n x a n d 3 x + 5 .

D r a w a v e rt i c a l a n d a h o ri z o n t a l
a lg e b r a i c s c a l e ( YY a n d XX ) s o t h a t
' ’

t h ey s h a ll b e a t r ig h t a n gl e s w i t h ,

t h e i r O poi n t s t og e t h e r as s h ow n in
-
,

t h e fig ur e T h i s is q ui c kl y do ne
.

wit h c r o ss li n e d -
a
p p e r P u p il s .

s h o uld h a v e s o m e p ag e s o f c r o s s

li ne d pa pe r in t he ir n o t e b oo ks -
. G ra ph of 3x + 5
 E LE M E N TARY ALG E BRA

If yo u ld sh ou s ub st i t ut e a ny

w ho l e or fra c t i o n a l po sit i v e or ne ga
t iv e v a l ue in 3 x + 5 fo r x a n d l o c a t e
t h e p o i n t p i c t ur e o f t h e r e s u l t i n g
-

n u m b e r p a i r yo u w o u ld a l w a ys fi n d
-
,

t h at t h e po i n t f a ll s o n t h i s s a m e li n e .

T ry 1 4, 2 4 ,
et c .

Th e c o n c us o n l i is t h at 3 x + 5 c o n
n e et s n u m b er s i n t o n u m ber—pa irs ,
w h o se p i c t u r i n g p o i n t s al l l ie a onl g
t h e s a me s tr a i g ht l i n e .

A ny n um ber of p a rs i of v a l ue s
are g Iv e n by 3 x + 5 .

W h at w e h a v e b een doing in t h i s
se c t o n i is ca ll e d g r a ph in g th e fun c
tio n 3 x + 5 . G r a ph of n
2 — 2n — 8

80 P i c tu rin g n — 2 —
2n 8 Le t us n ow m a ke a i c t u e of
. .
p r

n —
2
2n — 8 .

A s s um e n 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 0, — 1 —2 —3
, , ,

t h e n c a l c ul a t e
71
2 — 2n — 8 — 9 — 8, — 5 0, + 7 , + 6,
1 — 8, — 5, 0, + 7, + 1 6 .
, ,

Th e n u m b er pai r s are here (1 , (2 (3 ,

(4 )

and
— 4 the n- v a l ue b e i n g the fi rs t n um ber of e ac h
,

pa i r .

Us i n g a gai n a pa r i of p e r pe n di c ul a r a lg e b r ai c sc a l es o n
c ro s s -
li n e d p a pe r , pi c t u re the n u m b e r pa i rs a s in t h e figu re
-
.

D raw c a re full y fr e e h a n d a s m oo t h c u rv e t h ro ug h po i n t s
A , B , C, and so on to F and the n t o L, a s sh o wn .

In t h i s c a se the n u m b e r- pa rs i l ie l
a on g a cu rv e , ca ll e d a

p a r a bol a . T h e pa ra b o l a is a n op en c u r ve .
 SO LV IN G E Q UATIO N S GRA P H I C ALLY 55

A ny v a lu e yo u m ig h t t a ke fo r n , s ub s t i t ut e d in n —2
2n — 8 ,
‘

w o ul d giv e a n u m b e r -
pa r i w h o se po i n t - p i c t u re w o u ld l ie on

t h i s s am e c u r v e .

T ry n et c .

The fun c t io n 8 is t h e n a n um b er l a w
n
2— 2n —
,
-
wh i c h
p i c t u res i n t o a par ab ol a .

Wh a t w e h a v e j us t b e e n d o i n g in t h i s s e c ti o n Is ca ll e d
= z— —
r
g p a hi n g ( )
f u n 2n 8 .

81 To m a ke p i c t u r es o f f un c t i o n s w e m e r e l y a s s u me
.

v a l ue s for x , o r n , e t c , s u b s t i t ut e t h e as s um e d v a l ue s in t h e
.

f un c t i o n s ( 3 x + 5 o r 2n and n —
c a l c ul a t e t h e s e c o n d
2

n u m b e rs o f t h e n um b e r p a i rs It t h e n r e m a i n s t o pi c t ure
-
.

t h e n um b e r pa i r s o n a p a i r o f pe r pe n di c u l a r a lg e b r ai c s c a l es
-
,

as abo v e .

A ny n um b e r o f n u m b e r - p a r s a r e i gi v e n b y e i t h e r 3x + 5
or n
— 2
2n — 8, or by a ny o t h er fu n c t i o n .

E v e ry f un c t i o n h as s o m e s t ra ig h t o r c ur ve d li n e
s uc h

p i c t u r e T. h e p a rt i c u l a r n u m b e r p a i r s giv e n b y a n y f u n c t
-
i o n

a l w ay s pi c t u re i n t o po i n t s a l l o f w h i c h l ie o n t h e s a m e s t ra ig h t

o r c ur v e d li n e H e n ce e v e ry fu n c t i o n h as it s o wn pa r tic u
.
,

l a r li n e pi c t u re
-
.

Th e i i g
r s n a nd fa lli n g o f t he lin e o r c ur v e pi c t ure the
c han ge s in t h e fu n c t i o n t h a t a re pr o d u c e d b y c h a n gi n g the
i n d e pe n d e n t n u m b e r ,
as x or n .

S OLVIN G E Q UATIO N S IN O NE UN KN O W N G RA P H I CALLY

82 So l v in 3 x + 5 = 8 G r a h i c a l l S u n ow t h a t we
.
g , p y pp o se .

we re r e q ui r e d t o s o lv e t h e e q u a t i o n 3 x + 5 = 8 .

We w o uld l
c a c u at e l so m e n um b e r - p a rs i of 3x + 5 , l o c a te
t h e pi c t u r i n g po i n t s ( s ee fig ur e in an d d r aw th r o ug h
t h e poi nt s t h e s t ra ig h t li n e .
56 E LE M E N TARY ALG E BRA

So s o o n a s we kn o w t h e li i u re n e- p c t to be a s tra ig h t li n e ,

tw o ra t h er w id e l y se p ar at e d po i n t s a r e s u fli c ie n t t o giv e t h e
li n e pi c t u r e
-
.

Si n c e w e w a n t to fin d the v a l ue o f x t h at m a kes

3x + 5 = 8 ,

w e m e as u re 8 u n i t s u p o n t h e v e rt i c a l s c a l e a nd d ra w a ,

h o r i z o nt a l o ut u n t il it c r o s s es t h e li n e o f 3 x + 5 T h e l e n gt h .

o f t h i s li n e o r it s e q u a l m eas u r e d a l o n g t h e h o r i z o n t a l s c a l e
, ,

is t h e r e q ui r e d v a lu e o f x T h e l e n g t h is 1 a n d as it e x t e n d s
.
,

to t e h i h t = + 1 T h i h o i o n t l i ll d t h r h i l
r g x ,
s r . z a s c a e e g a p c a

s olu t io n o f 3 x + 5 = 8 .

N o t i c e t h a t w h il e a ny n um b er of n u m b er pa i r s a re giv e n -

b y 3 x + 5 o n l y on e o f t h ese n u m b e r p a i rs w ill m ake 3 x + 5 8

,
-
.

83 . S olv in g n — 2
2n G raphi c al l y . Si mil a r l y, l et it
be re qui r e d t o s o lv 2n e n
—
g r a ph i c a ll y
2
.

C a l c u l at e s o m e n u m b e r p a i rs b y s u b s t i t u t i n g v a lu e s o f n
-

a s in § 8 0 a n d d r aw t h e p a r a bol a p i c t u re
,
fre eh a n d a s in -
, ,

80 .

Si n c e w e a re se e ki n g th e v a lu e of n t h at m a kes

n
2 — 2n

we d r aw a h o r i z o nt a l t h r o u g h a poi nt 7 u ni t s u p o n t h e
v e rt i c a l s c a l e a n d pr ol o n g t h e h o r i z o n t a l both wa ys u n t il it
,

c r o ss e s t h e p a r a b o l a T h e li n e is KE in t h e fig ure o f 8 0
. .

It w ill c ut t h e p a ra b o l a in two p oi n t s Th e l e n gt h s o f t h e .

p a rt s of t h e h o r i z o n t a l b e tw ee n t h e v e r t i c a l sc a l e a n d t h e
c u r v e a r e t h e two v a lu e s o f n t h a t w ill m a ke

n — 2
2n

Th e t w o v a lu e s = and n —
'
ar e n + 5, 3 .

S ub s t it ut e e a c h of t h e t w o v a l u e s In n — 2n — 2
8 a n d se e if
t h e y m a ke it eq u al 7 .T h i s s h o w s t h at t h e r e a re t w o v a lu e s
t h a t w ill giv e th e o n e v a lu e 7 fo r t h e a lg e b r a i c n u m b e r ,

n
2— 2n — 8 .
 S OLVI N G E Q UATIO N S GRA P H I C ALLY 57

N oti c e t he n t ha t W h il e a n y n um b e r o f n um b e r -
p a i rs are

gi v e n by o n l y two o f t h e se p a i r s m a ke
2
n 2n 8,

n
2
2n 8 7 .

T h i s m ea n s t h er e ar e on ly two po i n t s on t he g r a ph of
— 2—
n
2 —
2n 8 w here n 2n They a re t he po i n t s K and

E in t h e figu re of 80 .

84 . We h ave h ow t o m a k e pi c t u r es o f n um b e r
n ow s h o w n
2— —
l aw s s u c h as 3 x + 5 a n d n 2 n 8 , a n d h a v e a l s o s h o w n h o w
t o so lv e g r a p h i c a ll y s u c h e q u a t i o n s a s 3 x + 5 = 8 a n d
n
2— 2n For a ny o t h e r a lg e b r a i c n um b e r s or e qua

t io ns t hat i
c o nt a n on l y on e l etter , t h e m e t h o d is t h e s am e .

E x er c i s e 2 6

D r aw t he li n e - p c t u re s o f
i t he fo ll o w i n g f u nc t i o n s of x

1 . 2x + 5 2 . x +5 x+ 3

4 . 2x + 3 5 . 3x + 2 3x + l

—
3x 1 2x — 1 2
7 . 8 . x + 8x + 1 2

10 . x
2 — 3x — 1 0 11 . x — 2—
2x 3 x — 1
2

2 — 6x —
6x +5 — 4x
+8
2 2
13 . x 14 . x x

E x e rc i s e 2 7

So lv e t h e fo ll o w i n g e q ua t o n s i g ra ph i c all y :

1 . 2x + 5 = 7 2 . x+5 =9 3 . x + 3 = 5

4 . 2x + 3 5 . 3x + 2 = 8 6 . 3x + l = 7

3x —
2x 1 2
7 . 8 . 9 . x + 8 x + 12

10 .
‘

x
2 — 3x 11 . x
2 -
2x 12 . x
2
1=8
58 E L E M E N TARY ALG E BRA
SUMM ARY
85 . Th e w o r k of t h i s c h a pt e r h as t a ug h t t h e fo llow i n g
fac ts
1 . A lg eb r a i c n u m b e rs
fu n c t io n s r e q u i re us t o k e e p in
,
or ,

m i n d t w o n u m b e r s t h e fu n c t i o n i t s e lf a n d a l s o so m e o t h e r
,

n um b e r as x o r n t h a t it d e p e n d s o n fo r it s v a lu e
, , .

2 . An a lg eb r a i c n um b er o r fun c t i o n is a sh o rt h an d d es c rip
tion of t h e way t o c a l c u l a t e it s o wn v a lu e .

3 . Al g e b ra i c n um b e r s a s so c i at e n u m b e r s i n t o n u m b e r

pa i rs .

4 Th e poi n t -p i c t u r es of t h e n u m b e r-p ai rs o f a n
. a lg eb ra i c
n u m b e r giv e t h e li n e p i c t u re s of t h e a lg e b r a i c
-
n u m b e rs ,

ca ll e d t h e g ra ph s of t h e a lg eb r a i c n u m b ers .

5 . v a lu e of a n a lg e b r a i c fu n c t i o n wh e n t h e v a lue
To fi nd t h e
o f t h e n u m b er it d e p e n d s o n is giv e n w e s ub st i t u t e t h e ,

giv en v a lu e an d s im plify .

6 T o fi n d t h e v a lu e o f t h e i n d e pe n d e n t n u m b er w h e n t h e
.

a lg e b r a i c fu n c t i o n is giv e n e q u a l t o a n um b e r w e m u st ,

so lv e a n e q u at i o n .

7 An e q u at i o n is o n l y a s h o rt h an d wa y of sayi n g a
.

fun c t i o n is t o h a v e a c e rt a i n v a lu e .

8 . W h il e lg eb r a i c fu n c t ion m ay furnish a g re at n um b e r
an a

o f n u m b —
e p a i rs
r u s u a ll y o n l y o n e o r a fe w o f t h e s e p a i r s
,

f urn i s h a s o l ut i o n of t h e e q u a t io n wh i c h giv es t h e a lg eb r a i c
fu n c t i o n a pa r ti cu l a r v a lu e .

A l t h o ug h t h e g ra ph i c a l s o l ut io ns of e q u at i o ns m ake t h e
‘

m ea n i n g o f s o l ut i o n s c l e ar a n d c om pre h en s ibl e e v e n in ,

m i n u t e d et a il s s t ill t h e y a re m o re t e d i o u s a n d c u m b erso m e
,

t h a n t h e a lg e b r a i c s o lu t i o n s Wh e n it is o n l y t h e r esu l ts o f
.

s o l u t io n s t h a t a r e w a n t e d a n d a f t e r it is l e a r n e d t h a t a lg e
,

b r a ic so lu t io ns a r e s h o rt e r a n d e a s i e r w ays of r e a c h i n g t h es e
resu l t s we s h a ll us e a lg eb ra i c s o l ut io n s
,
.

A lge b r a i c s o lut i o ns a re t re at e d in t h e n e xt c h apt er .

 C H A PTE R v 1

E Q UATI O NS . G E NE RAL RE VIE W

E Q UATIO N S

8 6 Th e
. e q at u io n is t h e b a c kb o n e of a
lg e b r a It s v a lu e .

c o n s i st s in it s po w e r as a t o o l fo r s o lvi n g p r o b l em s O t h er .

a lg e b r a i c t o pi c s a r e n e e d e d t o giv e i n s ig h t i n t o a n d po w e r o v e r

t h e e q u a t io n . A lg e b ra i c s kill m e a n s a n d a l w ays h as m ea n t
n e a rl y t h e s a m e as s kill in u s i n g t h e e q u at i o n In m a t h e .

m a t ic a l h i s t o ry t h e e volut i o n o f t h e e qu at i o n m e a n s t h e
e v o lu t io n of a lg e b r a .

Th e e ar li e st a w e r e t h e E gypt i a n s
lg eb ra i s t s T h irt y fi v e
.
-

h u n dr e d ye a rs a g o t h e y s a id su c h t h i n g s as , A q u a nt i t y ,

it s h a lf a n d t h i r d m a k e 1 9 Fin d t h e q u a nt it y
. T h ey u se d
.

n o sym b ol s o r a bb r e vi a t i o n s but t h e l a n g ua g e of wor ds o n l y

, .

A b o ut s i xt een h un d re d yea rs a g o Di oph an t us a G re e k ,

m a t h e m a t i c i a n w r o t e d o w n t h e i n i t i a l l e t t e r s o f t h e v e rb a l
,

s en t e n c e as h is e q u a t i o n It w as s i m pl y a s h o rte n e d s e n t e n c e
. .

A t h o u s a n d ye ars l a t er c a l c u l a t o rs wr o t e d o w n r ul es fo r
c a l c u l a t i n g in s ym bol s , m u c h a s a po s t a l c l e r k o f o ur d ay
m igh t w r i t e d o w n rul e s fo r c a l c ul a t i n g t h e po st a g e o n parc e l s
fo r v a ri o u s z o n e s F o r e x a m pl e if fo r z o n e 3 t h e po s t a l r u l e
.
,
”
is 6¢ fo r t h e fi rs t po u n d o r f r a c t i o n a n d 2 ¢ fo r e ac h a ddi t io n a l
p o u n d in t h e w e ig h t o f t h e p a c k a g e t h e p o s t,
a l c l e r k
m ig h t w r i t e 2x + 4 in w h i c h x is t h e w eig h t in pou n d s as a
, ,

s h o rt f o rm o f t h e r ul e O n w e ig h i n g t h e pa c k a ge h e m igh t
.

d o as 2x + 4 s ays i e doubl e t h e n u m b e r o f pou n d s a n d a dd 4

,
. .
,

t o g et t h e n u m b e r o f c e n t s t o c h a r g e as p ost a g e .

N ow if a t t h e ot h e r e n d o f t h e r o ut e t h e pe r so n s r e ce ivi n g
t h e pa c k a g e h a d n o s c a l e s a n d d es i r e d t o kn o w t h e w e ig h t
o f t h e p ac k a g e k n o w i n g t h e po st a g e t o b e
, t h e y m ig h t
59
60 ELE M E N TARY ALG E BRA

writ e d o wn 2 x + 4 = l 2 a n d fi n d wh at x is if t h e y c o uld
, ,

so lv e t h e e q u a t i o n .

A g a i n if a m a n st art s 5 mi l es fro m h is h o m e an d w a l ks
,

a w a y fr o m it x m il es a n h ou r fo r 2 h ou r s t h e r ul e fo r fi n di n g ,

h is di st a n c e f r o m h o m e w o uld b e 2 x + 5 S u ppo se h e did .

n o t kn o w h is ra t e b ut did kn ow h o w fa r h e w a s f r o m h o m e ,

s a y 1 3 m il e s T o fi n d h is r a t e h e m ig h t w ri te 2 x + 5 = l 3
.

a n d if h e k n e w h o w t o s o lv e t h e e q u a t io n h e c o uld fi n d h is
, ,

r a te x o f w a l kin g
, ,
.

At a l a t e r d at e m e n c a m e t o r e g a r d Su c h fo rm s as 2 x + 4
a n d 2 x + 5 n o t as s h o rt e n e d r ul e s b u t a s t h e r e s u l t s o f fo l
, ,

l o wi n g t h e rul es t e as nu mber s T h e n t h ey b e g a n t o
,
. .
,
.

a pp l y t h e l aw s o f n u m b e r t o t h e m t h a t is t h e y b e g a n l e a rn i n g,

h o w t o a d d s u b t r a c t m u l t i pl y a n d divid e t h e m a n d a lg e
, , , ,

b r a w a s a r ea li t y .

8 7 E q u a t io n s e x pres s e d p a rt l y o r w h o ll y in l ett ers a re

.

e i t h er i de n tities o r con di tion a l equ a tion s .

88 . An i d e nti ty is a n e q u at on i wit h li ke m em b e rs ,
or m em
b ers wh i c h m ay b e re d uc e d to the s a m e f o rm .

89 . Th e i d e nti ty is
S i gn of It is rea d ,
is iden tica l with,
o r i s i d en ti ca l l y equ a l to o r s i m pl y i s ,
.

The S ign of e qu a li ty m a y a l s o b e use d in an i d e n tity w h e n th er e is n o

n e ed to d i s ti n gu i s h t h e n a t ur e o f t h e e qua lit y .

T h us ,
5 a + 4 a + 2a E 8a + 3 a , a n d ax +c E + a x ar e i d e n titi e s , a n d
c it is
e v i d en t t h a t t h e y ar e t r u e fo r a n y v a ue l o f e a c h l e tte r in t h e m .

90S ub s ti tu tion is t h e pr o c ess

. of putt in g one n um b e r
s ym bol i n t o a n e xp r ess io n in p l a c e of an ot h er which has the
s a me v a l u e .

91 . S ati s fyin g an u at i o n is s a id t o b e
E qu a tio n . An eq

s a ti sfi e d b y a n y n u m b e r w h i c h w h e n s u b s t i t ut e d in pl a c e o f
,

t h e u n kn o wn n u m b er r e d u c es t h e e q u a t io n to an id e nt i t y
,
.

The e q ua ti on , 5x + 3x = 7 2 , is sa t is fi ed by x = 9 fo r t h e
,
su b s tit uti o n
of 9 fo r x giv es t h e i d en tit y ,
45 + 2 7 5 7 2 .
62 E LE M E N TARY ALG E BRA
E x e rc i s e 2 9

P e rfo rm the i n di c a t e d o pe r a t i o n s a nd a n sw e r th e
q u es t io n s in the fo ll o wi n g :
—
1 .
( 3n ( 8x 2 0 y) + 4

2 . If x + 8 is t h e prese n t ag e of a m an , ho w ol d is an o t her
m an w h o is t wi c e as o l d ?

1 2) x 3 —
3 .
( 5x (4 a 8 b) + 4 ( 6x + 1 20 ) -
6

4 . I f To m h as x d o ll a r s and Fr a nk —
3x 20 , h o w m a ny h a s
F re d w h o h as h a lf a s m a ny a s b ot h t h e o t h ers ?
— — —
3 5 b) I 5
—
5 .
( 8 x 9y) ( 2n + 1 5 ) X 4 ( 5a

6 . If x is u m b e r a n d 2 x 1 0 a n o t h e r w h a t is
o ne n , a t hird
n um b er w h i c h is t w i c e t h e s um o f t h e o t h e r t wo ?

94 . In t h e s t at e m e nt o f m a ny pr o bl e m s , o n e o r bo t h m em
b e rs m ay c o nt a n ai kn o w n a n d a n u nkn o wn n u m b e r T h us , .

7x — 4 = 8 + 5x

B efo r elvi n g it is ne c ess a ry t o h a v e a l l u n kn o wn n u m b e rs

so ,

in o ne m e m b e r a n d a l l kn o w n n u m b e rs in t h e o t h e r m e m b e r .

I f by t h e a ddi t i o n a xio m , 15 , w e add +4 a nd -

5x t o
b ot h m e m b e r s of t he eq u at i o n w i t h o ut u n i t i n g Si m il a r te rm s ,
we h a v e
7x — 5x = 8 + 4

Th e sa m e r es u l t m igh t h a v e b een o b t a i ne d by s ub t r a c t i ng
+ 51: an d -
4 fr o m b o t h m e m b e rs of t h e e q u at io n .

95 T h i s pr o c e ss of c h a n gi n g a t erm fro m o n e m e m b e r
.
-

o f a n e q u a t io n t o t h e o t h e r w i t h o u t d e st r o yin g t h e e q u a li t y

is c a ll e d tran s po s i tio n .

To id m e c h an i c a l w ork an d t o i m press upo n t h e mse l v es wh a t

av o

a x i o m is i n v o l v ed in t h i s c h a n g e s t ud en t s Sh o u l d a l wa ys e xp l a i n t h e
,

wo rk b y t e lli n g w h a t t h e y add to o r s ubtrac t fr om b o t h m e m b ers .

 E Q UATIO N S 63

E xer c i s e 30

In l i k e m a n n e r s olv e an d ch e c k t he fo ll o wi n g e q u at i o n s ,

a pp l yi n g t h e a ddi t i o n a n d t he s u b t r a c t io n a x i o m s a l t e r n a t e l y
°

1 . 5x — = —
3 2 3x 1 6 2 .
— =
14 4 n u + 3 2 — 8n

3 .
— =
1 3 6s 2 5 — 9s 4 . 9b+ = —
1 2 6b + 4 0 b

5 . 8 y + 14 = 4 y+ 74 6 . 15 — = —
3 x x + 7 5 9x

7 .
—
9n 1 9 = 44 + 2 n 8 .
—
3s s -
88

9 .
— = —
3 2 2 x 7 2 6x 10 . 7a + 6 — 4a

11 . 6 b + 1 6 = 3 b+ 2 6 12 .
= —
1 0 + 9n 8 8 + 2 n 8
—
34 5 b = 49 — 8b 6x — 2x
13 . 14 .
+2
15 . 93 — 13 = 4s + 2 7 16 .

17 . 23 — =
3x 7 l — 7x 18 . 4a — — = —
1 5 a 35 2 a

E xe rc i s e 3 1 O r al P ra c ti c e

D o t his i
e nt r e lis t o f 14 i
ex e rc s e s in 2 6 m i n u t e s .

1 . A h as x she e p ,
B h a s ya H o w m a ny would C h a v e
and ,

if h e h a d t wi c e as m a ny as A a n d B ?

2 . I n dic at e b y use o f p a re n t h e s es t h e pr o du c t of t he s um

an d differe n c e o f a ny t wo n um b e rs , a s m a nd n .

3 . I f t h er e h u n d re d s , y t e n s ,
a re x a nd z u n i t s in a n u m b e r ,

wh at will r e pr ese n t t h e n u m b e r ?

4 . W h a t will re pr e s e n t the s um o f fo u r c o nse c u t ive od d

n u m b e rs of wh i c h n is t h e l a rg e s t ?
5 . Ho w m a n y s q ua r e fee t a re t h e r e in t h e wa ll s of a ro o m
33 fe et sq u a re and n fee t h ig h ?
6 . Th e sum o f the a g es of 4 m e n is l 0 x ye ars . W h at w as
t he sum o f t he ir a g es 1 2 yea rs ag o ?
64 E LE M E N TARY ALG E BRA

7 . If n re pr ese n t s an i nt e g er d o e s
,
2n + 2 r e pr es e n t an

e ven or an odd n um b er ? Sh o w wh y .

8 . Fro m x doll a rs a m a n p a id t wo d e b t s o n e of a doll ars ,

and the o t h er o f b d o ll a r s H ow m u c h di d he h a v e l e ft ?
.

9 . A p a id x d o ll ars fo r a h a r n es s an d 4x doll ars fo r a

h o r se . R e pr esen t t h e c o st of b o th .

10 . If o ne p art of x is 1 6, w h at is t h e o t h er pa rt ? If o ne

pa rt of y is 4 5 , w h a t is t h e other p a r t ?

11 . A b oy b o u gh t x o r a n g es at m c e nt s api e c e an d so ld t h em
a t n c e n t s a p e ce i . I f h e l o st ,
w h at w as h is lo s s ?
12 . Th e differ e n c e b et w ee n two num b e rs is 2 5 ,
and t he
sm a ll er n u m b er is 3 . W h a t is t h e l a r g er n um b er ?
13 Re pres e n t t h e
. nu m b er of a c r es in a rectan gl e of l an d
x ro d s l ong a nd x
— 5 r o d s w id e .

14 . A h ou se c o st n doll a rs ,
a f a rm 5n d o ll ar s ,
a nd a s t o re
4n d o ll a rs . E xpre ss in t w o ways t h e c o s t o f al l .

E x er c i s e 3 2 — R ev i e w P r ob l e m s an d E quati on s

Solv e an d c h ec k the follow i n g p r obl e m s and e q u at i o n s

1 . Th e sum o f u m b e r s is
tw o n 1 28 , and th e ir di ffe re n c e is
34 . Fi n d the l a r g e r n um b er .

2 . 7x 3 .
= —
6s + 1 7 4 5 2 s + 8

4 Divid e t h e n u m b er 1 84 i nt o t wo parts s o t h at t h e g re a t e r
.

s h a ll e x c e e d t h e l e ss b y 4 8
. .

— n = —
3 y+ 1 2 l 6 5 y + 4
5 . 9n +4 e .

7 . The su m o f t wo n u m b e rs is 2 7 0 , and t h e ir di ff ere nc e is 4

t i m es t h e sm a ll e r . Fi n d t h e n um b e rs .

8 . 1 8 + 3x = 40 - ~

x+ 7 9 . 7b — 2b
 E Q UATIO NS 65

10 . A a nd B own a f a rm w o rt h A h as 3 t i m es as

H ow m u c h is B
’
l ar ge a s h are as B . s sh are ?

11 .
—
4n l = —
5 + n 5 5n 12 .
—
60 3 s = 68

13 . On e a u to m o b il e r a n 3 t im e s as f as t as a s ec o n d a n d
6 m il e s an h o ur f a s t e r t h a n a t h i r d T h e s um o f t h e i r r a t e s
.

w as 1 20 . Fi n d t h e r a t e o f t h e t h i r d .

14 . 1 6 + 5x —
x 15 .
= —
8 a + 3 0 35 + 7 a 3

16 . T h re e t i m es a n u m b e r di m i n i s h e d b y 5 7 , is e qua l to
t wi c e t h e n u m b e r i n c r e as e d b y 68 Fi n d t h e . n um b e r .

—
17 . 8y y+ 6 18 . 9n
-

19 . A h o rse a n d c a rr a i ge c o st $ 3 8 5 , t h e h o r se i g $ 95
c o st n

m o re th a n t he ca rr a i ge . Wh at did t h e h o r se c os t ?

20 . A a nd B a re T h e y t r a v e l t o wa r d e a ch
5 7 m il e s a pa rt .

o t h e r u nt il t h e y m ee t A t r a v e li n g t w i c e as m a n y m il e s as B
,
.

How m a y n m il es did A t r a v e l ?

21 . A h as t w i ce as m a n y a c re s o f l a n d as B ,
a nd B h as t h r ee
t i m es as m a ny a c r es as C . I f a l l o f t h e m h a v e 2400 ac re s ,

h o w m a ny a c r es h a ve A a n d B t o g e t h er ?

E x e r c i s e 33 O ral P r ac ti c e

D o this i
e nt re li st in 2 8 m i nu t e s .

1 . A m e r c h a nt so ld x ya r d s of Sil k fo r 34 5 . Wh a t w ill
r e pr e se nt t he c ost pe r ya r d ?

2 . If a m a n h as a h a lf- d o ll ars a nd b q u a rt e rs , h o w m a n y
c en t s h as h e ? H o w m a ny d o ll a r s ?

3 . I n di c a t e t he s um of a and b, di m i n i s h e d b y c . Th e
s um o f 3x and x , di m i n i s h e d b y y .

4 . Wh a t w ill r e pr ese n t the s um of t h re e Co n sec ut iv e

num b ers o f wh i c h 8 is t h e sm a ll es t ? Of wh i c h 8 is t h e m iddl e
nu m b e r ?
66 E LE M E N TARY ALG E BRA

5 . I f t h er e a re x t en s a nd y u n i t s in a n umb er , w h a t w ill
r
r e p es e n t the n u m b er ?
6 . Ho w m u c h bu tt er , at b c ents a po u n d , w ill pay fo r n

po u n d s o f t ea at 60 c e nts a po u n d ?

7 . W h a t w ill d e n o t e t h e nu m b e r of sq u are fe e t in a pi e c e
of pa per l ya r d s l on g and w fe e t w id e ?
8 . A farm e r r ec e iv e d d o ll ar s fo r s h e e p
x wh i c h h e so ld at

y d o ll a rs a h ea d . H o w m a n y did h e s e ll ?

Fi n d t h e v a lu e o f a b u s h e l s o f a ppl e s
9 . at m c e nts a pe c k
a n d b bu s h e l s o f pe a r s a t n c e n t s a p e e k .

10 . If a r e pr e s e n t s a n i n t e g er ,
wh en do e s a + 1 re pr es e n t a n

e v e n n um b er ? Wh e n a n o dd n u m b e r ?

11 . I f t h e di ffe r e n c e b e t w e e n t wo n u m b e r s is 45 a nd t he
l ar g er one is x, w h a t is t h e sm a ll e r n um b er ?
12 . What w ill r e prese n t the s um of t h r ee c o n se c u t iv e
e v en num b e rs o f wh i c h 3 is t h e sm a ll est ? s t he l ar g est ?
13 . The su m of two n u m b er s is 1 7 5 , and the differ e n c e
b e t we e n t h em Is 5 t i m e s t h e s m a ll e r . Fi n d t h e n u m b ers .

14 . Th e s um o f ge s of 3 b o ys is 6x ye ars
t he a . I f t h e y liv e ,

w h a t will b e t h e s um o f t h e i r a g es in 8 yea r s ?

C LEARI N G E QUA TI O NS OF FRA C TI O NS

96 Cl e aring
. of Fr a c tio n s . An eq u a t i o n c o n t a i n i n g fr a c
t io n s m u st b e c h an g e d so a s t o r e m o v e t h e f r ac t i o n s b e f o r e

it c an be so lv e d . O b se rv e t h a t

M ulti plyin g th i f c ti s ra on by 20 , a m u l tip l e of it s d eno m i n a t o r , t h e

c
pro d u t is a wh o l e n um b er M u lti p lyi n g a n y fr a ti o n by a m ul tipl e
. c
o f it s d e n o m i n a to r gi v e s a wh o l e n um b e r , for t h e d e n o m i n a t o r a n ce ls c
w it h o ne fa c t or of t h e m ulti p li e r .
 E Q UATIO N S 67

97 . P rinc ipl e . If any fr a ction i s mu l tipl ied by a mu l ti pl e

of i ts denomina tor , the pr odu c t i s a w hol e n u m ber .

98 . Prob l e m . To c ea r o f
l fr a c t i o n s , t he e qu at o n i
x x x x

2 6
M ultiply b t h o m e m b e rs t h i s e qu a ti o n b y 1 2 t h e l e a s t
of , co mm o n

multipl e o f t h e d en o m i n a t ors b y m u lti pl y in g ea c h t e r m in it

, ,
a pp l yi n g
c a n c e l l a ti on t o th e fr a c ti o n a l t er m s an d t h e r e sult is ,

6x -
60 + 2x M
( u lt . Ax i o m ) (2)
E v er y t e rm in t h i s eq u a t i o n is a w h o l e n um b e r . This
w o r k is ca ll e d c l e arin g an e qu ation of fr a c tio n s .

In d es c ribi n g t h i s t ra ns fo r m a ti o n o f a n e qu a ti on s t ud e n t s sh o u ld ,

t e ll b y w h a t t h ey m u lti p ly b o t h m em b e r s o f t h e e qua ti o n r a th er t h a n
“ ,

use t h e e xp r e ss i o n cl ea ri ng of fr ac tion s i e
,
th e y s h o ul d s ay : b y t h e
,
. .
,
”
u se o f t h e m ulti p li c a ti o n a x i o m etc ,
.

So lvi n g eq ua t io n x =8

C h ec ki n g in
4 5
or , -
1 1

E x er c i s e 34

of fr a c t i o n s ,
so lv e ,
c he ck t he fo ll o w i n g

g
3 .

g
68 E LE M E N TARY ALG E BRA
E x erc i s e 35 —
P r ob l e m s an d E qua tions
S o lv e a n d c h ec k the fo ll o w i n g
1 . A w om an
boug h t sil k a t $ 2 a ya r d a n d h a d 3 1 4 l e ft .

T wi c e a s m a n y y a r d s a t a ya r d w o u ld h a v e c os t 34

m o re t h a n s h e h a d Fi n d t h e c o st o f t h e s il k b ough t
. .

Le t n the b er o f yar d s sh e bo u gh t ;
n um

th e n 2n 14 t h e n u m b e r o f d o ll a r s s h e h a d ,

and 3n 4 t h e n u m b er o f d o ll a r s s h e h a d .

3n 4 2n 14
n 1 8, a nd 2n 36 c os t of Silk ) .

C h ec k 3 -1 8
50 50

2 . A h as tw i c e as m any sh e e p as B and 35 l ess t h an C I f .

al l h ave 63 5 , h o w m a n y h as A?
x x x 2 3s + 5
3 ““

3 9
“

3
+
3 10

5 A b o y as i as
. h m a y 5 c e n t p i e c es
n -
as dim es . I f h e h as
39 in a l l , h o w m an y c oi n s h a s h e ?
—
6n 9 2n
°
y y y
3 9 5 3 3

8 . A and B t o ge t h er ea rn $ 200 a m o nt h ; A an d C , 32 1 5 ;
B and C , 323 5 . How m u c h d o a l l ea r n ?

x x x 4s + 5 2s
9 10 :

16
. .

5 4 7

11 . Tw o h o rses c o st $ 3 50 , o n e c ost n i g 1 5 t im e s as mu ch as

the o t he r .
-Fi n d t h e c o st o f ea c h .

12 . H a lf of a n u m b e r di m i n i sh e d b y 6 is e q u a l
, , to f t
of the num b e r , i n c r ea s e d b y 2 Fi n d t h e n u m b e r
. .

13 . The s um of t he a g es of m ot h er an d d augh t e r is 4 8
y e a r s ,
a n d the di ffe r e n c e b et w ee n t h e i r a g e s is f o u r t i m es t h e
d a ugh t e r ’
s ag e Fi n d t h e m o t h er s a g e
.
’
.
 E LE M E N TARY ALG E BRA
G E N E R AL R E VI E W

E xerc i s e 3 6 O ra l R e v ie w

D o t h i s p a g e in 1 5 m i n ut es .

1 . E xpr e s s s ix t i m e s t h e pro du c t of a an d b, i n c re a s e d b y 3
t i m es t h e s um o f x a n d y .

2 . W h a t w ill r e pre se n t t he sum o f 4 c o n s e c u t iv e nu m b e r s

of whi ch x is t h e l a r ges t ?
3 . A m a n s c a pi t a l d o ub l e d fo r 3 s u c c e ssiv e ye ars
’
,
w h e n it
wa s How m u c h h a d h e at fi rst ?
4 . W h at is t h e ag e o f a m a n w h o y yea rs ag o w as a t i m es
t he ag e o f a b oy wh o se a g e w a s x yea rs ?

5 . Ho w m a n y sq u are ya r d s a re t h e r e in t h e w a ll s of a

ro o m 3x fe et b y 2x fe et and y f e e t h ig h ?
6 . W h a t w ill r e p res e n t the s um o f 5 c o ns e c u t iv e n u m b ers
of wh i c h m is t h e m iddl e one ?

7 . A b oy h ad a d o ll a r s . He d b d o ll ar s
ea r n e and t hen
s pe n t c d o ll a rs . How m uch did h e h a v e l e ft ?
8 . If one n u m ber is n a n d a n ot h er n u m b e r is 4 t i mes as

l arge ,
w h a t is t h e s um o f the n u m b e rs ?
A fa rm c o st
'

9 . 3 t i m es as m uch as a h o use . I f t h e fa r m
c o st 36200 m o re t h a n t h e h o u se w h at did b o t h c o st ? ,

1 0 I f a fi e ld is x r od s s q u a r e h o w m a n y r o d s o f f e n c e will
.
,

b e re q ui r e d to e n c l o se it a n d divid e it i n t o 4 s q u a res ?
1 1 A gi r l h as x q u ar t e r s y di m e s a n d z n i c ke l s
.
,
G iv e a n,
.

e x pres s i o n t o d e n o t e h o w m a n y d o ll a rs s h e h as .

1 2 W h at will d e n o t e t h e n u m b er o f f ee t in t h e pe r i m e t e r
.

of a r e c t a n gl e 5x feet lo n g a n d 3 x fe et wid e ?
1 3 A m a n b o ug h t x S h ee p a t a d o ll a r s a h e a d a n d h a d b
.

d o ll ars l e ft Ho w m u c h m o n ey h a d h e at fi rst ?
.

1 4 A h o u se c o s t 3 t i m e s a s m u c h as t h e l o t , o n e c o s t i n g
.

$ 50 00 l e s s t h a n t h e o t h e r W h a t did b o t h c o s t ?
.
 G E N E RAL RE VI E W 71

E xe rc i s e 3 7 Writt e n R ev i ew

So lv e al l t h e pro b l em s of t h i s p a g e in 2 0 m i n ut e s .

A is t o B an d the s um o f t he ir
’ ’
1 . s ag e s as 5 to 7, a ge s
is 1 3 2 ye ar s . Fi n d t he ag e of each .

Le t 5 n = t h e n u m b e r o f ye a rs in A
’
s ag e ,

7 n = th e n u m b e r o f e a r s in B
’
and y s ag e .

5 n + 7u 132

Th e pu p il w ill un d e rs t a n d t h a t t h e n u m b e r s o ug h t is not the l

v a ue

o f n , b u t t h e n um b e rs r e p r e s e n t e d b y 5 n a n d 7 n .

2 . B
’
s age is t o A
’
s a s4 to 7 , and t he diff e re n c e b e t we e n
t hei r a ge s is 2 7 ye a rs . Fi n d A
’
s age .

3Se v e n b o ys a n d 1 2 m e n ea r n $ 2 7 5 a w e ek
. I f e ac h m an .

e a r n s 4 t i m es as m u c h as e a c h b o y , h o w m u c h d o t h e 7

b o ys ea rn per w ee k ?
4 . A h as 3 t i m es as m a ny c ows a s B ; b ut if A S h o uld se ll
6 to B , t h ey w o u ld t h e n h a v e t h e s am e n u m ber . H o w m a ny
c o ws h a ve bo t h m en ?

T h re e m e n e n g a g e in b u s i n e ss w i t h a c a pi t a l o f
5 .

B i n v e s t s h a lf a s m u c h as A a n d $ 2 0 0 m o re t h a n G . H ow
m u c h h a ve A a n d B i n v e s t e d ?
6 . A B , , C, a nd D h a v e 2 90 s h ee p . B h as 1 5 m o re t h a n
A , C h as 1 5 m o re t h a n B , an d D h a s 1 5 m o re t h a n G . Ho w
m a ny h a v e A a nd B?
T h ree m e n ra i s e d 1 684 b us h e l s o f o a t s A ra i s e d
7 . . 3 t i m es
a s m a n y b u s h e l s a s C a n d 1 8 5 b us h e l s m o r e t h a n B
,
. Ho w
m a ny b us h e l s did B a n d C ra i se ?
8 . A h o rs e , c arr ai ge ,
a nd h a r n e ss c o st $3 5 0 . T h e h o rs e
c o st $ 95 m o re t h a n t h e h a rn ess , and the c a rr a i g e $3 5 l e s s t h a n
t h e h o r se . Fi n d th e c ost Of t h e h o rs e .

9 . A g es a t 3 ¢ a pi ec e a n d h a d 20 ¢ l e ft
b o y b o ug h t o ra n .

At 5 ¢ a pi ec e h e w o u ld h a v e n ee d e d 1 6¢ m o re t o pay for
,

t h em How m any did h e bu y?

.
72 E LE M E N TARY ALG E BRA
E x e rc i s e 3 8 Q u e s ti o n s and P r ob l e m s

1 . D e fi ne a l gebra i c exp ress ion ; te rm ; mo no mia l ; p ol y

n om i a l ; s im i l a r te r ms ; va l ue o f a n a l g ebra i c ex p r es s ion .

2 . F ro m w h at e x pr es s o n i m u st 9x + 6y -
5z b e su btra c t e d
giv e — 4x — 3
to y+ 5 z ?

3 . H ow a re 8 9 and 6 9 add e d in ar ithm eti c ? Why

c a nn ot 9a and 8a be a dd e d in th e sam e m a nn e r ?

4 . Wh at ar e th e f a c t o rs of a n um b e r ? Di s t i n gui s h
b e t w ee n t h e pa r ts o f a n um b e r a n d t h e fa ctors o f it .

5 . H o w m ay n um b e r s whic h a re e x pr esse d by 2 fa c t o rs
be a dd e d if ,
t h ey h a v e a c om m on fa c t or ?
6 . Ho w is 4 8 s ub t ra c t e d f ro m 9 8 in
-
ar it hm e t i c ? In
wh a t ot h e r w a y m ig h t it b e s ub t r a c t e d?
7 . W h at e x pr es s o n i m u st b e s ub t r a c t e d fr o m 7a —
5 b+ 4 c
to giv e 9a + 6b -
2 c?

8 . D efin e id en tity ; equ a ti on o f c on di tion . G iv e ex am p es l

a n d show h ow t h e y di ff e r .

9 . Si m plify 9a ( b
2 c ) + 2 d ( 5 a + 3 b) + 4 c 2d , and find
it s v a lu e if a =8 b — 4, c — 5 .
,

10 . A dd — c
) ,

— — 4 b— c
+ b( b c ) , a n d a ( b + c ) ( ) .

11 . How is t h e c o rr e c t n e ss o f s u b t ra c t i o n pro v e d in ar ith

m et i c ? Is t h e sam e t es t a pp li c a b l e in a lg e b ra ?

12 .
—
Sub t r a c t 2 z + x 2u + y + 7 fro m th e s um of
—
4x 2 y+
— — —
5z u a n d 3 y + 6 4 z 2 x .

13 . P erf o r m
di ffere n t o pe ra t i o n s o n a n e q u a t i o n s o t h a t
two
o n e t e r m s h a ll b e t r a n s pose d f ro m e a c h m e m b e r .

14 . D e s c rib e fou r o pe r a t i o n s w h i c h c h a n g e t h e form a n d

v a l ue of t h e m e m b e rs o f a n e q u at i o n b ut n o t t h e i r equ a l ity,
.
 G E N E RAL R E VI E W 73

Wh at i m ust b e dd e d —
6x 5 4 giv
15 . e x pr ess o n a to y + z t o e

9x + 4 y — 7z ?

16 . In the id e nt i t y 5x + 3 x —4 x w h at n um be r
, ,

d oe s x re pr ese n t ?

17 . Fro m 3 b — — — —
2 c + 5 d 4 e s ub t r a c t t h e s um o f 3 d 5 e 4 c
—
+ 2b an d c + e + 2d 4b .

18 . H o w d o yo u s ub t r a c t o ne t e rm from ano t h er , if the

t w o t e rm s a re p a r t l y s im il a r ?
19 .
—
T o w h a t e x p r es s i o n m u st 8 a 4 b+ 9c be a dd e d to giv e
— gi v e
5a + 2b 60 ? To 0?

20 . Define r o ot o f a n i
e qu a t o n . Ho w d o yo u d e t e r m i n e
w h et h e r a num ber is a r oo t o f a n e q u a t o n ? i
21 . Su b t r a c t 2a — 4b + 5 fr o m 0, and a dd t he di ff e r e n c e to
t he s um o f 5a — 3 c a n d un ity.

22 . N a me t he diffe re n t s t e ps in t h e s o l ut i o n o f a pro b l e m b y
t he u se o f a n e qu a t i o n I ll us t r a t e
. .

23 . W h a t m us t b e t ru e of two n u m b er e x pr es s o n s i in or der
t h a t w e m a y pl a c e t h e m e q ua l to fo rm a n e quat o n ? i
24 S t a t et h e pr i n c i pl e fo r
. l i g t wo
enc os n or m o r e t erm s of a

po ly n o m i a l in a pa re n t h es i s . I ll ust r at e .

25 . Ho w are te rm s t h at a re p a rt l y s i m il ar a dd e d ? Wr i t e
3 t erm s t h at a re p a r t l y s i m il a r a nd a d d t he m .

26 Fr o m t he sum o f 2 x y + 3 xz a nd 3z — 2 xz + x y sub
yz
-
.

—
tra c t t he s u m o f xx n d 5 z + 3 xy xx
-
yz a .

27 . A dd a a(— x )
— — a a — x
( a 2) ( ) ,
and a a ( + 3)
28 .H o w d o yo u pro v e w h et h e r t h e n u m b e r s fo u n d in
s o l vi n g a pr o b l e m s a t i s fy t h e c o n di t i o n s o f t h e pr o b l e m ?
 C H A P T E R VI I

G RAP HIN G D ATA S OLVI N G S I M ULTANE O US

.

E Q UATI O N S G RAP H I CALLY

O R AP H IN G D ATA

99 . G r aph in g , as w as ill u s t r a t e d in C h a pt e r V m ea n s ,

r e prese n t n i g b y pi c t u re s a n d di a g r a m s .

1 00 . Th e di a gr a m s an d e x e r c ses i bel ow show how t o

p i c t u r e l a w s t h a t c o nn e c t t w o se t s o f re l a t e d n um b ers s uc h ,

a s p r i c e s a n d d a t es t e m pe r a t u re s a n d t i m e s e t c when t he
'

, ,
.
,

l a w s c a n n o t b e expre s s e d a s e q u a t i o n s a s w e ll as w h e n t h e y ,

c a n b e s o ex pr e ss e d .

E x e r c i s e 39

L a o “
)

1 . In a n e w s p a pe r of J a n u ary 1 9 1 6, t h e
E ,
H m
i fr o m Ja n 1 0 t o 1 5 o n a
of w h e at
'
S

p c es
r
U
a u .

n m
e
p
0
B o a r d o f T r a d e w e r e giv e n a s in t h e fig ur e .

e
S
T h e n um b e r s a l o n g t h e h o r i z o n t a l a r e t h e
c I ?5
m .o n

“m “
p

d a t es a n d t h o se a l o n g t h e v ert i c a l t h e
, ,

pr i c es p er b u s h e l W h a t w a s t h e pri c e o f w h e at o n Ja n
. .

10? On Ja n 1 1 ?. 1 2? 13? 14? 1 5?

2 . On w h a t d a t e w as t h e pr i c e h ig h es t ? L o w est ? Be
t w ee n w h a t d a t es did t h e pr i c e c h a n g e m o st ?
3 . Th e a Sh a r e fo r
v erage pr ce i p er ,

d at e s Ja n 8 1 5 1 9 1 6 o f 20 l e a di n g
.
-
, ,

s t o c ks o f t h e N e w Y o r k S t o c k E x c h a n g e ,

w as a s s h o w n In t h e figu re Ho w m u c h .

did t h e pri c e f a ll fr o m Ja n 8 t o Ja n 1 0 ? . .

B e t w ee n w h a t o t h e r d a t e s did t h e pr i c e
9 ‘5
fa ll ? R i se ? W h a t d ay w a s t h e r i se
g re a t e s t ? T h e fa ll g re at e s t ?
74
 GRA P H I N G D ATA

4 . Wh a t w a s th e a v er a g e pr i c e of th ese st o c ks on Ja n .

11? On Ja n . 14 ? O n Ja n . 15?

J A N JS
5 . Th e h o url y t e m pe r a t u r e s
fr o m 6 a . m . to 6 p m . of Ja n .

1 8 , 1 9 1 6, in C h i c a g o , w er e as

shown in t he
O b se r v e figur e .

t h e d e g r e e n um b e r s a l o n g t h e
-

v e rt i c a l and the h o ur n u m b e r s -

a l o n g t h e h o ri z o nt a l a n d giv e ,

t h e t e m pera t ur e m ; at
i

at 6 a . .

9 am ; at 1 2 m ;
. . . at 2 p m ; . .

at 6 p m . .

6 . At w h at h o ur w as th e
t e zn p e r a t u r e l o w es t o n Ja n . 18 ?
At Wh a t h o u r s h ig h est ?
Wh e n doe s t h e g r a ph S h o w the
t e m pe r a t u r e s t a t o n a ry ?
i
In g r a p h i n g t e m per a t u r e s t h e lin es c o n n e c ti n g t h e po i n ts t h a t r e pr e
,

s e n t h o ur ly r e a d i n g s d o n o t r e pr e se n t t h e t e m p e r a t u r e s fo r t h e
i n t e rm ed i a t e po i n t s T h e t e m pe r a t ur e w as pr o b a b ly n o t s t a ti o n ary
.

at a n y ti m e B ut fro m t he h o ur ly r e a d i n gs it w as a ppa r e n tly

.

s t a ti o n ar y N e v e r t h e l e ss t h e g r a p hs gi v e a g oo d n o ti o n o f t h e g e n e ra l
.
,

tr en d o f t h e t e m pe r a t ur e fo r t h e d ay .

7 . The h o ur l y t h e rm o m e t er rea di n g s fr o m 6 a . m . to 6
p m
. . on Ja n 1 7 , 1 9 1 6 , in C h i c a g o , w e r e :
.

A . M . M . P . M .

H o u rs 6 7 8 9, 10, 1 1, 1 2, 1,
R e ad i n g +2 2 ,
O ,

Sh o w t h a t t h e t e m pe r a t u r e li n e is JAN n

as giv e n in t h e fig ure W h e n w a s .

it c o ld es t ? Wa rm e s t ? W h e n g r o w
in g c o l d e r ? Warm er ? When
s t a t i o n a ry b y t h e g ra ph ?

See t
no e a ft er pr o bl e m 6 .
76 E L E M E N TARY ALG E BRA

8 . T h e h o u rl y t em pe r a t u re c ur v e

fr o m 6 p 111 Ja n 1 7 t o 6 a In
. . . . .

Ja n . 1 8 , 1 9 1 6, w as a s s h ow n in
th e fig ur e . W h at w as t h e th e r
m o m e ter 7 p m ? At
rea di n g at . .

8 , 9, 1 0 , a n d 1 1 p m ? A t m id . .

n ig h t ? At 3 a m o f t h e 1 8 t h ? . .

At 5 a . m ? At 6 a . m ? .

9 Fr o m Ja n 1 7 6 p m t o Ja n 1 8 6 a m w h e n w a s
. .
,
. . .
,
. .

it g rowi n g w a r m er ? C o ld e r ? W h e n st a t i o n a ry b y t h e g r a ph ?
1 0 A c l a s s s t u di e d t h e m o v e .

m e n t o f a s n a il by h a vi n g it
c ra wl a l on g a fo o t r ul e The -
.

o b se r vi n g t i m e in m i n u t e s w a s , ,

w r i t t en al o n g t h e h o r i z o n t a l ,

an d t h e di s t a n c e s c r a w l e d in ,

i n c h e s a l o n g a v e rt i c a l givi n g , ,
o m g z
b zdr g
2 3 4 ’

a p i c t u r e of t h e s n a il s r a t e o f
’
l s

c r a w li n g a s in t h e fig u re Ho w .

fa r h a d t h e s n a il c r a w l e d t h e fi r s t m i n u t e ? Th e fi rs t 2
m in ? . In 4 m in ? . In 6 m in ? . In 12 m in ? . Wh at
m i nu te did it c r a w l m o st r a pidl y ? M o s t s l o w l y ?
11 . T h e d a il y g r o w t h s o f a t u li p in i n c h e s w e re :
D ay . .

H e ig h t . 14 3 35 6 8 84 9 1 04 1 1 5 - :
12

M a rk o ff t h e d a ys a l o n g a
h o r i z o n t a l a n d t h e g r o wt h s a l o n g
v e rt i c a l s t h ro u g h 1 2 3 e t c , , ,
.
,

u s i n g a sc a l e of 1 s h o rt s id e t o .

1 i n c h a n d d r a w a b r o ke n li n e
,

c o n n e c t i n g t h e po i n t s .

W h a t w as t h e l e as t g r o wt h o n
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 a y d ay
n ? Th e g rea t es t g r o wt h ?
DA YS
78 E LE M E N TARY ALG E BRA

17 . Th e ra t e p e r c e n t being 5, g ra ph t he f o ll o w i n g perc e n t
a ge s and b as e s :

B as e $ 1 00 , $ 2 00 , $ 300 , $ 400 $ 5 00 , $ 600 , $ 7 00 , $ 800 , $ 900 , $ 1 000

,

P er c e n t a g e . $ 5 $ 1 0 , $ 1 5 , $ 2 0 , $ 2 5 , $ 30 , $ 35 , $ 40 , $ 4 5 ,
, $ 50

5 10 0 2 0 0 30 0 4 0 0 50 0 60 0 70 0 8 0 0 9 0 0 10 0 0
B as e c a e S l
1 h or i o n a sp ace
t l
e r c a sp ace
z

1 v ti l $5

T h e r e is l
a so an a lg eb r a i c e x pr ess o n i of t h is l aw , t h us ,

18 . If now we t ake an a lg eb r a c i l aw k e =
li y x + 1 , w e m ay
g

s ub st it u t e s u c c es s iv e v a l u e s o f x ,
r ig h t a n d l e f t f r o m 0 , a n d

c a l cu l a te the c o r r es p o n di n g v a l ues of y, t h u s

— 1 —
x = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 0, ,
5, etc .

=2 3) 4: 5; 6: 1; 0,
y 1

M a r k o ff t h e x v a l ue s a l o n g t h e -

h o r i z o n t a l t o t h e r ig h t if po s i t iv e
, ,

a n d t o t h e l e ft if n e g a t iv e M e a s ure .
,

t o a c o n v e n i e nt s c a l e t h e c o rr e ,

s po n d in g y v a l ues o n t h e v e rt i c a l s
-
,

u pw a r d if po s i t iv e a n d d o w nw a r d
if n e g a t iv e C o n n e c t t h e po i n t s
.

w i t h a li n e T h i s li n e is t h e g ra ph
.

G r a ph of =x+ 1 of = x+ 1
y y .
 GRA P H I N G D ATA 9

19 G raph the a lg e b r a i c l aw = 2
by s ub s t it ut i n g
.
y x ,

s u c ces siv e v a l u es fo r a: and l

c a c u at n l i g in y$ x
2
,
t he
co rr e s po n di n g v a l u es o f y .

x= 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, — 3 — 5 et c
, ,
.

y 0, 1, 4, 9, 1 6, 25 , 9, 1 6, 2 5 , et c .

G raph o f y = x2

S l ca e
1 h ori o t l p
z n a s ace 1
1 v rt i l p
e ca s a ce 10

M ark t he x an d y
-
v a u e s o ff o n
l h o ri z o n t a l a n d v e r t ic a l s
'
.

20 . G r a ph t h e a lg e b ra i c l a w cc 25 , or y 2 —— 2
l y
by l l i
c a c u a t n g v a ue s l o f y a n d pl o tt i n g po i n t s a s ab o v e :

a: O 1 2 3 4 5 1 —2 — 3 —4 —5 etc
, .

y
$ 5 $ 4 $ 3 0 $ 4 $ 3 0, e tc .

G r a ph of y V 25 — x
3 ‘

o r at
?
+y 2
25

*
Th e e x pr es s o n i — x 2 m e an s th e s qu ar e roo t o f 25 — 23
2
.

s ig n m e an s t h at t h e n u m b er c a l c ula t e d fo r
‘

V 25 — :c
2
m ay b e
po s iti v e or ne ga ti v e .
80 E LE M E N TARY ALG E BRA

101 . Fr o m v e pr o b l e m s it is s e e n t h a t a g ro u p o f
the abo

fa c t s e x pr e s se d b y t wo diff e r e nt s e t s o f c o n n e c t e d n u m b e rs ,

li ke d a t es a n d prl c e s t i m e s a n d t e m pe r a t ur es a g es a n d
, ,

h e ig h t s x v a l u es a n d y v a l u e s in a n e q u at i o n m a y b e
,
- -
,

pi c t u r e d o r g r a ph e d ,
T h i s is g en e r all y d o n e b y m e as ur i n g
.

o ff t h e n u m b e r s o f o n e se t h o r i z o n t a ll y a n d o f t h e o t h e r s e t
.

v e rt i c a ll y l o c a t i n g po i n t s a n d t h e n c o n n e c t i n g t h e po i n t s
, , .

1 02 . Pro b l e m s 1 8 , 1 9, and 20 h av e show n t he fo ll o w i n g

i m po rt a nt f ac t s :
1 . i gl e e q u a t i o n in t w o u n kn o wn s is s at i s fi e d b y ma ny
A s n

p a i r s o f v a l u es o f t h e u n k n o w n s .

2 B y m e a su r i n g o ff x—v a l u e s h o r i z o nt a ll y a n d y v a l u es
.
-

v e rt i c a ll y t o s u it a b l e s c a l es l o c at i n g po i n t s a n d c o n n e c t i n g
,

t h e m e qu at i o n s m a y giv e e i t h er s t ra ig h t o r c u r v e d li n e
,

g r a ph s o r pi c t u res
,
.

3 E v e r y p a l r o f v a l ues o f x a n d y t h a t s a t i s fi es a giv e n
.

e q u at i o n giv es a po i n t p i c t ur e t h at li es o n o n e a n d t h e s am e
-

li n e o r c ur v e .

4 It is e a sy t o s ee t h at t h e x a n d y di st a n c e o f a ny
'

-
.

p o i n t o n t h e c u r v e f r o m t h e c h o s e n r e f e r e n c e li n e s w o u ld , ,

if sub st i t u t e d sa tisfy t h e e q u a t i o n t h at g a v e t h e g raph

,
.

1 03 In p r ob l e m 1 8 t h e g r a ph o f y = r + 1 w as f o u n d t o b e
.

a s tr a ig ht l i n e T h i s c o uld b e s h ow n by s t re t c h i n g a s t ri n g
.

a onl g the ro w o f p o n tsi A n y equ a tion in two u n kn own s in

.

whi ch ea ch u n kn own ha s the expon en t 1 ( a s 3 r

* — 2 y 1 ) giies a
—
s tra i ght l i n e g r a p h . Kn o w i n g t h i s , it is e a sy t o d r a w g r a ph s
i
'
of su c h eq u at i o n s v a l u es o f x
b y m er e l y c l oo s in g two ,

c a l c ul at i n g t h e c o rr es p o n di n g two v a l ue s fo r y lo c a t i n g t h e ,

t wo p oi n t s a n d d r a w i n g a s t r a ig h t li n e t h r o ug h t h e t w o
,

p o i n t s w i t h a r u l e r .

*
W it h li k e x 23 y y t h e s m a ll n um b er wr itten ( o r
n um b er s ,
2
, ,
2
,

un d er s t oo d ) a t t h e r igh t a n d a b o v e t h e l e tt e r is c a ll e d a n e xpon e n t .

W he n no n um b er is wr itt e n as w it h x o r n o r y 1 is und ers to o d t o , , , ,

b e t h e e xpo n e n t j u s t a s t h o u gh t h e wr itt e n f o r m s we r e 23 o r n o r y
,
1 ‘ ‘
, , ,
.
 GRA P H I N G D ATA 81

A t h i r d po i nt m a y w e ll b e ca cl ul a t e d a nd l o c at e d as a

c he ck on the wor k .

It is b e s t n ot t o t a ke t h e v a l u e s o f a: t o o n ear t o g e t h e r a s ,

it is diffi c u l t to dr aw a li n e a c c u r at e l y t h r o u g h t w o v e r y n ea r

p o i
n ts .

1 04 Lin e ar E q ua tio n s Si n c e e q u at i o n s in t w o u n kn o w n s
. .

b o t h w i t h e x p o n e n t 1 h a v e s t r a ig h t li n e g ra ph s t h e y a r e
,
-
,

c o m m o n l y c a ll e d l in e ar e qua tio n s .

1 . G r a ph t h e li n ea r e quat o n i
3x
T a ke x=0 + 3, 2, and
-
,

c o m pu
—3
te y + 4,
The n u m b e r- p a r s i fo r t h e po i n t s ar e
Q

wri t t e n t h u s :

<0 , <3 2’
frgrfgrgss
-
,
A ph
th e fi rst n um b e r in t he p a r e n t h es 1 s
G raph of 3x _ 2y = 1
be i ng t h e l
x- v a u e .

G r a ph t h e fi rs t tw o po i nt s ( 0 and (3 as a t A , ,

and B d r aw a li n e t h ro ugh t h e m w i t h a r ul e r a n d t es t
, ,

w h et h er t h e po i n t — 2 li e s o n t h e li n e as a t C .
, ,

2 . In a s i m il a r way g ra ph e a c h o f t h e fo ll o wi n g eq u at i o ns :
1 =x— 2 2 y
= x — 4 3 = 2x
.
y . .
y
4 =4— x 5 = 2x — 1 6 = 2r +3
.
y .
y .
y ~

7 x + 2y = 6 8 2x — =4 9 —
3x 4 =4
. .
y .
y

1 05 . We h av e
j u s t s ee n t h a t o ne li n ea r e q u a t i o n in t w o
u n k no w n s is s a t i s fi e d b y ma n y p a i rs o f v a l ues o f a: a n d y .

B ut two li n ea r e q u a t i o n s in t w o u n kn o w n s s u c h as
,

2x+ y = 7
—
2y x = 4
c an bot h b e s at s i fied at the sam e t i m e by on l y one pa ir o f
v a l ue s o f x and y .
82 E LE M E N TARY ALG E BRA

Fo r e xam p e , l g ra ph 2x + y 7,

i g
us n x= + 1, + 3 , a nd — 1,
givi n g = + 5, + 1, and +9
y

an d g ra ph —
2 y sc = 4 ,
u i g and —
s n a: 0, + 4, 3,
givi n g = + 2 , + 4, and
y ( Se e figu re ) .

N ow , we ask, c an a po i n t l ie so a s

to giv e x and —di s t a n c e s t h a t w ill

y
s a t i s fy both e q u at i o n s ?
Th e a n s w e r is yes Th e .
po i nt of

i nt e rs e c t i o n ,
P, of t he g r a ph s sat

is fi e s t he re q ui r e m e n t . Fo r the
i
po n t , P, x = +2 and = + 3, a nd
y
these v a l uesi fy b o t h e q u a t i o n s
s at s .

H e n c e t h e x a n d y di st a n c es of th e
,
-

p o i n t o f i n t e r s ec t io n o f t h e g r a ph s
Si m ult a n eo us Equa ti o n s
a r e th e g r a ph i c a l s olu tio n of t h e t w o
I n t er s e c ti n g G ra ph s
giv e n li n e a r e q u a t i o n s Si n c e t h e .

g r a ph s c r o ss at lyon on e p o i n t t h e r e is on l y on e so lu t i o n

of t he pa i r o f e q u a t i o n s .

10 6 H e n c e , two l in ea r
. equ a ti n s o i n two u n kn own s ca n be
sa ti sfied by on l y o ne p a i r o f va l u es o f the u n kn own s .

S OLVIN G S I M ULTANE O US E Q UATIO N S G RA P H I CALLY

1 07 . Sim ul tan e ous E qu atio n s E q u at i o n s t h at c a n b e
.

sa t i s fi e d by t h e s a m e v a l u es o f t h e u n kn o w n s a r e c a ll e d

s imu l tan e ou s eq u atio n s .

10 8 . It is n ow w o r t h w h il e t o s ee t hat n ot a l l i
p a rs of

li ne a r i in t w o u n kn o w n s c a n b e sa t i s fi e d b y e v e n
e q u at o n s

o n e pa i r o f v a lu e s o f t h e u n k n o w n s .

Tw o o r m o r e e q u a t i o n s c o n s id e r e d t o g e t h e r a re s a id t o
f o rm a s ys t e m .
 S OLVI N G E Q UATIO N S GRA P H I C ALLY

1 2y -
x =4
s ys t e m
.

1 C o n s1 d er t h e —
3x = 6
.

2 . 6y

The g r a ph s o f t h e e q u at i o n s a r e s h o w n in t h e fig u r e .

Dividi n g 2 t h ro ugh b y 3 g i v es 2 y x = 2 a n d t h e g r a p h o n
—
, ,

w h i c h t h i s is w r i t t e n is t h e g r a p h o f 6y 3 x = 6
—
Th e g r a ph s .

a re a p a i r o f p a ra l l el l i n es T h ey .

do n ot m ee t , an d t h er e is no

po i n t t h a t li e s on b o t h g r a ph s .

T h i s m ea n s t h e r e is n o pa i r o f
v a l ue s o f x a n d y t h a t w ill sa t si fy X
1

b ot h e qua t i o n s .

1 09 . I n c on s i s te n t E qu a ti on s .
N o n Sim U It a n eo u s E
'
qua ti o n s
P ar a ll e l G r a ph s
E q ua t i o n s w h i c h c a n n ot be sat s i
fi e d b y a ny p a i r of v a l ues o f the u n kn o w n s a r e c a ll e d n on

s im ul tan e ou s , o r in c on s i s te nt eq u atio n s .

T h a t t h e e q u at i o n s o f 1 0 8 a r e i n c o n s i s t e n t c a n b e s e e n
w i t h o ut g ra ph i n g b y dividi n g t h e s e c o n d t h r o u g h b y 3
,
.

T h i s d o es n o t c h a n g e t h e r e l a t io n b e t w e e n a: a n d y T h e n .

o n e e q u a t i o n s ays t h a t 2 y — x = 4 a n d t he o t he r t ha t 2 y x —
,
i

is a t the s a me tim e e q u a l t o 2 T h i s is o b vi o us l y a b su r d
. .

h
T e n u m —
b e r 2y x c a nno t a t the s a me time b e bo t h 4
, ,

and 2 .

1 10 . F or a sys tem o f two l i n ea r equ a tion s in two u n kn own s

to be ca pa bl e o f s ol u tio n , the e qu a tio n s mu s t be si mul ta n e o u s .

111 D e pe nd e n t E qua tio n s It is h o w e v er n o t s ufitcien t

. .
, ,

t h a t t h e e q u a t i o n s b e s i m ul t a n eo us We s h a ll n ow se e t h a t .

t w o li n e a r e q u a t i o n s in t w o u n k n o w n s c a n f a il t o giv e a
defin ite so lu t i o n b e c a u s e t h e y h a v e too m a n y s o l u t i o n s .

1 . C o n s id er t h e syst e m ,
84 E L EM E N TARY ALG E BRA

B o t h g r a ph s a r e s h ow n in t h e figu r e as a s n i gl e li n e .T hey
co nci id e . E v er y po i n t t h at is on one is on t he o t h er a l so .

Hence ,
any pair of v a l ues o f a: a n d

y that s at si fi es o ne of i the e qu at o n s ,

s a t i s fi es t h e o t h er a l s o Dividi n g .

t h e s e c o n d e q u at i o n t h r o u g h b y 3 ,

giv e s 2 y x = 5 w h i c h is i den ti ca l
—
,

X w i t h eq u at i o n 1 O n e e q u a t i o n de
.

p en d s o u t he o t h er in t h e s e n se t h at
D e p e n d en t E qua ti o n s o ne ca n be d e r iv e d f r o m t h e o t h er

C o i n c i d en t G r a ph s by s i m pl e d 1 v 1 sio n b y
. a n a rit h m e t i

c a l n u m b er .

Su c h i
e q uat o n s a r e c a ll e d d e pe n d e nt eq u a tio n s .

1 12 . Fi n a ll y for ,
a s ys te m of two l i n ea r equ a ti on s i n two
u n kn own s to be ca pa bl e o f s o l u ti on , the equ a ti on s mu s t be both
s imul ta n e o us a n d ind epe nd e n t .

E x e r c i s e 4 0 — G r aph i c a l S ol uti ons

So lv e t h e fo ll o wi n g s ys t e m s g r a ph i c a ll y ,
or in c as e t h er e
is no d e fi n i t e so lu t i o n ,
t e ll w h e t h e r t h e sys t e m is i n con si s ten t
or dep en den t :

x — =2 +y x =2
y
3r — 2y = 9 3x + 3y = 6

=
+y 5 = x 3
x y +

x — 3y = 1 3x — 5y = 1 1

2x — 5y = 1 5 = 2x — 3 —
5x 3 y = 3
y
5y — 2x x + 2y = 14 =
2x + y 1 0

Th e g r a ph i c a l w ay o f s o lvi n g e q u at i o n s m akes t h e m e an
in g o f s o lu t i o n s c l e a r ; b u t t h e a lg eb r ai c w a y of t h e n e x t
c h a pt e r is s h o rt er a n d a s i t c a n b e a pp li e d t o e q u a t i o n s in
,

3 4 5 a n d e v e n n u nk n o w n s it is a l so m u c h m o re g e ne ra ll y
, , , ,

u se fu l t h a n t h e g r a ph i c a l w ay .
86 E LE M E N TARY ALG E BRA

1 16 . In d e pe n d e nt e qua tio n s are e q u at io n s w h i c h c a n n o t b e

d er iv e d o n e f ro m t h e o t h er by a ddi t i o n o f o r m u l t i pli ,

c a t io n o r divi s i o n by a po s i t iv e o r n e g at iv e a r i t h m e t i c a l

n um b e r .

Th e e qua tio n s gi v e n b ov e ar e i n d e pe n d en t for o n e c an n o t b e

a ,

d er i v ed fro m t he o th er b y s i m pl e m ulti pl i c a ti on a nd d i v i s i o n So a l s o .

are 4x + 3y $ 2 8 an d 2r + 3 y = l 4 .

1 17 . A s ys te m of eq u atio n s is t wo o r m o re eq u a t io n s
i n v o lvi n g t wo or m o re u n kn o w n n u m b e r s a s , ,

By a s et of roo ts is m e a nt t h e v a lu es of t he u nkn o w n
n um be rs in a s ys t e m .

As h as b e e n n o t e d ea c h e q u at i o n o f a sys t em whe n t a ke n
, ,

b y i t s e lf is i n d e t erm i n at e
,
It w as n o t e d a l s o t h at o nl y o n e
.
, ,

se t o f r oo t s w ill sa t i s fy t w o i n d e pe n d e n t e q u a t io n s In t h e .

t w o s ys t e m s ab o v e x = 22 a n d y 5 in t h e fi rs t a n d x = 6 a n d
,
$

= 8 in t h e se c o n d w ere t h e s e t s o f r o o t s
y ,
.

Si m ul t a n eo u s s i m pl e i
e q u at o n s w er e lv e d g ra ph i c a ll y
so

in C h a pt e r VI I . Th ey w ill n ow be s o lv e d a lg e b r a i c a ll y .

To so lv e two s i m ul t a n e o us eq u at i o n s c ont a n n i i g t wo
u n kn o w n n u m b ers , it is n e c es s a ry to o b ta n i f ro m t hem a

s in g l e equ a ti on c o nt a n n i i g b ut on e u n kn o wn n um b e r .

Th is c an d o n e o nl y in c a s e t h e e q u at i o n s
be a re in d e pe n
d e nt as w e ll a s s im ul t an e o u s ; s e e 1 12 .

1 18 . E l imi n atio n is t h e pro ce s s of c om b n n i i g t wo or m ore

si m u l t a n eo u s e q u a t i o n s c o n t a i n i n g t w o o r m o re u n kn o w n
n u m b ers in s u c h a w a y as t o o b t a i n a s i n gl e e q u a t i o n in w h i c h

o n e o f t h e u n kn o w n n u m b e r s d o es n o t a ppe a r .
 E LI M I N ATIO N BY A D D ITIO N OR S UBTRA C TIO N 87

E LI M I NATIO N B Y AD D ITIO N O R S UB TRA CTIO N

1 19 . f o ll o wi n g exa m pl es i n di c a t e
Th e th e m et ho d of el i mi
i
n a t on b y a dd i tio n an d b y s ub tr a c t io n .

So lv e t h e s ys t e m s :

= 3x + 3 y = 9
x+ y 8 (1)
= 6 3 33 + y = 5
x -
y ( )
2

2x 14 2y = 4
a: 7 y 2

We a d d ( 2 ) t o m e m ber t o We s ub tra c t ( 2 ) fro m ( 1 )

m em b e r e li m i n a tin g y a n d t h e n
,
e li m i n a ti n g x
,
a n d t h e n fi n d t h e ,

fin d t h e v a l u e o f 23 . v a l ue o f y .

W e t h en sub s tit u t e t h es e v a l u es in o n e o f t h e e q ua ti o n s o f t h e sys

t e m t h a t g a v e it a n d fin d t h e v a l u e o f t h e o t h e r u n k n o wn n um b e r
, .

Fr o m = 1 From x =1
y
( 1) ( 1)
{x— y = 7 ( 2)
Ch e d ‘m g
{ 333 + y
=3 1+ 2 °
= 5 ( 2)

In exam p e l giv e n b e l o w w e m ul t i pl y b o t h m e m b e r s
3, ,
of

(2) by 2 a n d e li m i n a t e y b y s u b t r a c t i n g ( 3 ) f r o m

3 . 9x + 4 y = 4 3 ( )
1 4 . 3r + 2y = 2 l
3x + 2y = 1 7 ( 2) 2x + 3y = 1 9

9x + 4 y = 4 3 ( 1) 6w+ 4 y = 4 2
6r + 4 y = 3 4 (3 ) 6r + 9y = 5 7

9 5y = 1 5

In exam p e l 4 , w e m ul t i pl y ( 1 ) by 2 an d ( 2 ) by 3 a nd

e li m i n at e a: by s ub t ra c t n i g ( 3 ) fro m
1 20 . Rul e . D eter mi n e fi rs t whi c h o f the two u n kn own

n u mber s i t is m or e co n v en i en t to el imi n a te .

B y the mu l tipl ica tion a xio m, § 1 5 , ma ke the coe fil ci en ts o f

tha t u n kn own n u m ber the s a me i n both equ a tion s .

If the si gn s of the terms to be e l imi n a ted a re u n l i ke , a dd

the e qua tion s , me m ber to mem ber ; if a l ike , su btra c t one equ a

tion from the other , member fr om member .

88 E LE M E N TARY ALG E BRA
E x er c i s e 4 1

So l v e t h e fo ll ow i n g eq u at i ons ,
c h ec ki n g s om e of t h em

9x + 8 y = 12
4y — 6x —1

P RO BLE MS
1 21 . S ol v ing Pro b l e m s .In a lg e b ra m a ny pro bl e m s in
wh i c h two or m o re n u m b e r s a r e t o b e f o u n d c a n b e s o lv e d

by t h e u se of a s n i gl e i i g b ut o n e u n kn o w n
i
e q u a t o n c o nt a n n

num ber b ut in m a ny pr o b l e m s it is m o re c o n v e n i e n t t o
,

i nt ro du c e as m a ny u nkn o w n n u m b e rs a s t h e re a re n u m b e rs t o
b e fo u n d Su c h s ol ut io n s i n volv e a s ys tem of si mu l ta n eous
.

equ a tions a n d t o m a ke a s o lu t io n po ss i b l e t h er e m u s t b e a s
, ,

ma n y i n depen den t equa tion s as t h ere a r e u n kn o w n n u m b e rs

u se d .
90 E LE M E N TARY ALG E BRA

9 . A m an so ld 80 sh ee p fo r $ 390 , se lli n g s om e o f t h em at

$4 a hea d and the r es t a t $6 a h e a d . H ow m a n y s h ee p did h e

se ll a t ea c h pr i c e ?

10 . The s um o f t h ea g es of A an d B is 92 yea r s . I f B wer e

a s ol d h e is , his e x cee d A s
’
twic e as ag e w o uld ag e by 1 6
y e ar s . Fi n d th e a g e of e ac h .

11 . In l
a n e ec t o n i 5 1 63 m e n v o t e d fo r t wo c a n did a t es a n d ,

t he c an did at e e l e c t e d h a d a m a j o r i t y o f 567 Ho w m a n y .

v o t es did e a c h c a n did at e r e c e iv e ?

12 . The s um of tw o n um b e rs is 2 55 , and g of t he l a r g er
is eq u al to 5
} o f t h e sm a ll e r . B y h ow m u c h d oe s the l a rge r
n u m b er e x c ee d the s m a ll e r ?

13 T w e lv e m e n a n d 6 b o ys e a rn $ 24 a d a y
.
,
a nd at t he
s am e d a il y w a g es 7 m e n a n d 8 b o y s w o u ld e ar n
, a d ay .

How m u c h d o es e a c h m a n e arn per d a y ?

14 . A m ill er m i xes c o rn w ort h 80 ¢ a b us h e l w i t h oat s w ort h

m a ki n g a m i xt u re of 1 00 b u s h e l s w o r t h 7 2 ¢ a b ush e l .

H ow m a n y b u sh e l s o f e a c h d o es h e u se ?

15 . E ig ht y e a rs ag o B w as 3 t i m e s a s o l d as A ,
b ut if b o th
liv e 8 ye a rs , B w ill b e o n l y t w i c e as ol d as A . W h at w a s t h e
ag e o f e ac h 8 ye s ag o
a r ?

16 . A m erc h a n t so ld 4 8 y a r d s o f s il k fo r $ 8 9 , s e lli n g pa rt
of it at a ya r d a n d t h e re s t a t $ 2 a ya r d How m any .

y a r ds of t h e b e t t er s il k did he se ll ?
17 . A h a s 1 60 s h ee p in t w o fi e ld s . I f he t a ke s 1 5 fr o m t he
fi rs t fi e ld t o t h e se c o n d h e h a s t h e sa m e ,
n u m b er in eac h

fi e ld H o w m a n y are t h ere in e a c h fi e ld ?
.
 C H A P T E R IX

M ULTIPLI CATI O N

1 22 M ul ti pl i c a tio n is t h e of t aking n u m b er
‘

.
p o c ess
r on e

as a n a dd e n d a c e rt a i n n u m b e r o f t i m es .

15

1 23 . T h e mul ti pl i c an d is t h e n um b e r t a ke n as an a dd e n d .

1 24 . T h e m ul ti pli e r is t h e n um b e r wh i c h d en ot e s h o w m a ny
t i m es t h e m ul t i p li c a n d is t a k e n .

1 25 T h e pro d u c t is t h e lt of m ul t i pli c a t i o n
‘

. r es u .

THE S I G N OF T HE P RO D UC T
1 26 . T a ki n g + 5 twi ce as an a dd e n d w e h av e + 1 0 ;
, three
t im es , + 1 5 ; four t i m es , fi ve t i m e s + 2 5 T h u s ,
.
,

w hi c h a re the s a m e as

+ 1 5, + 20 , + 48 .

T a ki ng -
5 twice as a n a dd e n d w e h a v e 1 0 ; three t i m es
,

—1 5
; fou r t i m es ,
— 20
; fi v e t i m es
— 2 5 T h u s
,
.
,

4 -
20 , 7 — 35, 9 — 45
,

wh i c h a re t he sa m e a s

— 5) — 20 , “
35 , — 5) — 45

A ne g a tiv e m ul tipli e r m e a n s t h a t t h e p r o d u c t is o f t h e
o ppo s i t e q u a li t y f r o m w h a t it w o u ld b e if t h e m ul t i p li e r
w e r e p os i t iv e T h e r e f ore
.
,

— 4) — 20 — 6) — 5)
+ 42 + 40
Fro m the f o re g o i n g e x a m pl es ,

-
35
— 48
92 E L E M E N TARY ALG E BRA

F r o m t h ese r esu l ts w e m a y d e riv e a l aw of s ig ns fo r

m ul t i plyi n g pos itive a n d nega tiv e n u m b e rs .

1 27 . S i gn Law of M ul tipli c ation . Like s ig n s of two

n u m ber s i
g ev a p os i ti v e p rod u c t,
a nd u n li ke s ign s g i ve a neg a tive

p r od u c t .

mus t con ta in
i
1 28 . The p rod u ct of two or m ore n u m ber s as

fa ctors a l l the fa c tor s of ea ch o f the n u mbers .

Th u s =
2 a >< 3 b 2 3
- ~
a -
b = 6a b
,

E x er ci s e 43
G iv e t h e pr o d u c t s o f t h e fo ll o w i n g o ra ll y
1 . 3 a: 2 —
. ab 3 . 4a
2y 3c 3n

Whe n a i t wi c e as a f a c t o r it is n ot wr i t t e n
t er m c o nt a ns a ,

a a b ut a a n d is r e a d : a s qu a re
2
.
, ,

Wh en a t e rm c o nt a i n s a: 3 t i m e s as a f ac t o r it is n o t ,

w ri tt e n xxx b ut 23 a n d is r e a d : a: cube
3
, ,
.

1 29 . o An is a s ym b o l o f n u m b e r w ri t t e n a t t h e
e xp n e nt

r ig h t a n d a li tt l e ab o v e a n o t h er s ym b o l o f n u m b e r t o s h o w

h o w m a ny t i m e s t h e l at t e r is ta ken a s a fa ctor .

2a b c
2 3 =2 ~
a -
b b - -
c -
C c
° = 2 a bbccc

Th i s is its s igni fi c a ti o n o nl y w hen t h e e x po n e n t is a po s iti v e i n t e g er .

It m u st b e re m e m b e r e d t h a t w h e n n o e xpo n e n t is e x pre sse d

t he e x po n e n t 1 is a l w a ys u n d e r s t o o d T h u s a br m ea n s .

a
l
b at
l l

O b s er v e t h a t a
5
a X a X a Xa Xa ,
W hi l e
94 E LE M E N TARY ALG E BRA
E x e r c i s e 44

G iv e t h e f o ll o w i n g pro d u c t s :
3 z
1 6a x
.
2
2 . 3a x 3 . 6xy
2
3x y — 5 a 2x ax
2

T h e r e are t h r ee i m po r t a n t f un d a m e n t a l l a w s o f m ul t i pli c a
c a t i o n w h i c h it w ill b e w e ll t o n o t i c e h er e .

T h es e a r e : l a w of or der o r commu ta tive l a w; l a w of gr ou p

,

ing , o r a s socia tiv e l a w; and dis tri bu tive l a w .

1 34 . La w of O rd e r . The pr odu ct f
o s evera l nu mbers is the
sa me i n wha tever or d er they a r e u s ed .

It is e vid e nt t h a t

fo r each m em b er of th i s e qu a li t y is t h e s am e n um ber .

In g en er a l num b ers ,

a -
b -
a b
-

1 35 . Law of G roupin g . The p rodu ct of s ev era l n u m bers is

the sa me in wha tev er m a nn er they a re g rou ped .

8 5 3 -
d e n o t e s t h at 8 is t o b e m u l t i pli e d b y 5 an d the

p r o du c t m u l t i p li e d b y 3 ; t h a t is 8 5 3 ( 8 5 ) 3 ,
.

B y t h e l aw of or d er ,

T h e re fo r e ,

In g e n e ra l n u m b e rs ,

c= =
a b
- -
( a (b °
c ) -
a (a ~
c ) b
-
 M ULTI P LI C ATIO N 95

136 . D is tri b utive Law . The pr odu ct of a pol yno mi a l a n d a

m on om ia l i s the a l ge br a ic su m of the p r odu c ts obta in e d by
,

m u l ti pl yi ng ea ch ter m o f the p ol yn omi a l by the m on omia l .

-
6
In ge n er a l n u m b e rs ,

= ab + a c
(b + c ) -
a

T h i s is c a ll e d t h e dist r i b ut i v e l a w b e c au se t h e m u l t i pli e r ,

is di st r i b u t e d o v e r t h e t e rm s o f t h e m u l t i pli c a n d .

1 37 . A po we r is t h e pr o d u c t o b t a i n e d b y t a ki n g a n um b e r

a n y n um b e r o f t i m e s a s a fa c tor .

1 38 . A s qu ar e , o r s e c on d po w e r , is t h e p r o d u c t ob t a n e
i d by
t a ki n g a n um b e r twice as a fa c t o r Th us ,
.

= 6a -6a = 3 6a z
( 6a )
2

1 39 . A c ub e , or th ir d po w e r , is t h e p r o d u c t ob t a n e
i d by
t a ki n g a n u m be r thr ee t i m es as a fa ct o r .

-
5
The d f a c t o r is t h e r oot o f t he pow e r a n d t h e
r e pe a t e ,

e x po n e n t i n di c a t i n g t h e p o w e r is t h e ex pon en t of the pow er .

T h e p ro du c t is t h e pow er T h us .
,

ex pon n t e

t
root 2 3
8 e o r
— p we

P O WE R S OF M O N O M IA L S
1 40 . To fi nd a po w e r o f a n y n u m b e r isi m pl y
s t o fi nd t h e

pr o d u c t of two or m o re e qua l fa c tors . Thus ,

=
( 2a b ) 2a b 2a b 2a b 2a b 1 6a b
? 4 z 2 ? 4 82

B y t he l aw ig n s in m ul t i pli c a t i o n
of s 1 2 7 a l l p owers of , ,

p os i ti v e n u m be r s a n d e v e n p o w e r s of n e g a ti v e n u m b er s a r e

po s i t iv e ; o d d p ow ers o f g n e a ti v e n u m b e rs a r e n e g a t iv e .

1 41 R ul e
. .
( )
1 R a i se th e n u m e r i c a l c o e fi i c i e n t to th e re

qu i r e d p ow er ( 2
, ) m u l ti l
p y th e ex p o n e n t o f e a c h l e tt er by th e

exp on en t of the p ower a nd ( 3 ) give the r es ul t the pr oper s ig n

,
.
96 E LE M E N TARY ALG E BRA
E x er c i s e 4 5

G iv e t h e s e i n di c at e d po w e r s :

MULTIP LYI N G A P OLY N O M I AL B Y A M O N O M IAL

1 42 . O b s er v e c a re full y
3a b 4 3
2a b + 3 a b
2 3 2
2a b 2

2a b 2

6a b 5 s
4a b
3 5
6a b 3 3
4a 2
b“

1 43 . Rul e . M u l tipl y ea ch ter m o f the m u l tip l i ca n d by the

m u l tip l ier as i n mu l ti p l i ca ti on f
o m o n o mi a l s .

E x erc i s e 46
M ul t i pl y

1 .
2
3 ax + 4 a 3
x by 3 a 2 3
x 2 . 3a bz 3
by 4 a b
3 z

3 . 5x y 2 -
3 xy b y 4 x y
2 3 2
4 . 5a n3— 2
a
2
n — 4a 3
n
s
by 5 a 2
n
2

— 4 a 2 c b 5 a 3 c3 6a b ab + 3 a b b y 6a b
3 2
5 . 3a c y 6 .
3 - 3 3 2 2 s

— 7 a x by 3 a x 5b —
+b 4b by 3 b
3 3 2
7 . 6a x
2
8 .
3
c
i’ z
c
2
c
2 2
c
2
98 E L E M E N TARY ALG E BRA
E xe rc i s e 48

M ul t i pl y
—4 — 3x
1 2x + 2 x by 4 + 5 x
3 3
1 .

2 .
—
3a 2 + 4a 2
by 4 a + 3a — 2a 2 3

2x + 3 + x 2
by 3x 2 — 2x - - 3 — 3
3 .
I x

4 . 2a b -
3b + a
2 z
by 2a + 2
3a b — b 2

5 . 3a — 3
2b + 3 c2 2
by 4 a — 2b + 4c
3 2 2

6 . 4a o — 3
3a + 2c 2
by 2 a — 2
c + 3a c
2

+ 2 x y+ 4 x y b y 2 y + y
3 3 2
7 . x
3 -
4x 2

8 . 3a — 3
3a + 2a — 2 —
4 by 5 3 a 3—
3a

9 2 xy — 3 2 3
x + 3x y — 3
by y 3
3 xy + x 2
y
-
.

— —a 3 —
4
+ 3 by
2
10 . 3a + 2a 3a 3a a + 4
2

11 4x 3 — 3x — 4 x3 + 1 b 3 x3 + x — 3 x3 — 5
.
y

P e r fo r m t h e f o ll ow i n g i n di c a t e d m ul t i pli c at i o n s a nd u n i te
re s ul t s i n t o as fe w t e rm s as p o s s ibl e :
*

—x — 2 a c — x2
12 .
) ( )
2

13 . 3 (a -
5 (a — 3 c) + 69c
2 2

2 ( 3 a + x) — 3x) ( 3 a + 3x )
(
2
14 . 3a 1 1x 2

— —
15 .
( a 2 c) ( c 3 a ) ( 3 a + c) ( —
2c a ) 2a o

16 — 1 9x
.
y

17 .
— 3 y> —
( as syr — éw — zz
w
18 .

*
Fi t d cid
rs e e h o w m an y t e rm s th er e ar e in ea c h o f t h e giv e n exer c i s e s .
 M ULTI P LI C ATIO N 99

E xe rc i s e 49 S pe c ia l P r o d ucts

P e rf o r m the fo ll o w i n g i n di c a t e d o p e r a t i o n s a s rap idl y as

yo u c a n , u s i n g p e n c il o n l y w h e n n ec essa r y

—
1 . 2 . 3 .
(a -
l x) 2

( 7 + x)
3
4 . 5 . 6 .

7 . 8 . 9 .

11 — b)2

—
) (r + y )
4
3 4 2
y 13

15 .
( 2x + 1 ) 2

( 3x + 2 y) 3
17 .
(a
— b) ( a z—
Z a b+ b )
(
2
a 19 .

( ( a + b)
3
x 21 .

— x — 1 a
) 23 .
(a )( -
1)

— 5 a— 5 —
(a )( ) 25 .
( a x )
2

—
( ( 7 x)
2
2 2 27 .

— 3 — —
) 29 .
( x l 2) ( x 3)

— a 5 — —
(8 )( -
a ) 31 .
( x a )( x b)

— 8
) ( 4
3
33 . 9

(4 + y r
s
04 2 9 —
3 2
35 .

( x 37 .
( 2x
 CH A P T E R X

S I M P LE E Q UATI O NS

Th e d e g r e e of a t e rm is
1 47 . i n di c at e d by t h e s um o f th e
e xp o ne n t s o f t h e li t e r a l f a c t o r s .

Th us ,
2
a x
2
is a t e rm of t h e fou r th d egr ee .

d e g r ee o f a t e rm i n a n y pa r ti cu l a r l etter is i n di c at e d
The
b y t h e e x po n e nt o f t h a t l e t t e r in t h e t erm .

Thus ,
3
a x
2
is of t h e s econd degree in x .

1 48 . Th e d e g r e e of an e qua
tio n in on e u n kn o w n is the
d e gre e of t h e highes t power of the u n kno w n n um b er .

5x + 7 —
2x a is qua ti o n of t h e fi rs t d egr ee
an e .

x b 4x 2
3 is an e q ua ti o n o f t h e s eco n d de gr ee .

149 . A s im pl e e quati n , or l in e ar
o e quati n , o is an e q u atio n
w h i c h , w h en c l e a r e d a n d s i m plifi e d ,
is of t h e fi rs t d e g r ee .

W h e t h er fra c tio n a l e qua ti o n is

or n o t a a s i m p l e e qua ti o n c a nn o t
b e d e t er m i n ed un til it is c l ear ed o f fr a c ti o ns a n d th e r e s u lti n g e q ua ti o n

r ed uc ed t o it s s i m p l es t f or m .

A l so ,
x
2
x
— 4$ x
2
3 and 2x 2 =
+x+5 x +x
2
( x + 2) a re

s i m pl e ,
or li n e ar eq u a t io n s .

T h ese ar e s im pl e e qua ti o ns b e c ause wh e n s i m il ar t erm s

, ar e un it e d ,

t h e s q ua r e o f t h e u n kn o wn n u m b er d i sa ppe ar s .

o o t o f a n e q u at i o n is t h e
'

1 50 . Ch e c kin g or v e rifying a r

pr o c ess of pr o vi n g t h a t t h e r o o t sa t i s fi e s t h e e q u a t i o n .

T h i s is d o ne b y s ub st i t u t i n g t h e ro o t fou n d in t h e e q u at io n
a n d a s ce rt a i n i n g W h e t h e r t h e r es ul t is a n i den ti ty .
10 2 E LE M E N TARY ALG E BRA

5 03 3 3 ) —
4 00 2
8 - ”

)
— 3 (x 6) — x
9 . 5x -
)
5x + 5 1 1x + 9
10 x4-2 38 § _
11 .
_
x
2_
_ _
x

4 5 8

1
1 1x +

5 4x x
1 l 1x + 5
_ :

In c h e ckin g or v e r ifyi n g the l ti o n

so u of a pr o bl e m , t h e sub s tit uti o n
sh o u ld b e m ad e in t h e pr obl em i tself .

14 . A h a s t wi c e as m u c h m o n ey as B ,
and B h a s t wi c e as

m u ch as C . I f al l h a v e 35 95 , h o w m u c h h as C ?
15 . The sum of t he t hird , fourt h ,
and e ig ht h part s of a

n u m b e r is 68 . Fi n d the n u m b er .

16 . Th e l e n gt h of a r e c t angl e is t w i c e it s w id t h , an d t he

p e r im et er is 1 44 f e et . Fi n d t h e di m e n si o n s .

17 . A m an gave $ 1 2 5 t o h is 5 son s , e ac h of 4 of t h e m
ivi n g 35 m o re t h a n h is n ext
re c e y ou n g e r b r o t h er How .

m u c h did t h e o ld e st so n r e c e iv e ?
18 J am e s h as as m a ny m a r bl es as Fr a n k I f J am es buys
. .

1 2 0 a n d F r a n k l os es 2 3 J a m es w ill t h e n h a v e 7 m o re t h a n
,

F r a n k Ho w m a ny h as e a ch ?
.

19 . Th e s um of two n u m b er s is 85, an d 3 t i m es t h e sm a ll e r
e x c ee ds t wi c e t h e l a r g er b y 20 . Fi n d t h e l a r g e r n u m b e r .

20 . Se v e n m e n
g re e d t o sh a re e q u a ll y in buyi n g a bo at
a ,

b ut as 3 of t h e m w ere u n a b l e t o p ay ea c h of t h e o t h e r s h a d
, ,

t o pa y $ 3 0 m o r e t h a n h is o r igi n al sh a r e Fi n d t h e c ost .

o f t h e bo a t .

21 T h re e m en i n v es t e d $ 94 00 in bu s i n e s s A put in $ 600
. .

m o r e t h a n B a n d C i n v e s t e d $ 200 l es s t h a n A
,
Ho w m u c h .

did A a n d C t og e t h e r i n v est in t h e b u s i n e ss ?
22 . A farm er s old 30 l am b s an d 60 sh e e p for 3300 . He
re c e iv e d twi c e m u c h per h e a d fo r t h e s h e e p as for t h e
as

l am b s . H o w m u c h did h e re c e ive fo r t h e 60 s h e e p ?
 S I M P LE E Q UATIO N S 1 03

1 52 . In cl ea ri ng an equa tion o f
f a c tio ns if
r , a fra ction is
prece ded by the min u s si gn , the s ig n of ea ch ter m of the
n um er a tor mus t be cha nged , for the fra ction l in e i s -
a v in c u l u m

f or the n u mer a tor .

—
x x +l 2 2 x
T h us ,
2 3 8
1 2x — 8x — 3x

E xe rc i s e 5 1 — E qu ati on s an d P r ob l e m s in O n e Unk n own

So lv e t h e fo ll o wi n g ,
c h ec k n i g so m e o f them

3 + 2x x — 8 4x + 5 x — 5
l
+ 23
_

9 3 9

2x + 2 2x 3 1
+ 72
4 2

x — 8 5x — 12 2x —
6 2x — 4
+ 2”
4 4 2 5

5x + l 5 2x 2x — 7
3
2 3 3 0

x+ 7 5 (x 2) —
3 ( x 6)
— 3
+ 2 (x 6 +
2 4 2

3x + 8 — 3) 4( x
— 2) 3 (x + 2)
3
93
2 3 3 2

8 . N i n e b o ys a n d 1 6 m e n e a rn33 65 a w ee k I f each m an .

ea rn s 4 t i m es as m u c h a s e a c h b o y , h o w m u c h d o t h e 9
b o ys e arn pe r w e e k ?

9 . A bo y h as in di m es a nd 5 - ce n t pi ec e s , a n d h e h a s
4 tim es as m a ny 5 -
c e nt pi e c e s as di m es Ho w m a ny c o i n s h a s
.

he a nd w h a t is t h e v a lu e o f e ac h ki n d ?
1 04
“

E LE M E N TARY ALG E BRA

10 . A w a l ke d 9 5 m il es in 3
d ays g o i n g 4 mil es m o re t h e
.

s e c o n d d a y t h a n t h e fi r st a n d 3 m il e s m o r e t h e t h i r d d a
y than
t he se c on d Ho w far did h e g o t h e t h i r d d ay ?
.

11 . A is 3 t i m es as ol d a s B . T e n ye a r s ag o A w as 5 t i m es
as o l d as Fi n d A ’
B . s a g e n ow .

Le t x = the n um b er o f year s in B s a g e n o w ’
.

a nd t h e n um b er o f y e a r s in A s ag e n o w
’
3x .

t h e n u m b e r o f ye a r s in B s a g e 1 0 ye a r s a g o
’
x 10 ,

t h e n u m b er o f ye a r s in A s a g e 1 0 ye ars a g o
’
3x 10 .

—
5 (x l 0 ) = 3x —10

12 . A is 4 t i m e s as ol d as his so n , a n d 5 ye ars ag o he wa s 7
ti m e s as ol d Fi n d t h e f at h er ’
. s age .

13 . A
m a n is 24 y ears o ld er t h a n his s o n . F o u r t ee n ye a r s
ag o h e w as 3 t i m es as o l d Fi n d t h e a g e o f . ea c h

14 . A farm er s old c o rn ,
whe at , and oa ts . F o r h is c o rn a n d

wh ea t h e r ec eiv e d $ 800 . F o r h is c o rn a nd oats he re c e iv e d

37 2 0 , an d fo r h is wh ea t a nd o ats 3584 0 . H o w m u c h did h e
re c e iv e fo r a l l his gr a i n ?
15 . A m an s pe n t 3 of h is m o n ey fo r a s ui t o f c o t h es ,
l
i of it fo r a w at c h , and had 31 1 5 l ef t . How m u c h did he
s pe n d?
16 . Th e s um o f two u m b e rs is 8 2
n , and if t h e g re a t e r is
divid e d b y t h e l e ss ,
t h e q u o t i e n t is 5 a n d t h e r e m a i n d er 4 .

Fi n d t h e t w o n u m b ers .

17 . D is 6 yea rs o ld er t h a n C ; C is 4 yea r s old er t h a n B ;

B is 3 ye ar s o ld er th an A I f t h ey liv e 5 ye a rs , t h e sum o f
.

’
t h e ir a g es w ill b e 1 35 yea rs . Fi n d D s ag e .

18 . A g ro ce r m i xe d t ea wo rt h 7 0 ¢ a po und w i t h t e a w ort h
50 ¢ a po u n d in s u c h pr o p o rt i o n s t h a t t h e m i xt u re w e ig h i n g
1 00 po u n d s w as w o rt h 35 8 . H o w m a ny p o u n d s of ea c h ki nd
w e r e in t h e m i x t u r e ?
1 06 E LE M E N TARY ALG E BRA
E xe r c i s e 5 2 P r ob l e m s in S im ultan e ou s E qu a ti on s

So lv e t h e f o ll o wi n g pr o b l e m s in s i m ul t a n e o u s s i m pl e
eq u at i o n s :
1 . Th e s um of two nu m b e r s is 85 a n d t h e i r di ffe re n c e
,

e x ce e ds of t he sm a ll e r by 8 Fi n d t h e n u m b ers
. .

Le t x = the l a r g er n um b er ,

an d y
= the s m a ll e r n um b e r .

x +y 85

— — 8—
y
x y
5

Th e c
s e on d qua ti o n c o n t a i n s a fr a c ti o n
e . Cl ear t h i s of fr ac ti o ns
an d t h e n w it h t h e o t h e r e q ua ti o n e li m i n a t e
,
.

2 . I f 5 is a dd e d t o t h e n um era t o r o f a c ert a i n fr a c ti o n it s ,

v a l ue is a n d if 1 is s ub t r a c t e d f r o m t h e d e n o m i n at o r it s ,

v a lu e is 3 . Fi n d t h e fra c t i o n .

Le t n th e n u m e r a or , t
an d d th e d en o m in a t o r .

3 T h r e e t i m es t h e l a rg e r o f t w o n u m b e r s ex c ee d s 3 o f t h e
.

s m a ll er b y 66 a n d 3 t i m e s t h e s m a ll er e x c e e d s 3 o f t h e
,

l a rg er by 4 6 Fi n d t h e n um b e r s
. .

4 . I f 3 is dd e d t o b ot h t e rm s o f a c er t a i n fr ac t i o n it s
a ,

v a l ue is 3; a n d if 4 is s u b t r ac t e d f r o m b o t h t e r m s it s v a lu e ,

is 3 . Fi n d t h e f r a c t i o n .

5 . A m ill e r b ou g h t 5 0
b u s h e l s o f c o r n a n d 4 0 bu s h e l s o f
o a t s fo r 364 A t a n o t h e r t i m e h e b o u g h t a t t h e sa m e pri c es
.

3 8 b u s h e l s o f o a t s a n d 7 0 b us h e l s o f c o r n fo r Ho w
m u c h did h e p ay fo r a l l o f t h e c o r n ?

6 . A d ea l er b o ugh t o ra n ges ,
so m e at 2 fo r 5 535 a n d s o m e
at 3 fo r pa yi n g $ 1 2 for al l . Thr ee d o z e n w ere u n s a l a b l e ,
b ut he so ld the re m ai n d er at 30 525 a d o z e n m a ki n g ,
a pro fi t
of H o w m a ny o ra n g es did h e buy ?
 C H A P T E R XI

D IVI S I O N

1 53 . Div i s io n is t h e pro cess o f fi n di n g one o f t w o n u m b e rs

wh e n t h e i r pr odu ct a nd t h e othe r n um b e r a r e kn o w n .

1 54 . T h e d i v id e n d is t h e n um b e r to be divid e d a n d r e pr e

sent s t h e pro du c t of t h e t wo n um b e r s .

1 55 . Th e d i v i s or is t h e n um be r by w h i c h we divid e and

re pres e n t s one fa cto r of t h e divid e n d

1 56 T h e quo tie n t is t h e
. n um b e r o b t a n e i d by divi si o n an d

re pr ese n t s t h e other fa ctor of t he divid e n d .

Si n c e d i v is i o n is t h e rev ers e o f m ulti p li c a ti o n

, , the ru el fo r d i v i s i o n is
d er i v ed fro m t h e pro c e ss o f m u lti p li c a ti o n .

T h ree t h i ng s m u s t b e d e t erm i n e d : Th e s ign of the qu otien t ,

t h e coefiicien t t h e exponen t of ea ch l etter

,
.

DIVID I N G A M O N O M I AL B Y A M O N O M IAL
1 57 . Th e S i gn of th e Q uo ti e nt .

t h e r e f o re
— 3 5 , t h ere fo re — 35
)
t h e r e fo r e — 7
— 35 t h e re fo re — 35 ) -
7
,

1 58 . S i g n La w of Divi s ion . Like s ign s f

o divid en d and

divisor give a posi ti v e qu otien t u n l ike si gn s , a ne ga tiv e u ti n t

:

q o e .
 1 08 E LE M E N TARY ALG E BRA
G iv e t h e fo ll o w i n g q u o t i e n t s
— 64 > —
8> —
<96> 8>
— 7> —9 —
> <68 ) 4> -
5>
Si n c e 5 a >< 3 x = l 5 a x , t h e re fo re 1 5 a x + 3 x = 5 a
The coe ffi ci en t o
f the quo tien t i s the coe fiicien t of the dividend
divi ded by the coefil cien t of the divis or .

1 59 . Th e E xpon e n t in th e Q uo tie nt . Si n c e t h e
divid en d
is a p r o d u c t ,
o n e f a c t o r o f w h i c h is t h e divi sor th e e xpo n e n t ,

of th e divid e n d is t h e s um o f the exp o n e n t s o f divi so r a n d

q u o tie n t .

To fi nd th e e x po n e n t o f t h e q uo t i e n t , s ubtra ct th e e xp o nent
of th e divi s or fr o m t h at of t h e d ividend .

1 60 . Law of E xpo n e n ts for Divi s io n . E a ch exp onen t in

the di vi sor i s s ubtr a cted fr om the exp one n t o f the s a me l e tter i n
the divi den d .

z=
S in c e t h e r e fo re a
5 -
a a
3

In g en e r a l n um b er s ,

O b s e rv e th e f o ll o wi n g
2a b m
4a b 2
4a b 2 2
‘

B y t h e l aw o f e xp o n e nt s for divi s io n a + a 3 3 = ao
,

n u m b er , ex c e pt 0, divid e d by i t s e lf a l so equa l s 1 .

a
0
1 .

1 61 M e an in g of E xpo n e nt 0 Si n c e a m a y r e prese n t a ny
. .

n u m b e r it f o ll o w s t h a t a ny n u m b er w i t h a zer o expo nen t is

,
-

e qual to 1 Th u s .
,

Fr o m t his e qua ti on it is ev i d e n t t h a t any l e tt er w ith a z ero e xpo -

n e n t m a y b e o m itte d fr o m a t e r m b e c au s e it s p r ese n c e o n l y m ulti p lie s

,

t h e r e s t o f th e t e r m b y 1 .
1 10 E L E M E N TARY ALG E BRA
D IVID I N G A P O LY N O M IAL B Y A P O LY N O M IAL
1 63 . Th e r ul e fo r dividi n g a po l y n o m i a l b y a ol
p y n o m i a l
d e du c e d fro m t h e pro c es s of m u l ti pli c a t i o n .

St ud y t h i s e x a m p e c ar e l full y :
a + 2 a b 6a b + 2 6a b
4 3 2 3 3
15b 4
a
3
+ 4a b 3b 2

a + 4a b
4 3 — 3a b
2 2
— 2a b
+5b
2 2
a

2a b 3
3 a b + 2 6a b
3 2 3

2a b 3
8 a b + 6a b
3 3 3

5 a b + 20a b
2 2 3 — 1 5 b4

5a b + 20a b
2 2 3 — 15 b 4

Arr a n ge t h e d i v i d e n d and d i v i so r w it h f
re e re n e c to t h e d e s cen d in g
p o w e r s o f a ,
wr iti n g t h e d i v i so r at the r igh t of t h e d i v i d e nd .

Si n c e t h e d i v i d e n d is t h e pr o d u c t o f t h e d i v i s or a nd q uo ti en t it is ,

t h e a lg e b r a i c s u m o f t h e pr o d u c t s o bt a i n ed b y m u lti p l yi n g t h e d i v i so r
b y t h e s ev e r a l t er m s o f t h e q u o ti e n t .

H e n c e w h e n d i v i d en d d i v is or an d q uo ti en t a r e arr a n
, , ,
ge d w i th
r e f e r e n c e t o t h e d es c e n d i n g p o w ers o f s o m e l e tt e r t h e fi r s t t e r m o f t h e ,

d i v i d e n d is t h e pr o d u c t o f t h e fir s t t e r m s o f t h e d i v i so r a n d q u o ti e n t ,

wh e n c e t h e fi r s t t e r m o f th e q uo ti e n t is t h e q uo ti e n t o f t h e fi r s t t er m o f
t h e d i v i d e n d d i v i d e d b y t h e fir s t t er m o f t h e d i v i s or .

D i v i d i n g t h e fir s t t e r m o f th e d i v i d en d b y th e fir s t t e r m o f t h e
d i v i so r w e h a v e a for t h e fi rs t t e rm o f t h e quo ti e n t
,
2
.

Si n c e t h e d iv i d en d is t h e a lg eb r a i c s u m o f t h e pro d uc ts o bta i n ed
b y m u lti p l y i n g t h e d i v i s o r b y t h e s e v er a l te r m s o f t h e q u o ti e n t if t h e ,

pr o d u c t o f t h e d i v i so r a n d fi r s t t e r m o f t h e q uo ti e n t is s ubt r a c t e d fro m
t h e d i v i d e n d t h e re m a in d e r w h i c h is a n e w d i v i d en d is t h e pr o d u c t
, , ,

o f t h e d i v i so r a n d t h e o t h e r t er m s o f t h e qu o ti e n t a n d t h e n e x t t e r m ,

o f t h e q u o ti e n t is t h e q u o ti e n t o f t h e fir s t t e r m o f t h e r e m a i n d e r d i v i d e d

b y t h e fi r s t t e r m o f t h e d i v i sor .

D i v i d in g t h e firs t t er m o f th e r em a i n d er b y t h e fir s t t er m o f t h e
d i v i s or w e h a v e — 2a b for t h e s e c o n d t e r m o f t h e qu o ti e n t
,
.

R e pea ti n g th i s pro c e ss un til t h er e is n o r em a in d er we o bt a i n t h e ,

q uo ti en t a 2ab + 5b
2 — 2
.

E a ch i
r e m a n d er m us t b e a rr a n g ed in t h e sa m e m a nn er as t he d i v i
d en d and d i v i so r .
 D IVI S IO N 111

th e fo ll o w i n g l ti o n s
so u

“
— a b + 2a b b
I — ab b
4
2 3 3 2 2
a a +
4—
a a
3
b a
2
b 2
a
2
+ab _
b
2

a
3
b -
2a b + 2 a b
3 3 3

a
3
b a
2
b + 2 -
ab
3

(1
2
5 + ab
2 — b4 3

3—
a
2
b+ 2
ab b 4

I —
4 4 2 2
x + 4y x 2xy + 2 y
4 3 3 2
$ 2x y + 2 x y x
2
+ 2xy + 2y
2

3 3 2 4
2x y 2x y + 4 y
3 3 2 3
2x y 4 x y + 4 xy
2 2 3 4
2x y 4 xy + 4 y
3 z 3 4
2x y 4xy 4y

E x e rc i s e 5 5 D iv i din g P o l yn om i a l s

Divid e
3 — a— 4 2 by
a a +6
x — x
3— 30 by x — 6
3 — 7 2 by
a +a a +9
x +x —
3
56 by x — 7
2 — 6a — 16 by
a a +2
— —
x
2
+ 8 x 33 by a 3
3 — by
a ~

9a 5 2 a +4
x + 7x
2 — 98 —
by x 7

+ 3 2 a + 60 by
2
a a +2
x
— 1 7x
2 — 18 by 1 + x
— —
+ 25 a 54 by
2
a a 2
1 12 E LE M E N TARY ALG E BRA

+ 20 x + 7 5 by
2
12 . x x+ 15
4— —
13 . a 1 5 a + 56
2
by a 3
7
3— —
14 . 3a 8a 28 3
by a
3
+2
15 . 5x + 4 2x + 85 b y
3 4
x
4
+5
16 a
4—
ac
3 — 3 a 3 c + c4 b a — c
.
y

17 . b +b3 2
x — bx — x
3 3
.
—
by b x
3
+ x by
2 2 3
18 . a + ax + a x a +x
—
+ b + a b by + b ab
4 4 3 2 2 2
19 . a a

+ a bx + bx + b by +b
3 3 2
20 . ax ax

+ 3 xy + 3 x v + y b y
z
3 g 3
21 . x x+y

— 22 3—
2 xz b y — —z
22 . x y + z x y
2 — 3— x2 by —
23 . a + 2 xy y d + x y

24 . 3 2x 3— —
6x 1 by 8x — 2x — 12

25 .
4
4 a + 6a + 8 a — 24 3 3
by 2 a + 4
— 8 1 y by 6x + 9y
+ 2 7 by
3 2
a
3
a +3 27 . 36x

a — 4
16 —
by a 2 29 . 2 7 x + 64 y by 3 33
3 3
441,
—
a — 3
64 b y a
— 4 31 2 5x 2 -
1 6y by
2 —
5x 4
.
y

a
4—
8 1 by a +3 33 . 8x 3 —
1 25 y by 2 x — 5 y
3

—
+ 2 7 by 64y by 4 x + 8 y
2 2
a
3
a +3 35 . 1 6x 3 ~

a
9—
64 by a
3—
4 37 . 1 6x — 4
8 1 y by 2x + 3y
4

s—
1 6 by 2
2 5x — 2
4 9y by 5 x — 7 y
2
a a +2 39 .
1 14 E LE M E N TARY ALG E BRA

c an d o t h a t ; b ut e x pr e ss in s ym b ol s al l yo u c a n o f the con

d it io n s of t h e pr o b l e m , no m a t t er h o w u se l ess t h i s m ay s ee m .

F ro m t h ese e x p r ess o n s i yo u w ill se e w h a t n u m b e r s a r e e q u a l ,

and the f o rm a t i o n of t h e e q u a t i o n w ill b e c o m e a s i m pl e

m a t t er .

VI I It is m u c h
. e a s er i to u m b e rs t h a n
r e a so n a b o ut s m a ll n

a b ou t l a r g e o n es I f t h e n um b ers in a pr o b l e m a re l a r g e
.
,

o r c o m pli c a t e d o r a r e g e n e r a l n u m b e r s s i m plify t h e pr o b l e m
, ,

b y r e pl a c i n g t h e m w i t h s i m p l e a r i t h m e t i c a l n u m b e r s ; t h e n
r er ea d t h e p r o b l e m u s i n g t h e s i m pl e n u m b e r s a n d t ry a g a i n ,

t o s e n s e t h e m ea n i n g T o fo r m t h e h abi t of doi n g t h i s will

.

h e l p yo u g re at l y .

VI II Sc h oo l w o r k t h at r e q ui r e s lit t l e o r n o effo rt o n yo ur
.

p a r t w ill n o t i n c r e a se y o u r p o w e r t o d o h a r d e r t h i n g s Yo u .

s h o uld w e l c o m e so m e t a s ks t h a t t est yo u t o t h e li m i t ; a n d if

y o u w o uld g ro w s t r o n g e r y ou m u s t a l w a
, ys re l y p on you rself
u .

It is r ui n o u s t o yo ur pr o g r e s s t o re l y o n o t h e r s t o ass i st you
in s o lvi n g yo u r pro b l e m s .

IX . A ppe a l
t o y ou r t e a c h e r fo r ass i st a n c e o n l y a ft e r yo u
h a v e re a ll y d o n e yo u r b est , a n d t h e n as k o nl y for o ne or t wo
h i nt s t o st a rt yo u r ig h t .

E x e r c i s e 56 P r ob l e m s R e qu irin g Sim pl e E qua ti ons

So lv e t he fo ll o wi n g eq u at i on s and p r o b e m sl
—
x+ 5 x +2 x 3 s +3 s +1 s +8
+ +
3 6 7 4 3 5

7n + 4 r
ox
4 . 4x _

5
 A P P LI C ATIO N S O F S I M P L E E Q UATIO N S 1 15

8 . T he s um o f two n um b e r s is 94 , an d t h ei r di ffere n c e is
38 . Fi n d t h e n um b e rs .

9 . A b o y h as 3 t i m e s as m a ny di m es as q u a r t e rs ,
a n d he
h as $ 1 1 in al l . H o w m a ny co ns i h as h e ?

10 . Se v e n t i m e s a c ert a n i n u m b er is 1 7 6 m o r e t h a n 3
t i m es t h e n um b e r . Fi n d the n um b e r .

11 . A m an b o ug h t 50 s h e e p , so m e a t a h ea d and the
o t h e rs a t a h ea d . Th e a v era ge c o st wa s Ho w
m a ny did h e b uy at the l owe r p r c e ?
i
12 . A b oy e arn s a d ay l es s t h a n his fat h er ,
and in 1 4
d a ys the fa t h e r ea r n s $ 1 5 m ore tha n t he so n e a r n s in 1 6 d a ys .

Ho w m u c h d o b o t h e a rn pe r d ay?

13 . A c l e rk s pe n ds 1
7 oi
-
his a n nu a l l
s a a ry fo r bo ard ,
1
3;
fo r l
c ot h es , fo r ot h er e x pe n se s , and s a v es 3 1 1 00 . Ho w
m uc h a re hi s a nn ua l e x pe n ses ?

14 . At w h at r at e p e r a nn um w ill 38 000 yi e ld 854 0 i n t e r e st

in 1 year and 6 m o nt h s ?

Le t x = th e ra e t per a n n um .

x 3
SOOO X X = 5 4O
W §

15 . A m an i nves t ed a c e rt a n i s um at 5% and t wi c e as

m uc h at His l i n c o m e f ro m both i n v est m e n t s

’

a n n ua

w a s $ 68 0 . H ow m u c h did h e in v es t ?
16 . A is 64 yea rs ol d ,
an d B is §1 a s o l d . H o w m a n y ye a r s
h a v e pass e d i
s n ce B w as a s o l d as A?
17 . The s um of two n u m b e rs is 8 4 , a nd 7 t i m es t h e l e ss
exc e e ds 5 t i m es t h e g re at e r by 12 . Fi n d the n um b e rs .

18 A h a d 8 a c re s o f l a n d l ess t h a n B b ut A s o ld 24 ac re s
.
,

to B A th e n h a d l e ft On l y 7, a s m an y a c res a s B Ho w m a ny
.
1
.

a c re s did each h ave at fi rs t ?

1 16 E LE M E N TARY ALG E BRA

19 . A wo m a n b o ug ht 3 6 ya r d s o f s il k fo r $ 3 1 , payi n g 7 5 ¢ a .

ya r d fo r p a r t o f it a n d 3 1 a ya r d fo r t h e r est Ho w m a n y .

yar d s of e a c h ki n d di d s h e b uy ?
20 . A g ro c er '

h a s t ea w o rt h 4 0 ¢ a po u n d and s om e w ort h
60 ¢ a_ p o u n d H o w m a n y po u n d s o f
. each m ust h e t a ke t o
m ix 60 p o u n d s w o r t h 54 ¢ p
a o u nd?
S o lv e t h e 20 t h w it h o n e an d th en w it h t wo u n kn o w n n u m b ers .

21 . A b oy b o ug ht a n um b er o f appl es at t h e r at e o f 7 fo r we
ld t h e m at t h e r a t e o f 1 0 ¢ fo r 3 g a i ni n g 32
a n d so , . Ho w m a n y
appl es did h e b u y?

22 . I f it c o st s the s am e a t $1 a yar d t o l
e n c ose a s q u a re
c o ur t wit h fe n c e a s t o pa v e it a t we a
a s quare ya r d , w h a t
a re t he di m e n s i o n s o f t h e c o urt ?
23 . A m as o n re c e iv e d a d ay fo r h is l ab o r and pa id
85¢ a d ay for h is board . At the e nd of 44 d ays h e h ad
sa ved Ho w m a n y d a ys did h e w o rk ?

24 . A B a
nd
, , C t og e t h e r e a rn $ 500 0 . A
’
s s a a ry l is of

B s and $4 5 0 l e ss t h a n C Fi n d C
’ ’
’
s . l
s sa a ry .

25 . The s um o f i and of a n um b er exc ee d s 5 t i m e s t h e

di ff er e n c e b e t w e e n 3
3 an d 3 o f t h e n u m be r b y 2 9 Fi n d .

t he n u m be r .

2
26 . If 5 o i a c ert a n i pr n c i pa l is i nv e s t e d at 4 % a n d t h e
i
r em a n i d er at the a nn u a l i n c o m e is $ 690 Fi n d t h e .

whol e s um i n v e st ed .

27 . A b o ught s h ee p a t $4 a hea d and h a d 333

l e ft . I f he
h a d b o ug ht t h em at a h ea d h e w o uld h a v e
,
nee ded
7 5 ¢ m o re t o pa y fo r t h e m . Ho w m a ny did h e b uy ?
l e n gt h o f a r e c t a n gl e e x c e e d s it s w id t h by 1 3
The
’

28 .

i n c h es I f t h e l e n gt h we re di m i n i sh e d 7 i n c h es a n d t h e wid t h
.

i n c re as e d 5 i nc h es t h e a rea w ould r e m a i n t h e s a m e W h at
,
.

a re t h e d im e n s i o n s o f t h e r e c t a ngl e ?
1 18 E L E M E N TARY ALG E BRA

A t wh a t t i m es be t we e n 5 an d
’
34 . 6 l
o c o c k a re t h e h a nds of

a c o c k at r
l ig ht an gl e s t o eac h oth er?

Th e h an d s are a t r igh t an gl es t w i c e b e t w e e n 5 a nd 6, c b e fore

on e th e
m i n ut e-h an d pass es t h e h o ur -h a n d , a n d o n c e a ft e r .

In t h e fi r s t c a s e , t h e m i n u t e h an d m u s t p as s o v e i 2 5 s pa c es , p l us t
-
h e

n u m b e r o f s p a c e s p as s ed o v e r b y t h e h o u r h a n d , mi n us 1 5 s p a c es
-
.

In t h e ,
c
se o nd
t h e m i c as e
n u t e- h n d m us t
a p ass o v e r 2 5 c
s pa e s , p l us
m d i v i d ed b y 1 2, pl u s 1 5 s pa e s c
Th e t w o e u a ti o n s a r e
. q

m —
25 + fi m 5
12 12

A t w h a t t i m e b et w e e n 3 o c o c k a re
l t he ha nd s of a
’
35 . and 4
c o c k o pp
l o site e a c h o t he r?

m
m = 15 + + 30
12

36 . At w h a t t i m e b e t w e e n 8 and 9
o c ock l t he hands of a c oc k
l
’
a re to

g e t h e r ?

37 . A t w h at t i m e b e tw ee n 2 an d 3
o c o c k a re t he h a nd s of a c o c k at r h
’
l l ig h t an gl es t o e a c h o t e r ?

38 . A is 54 ye a r s o l d , a n d B is 3 a s ol d . In h o w m a ny
ye a r s w ill B b e as o l d a s A ?
39 . A B , ,
and C t o g et he r ea rn $3 65 0 . A
’
l
s s a a ry is of

s a nd
’
365 0 l ess t h a n C Fi n d C
’ ’
B s . s s a a ry l .

40 . A b o y h as $ 1 1 in h a lf- d o ll a rs a n d 5 -
c e nt pi ec e s , in al l

58 c o ns i . Ho w m a n y h a s h e o f eac h ki n d ?
 A P P LI C ATIO N S OF S I M P LE E Q UATIO N S 19

41 . Fi n d t h e n um b e r w h o s e d o ub l e di mi n i sh e d by 2 3 is as

m uc h g re a te r t h a n 5 3 as 68 is g re a t e r t h a n t h e n um b e r .

42 . A
is 2 8 yea rs old er t h a n his so n b ut , 5 ye a r s ag o he
3 times a s ol d
’
wa s . Fi n d t h e f at h e r s a g e .

43 . A m a n b o ug h t so m e c o ws a t $4 0 a h ea d . I f he ha d
bo ug h t 2 l e ss fo r t h e sam e m o n e y, eac h w o u ld h a v e cost $ 10
m o re . H ow m a n y di d h e b uy?

44 . A had tw i c e as m a ny s h e e p as B . E ach so ld h a lf h is
fl o c k to C , a nd A so ld 30 t o B ,
w h e r e u po n A a nd B had t he
sam e n um ber . H o w m a ny h a d ea c h a t fi rs t ?
45 . One of two n u m b e rs is 4 t i m e s t h e o t he r . I f 24 is sub

t ra c t e d f ro m t h e g re a t e r ,
and the l e ss is s ub t r a c te d f ro m 66,
the re m a i n de rs ar e e qu al . Fi n d t he n um b e r s .

46 . A wo m a n bo u g h t 1 2 ya r d s of s il k b ut if s h e h a d b o ug h t
,

8 ya r d s m o re fo r t h e s a m e m o n e y , it wo uld h a v e c o s t 60 ¢
a ya r d l e ss H o w m uc h did it c o s t ?
.

47 . A f a t h e r a n d t wo so n s ea rn $ 222 a m o nth , t he two s o ns

t he me w age s I f the ’
re ce ivi ng sa . so n s w a ges w ere dou b l e d ,

t h e y w o uld t o g e t h e r r ec e iv e on l y 36 l es s than t h e i r fa t h e r .

Ho w m u c h d o es t h e fa t h e r e a rn pe r m o nt h ?

48 . A m a n b o ug h t l and at 390 an a c re a nd h a d 3 1 0 00
l e ft . At $ 1 0 5 a n a cr e , h e w o u ld h a v e ne e d e d 320 0 m o r e to
p y
a fo r it . Ho w m a n y a cr es did h e b uy ?

49 . A fr ui t d e a l e r b o ug h t s o m e o ra n ges at t he ra t e o f 3 fo r
5 ea n d t w i c e as m a ny o t h e rs a t t he ra t e o f 2 fo r He so ld
t h em al l at 3 6¢ a do ze n a nd m a de a r
p o fit of How
m a n y o ra n ge s di d h e b uy ?
50 . A pe d e s t ri a n w a l ke d a c e rt a i n di s t a n c e a t t h e ra t e o f 1 %
m il e s an h o ur . He r es t e d 2 h o u rs at t he e nd o f his j ourn ey
1
a n d re t u rn e d at t he rat e o f 2 1; m il es an h o ur . I f he w as o ut

9 h o urs , h o w m any m il es did he wa k ? l

1 20 E L E M E N TARY ALG E BRA
E LI M INATIO N B Y S UB S TITUTIO N

1 65 . The follo w i n g ex a m pl e illu st r at es the m et h o d of

e l imin atio n b y s u b s titutio n :

T ra n s po s i n g 2 y in

Dividi n g ( 3 ) b y 3 ,

S u b s t i t u t i n g in 3y 30 ( 5)
3
S o lvi n g we h av e t h e v a lu e of y a n d s ub st i t u t i n g
, t his
v a lu e in ( 1 ) or we fi n d t h e v a lu e o f x .

1 66; R ul e .
~

D etermine fi r s t whi ch f
o the two un kn own nu m

ber s it is m or e con v en ien t to el imi na te .

F rom either equa tion , fi nd the v al ue o f tha t unknown n u mber

i n te r ms of the other . S u bs titu te this va l ue for the s a me u n

kn own n u mber in the other equa ti on .

E xe rc i s e 57

E li m i n a t e by s ub s t i t u t io n an d s olv e
4x 6y 6
2x 3y 9
1 22 ELE M E N TARY ALG E BRA

9 In 4 yea r s a s u m o f m o n e y a t
. s i m pl e i n t e r es t a m o un t s

to $ 7 68 , a nd in 5 years a t t h e s a m e ra t e it a m o un ts t o $ 8 00 .

Fi n d t he s um i nv e s t e d and the r at e .

10 . A
u n d o f t e a a n d 5 po u n d s o f
po c of ee f c o st 32 . At
p r i c e s 20 % h ig h er 3 p o u n d s o f t ea
,
a n d 1 1 pou n d s o f c of ee f
w o uld c o s t 36 Fi n d t h e pr i c e o f e a c h
. .

11 . dd e d t o t h e s um o f t h e t wo digi t s o f a c e rt a i n
I f 7 is a

n um b e r t h e r e s ul t is 5 t i m es t h e t e n s digi t a n d if 4 5 is ’
, ,

a dd e d t o t h e n u m b e r i t se lf t h e digi t s a re i nt e r c h a n g e d
, .

Fi n d t he nu m b e r .

12 . I f the um b e r s is divid e d b y 5 t h e q u o t i e n t
s um o f t wo n ,

is 2 1 a n d t h e r e m a i n d e r 4 ; a n d if t h e di ffe r e n ce o f t h e n u m b e r s
is divid e d b y 1 0 t h e q u o t i e nt is 6 a n d t h e re m a i n d e r 3
, .

Fi n d t h e n u m b er s .

13 . A m a n pa id 3 1 4 for o ra n ge s ,
b uy i n g som e of t h e m at 12
He s o ld t h em a l l a t 3 0 ¢
’

fo r 2 5 ¢ and the r est a t 1 4 fo r 2 5 gr .

a d o ze n a nd m ade a pr o fi t of H ow m a ny did h e b uy
o f ea c h ki n d ?
14 . I f t h e l a rg e r o f t wo n u m b e rs is divid e d by t h e s m a ll e r ,

t h e q uo t i e n t is 6 a nd t he r e m a i n d er 8 ; b ut if 7 t i m es t h e

sm a ll e r is divid e d b y t h e ,
l a rge r t h e q u o t i e nt is 1 a n d t h e
re m a i n d e r 9 Fi n d t he n um b e r s
. .

15 . u m e r at o r o f a c e rt a i n fra c t i o n is dou b l e d a n d 3
I f the n

a dd e d t o t h e d e n o m i n a t o r it s v a lu e is 3; if t h e d e n o m i n a t o r
,

is d o ub l e d a n d 2 a dd e d t o t h e n um e ra t o r it s v a l ue is 3 ,
.

Fi n d t h e fra c t i o n .

16 . If a re c t a n gul a r plo t of
l a n d we re 2 0 fe et lo ng e r a n d
1 0 fe e t w id e r t h e a re a w o u ld be i n c rease d 3 000 s q u a re fee t ;
,

b ut if t h e l e n gt h w e re 1 0 f ee t m o re a n d t h e w id t h 3 0 fe e t
l es s t h e a re a wo uld b e di m i n i s h e d 24 00 s qu a re fee t Ho w
,
.

m a ny s q ua re fe e t a re t h e re in t h e pl o t ?
 C H A PT E R X II I

G E NE RAL NUM BE R S . F OR M ULAS .

TYP F ORM S
E -

G E N E RAL N UM B E R S

1 67 Re pr e s e ntin g N um b e r s
. B y c o mm o n us a g e t h e
.
,

A ra b i c n um e ra l s o f a r i t h m e t i c a n d t h e l e t t e rs u s e d in a lg e b ra
a r e c a ll e d n u mbe rs It m u s t b e r e m e m b e r e d h o w e v e r t h a t
.
, ,

a l l n um b e r s ym b o l s a re u se d s i m pl y t o r ep r esen t n u m b ers .

Si n c e l e tt e r s a r e u se d in a lg e b r a t o re pre se n t a ny n u m b e rs ,

t h ese l ette rs a re c a ll e d gen er a l n u m ber s .

1 68 . A g e n e ral n um b e r is a l e tt e r o r o t h e r n um b e r s ym b o l
t h a t m ay r e pr e s e n t a n y n u m b e r .

To be a bl e to re ad a l g ebra ic ex pr es si on s in con ci s e E n gl i s h

a nd to ex pres s ma thema tica l s ta te me n ts i n a l gebra i c s ymbol s is

of g rea t i mpor taf i ce .

Fo r e xa m p e , l 3a b, 30 127, or 3 xy re pr e se n s t t h r ee ti m es t h e pr od u t o f c
a ny t wo n um b e r s . A lso ,
2 ( a — b) or 2 ( x — y) c
m a y r e pr es e n t t w i e t h e
d iff er e n c e of a ny t wo nu m b ers .

Si n c e a and b m ay r e pr es e n t a n y two u ne q u a l n u m b e rs , t he
e q ua li t y
—
( + b)
a (a b) 2b

e x pr esses the fo ll o wi n g p rin c i pl e

The su m o f any two u ne qua l n u m ber s exceed s their differen ce
by twi ce the s ma l l er n u mber .

If a a nd b a re a ny t wo n um b e r s o f w h i c h b is t h e sm a ll e r ,

w h a t pri nc i pl e d o es t h i s e q u a li ty expre s s
2 ( a + b) — 2 (a b) = 4 b? -

4
.

W h at p r i n c i p l e s d o t h e f o ll o w i n g id e n t i t ie s e x pr ess

—b = 2 a
) ( )
3
a + 1
1 24 E LE M E N TARY ALG E BRA
F O R M ULA S
1 69 . A form ul a is a n e x pr ess o n i of a genera l principl e , or

ru l e in g e n e ra l n um b er s ym b ol s a n d in t h e f o r m of an

e q ua li t y .

The e x pr e s s io n of aform ul a in w o r d s is a p r i n ci l
p ,e a n d the
e xpr es s o n i o f it a s a di r e c t i o n is a r u l e .

Th e ilit y t o e x pr e ss ge n e r a l pr i n c i pl e s a s fo r m ul as a n d
ab ,

t o r e a d fo rm u l a s a c c u ra t e l y as pr i n c i pl e s a nd r ul e s is of t h e
grea t e st v a lu e t o s t u d e n t s o f a lg eb ra ph ys i c s e t c , ,
.

T h e t r u t h o f t h e f o ll o w i n g a lg e b ra i c st at e m e n t c a ll e d a ,

fo rm ul a m ay b e v er ifi e d by pe r fo r m i n g t h e i n di c a t e d o per
,

a t io n s
— — = 4x
( ) 3
( v)
2
x+ v x v
S u ppo s i n g t h a t x and y a re a ny two n u m b e rs ,
wh a t
i
pr n c i pl e d o es t h e fo r m ul a e x press ?

E x e rc i s e 5 9

1 . Ve r ify t h e t rut h of t his fo rm ul a

—x 2x ( a + x)
( + x) )
2
a

2 . H a vi n g v e rifi e d t h e t r uth of th is a lg e b ra i c s t a t e m e nt ,

t e ll w h a t g e n e ra l pr i n c i pl e it e x pr e s s e s .

Si n c e a f o rm ul a e xp resse s a gen era l p r nic i pl e it

,
a pp li es
t o a l l pa r ticu l a r e x a m pl es o f t h a t t yp e .

3 . B y h o w m uc h d o es ex c e e d 687 — 1 2 5 ? By
h ow m u c h does exc e e d
4 . H o w m uc h d o e s t h e u a re o f
sq e xc e e d the s q ua re

of 50 — 3? G iv e r es ul t w i t h o u t s q u a ri n g .

5 . Wit h o u t s q uar n i g t h e bi n o m i al giv e t h e diff e renc e b e

,

t w ee n and

6 . B y h o w m uc h d o es ex c ee d 5 69 35 0 ? B y ho w
m uch d o es e xc ee d
1 26 E L E M E N TARY ALG E BRA

2 . Wh e n a re c t a n gl e 1 8 fe e t wid e o
c n t a ns i 1 50 sq u a re
ya r ds , wh at is it s l en gt h ?

3 . A re c t a n gl e of l an d 64 r od s lo n g c o n t a i ns 18 a cre s .

Fi n d it s w id t h in ro ds .

1 60 X 1 8
w :

64

4 . E xpres s in g e n e r a l n u m b e rs tw o ru es l fo r fi n di n g t he

pe r i m et e r of a ny r e c t an gl e .

5 . Us i n g a ny g e n e ra l n u m b e rs ,
w r i t e t h ree fo rm ul as fo r
fi n di n g the a rea o f a n y t r i a n gl e .

6 . So lv e o ne of t h e t h ree fo rm ul as o f pro b l e m 5 a n d giv e

t he rul e whi c h eac h of t he d er iv e d fo rm ul a s expres se s .

7 . If a t ri a n gl e w h o s e a l t it ud e is 24 fee t c o nt a n s i 52
sq u a re yar ds ,
h ow lo n g is it s b a s e ?
8 . If x is the ag e of a b oy no w , m a ke t he probl e m of
wh i c h thi s i
e q u at o n is t h e s t at e m e n t

x+3 = —
3 (x 7)

9 . Us i n g
g e n e r a l n u m b e rs w r i t e t h e fo rm ul a fo r fi nd
a ny ,

in g t h e volu m e of a n y r e c t a n gul ar pr i sm .

10 . So lv e t h e f o rm u l a of l p r o b e m
9 a n d giv e t he pr n c i i pl e
wh i c h e a c h of t h e t hre e d er iv e d fo rm ul a s express es .

11 . E xpr e ss in fo rm ul a t h e r e l a t i o n of divid e n d divi s o r

a , ,

q u o t i e n t ,
a n d r e m a i n d e r in divi s i o n
,
.

12 . A h as x a c res of l and and B 3x a c r es . M a ke t he

pro bl e m of w h i c h t h e s t at e m e n t is 3 x 20

13 . W i t h o ut s q uar n i g t he b i n o m ial , giv e the di ff e re n c e

b e t w ee n and

14 . G iv e a fo rm ul a fo r fi n di n g di m e n s i o n o f a r e c t a n gl e
o ne

w he n t h e pe ri m e t e r a nd the o t h e r di m e n s i o n a re giv e n .
 FOR M ULA S 1 27

15 . If a re c t a n gl e 64 fee t l o n g h as a pe r i m e t e r of 2 26 fe e t ,

w h at is t h e w id t h ?

16 R e pr e s e n t t h e n u m b e r o f c u b i c
.
y a r d s in a n y box
s h a p e d e x c a v a t i o n w h e n t h e di m e n s i o n s a re giv e n in feet .

1 72 . The for mu l a a s a co mpa c t s hor tha n d

l aws o f n um b e r

is p e rh a ps t h e m o st pr a c t i ca l p a rt o f a lg e b r a T h e fo ll o w i n g .

li s t o f pro b l e m s w ill gi v e pra c t i c e in fo r m u l a t i n g a ri t h m et i c a l ,

p r a c t i c a l a n d S
,
c i e n t ifi c l a w s .

E x e r c i s e 61 Sta tin g and F orm u al tin g Law s

1 . D e no ti n g t he m i n ue n d , s u b t ra h e n d ,
di ff e r e n c e
a nd

by m , s , an d d, r e s pe c t iv e l y ,
s how by a fo rm u l a t h e re l a t i o n
of t he se n u m b e rs .

2 . A dd s to both s id e s of —
m s=
= d a n d st at e w h a t t h e

re s u l t i n g fo rm ul a m ea n s .

3 . fo rm ul a t h e
Sho w b y a l i
r e at o n of t h e pr o d u c t , p ,
m ul t i pli c a n d M a n d m ul t i pli e r
, , ,
m .

4 Divid e b o t h Sid e s o f p
.
=M -
m by m , a nd st at e t he
m e a n i n g o f t he re s ul t i ng f o rm ul a .

5 . St a t e as a f o r m ul a : Th e pro du c t of a f ra c t i o n ,

3 ,
by a w ho l e n u m b er , a , is t h e pr o d u c t of t he w hol e num b e r

by t h e n um e r a t o r , di v id e d by t he d e no m i na t o r .

6 . Sho w b y a fo rm ul a t h e p r i n c i pl e fo r m u l t i pl yi n g a

fra c t io n g by
c
t
a fra c t io n ,
ca lli n g t he pro d u c t p .

b d

7 . St é t e b y a f o r m ul a th e re l a t i o n o f t h e pe r c e nt a g e , p ,
t he r a t e , r , a n d t h e b as e , b, a n d t r a n s l a t e t h e f o rm ul a i n t o

wo r d s .

8 Divid e b o t h s id e s of = br b r , a nd t e ll t h e m e a n i n g
.
p , y
o f t h e res ul t i n g f o r m ul a .
 28 E LE M E N TARY ALG E BRA
9 . giv e m e a n i n g o f t h e fo rm ul a for t h e i nt e re st
St a t e and ,

i, in t e rm s o f t h e pr i n c i pl e p r a t e r a n d t i m e t ( in yea rs )
, , , , ,
.

10 . Divid e b o t h s id es of i = pr t b y r t, and t e ll w h a t t h e
r e s ul t i n g form u l a m ea n s .

11 . Divid e bo t h s id e s of i = pr t b y p t, and t e ll w
h t tha e

r es ul t i n g fo r m ul a m ea n s .

12 . St a t e as a fo rm ul a t h e l a w fo r s ub t r a ct i n g t wo fra c t io n s .

13 . St a t e as a f o rm ul a t he l aw fo r m ul t i pl yi n g t wo
f ra c t io n s .

14 . Sh ow b y a fo r m ul a t he l aw o f a re a , A, of a squa re

of s id e ,
s .

15 . St at e b y a f o rm u l a t he v o lu m e ,
V, of a c ub e w h o se
ed g e is s .

16 . St at e b y a fo rm ul a t he v a lu e f , ,
of a d ec i m a l fr a ct io n
h a vi n g t u ni t s in t ent h s
’
l
p ac e and h u n i t s in h u n d re d t h s ’

p l ac e . h
A ns ’
f _
+ ’

10 1 00

17 . So lv e t h e fo rm ul a in t h e a n s w e r o f pr o b l e m 1 6 fo r t ; fo r h .

18 . fo rm ul a t h e c ost l a w in w h i c h 0 is t h e t o t al
St a t e as a -
,

c o s t n t h e n u m b e r of a rt i c l es a n d p t h e pr i c e of e ac h
,
Solv e ,
.

t h e fo rm ul a fo r n ; fo r p .

19 . C a lli n g d t h e t o t a l di s t a n c e ,
r t he rat e of m ov e m e nt ,

a nd t the t im e , s t at e t h e di st a n c e -
l aw fo r u n ifo rm m o tio n ,

as a form ul a .

20 . fo rm ul a o f pro b l e m
Solv e t h e 19 for r, and t e ll t h e
m e an i ng of t h e r es ul t Solv e fo r t . .

21 . v e lo c i t y v of a fr ee l y f a lli n g bod y is t h é pr odu c t

The , ,

of t h e g ra vi t y c o n st ant g by t h e t i m e t o f fa ll Fo rm ul ate
-
, , , ,
.

t h i s l aw Solv e it fo r g ; fo r t
. .

22 . So lve t h e fo rm ul a A ,
2 7rr ( h + r) for 7r ; fo r 7rr ; fo r h + r ;
fo r h .
1 30 E L E M E N TARY ALG E BRA
FORM S A ND TYP E F O R M S O F ALG E B RA I C
-
N UM BE R S

1 73 . M e aning o Type Form s

f -
A v e ry i m po rt a n t t h i ng t o .

l e a rn in a lg e b r a is t h e m e a n i n g a n d u se o f form s a n d type
form s lg e b r a i c n um b e rs B y t h e fo rm o f a n u m b e r is
of a .

m e a n t h o w fro m it s w r i t t e n a ppea r a n c e it l o o ks as t h o ug h it
, ,

w ere m a d e u p o u t o f s i m pl er n um b e rs A b it o f v alu a bl e .

a d v i c e o ft e n giv e n b u t se ld o m a ppr ec i a t e d b y t h e b e gi n n e r
, , ,

is a l wa ys to l ook ca refu l l y in to a probl em or exerc ise befor e pu tting

n ci l t
“ L k b f u l ”
i g d m ott o
p e o a
p p er oo e
. o r e y o e a p s a o o

fo r t h e yo u n g lg e b r a i s t M a k e it a h a b i t T h e h a b i t is
a . .

pa r t i c ul a r l y v a lu a b l e in f a c t o r i ng T h e am o u n t o f u se l es s .

l a b o r it will s a v e yo u Will c om pe n sa te m a ny fo ld fo r t h e -

e ffo rt . T h e w a y t o s t a rt t h e pr a c t i c e is t o l e a rn w h a t
n u m b er fo rm s m e a n a n d h o w t o u se t h e m
-
T h i s is n o t a n .

e n t ir e l y n e w t h i n g fo r n um b er f o rm s are u se d e a r l y in
,
-

a r i t h m et i c .

Fo r exa m p e , l w h e n yo u l ea r n e d t o t e ll , w i t h o u t dividi n g ,

w h e t h er 5 is a fa c t o r o f a n um b er by not i c i ng
, w h e t h er
it en d e d in 0 o r 5 yo u ,
w er e u s i n g t h e for m o f t h e n umber
to lig h t e n yo u r w o rk .

L i ke w i se yo u h a v e pr o b a b l y l e a rn e d t o us e
,
the fo rm of

a n u m b er t o d e c id e w i t h ou t dividi n g ,
w h et he r ,
the n u m b er
is divi s ibl e by 1 0 1 00 2 4 8 e t c , , , , ,
.

In lg eb r a
a ,
a n a c q u a nt a n c e i with n umbe r for ms
-
is m u c h
m o re u se ful t h a n in ar i thm eti c .

I f we we re as k e d to i n di c a t e t h e s um o r t h e di ff e r e n c e o f
two di ffe re n t n u m b e rs in s o m e s ugg e s t iv e fo rm w e m ig h t ,

w rit e :
a nd

t he e m p ty c u r v e s s ugg e s t i n g t h a t a n y n um b e rs wh a t s oe v e r
m igh t b e w r i t t e n w i t h i n t h e m B ut w h il e t h es e f o r m s s h o w
.

s um a n d differ en ce t h e y do n o t s ugg e s t t h a t t h e t w o n u m b ers

,
 F OR M S AND TY P E F OR M S
-
13 1

in q u es t i o n a r e t o b e di ff e r e n t n um b e r s To o bv at e i t hi s
o b j e c t i o n w e m ig h t s u gg e s t t h es e f o rm s

—
l a nd l l ,

w i th t h e d erst a n di n g t h at t h e c ur v e d a n d t h e s q u a re
un

c o r n er e d s ym b o l s a r e t o s u gg es t t h a t di ff e r e n t n u m b e r s a r e

t o b e w r i tt e n i n s id e t h e di ffe r e n t l y s h a p e d sym b o l s
-
.

I f w e h a d b e e n i n g e ni o us e no ug h t o s e e w h a t it t o o k
m a t h e m a t i c i a n s h u n d re d s o f y ea rs t o di s c o v e r t h a t b y ,

s i m pl y c a lli n g o n e n u m b e r x a n d t h e o t h e r y a n d w r i t i n g , ,

x+ and x —
y y,

We hav e v eryt h i n g s h o w n eas il y a n d fu ll y t h e n o ur pr o b l e m

e ,

w o uld h a v e b ee n so lv e d We m e r el y r e m e m b er t h a t t h e
.

:
d iff e r e n t l et t e rs a r e in g e n e ra l t o d e n o t e d i ffe r e n t n um b e r s .

1 74 . E xampl e s of Type Form s -

A n y o t h e r l e tt e rs , a s a
.

a nd b, m ig h t as wel l h a v e b ee n use d as x a n d y in t h e l as t se c
t ion . B ut x an d y a re e a s il y w ri t t e n a n d se rv e j ust a s w e ll
,

as a n y o t h e r l e t t e rs ,
so a lg e b r a i s t s f a ll i n t o t h e h a b i t o f

i g
us n t he m m o re t h a n o t h e rs .

We sa y t h e n t ha t x + y and x —
y a r e res pe c t iv e l y the forms
fo r t h e s um a n d diffe re n c e o f a ny t w o di ffere n t n u m b e rs
t he .

Si n c e x + y m ay s t a n d fo r ( t ypify) t h e s u m of a n y two n u m
be rs it m a y b e c a ll e d a type form fo r t h e s u m
,
-
Si m il a rl y .
,

y s c a ll e d t h e type for m fo r t h e diff e r e n c e o f t w o n um b e rs

x — i -
.

Th e type for m fo r t h e s um o f t w o pro d u c t s is a x + by;

-

—
fo r t h e di ff e r e n c e o f t w o pr o d u c t s d x by .
,

T h e type for m fo r t h e s u m o f t w o pr o d u c t s h a vi n g o n e
-

f a c t o r common t o b o t h pro d uc t s is a x + a y a n d fo r t h e diff e r ,

e nc e o f su c h pro d u c t s a x — ay ,
.

Th e type form fo r t h e
-
s um o f two s q u a res is x
3
+y
3
, and fo r
t he di ff e re n c e of u a re s
t wo sq x
3—
O b se rv e t h a t x + y 2 2 2
y , .

m ea n s t h a t a n um b e r is m a d e b y t a ki n g t w o di ff ere nt n um
3—
b ers s q u a r i n g b o t h a n d a ddi n g t h e s q u a res w h il e 93
, , y
2
,

di r e c t s us t o fo rm a n u m b e r b y c h o o si n g t w o diffe r e n t n um
132 E L E M E N TARY ALG E BRA

be rs , s qua r n i g bot h ,
a nd u b t ra c t i n g C l e a r l y t he n s u c h
s .
,

sho rt fo rm s a s x + y 2 2
an d x
3
y
2
ar e v -
e r y c o m pa c t w a ys o f
s a y i n g a g rea t d ea l .

Su c h a n u m b er -
fo m r as x
3
+ a x + b s t e type for m fo r
i h -
n um

b e r s to b e b uil t up u m b e r s q u a ri n g it a ddi n g
by c h oo s i n g a n , ,

t h e pr odu c t of it a n d so m e se c o n d n um b e r a n d t h e n a ddi n g ,

a th i r d n u m be r . As x
3
+a x + b h as three t e r m s , it is a tr i
n omi a l . B ut is m a d e up of three d ifi er en t u m b e rs x a
n , , ,

a nd b. Si n c e o ne o f t h e se n um b e rs , x , is s q u a re d t h e t ri
,

n o m i a l is ca ll e d a qua d a tic r ( s q ua r e - li ke ) tri n omia l .

Th e form ,
x
2
+ ax + b, is t h en a t ype- fo rm fo r qua d ra tic
trin omi a l s .

1 75Type - Form s In te rpr e te d

. Si n c e x + y st a n d s fo r t h e .

s um o f a n y t w o n u m b e rs , if w e m ul t i pl y it b y i t se lf w e g e t

t he s qua r e o f t he su m o f a n y two n u mber s . M ul t i pl yi n g x+ y

by x+y giv e s us
2 2
x + 2 xy+ 9
1 . H e n ce t he t ype -
fo rm fo r t he u a re o f t he
sq s um of t wo
n u m b e rs i s x + 2xy+ y 2 2
. As a t ype fo rm t h i s
-
,
x
3
+ 2xy+ y 2

te ll s us m u c h .

1 . It te l l s us tha t the s qu a r e of the su m o

f two dif f r nt
e e

n umber s is a tr in omia l .

2 . It tel l s us tha t two of the three ter m s of the tr in omia l

a re ma d e by s qua rin g the n u m ber s to be a dded s epa r a te l y .

3 . It tel l s us tha t the rema in in g term o f the trino mia l i s

ma de by dou bl in g the pr odu ct of the two n umbers tha t were
a d ded to give the ori gin a l su m .

4 . It tel l s us tha t a s hor t wa y o f getting a s qu a re f

o the
su m o f two n umber s i s to s qua r e ea ch o f the two nu mbers ,

to form the ir pr od u ct a nd doubl e it, a nd the n to a dd the three

r es u l ts .
 C H A PT E R X IV

FA CT ORI N G

1 76 . Th e fac tor s of a n um b e r a re the nu m b e r s w h os e

p rod u c t is t h a t n um b e r . Fa c t ors of a n um b e r are the
m a kers of t he num b er , by mu l tipl ica tion .

1 77 .F ro m t h e l a w o f t h e a lge b r a i c n o ta t io n a n d t h e m e a n
ing o f i n t e g r a l ex po n e n t s t h e f a c t o rs o f a m o no m i a l are t h e
,

fa c t o rs Of t h e c o e ffi c i e n t a n d e a c h l e tt er a s m a ny t i m es a s
'

t h e r e a re u n i t s in it s ex po n e n t T hus .
,

6a 3 =
bc 3 2
3 - °
aaa -
bb

M O N O M I AL FA C T OR S
Type fo rm :
-
ax ay + a z

1 78 . Po l yn o m i a l s h a vi n g a comm on fa ctor in e v ery t e rm

a re t h e pro d uc t of a po l y n o m i a l and a m o n om i a l .

—
By defi n i ti on of fa c t o rs ,
si n c e 3 a 2a ( 3 b) 6a 3
9a b, 3 a
a nd 2a — 3 b a re t h e f a c t o rs o f 6a — 2
9a b .

T h e m o n o m i a l fa c t o r is t h e grea tes t c ommon f a c t o r o f t h e

coefiicien ts m ul t i pl i e d b y t h e l ow es t pow er o f a l l t h e co mm on

l etter s .

T h us ,
and 1 8x f

Wh e n t h e m o n o m i a l f a c t o r is o ne t erm of t h e p o l yn o m i a l ,
t he c o r re s po n di ng t e r m in t h e po l yn o m i a l fa c t o r is 1 T h u s ,
.

1 5x + 1 0 x
3 2

1 79 . D iv ide the p ol ynomia l by the mo n omia l

R ul e . fa ctor
a n d wri te the div iso r a nd the qu otien t for the fa ctor s .

F a c t o rs m a y a l w ays b e checked b y m ul t i pl yi ng t h e m
t o g e t h e r a n d c o m pa ri n g t h e p r odu c t w it h t he n u mb e r to be
fa c t o re d .
 FA C T O R IN G 1 35

E xe rc i s e 62

Fa c t o r t h e fo llowi n g a n d c h ec k th e l as t four
1 . 5a 3
1 0a 2
2 . a x
3 3
+a
3
x
2
3 . 4a b 3
1 0a b 3

4 .
2
6x + 1 5 x 4
5 . x y —
3
x y
3
3 2
6 . 14 a b + 7 a b 3 3

7 . 6o 3
x
3
8a 2
x
2
2o x y 3
8 . 3a 3
x
3
2a 2 4
x 4a 2 3
x y
2

9 . 4b c
3 3
8a bc 2
4 a bc
3 3
10 . ax
3
y
3
3a 3
xy
2
o x
3 3
y
4

11 6a 3 2
c 9a bc d
3 2
3a o 2
12 . a
3
bc
3 3 “
3a b c 2
a
2
bc
3 2

C O MM O N C O MPO UN D FA C T OR
Typ e- form ax + ay + b x + b y

1 80 . T he te rm s of a po l yn o m i a l m a y so m e t i m e s be so

g rou pe d as to s ho w a c o mm o n co mp ou n d fa c t o r .

Co n s id e r ax + a y+ bx by

Th e fi rs t a n d sec o n d t erm s of t h i s po l y no m i a l c o n t a i n t he
c o m m o n f ac t o r a a n d t h e t h i r d a n d f o u rt h t e rm s c o n t a i n t h e
,

c o m m o n f ac to r b G ro u pi ng t h e t erm s in t h i s m a nn e r a n d
.
.

fa c t ori n g ea c h g ro u p we h a v e ,

B y t he us e pare nt hes e s , t h epol yn o m i a l is t h us r e du c e d

t o two t e rm s ,
pou n d fa c t o r x + y
r ul e fo r a ddi t io n of
of
wh i c h are s im il a r w i t h r e fe r e n c e t o t h e c o m
, . C o m b i n i ng t h e t e r m s ac cor di ng t o t he
te r m s pa rt l y s i m il a r § 7 2
, ,
we h a ve

The fi rst te rm is n o t a l wa ys g ro u pe d w i t h t h e s e c o n d It .

m a y b e g ro uped w i t h t h e t h i r d t e rm o r t h e fo urt h ,
.

F ac t o r g ro upi n g t he fi rst w i t h t h e t h i r d
t e rm an d t h e s e c o n d t erm w i t h t h e fo u rt h
, Thus .
,
1 36 E LE M E N TARY ALG E BRA
E IEerc is e 63

Wri te t h e fa c t o rs of t he follo wi n g . a nd c he c k

1 ac — ad + c n — dn 2 ax — cy+ cx — a
. .
y
3 . a x + 2x + a y + 2 y 4 . a n + bn — dx — bx
3 3 3 3 — 3 —
5 . a + a n + an + n 6 . x 3 y xy+ 3 x
— mn — an
+ am
2 5 3 3 2 3
7 . a 8 . a +a x +a x +x
181 In t he prec e di n g e xa m pl e s , a p osi tive m o n o m i a l
. fa c t o r
is t a ke n o ut o f e a c h g ro up O b serv e t h e fo llo wi n g : .

ax + a y bx by (a b) ( x + y)
— — bx = —
ax y b
+ y (a b) ( x y)
-
a

C o nvi n ce yours e lf t h at t h e e q u at i o n s are c o r ec t r b y m ul t i

l i g — b b —
d a b by x y —
py n a y x + y a n .

A polyno m i a l c ann o t b e fa c t o re d in t h i s m a nn e r u n l es s t h e
c om p ou n d fa c t o r is the s a me in e ac h g rou p .

To g e t t e sa m e c o m pou d f ac t o r
h n in e a c h g r ou p — b is ,

t a ke n o ut of t h e s ec o n d g r ou p in e a c h of t he t w o exam pl e s
a bov e .

E xerc i s e 64

F a ct o r t h e fo ll ow i n g po l yno m i a l s a nd c h ec k:
1 . an — —
bn a x + bx 2 .
—
bx by+ y3—
xy

3 ax — —
by+ a y bx 4 ab + xy —a — bx
. .
y

5 n
2 -
nx + n y —x 6 3 —b
+ — b
.
y . dx y a xy x

— 3 — 3 —
+ m x um a br bc + cn
3 2
7 . a a x 8 .
-
a ux

1 82 .o m e c a s e s t h e c o m pou n d f a c t o r in o n e g rou p is
In s

li ke t h e r em a i n i n g te rm s o f t h e pol yn o m i a l o r li ke t h o s e ,

term s wi th their s ig n s cha nged In s u c h e xa m pl e s t h e .

m o no m i a l f ac t o r t a ke n o ut o f o ne g r ou p is + 1 or — 1 as , ,

fo r e xam pl e ,

— —
ax a y+ x y)
ax ay — - —
1 ) ( x y)
1 38 E LE M E N TARY ALG E BRA

185 The s qua re of the s u m of two n u mber s is the s qua re of

.

the fi rs t n u mbe r , p l us tw ice the produ ct of the fi rs t a nd secon d ,

p l u s the s qua re o f the secon d .

E x erc i s e 67

G iv e t h e res ul t s of the fo ll o w i n g
( +
b ) ( + b)
2 2
1 . c 2 . 3 . ax

4 . If m a n l iv es 8 y e a rs , h e w ill b e
a it ye a r s o l d . How o l d
w as he 8 ye a r s a g o ?

(a + c ) ( a + by)
2
5 . 6 . 7 .

8 . W h at w ill r e pr ese n t th e s um o f 3 c o nse c u t iv e odd num

b ers of whi c h 3 is t h e sm a ll es t ?

( b+ x ) ( b)
2 2
9 . 10 . 11 . 2 a +

12 . A m a n w as x y ea r s o l d a y e a rs a go . I f h e liv e s , h ow
old w ill h e b e in b yea r s ?

( x + y) (x + 3 y)
2
13 . 14 . 15 .

SQ UARE OF T H E DI FFERE N C E OF T W O NUM B ER S

Type f orm : a 2 ab + b -
‘
3 - 2

186 . Si n c e a a nd b a re a n y t wo n u m b e rs ( a b) is t h e
,
- 2

sq u a re of t h e di ffe re nc e o f a ny t wo n u m b ers T h e s q u a re o f
.

a — b is fou n d by m ul t i pli c at i o n t o b e a 2 ~
2 a b+ b 2
or t he
,

s q u a r e of a m i n u s t w i c e t h e pro du c t of a
,
a nd b, plu s t h e
s q u a r e of b o r ,

— = a2 — 2ab + b 2
( b ) 2
a

1 87 . The s qua re o f the differen ce o f two n u mbers is the

s qua r e of the fi rs t n u mber min us twice the , prod uc t of the fi rs t
a n d se con d p l u s the s qua re of the s ew n d
,
.
 F AC TORI N G 1 39

E x e r c is e 68

G iv e t h e r es ul t s of t he fo ll o w i n g ,
w i t h o u t m ul t i pl yi n g :
— — —
1 .
(b -
c )
2
(n l ) (n 1 ) 3 .
( ax b)
— — — —
4 .
( a c )
2
5 .
( x 3 ) (x 3 ) 6 .
(a by)
— —
7 .
( b x )
2
8 .
( n -
2) ( n 2) 9 .
( 353
— — —
10 .
(b -
y)
2
11 .
( x 4 ) (x 4 ) 12 .
( x 3 y)
2

— — 6) ( —
6)
( ti x ) (n (4 a
?
13 . 14 . n 15 .

1 88 . i t h m et i c a l n um b e r m a y b e s q ua re d m e n t a ll y
An ar

by c o n s id er i ng it t o b e t h e s um o r t h e di ff e r e n c e o f t w o
n u m b e rs Thu s .
,

2
46 :
21 16
2
46 7

E xer c i s e 69

E xpre s s t h e s q ua res of t h es e nu m b e rs , fi r st as t he s um ,

t he n as t he di ff e r e n c e o f t wo n u m b e r s :
3
1 . 38 2
2 . 47 2
3 . 65 4 . 54 2
5 . 73 2

2
6 . 58 2
7 . 64 8 . 76 2
9 . 85 2
10 . 95 2

1 89 . A trin o mia l m a y b e u are d

sq by g r o up i n g t wo t e rm s
t o m a ke a b i no m i a l of it . T hus ,

a nd

E x e rc i s e 7 0

G iv e t h e fo ll o w i n g s q u a res wi t h o u t a c t ua ll y m u l t i pl yi n g
—c —b
(a + b ) (a b+ c ) ( + c)
2 2 2
1 . 2 .
-
3 . a

—
4 .
( a x -
l 5 .
(a + x 6 .
(a + x
1 90 . If a n u m b er is t h e produ c t of equa l fa ctors , o ne of

t ho se f a c t o rs is c a ll e d a r oo t o f t h e n u m b e r .
1 40 E LE M E N TARY ALG E BRA

Th e roo t o f a n um be r is o ne of t h e two e qu a l
s qua e r
f a c t o rs wh ose pr odu c t is t h e n u m b e r s
G iv e t he s q u a re r oo t o f 9 ; 25 ; 64 ; 1 44 ; a ; x ; 4 b ;
2 4 3

3 “
1 6x y ; 1 00 a b c ; (x
4 3 3

T he root of a n u mb e r is o ne of t he three e q u a l
c ub e

fa c t o rs wh o se produ c t is t he n u m b e r .

G iv e t h e c ub e r oo t of 8 ; 2 7 ; 64 ; 1 2 5 ; a ; b ; 8 x ;
3 3 9

2 1 6a b ; 3 3
2 7a b 3 3 9
c ;

T RIN O M IAL SQUARE S

Type fo rm :-

1 91 . A trino mi al s qua e r is t h e s q u a re o f a b i n o m i a l . T hu s ,

— = —
( y)
2 3 2
x x 2 xv + 9

Two te r ms of e v e ry t r i n o m i a l s q ua re a re the s qu a r es o f the

two te r ms of t h e b i no m i a l .

The other t e r m is twice t he pro du c t o f t h e s qua r e roots of

t h e t wo s q ua r es a n d m a y b e e i t h e r pos i tive o r n ega tive .

'

T h e fa c t o r s of a t r i nom i a l
u a re a re t h e r efo re two l ike
'

sq

bi nomia l s a n d t h e t e rm s o f e a c h f ac t o r a re t h e s qua re roots of

,

t he t wo s q u a r es in t h e t r i n o mi a l Th u s .
,

4 a + 9b l 2a b ( b) ( b)
3 2
2 a + 3 2 a + 3
Th e t wo s q ua r es a r e 4a a nd 9b t he i r s q ua re roo t s
2 3
, are 2a an d 3 b,
and 1 2a b is t w i c e t h e p ro d uc t o f t h es e s q ua r e r o o ts .

T h e m et h o d of f a c t o ri n g a tr i n o m i a l sq u a re is st ate d as a

rul e , thus :

1 92 . Rul e Find the squa re r oots

. o f the two ter ms tha t a re

s qua r es , conn ec t thes e r oots wi th the s ig n o f th e o th e r te rm ,

and wri te the bi n omia l twic e as a fa ctor .

T h e t wo fa c t o rs t r i no m ia l s q ua re b e i ng e q ual i t is id e n t t h a t
’

of a ,
ev

e ac h fa c to r is the s q ua r e r oo t o f t h e t r i n o m ia l .
 E L E M E N TARY ALG E BRA

( a + x) 2 ( a + x)
3
19 . 1

20 . 21 . 9a b + 3 0 a b + 2 5
4 2 3

22 .

23 . 4 a + 4 a b+ b
4 3 2
24 . 2 5a fi 4
c + 1 0a 3 2
c +1

25 .
— 6 (x

26 .
2
64x + 3 2x + 4 27 . 1 2 1 + 4a b 3
‘
3 — 4 4a b

P ROD U C T OF T HE S U M A ND DI FFERE NC E OF T W O NUM BER S

Type form : - -
b)

1 94 L e t t i n g a a n d b r e pr e s e n t a n y t w o n u m b e r s t h e n
.
,

— h f h m
( a + b)( a b ) r e p r ese n t s t e p r odu c t o t e i r s u a n d diff e r
3—
e nc e . T h e p rodu c t is fou n d by m ul t i pli c a t io n t o b e a b 3
,

t h e di ff e r e n c e of t h e i r s q u a r e s i e ,
. .
,

— = 2— 3
(a + b ) ( a b) a b

1 95 The produ ct of the s u m

. a nd diflerence of two n u mber s

is the difi eren ce of their s qua r es .

E xe r c i s e 7 2

G iv e t h e follo wi n g pro du c t s
—c
1 .
) 2 .
(x 3 .
( 2a
—c —1
4 .
) 5 .
( n 6 .
)
—x
7 .
) 8 .
(x 9 .
(3
—4
10 .
(b 11 .
( 4 12 .
)
1 96 T h e pr odu c t of t wo
. ar i t h m e t i c a l n u m b e r s m ay b e
fou n d by w rit i ng th em as t h e s um an d di ffe re nce of t h e s am e

t wo n u m b e rs . Thu s ,
 FA C TORI N G 1 43

E x e rc i s e 7 3

G i v e t h e s e p ro d uc t s as t h e pro d u c t s . of t he su m a nd t he
di ff e re n c e o f t w o n um be r s
1 . 3 8 x 22 2 . 4 7 x 33 3 . 54 x 4 6

4 . 66x 54 5 . 6 . 83 x 77

1 97 T w o t r i n o m i a l s m ay s o m e t i m e s b e g rou pe d s o a s t o
.

re pr es e n t t h e s um a n d di ff e re n c e o f t w o n u m b e rs T hu s , .

( a + b+ c ) (a + b c ) .
(a + b+ c) ( a + b c )
— —
( a + b c ) ( a b+ c ) (a + b c )( a b -
c)

H e nc e , ( a + b c ) ( a b+ c ) a
3
b + 2 bc
2
C
3

E xe rc i s e 7 4

G i v e t he fo ll o w i ng pr o d uc t s
— b—
1 y) 2 (a )
-
. . 0

— — —x
3 .
(a + x y) ( a x+ y) 4 .
(a )
— — b— 3
5 ( x +v 2 ) x -
( y+ 2) 6 )

D IFFERE NC E OF T wo SQUARE S
Type f orm -
a
2 —b ‘

1 98 . B y m ul t i pl yi n g t h e sum of two n um b e rs by t h e i r
differen ce , t h e differen ce of their s qua r es is o b t a ne i d ,
t hus :
— = 3—
(x + 2) (x 2 ) x 4
Si n c e t h e t e rm s of t h e p ro du c t a r e s q u a re s o f t h e c o rr e s
po n di n g t e rm s o f t h e fa c t ors , t h e t e rm s o f t h e f a c t o rs a re
t h e s q u a re r oo t s o f t h e t e r m s o f t h e pr od u c t ,
or

x
3 -
1)

1 99 . R ul e . Wr ite for the fa cto rs the su m a nd the difi erence

of the s qu a r e r oots o f the ter ms of the bin omia l .
14 4 E LE M E NT A R Y ALG E B RA
E xerc ise 7 5

Fac t o r th e follo w i ng
2 3
‘

1 . a -
r
.

4 . a
6 -
b 6

200 . W hen b ot h t e rm s of t hedi ffere nce fa c t or a re

-

s q ua r e s , t h at f a c t or m ay b e r esolv e d i nt o t w o o t h e r f a c t o rs .

Th us ,

— 1
a
s
s
>

E xerc i s e 7 6

F ac t or t h e foll o wi n g
1 . a
2 — x2

4—
4 . a b 4

s—
16 . a x

20 1 . bo t h of t h e s q u a res in t hi s t ype of exam pl e m ay

One or
-

b e t h e s q u are of a bi n o m i a l Th u s .
,

— —b
( a b) (a )
2 2
(3 c

— b = — b+
a
2
( c ) 2
(
a + b c) ( a c )
— —
a nd , (a (a b x y)
1 46 E L E M E N TARY ALG E BRA
E xe r c i s e 7 9 — R e v i e w

G iv e t h e fa c t o r s of the fo ll o wi n g
1 " f
9a :r — 6
2 8
b 4— 4
d 2
3 1 00 r 4 6
y a c -
. . . ,
y

4 .

6 —- 4—
5 . 8 1a l a 1 8a 5
6 . 9m + 4n + 1 2 mn
2 2

7 .

—
1 65 (a b) (c
2
8 . 9 .
-

10 .

64 x + 1 6x + fc
3 7 6
4 9x 2 — 42 x 2 ——9 4
12 .
y l y

13

6— 6— 4—
9a b 4
c
4
15 . a
2
b x
8
y
4
16 . a 1 44 b 4

17 . ax
— a + bx
— b —
2 cx + 2 c

2 — mz — 2 -¥ 2
a + 2a + l 19 . 2 xy+ 9 x y

20 . xy+ x ~

3y 2 — — —
3y 2y 2

( —
b c —
) ( — b )
3 — 4 x2 - - 2x — 8
'

a c 22 . x l
—
23 . a
2
(b c ) + 16
a
2— —
6x x2—
9 25 . a
2 -J-
f 2 bc — b — 2
c
2

26 .
( a: -
y)
2 —a 2 0 2
— —
( a y
2
28 .
(a -
l n ) 2

—b —
9(a ) l 1 2c a ( b) + 4 a
2- 2
29 .
-

2 533 4 —81 31 . 1 6a 4
32 . 933 6

2 —- —
2:13y l 2a c crf‘— 2 2
33 . a l - -
y +c
2— — 4x z
m — 2 2
z
2
y +4 35 . a + c + 2a x
36 2 —
+b x
2— 2—
22
b + 2 x
. a y a y
2
4 9a + 1 4 a c + c 2
38 . 2 5a — 2 - —
20 a b l 4 b
4 2
 F A C TORI N G 14 7
P R O D UCT OF TW O B INO M IALS WIT H A CO M M O N TER M
Type form : (x + a ) (x + b )
-

2 03 . M u l t i pl yi n g m+ a b y x + b an d un it in g t he tw o t erm s
t h at a re s i m il ar w i t h r e fe r e n c e t o as ,
we fi nd :

=
(x + a ) (x + b ) x +
2

The fi rs t t e r m of th e pr o d u ct is t h e s qua r e o f x, the s e on dc t e rm is

t h e prod uc t o f x a nd the su m o f a an d b, t h e t h i rd t er m is t h e pr od u c t of

a an d b
.

204 The pr odu ct of two bi n omia l s wi th a com

P rinc ipl e ‘

. .

mo n term i s the squ a re of the common term , p l u s the pr odu ct

of the common te rm a nd the su m o f the un l ike term s , p l u s the

p r odu ct o f the u n l i ke terms .

E x e rc i s e 80

G i v e t he f o ll o w i n g p o
r d uc t s w i t h o ut m u l t i pl yi ng
— —
( 2 a + b) ( ) (n 5 )
2
1 . 2 . 3 . n 6
—4 — l
(x ( cc y) )
2
4 . 5 . 6 .

—
( — 4) ( 3) ( b)
2
7 x x 8 . a+ 3 9

— 5 —
10 .
) 11 .
(4 x 2 ) 12 .
( n

— —4
13 . 14 .
( ar t by) ?
15 .
)
— 8 ) (n
16 .
( b 17 .
( 3 41 18 .
( n -
2)
—4
19 .
) 20 .
(a d 21 .
(x
22 .
(a 23 .
( Sr 24 .

— —4
25 .
(x — 2) 26 .
( a H i b)
2
27 .
)
— 5 a— 2
28 .
( a )( ) 29 .
(4 a 30 .
( a

20 5 . Th e pr o du c t i t h m e t i c a l n u m b ers m ay so m e
of two ar

t i m es b e c o n v e n i e n t l y f o u n d b y ex p r ess i n g t h e m a s binomi a l s
w i t h a commo n term Thus .
,

46 x 3 6 —4 24
) -

57 x 4 2 = —8 = 2 5 00 — 50 — 5 6
)
1 48 E LE M E N TARY ALG E BRA
E xe rc i s e 8 1

G iv e t h e follow i n g produc t s
1 . 3 8 x 23 2 .

—
4 . 5 .
( 80 2)

SPE C I AL QUAD RA TI C T RI N O M IAL S

Typ e- fo rm : x
2
+ ax + b

20 6 T h e pr odu c t of a ny t wo bin omia l s w i t h

. a commo n term

is r e pr e se nt e d b y t h e followi n g t ri no m i a l :
x
2
+ ax + b
It is vi d e nt t h at t h e fac t o rs o f s u c h a t ri n o m i a l a re t h e
e

two bi no mi a l s o f w h i c h it is t h e pr od u c t .

T h e fi rs t t e rm o f e a c h f a c t o r .is t h e s qua r e r oot of $ i e x 2

,
. .
, ,

t h e se c o n d t e rm s ar e t h e two fa ctor s of b whos e s um i s a .

S i m il arl y ,
2
x + 9x + 1 8 ( a: 6) ( x + 3 )
x
2 — —
6) ( x 3 )
x + 3x
2 — 3)
2— —
x 3x 1 8 = ( x
T h e f a c t or s o f b w h o se s um is a in t h e s e f o ur e xa m p l e s ar e in o r d e r :
’

+6 an d +3 +6 a nd —3

6 an d —3 —6 and +3
If the th i r d t er m of the t r i no m i a l is pos i tive t h e c o nd t er m s o f t h e
'

,
se

h a v e l i ke s ig n s ; if th e t h i rd t e r m is n eg at ive t h e s e c o n d t erm s o f
fac tor s .
,

t h e factor s h a v e u n l i ke s igns .

E x e rc i s e 82

G iv e t he fa c t o rs o f t h e foll o w i n g
1 . a
2 — 7a + 1 2 2 . n
2—
n — 12 x
2 — 1 7x + 3 0

4 . a
2 — 7a — 1 8 5 . n
2 —
+ u 30 x
2
+ 1 4x + 4 8
— 2
8a — 2 2 — 1 1x — 1 2
7 . a -
l 15 8 . n + 6n + 5 x

+ 1 3x + 1 2
2 2
10 . a + 9a + 2 0 11 .
-
56 x

13 . a — Q
a 132 14 . 71
2
+ 2n —8 x —
2
1 1x + 30
1 50 E LE M E N TARY ALG E BRA
E x erc i s e 83

G iv e t h e f ac t o rs of fo llo wi ng
1 . 3a + a 2 —2 5x 2 — 1 7x + 1 4

4x — x —2
5 7a 2 — 1 7a — 1 2

6a 2 —
+a 2 8x 2 — 4 5x — 1 8
'

7x + 2 — 6 —
+ 3 2a 1 6
2
x 9a
z— — —
8a a 9 4x 2
8 xy l 3 y
- - 2

11 . 6x + 2
x
— 5 6a 2 -
5a b -
6b2

2 2
13 . 2a -
5a + 3 8 90 4 6fcy
2 - m
9y

E xe rc i s e 84 R ev i ew of Fac tori ng

F a cto r the foll o w i ng

2 — 1 2a — 2 8 3x 2—
1 3x + 1 2
'

1 . a

O
O
— — —
1 l 6x 7 2:c2
2a 2 —— —
l 5 a ac 3ar
2

I
‘

O a
2
+ 1 9a + 84 - —
l 1 6 + 7 2at
3

Q 2
6x + 3 1 x + 35 4 9a + 98 a + 4 9
4 2

D
C x
4— 2
1 1x — 42 1 2a — 1 2a 2—
9a 3

4— —
11 . a
2-
14 a l 4 5
-
1 8a l 2- -
3ab 45 b2

4— —80
13 . x 2 1x l
2-
1 2 1 b + 88 b+ 1 6
2

15 . 3a 2 — l 3 a — 30 -
4 9:cy — 4 9y 2

2 2 — 8a c — az — b + 2a b
2
17 . a + 1 60 l

l — — —
8 :c l 1 2a:2 —- 1 6 f -l- 3 2 2
19 .
i y y

21 . a
2 — 9ac l—8 0 2
-
1 2a + 3 1 a az+ 9ar
2 2

23 . 9a 2 — 8 a 91J— 2 0x2 36x + 2 5x8 2 — 60 x5

8
+ 1 1x 4 — 60 —- 2 3 13
+ 2 1 2
25 . x l y y
2
27 . a
6
+ 1 5a + 5 63
4 9x + 7 0xy+ 2 5 y
2
 F A C TORI N G 151

1 5x d i r y? —4 2
30 3 6n + 2 5 x — 2 2
60n x
g
a
.

4— " —2 0 d2 —1 — d 4
b 2b l
’ 2-
31 . c
-

—
8a c 4a 2— 2--
4c l 4 33 . b
2 — a2 - c
z—
2a c

2 2 — 9x 2 — —
34 . a +4 c + 6x 1 4 a c
—
4 ( a :c) — 2 (x — — —
a ) 36 . b + 7b
3 2
3b 21

37 . ar — by + z — bz
z
b — z—
a bm ——c m
z — 3 13 4 2 —6
a ac l 39 .

40 . a sc — by — z — br + y

— b2 — 4: b2:r 2 — z—
(
z 2
a 42 . l x y + 2 :
c y

43 a b + br
— —
by a c
'

—
.
yz
z— — 9x ? — —1 2c r
(fe )
2 2 2 2 2- 2
y +z y 45 . 16 4zc l .
-
9c

46 bm l - —bn — —
bp c rn —
.
p

m — — n ? z2 — — —3
(
2 3
19 48 .
p 3 pq 2
p q l
-
q
2

I NC O MPLE TE T RI N O M IAL SQU ARE S

Type - form : x
4 2
+x y +y 2 4

208 . So m e t ri no m i a l s a nd b i n o m i a l s w h i c h ma y be ma de
tri nomia l s qu a r es b y t he a ddi t i o n o f a sq u a r e t o t h e m m a y b e

re solv e d i nt o two t ri no m i a l fac t o rs . Fo r e xa m p e , c o ns l id e r :

9a + 2 a b + b
4 2 2 4

T hi s t ri no m i a l wo uld b e t h e sq u a re of 4 a b if t h e 2 2
, c o e ffi

c e nt o f
i t he se c o n d t e rm we r e 6 . Pr o c ee d t h u s

9a 4
2a b 2 2
b“
4a b 2 2
4a b 2 z

4
9a + 6a 2
b +b
2 “ 4 a
2
b ( 3a + b + 2 a b) ( 3 a + b
2 2 2 2 2
2 a b)

A dd in g 4a 2
b2— 4a b ,
2 2
w h i c h e q ua l s z er o t o 9a + 2 a b 4 2 2
+b
4
the v a ue l
, ,

is n ot c h an g e d ,
and we t hen h a v e t h e d iffer en ce of two s qu ares .
152 E L E M E N TARY ALG E BRA

209 . When t he se c on d t erm of t he t r i n o m i a l is , ne g a t iv e ,

two difi eren t s qua res m ay in om e be dd e d t hus

’

s c as e s a ,

4a 4—
5a b 2 2- —
l b4
4a 4
5a b + b 2 2 4

a
2
b 2
9a b 2 2
9a b 2 2

4a 4
4a b 2 2
b 4
a b
z 2
‘
4a 4 —
l 4a b
- 2 z
b 4
9a b 2 z

T he f ac t o rs of t h es e t w o r es u l ts a re

z—
( 2a
2
b + a b) ( 2 a
2 2
b ab )
( 2a + b + 3a b) ( 2 a + b 3 a h)
2 2 2 2

T h i s would s ee m t o i n di c a te t h a t t h e e xpress i o n h as two sets

of pr i m e fac t o rs bu t this i s impossibl e ,
.

We find th a t e a c h o f th ese fa c to rs m ay be f a c tor ed b y t h e pr e c ed i n g

c as e 20 7 giv in g th e fo ll o w in g f a c tors :
, ,

— b>
<2 a

b><a — b
-
>
T hes e fa c t ors th o ugh a rr a n g ed d iffe ren tly
,
li ke a n d w e c o n c l ud e , ar e a ,

t ha t when two s qua res ca n be added to th e express io n it c a n b e r es o l v ed ,

i n to four bi nomia l fa ctors a nd it is i mm a t er i a l w h i c h o f t h es e t wo s q uar es

,

is a dd ed to t h e e xp re ss i o n .

Wh e n a bi no mi al c an be f a c to red b y this m e th od it c an g e n era l l y ,

be r es o l v ed in to four bi no m i a l f a c t ors .

E xerc i s e 8 5
F a c t or
4 4 4
1 . x
4
+4 2 . 64a + 1 3 . 33 + 4y

4 . 4x — 4
1 7x + 1 6
2
5 . 3 6a 4
24a 2
:r
2 4
2 5 33

4—
6 . 9a 3 4a + 2 5
2
7 . 7 2 :1: y + 4 9y
2 2 4

4 — 1 0 x2 2 4
8 1 a + 2 6a b + 2 5 b
4 2 z 4
8 . x y + 9y 9 .

10 . a
4 -
1 9a 2 —
b l 25 b
2- 4
+ 4 9y“
12 . 9a “
— 8a 2
b + 1 6b
2 4 4
64 x + 7 6:1: y + 4 9y 2 2 4

4
14 . 8 1x 4
r
2
4 0x y + 4 y 2 4
l 6a 7 6a 2
x
2 4
2 5 17
1 54 E L E M E N TARY ALG E BRA
S UM or THE SA M E O DD P O WER S
Type fo rm : - x
3 ‘ 3
- -
f y

21 1 . The s um of th e s am e o d d po we r s of t wo n u m b e rs is
t h e pr o du c t of a b i no m i a l a nd a po l y no m i a l .

T he fo llow i ng p r o d u c t s m a y b e v erifi e d b y m u l t i pli c a t i o n

— x
y+ v )
2

x +v =3 3
x +
6

5
(x + y) (x 4
)
5 r
x +v -
wy + y 4

The bin omia l fa ctor i s the su m of the sa me odd roots o f the

two ter ms f
o the bin omia l .

The term s of the pol yn omia l fa ctor a r e a l ter na te l y pos itiv e

a n d n ega tive .

E x pon en ts i n the pol yn omia l fa ctor decr ea s e a nd in cr ea se

by th e e xpo n e nts in th e bino mial fac to r .

E x erc i s e 8 7

G iv e t h e fa c t o rs of t h e f o llo wi n g
3
+8
9
1 . a 2 . n + 64 3 . 5 1 2 l 64 a
- - s

4 . a
9- —
Ib3
5 . x
9
+ 27 6 . 27 —
l»
7 . l l b
- - 3
8 . a
5
+ 32 9 .
—
7 2 9 F643:9

10 . x
6
+y
9
11 . 8r + 27 6
12 .
3
2 7 x + 64 y 3

13 . 8 —-
l b
3
14 . a
3
+ 12 5 15 . 8a 3- —
l l 25 b3

16 . a — 5
x
5
17 . x
3
+ 216 18 . 7 2 9x + s 3
y
s

6— —
19 . x
5
+1 20 . x 34 3 21 . l 000 a 3-
l b3

—
7
+b 8 x + 34 3 y
7 3 3 3
22 . a 23 . a 5 12 24 .

— 64 a l 2 7 b
‘
5- -
25 . x
7
1 26 . 36
5
4 24 3
-
27 .
6

212 . bi n o m i a l s espe c i all y t h o se t h at a re t h e di ffe r

So m e ,

e n ce of t h e s a m e po we rs h a v e m o re t h a n o n e b i n o m i a l f a c t o r
,
.

fi—
T h e bi no m i a l a x
fi
h as 5 bino mia l divi s o rs Sho w
“
.
, ,

G—
w h a t t h e y a re a nd wh y t h e y are divi s o rs o f a x .
 FA C TORI N G 1 55

2 13 . S umma ry of Fac torin g .

I Fi r st t a ke
. al l m o nom ia l
f a c t o rs a n d re t a i n t h e i r
o ut ,

pr o d u c t a s on e f a c t o r o f t h e giv e n e xpr e ss i o n .

A ft e r t h e m on o m i a l fa c t o rs are r em o v e d n ext n o t i c e t h e ,

n um b e r o f t e rm s in t h e r e m a i n i n g f ac t o r .

I I B i no m i a l s a r e f a c t o re d
. as :

(a) Th e di ff e r e n ce of t wo s q u a res , t hus ,

— = —
b (a + h ) (a b )
2 2
a

b
( ) T h e di ff ere n c e of the sam e o d d po w e rs ,
b = —
( b )
3 3
a -
a

5— 5= —b
a b (a ) et c .

( ) c Th e s um o f the sa m e o d d po w e r s ,
H —b 3 — ab
+b )
2
a

= — — 2 z—
5
b (a + h ) ( a a h l a b ab l b ) , e t c
5 3 4 3- - 4
a + -
.

I I I T r i no m i a l s
. a re f a c t o re d as

(a ) A t ri no m i a l sq u a re , t hu s ,

a
zi
zab + b = 2

( )
b A q u a d rat i c t ri n o m i a l ,
—ax ——
x H l b , o r ax
2
+ b x + c , by inspection a nd tria l .

( 0 ) A fo rm re du c e d t o IIa , t h u s ,
=
( KY)
4 2 2 4 2
X +X Y +Y

IV Pol yn o m i a l s o f fo u r
. or m o r e t e rm s a re fac t o re d

(a ) By g r o u pi n g t e rm s , t h us ,
=
( a+b ) x+ ( a+h ) y ( a+h )( x+y )
( b) B y IIa , t h us ,
— 2 =
c = — c
+b + 2a b (a + h ) ( a+h )
2 2 2 2
a c -
 E L E M E N TAR Y ALG E BRA
RE V IE W

214 . O b se rv e t h e foll o wi n g rul es and fa c t or t he r i

exe c se s

b elow
I If the
. expression co n ta ins a m onomia l fa ctor , tha t fa ctor
s hou ld in ev er y ca s e be removed fi rs t .

11 . A l l bin omia l s s hou ld fi rs t be fa ctored as the d ifi er en ce

f
o two squa res , if this is pos s ibl e .

III D o . n ot wri te a compou n d fa ctor a s one o f the fa ctors

f
o a n expressi on un til you are su re it i s p rime .

E x e rc i s e 88 G en e ra l R e v i e w of Factorin g
4 z — —
l 3 7a b 1 5 b
+ 15 a + 44 8a
2 2
a 2 .
-

x
4 —x 4 4—
81 5 x
5-
x
6
l—x -
. a .
y y
6
1 0x — 3
11 50a 2 — 3 5 a h — 41 b2
x + fi
7 .

2 2
4x— 4y
8 . x + 2 xy + y -

— - — 6— —
9 . 9a 1 8a b l 8 b
2 2
10 . x 4x 3
32
— — cx —
11 . ax + cy+ x a y y
2 — m2 mn 20 x + 2
8x — 9
a + an -
13 .

14 .

2 c) — 2
4x 2
2 5a 2 -
9 (3 b - 2
16 . 1 8a dx -

— 4— z— z—4
17 . x +y
2
z 2z 2 xy 1

19 . 5x y 6 2 — 5x y 3
20 . x
3

— 2x ( a + — 1)
( + x)
2
21 . a x

4x f — 6l z 4- —8 1 8 5 — a4
x y l y 23 . a

2 — b2 — z- —2 b c - - a — b-l-
24 . a c l l c

— — 4d 2x2 1 + 1 9a 2 — 2 0a 4
( y)
z- 2 2 2
a l -
x 26 .

27 . a
2 -
40 l - - — —
1 l b2— —
2a b l 4 c
- 2

— — — — 2 —3c
( b a)
3
3 (a b) 29 . 30 0
-
l 1
-

— —
30 . 3x 6xy + 3 y + 3x z 3 yz
2 2
 S E C O N D H A L F- Y E A R

C H A P TE R XV

E Q UATI O N S . E XE R CI S E S FOR RE VIE W AND

P RA CTI CE

S OLUTIO N O F E Q UATIO N S B Y FA CTO RI N G

21 5 . M a ny e q u a t io n s c o n t a i n i n g t h e s q u are o f t h e un
kn o wn n u m b e r m ay b e s olv e d b y m e a n s O i f a c t o r i n g Th u s .
,

7x — =
2 2
8 4x + 1 9

I f we t r a n spo se al l t e rm s t o t he
fi rst m e m b er u n it e t h e ,

t erm s c o nt a i n i n g x a n d divid e bo t h m e m b e r s of t h e e q u a t i o n
2
,

b y t h e c o e ffic i ent of x we h a v e t h e foll o w i n g :

2
,

2
x 9 0

F a c t o ri n g t h e fi rst m em b e r t h e ,
r es ul t s h o ws t h e i n di c a t e d .

pr odu c t o f t w o f a c t o r s e q u a l t o 0 .

— =
3) 0

A pro du c t is 0 ,if on e of i ts fa ctors is 0 Si n c e t h i s .

— i f i i
p r o d u c t 3 ) s 0 a t l e a s t,
o n e f ac t o r o t s 0 .

=
I f x + 3 0 t hen x — 3 ; a n d if x t hen x = 3 .
,

S i n c e b o t h n u m b ers s a t i s fy t h e e q u a t io n x = + 3 a n d 3 ,
-
.

B oth a r e ro o t s .

It is i mp orta n t to n otice here tha t e qua tions con ta in i ng

the s qu a r e o f the un known n u mber ha ve two roots .

21 6 . The st at e m en t in i t a li c s can be m ade l

c e a re r by a

lit t l e g r a ph i ng .
 S OLUTIO N ,
OF E Q UATIO N S BY FA C TORI N G 159

I . We b e gi n b y Sh o w i ng t h e g ra ph i c a l s o ut o n o f
l i
( 1)
2
x 4 0

We fi rst ca cl ul a t e a nd m a ke t h e g r a ph Of t he fi rs t m e m b e r
x — 2
4 .

T h us ca c l ul a t e
x 1 x 2
1 3
? —4 —3 ash x
2 —4

3
2
4 =0 x
2
4 +5

G r a ph i n v a lu es h o ri z o n t a ll y a n d t h e c o r re spo ndi n g
g the x-

2—
x 4 v a l u es v ert i c a ll y a n d c o n n e c t i n g t h e po i n t s w i t h a
-
,

s m oo t h c u rv e w e o b t ai n t h e c u r v e o f
,

t h e figu re .

E q u at i o n ( 1 ) re a ll y as ks W h a t v a l ue ,

o r v a l ues O f x m ak e x Si n ce x
2 '

t he x 2
4 v a l ue s a r e t h e v ert i c a l di st a n c es
- -

f r o m t h e h o ri z o n t a l t o t h e c u r v e t h i s
“
,

q u es t i o n a m o u n t s t o as k i n g W h a t a re , = fffll mn
m m“
l 1 h s p ac .

t h e x v a l ue s w h e re t h e c u r v e c r o sses t h e
- “ 2 1 P r

” G ra p h O f x 4 2 “
x a xi s ?
-
T h e a n s wer is se e n f ro m t h e
A P a rab o m
figu re t o b e x = + 2 a n d x 2 -
.

B ot h + 2 a nd — 2 s ub s t i t u t e d fo r x in x 2
sa t i s fy it .

F o r t h is e q u at i o n t h e n t h e r e a r e t w o v a l ue s o f x b e c a u se ,

t h e c u r v e c ro ss e s t h e h o r i z o n t a l in t wo po i n t s .

2—
O b serv e t h at w e g ra ph f( x) x 4 a n d O b t a i n t h e pa ra bol a .

T h e s o l ut i o n s O f f ( x) = 0 a r e t h e x v al ue s o f t h e c r o s s i n g -

p o i n t s of t h e p a r a b o l a o v e r t h e h o r i z o n t a l a xis .

I I Le t. u s n o w so v e l g ra ph i c a ll y t he eq u at i o n ,

x
2
+ 3 x = 0 ( 2)
G r a ph t h e fi rst m e m ber x
2
+ 3 x fi r st l l
c a c u at n i g
x =1 2,
,

x
2
+ 3x = 4, 10 ,
1 60 E LE M E N TARY ALG E BRA

G r a ph i n g a nd c o n ne c t n i g t h e poi n t s ,

we g et t h e g ra ph o f x + 3x as in t h e 2

figu re . C l e a r l y t h e x v a l ues of t h e -

x c r o ss i n g po i nt s-
i e t h e poi nt s w h e r e
,
. .
,

x + 3 x is e q u a l t o 0 a re x = 0 a n d
2
,

x — 3 T h ese v a lu e s b o t h sat i sfy

I 1 h ore r oc na a spspa
iz t
ace
cel
.

x + 3x = 0 and w e a g a i n h av e t w o
v ti l 2
,

G r aph Of x + 3x ~

v a lu e s be c a u s e t h e re a re t w o c ro s s i n g
A P ar a b ol a
po m t s .

H ere g ra ph f ( x)
we o b t a i n i ng a = x2 + 3x bol a w h ose
p a ra ,

c r o ss i n g po i nt s ov e r
-
t h e h o r i z o nt al giv e the x di st a n c es
-

t h a t a re t h e so lu t i o n s of f ( x ) = 0 .

I I I Th e g ra ph i c a l
. so lu t i o n o f t h e m o re g e n e ra l f o rm
2
x 6x + 8 O

is ob t a ne i d b y fi rs t g r a ph i n g x — 2
6x + 8 .

C al c ul at i n g t h e v alu es
x 1, 2, 4, 5 .

2
x 0, 0, +3 ,

T he c u rv e figure a n dis s h o w n in t h e
t h e re a r e a g a i n t w o c r o ss i n g p o i n t s -
,

x = + 2 and x = + 4 a n d t h e s e s a t i s fy ,

2
x

Fo r u at i o n c o n t ai n i n g t h e
any eq

s q u a r e of t h e u n k n o w n t h e g ra ph o f ,
Y W e

t h e fi r s t m e m b e r w o ul d b e s u c h a
2 l ye rt i c a l spa ce
c u r v e as w e h a v e f o u n d a b o v e
G ra ph of x —6x + 8
.

H e n c e equa ti on s con ta i ni n g the squa re

, A p ara bo l a
of the u n kn own ha ve, in gen er a l , two r oots .

T h e p a ra b ol a is l
a so t h e g r a p h o f f ( x) x 6x + 8 a n d 2 -
,

its o ss i ng poi n t s
cr -
ov er t h e h o ri z o nt a l giv e t he s o lu t i o n s
o f f ( x) = 0
1 62 E L E M E N TARY ALG E BRA
E x e r c i s e 90 Q ue s tio n s an d O ral W ork
A nswe r t h e q u e s t io n s in n u m b e r s y m b o l s and f
p er o r m
the o p e r a t i o n s i n di c a t e d in t h e e v e n n u m b e re d exer c i ses .

1 .
'
W h at m a y re pre s e n t t he are a of a ny re c t a n gl e t he
l e n gth of w h i c h is t w i c e t h e w id th ?

— 1 — 1
) ( 2x + 3 9) 2
2 )
3 . H ow m a ny d a ys w ill it t a k e a m a n t o b uild m yar d s of

w a ll , if h e b uild s n fe et a d ay ?
— — —
( ) ) ( ( 23a 4 b)
2
4 . a n a n

5 . If a m an liv es x y e a r s ,
h e w ill b e y ye ars Ol d . H o w ol d
was h e 0 yea rs ag o ?

—3 —
) (4 x + 5 y) 5)
2
6 .

7 . E xpres s 4 t i m es t he pr o d uc t o f a sq u a re a n d x c ube ,

i n c r ea s e d b y n t i m es t h e n u m b er 2 x — 3y .

8 (a ( 2a -“
a m 2
( x — 5) ( x — 5 )
9 . I f 2x 5 re pres e n t s a n odd n u m b e r W h a t , will r e pr es e n t

the n e xt s m a ll e r o dd n u m b e r ?
( x v + 5 x) — 4)
2
10 .

11 E x pres s 7 t i m e s t h e t h i r d po w er
. of x, di m i n i s h e d b y
3 t i m e s t he s um o f 2a a n d 5 b .

—2 — ab z —5 a
12 .
) ( 3a ) (a ) ( +4 )
13 . A b o y h a s x Silv e r d o ll a rs , y di m e s , a n d z 5 -
c e nt pi e c es ,
in al l. W h a t e x pr e s s i o n e q ua l s 5 8 0 ?

( ( x i/+ 4 1 0 (
2
14 . x x

15 . If a par k is l ro d l
s g
on a n d -w r o ds w id e , h o w m a n y
t i m es m u st a m an w a l k a r o u n d it to t ra v e l n m il e s ?
— — —
( —
)( ) ( b ) ( )( )
z
16 . a n +an 5 a a n 9 n 5

17 . If a s q u a re is f o rm e d ddi n g 3 feet o n a l l s id es o f a
by a

sma ll er s q u a re ,
h o w m a ny s q u a re f ee t a r e a dd e d ?
 S OL UTIO N O F E Q UATIO N S BY F A C TORI N G 1 63

E x e rc i s e 91

S i m plify t h e fi r s t six O f t h e fo llo wi n g eq uat ions a n d so lv e

th e r e st by fa c t o r i n g :
1 . 3x 2 -
1 5a 2 = 2 x2 — 1 1 a 2 2 . 3y + 2
13 b = 2
4y2—
12b2

3 . 2x + 1 7 a
2 2 = 5 x2 ~

1 0a 2
4 . 5y — 4 0n
2 2= 2
3y + 3 2n

7x — 4 3a22 =
3x2
1 6a 6y + 24 b
2 = 8y + 22 b
2 22
5 .

t 6 .

So m e eq u at i o ns t h at
fi rs t a n d t h e sec o n d
c o nt a n i both t he

po w e r s o f t h e u n k n o w n nu m b er m ay b e so l v e d b y fa c t o r i n g .

2
x
2
+x 4 x + 1 9x

x = — 4 a nd 3 x = — 5 a nd i

7 . The sq u a re o f a c e rt a n n i u m b er di m i n i s h e d b y 3 t i m es
the num b e r is 1 3 0 . Fi n d t he num ber .

8 . 9x 2 -
6x — 12 = 3x 2
9 . 3y2 — — =
3 y 2 5 2y2—
15

10 T h e pro d uc t o f 3 t i m es
. a nd 5 ti m es a c e rt a n n i um ber
is 7 3 5 Fi n d t h e n u m b e r
. .

11 . 8x + 2
4x — =
8 0 4x2
12 .
2
5n + 1 4n — =
6 3n 2—
18

13 . I f to t he sq u a re o f a n u m b e r t h e n u m b e r i t s e lf is a dd e d ,

t he s um is 240 . Fi n d t h e nu m b e r .

14 . 5x 2 =
+ 2 1 x + 3 6 2x2
15 .
2 — =
7 y + 5y 4 5 2y2 -
15

T he s um o f the s q u ar e s o f t wo u t iv e e v e n n um
“

16 . c o nse c

b e rs is 5 80 . Fi n d t he n u m b e rs .

2 — = 2 —
17 . 18 . 8y 3 2y + 8 4 y 52

19 T h e q uo t i e n t of o n e n u m b e r
. divid e d b y a n o t h er Is 4,
a n d t h e i r p r o du c t is 2 5 6 Fi n d t h e . n u m b e rs

20 . l e ng t h o f o n e s q u are fi e ld is t w i c e t h a t o f a n o t h e r
T he ,

a n d b o t h t og e t h e r c o nt a i n 1 2 8 0 s q u a re ro d s W h at is t h e .

l e n gt h o f e a c h s id e o f t h e s m a ll e r s q u are ?
1 64 E L E M E N TARY ALG E BRA
E XE R CI S E S F O R RE VIE W AND P RACTI CE

E x e rc i s e 92 O ra l P r ac ti c e

A nsw er in n um b e r s ym b ol s a n d pe r form i n di c a te d o pe r
a t io n s :

1 . Wh at w ill r e pr ese nt a n u m b er in wh i c h t h e r e a re 2

h u n d re d s , y t e n s , a nd x u ni t s ?
— —
(a (a + b ) ( ) ( 4)
2 2 2
2 . Q s 5 s

3 . I f 2x + l r e pr ese nt s a n O d d n u m be r ,
w h at will r epr ese n t
the n e xt s m a ll e r O d d n u m be r ?
— b3 2 —
(x (a ) ( a + 5) ( )
3
4 . a 3

5 . A h as n c ows B ,
h a s 5 m o re t h a n A ,
an d C h as as m a ny
as A a nd B t o g et h e r H ow m a n y h a v e a l l ?

6 .
—4
) (a 4- — “
l b)
2 —8
)
7 . W h a t w ill r e pr e s e n t t he s um of fi v e c o nse c u t iv e e v e n
n u m b e rs o f w h i c h m is t h e m iddl e one ?

(x (a b) (a + 8 ) (a + 2)
5 5 2
8 .

9 T h e pe r i m e t e r of a s q u a re is l 2 x
. feet . W ha t w ill
d e no t e t h e nu m b e r o f s q u a r e fee t in it s ar ea ?
— —
(b ( 3a + 2 b) ( b 9 )( b 6 )
2
-
10 .

11 . At m d o ll a rs a w e e k for m e n a n d b doll a rs a we e k fo r
b o ys , h ow m u c h will 6 o f e ac h ear n in 4 w e e ks ?

(i —x
v) (m a ) —3
xx ?
12 .

13 . H o w m a n y S qu a r e yar d s are t h e r e in t h e c e ili n g a n d

w a ll s of a roo m 4 x ft b y 3 x ft
. . an d y ft h ig h ?
.

—7
( b) (a
2
14 .
) 5 a + 3

15 . W h a t m a y r e pr e s e n t t he a ear of a ny rect a n gl e t he
l en gt h of w h i c h is 8 i n c h e s g reat er t h a n it s wid t h ?

16 . At a c e nt s a s q u a r e yar d , wh a t w ill it c o s t in d o ll a rs
t o pl a s t e r a c e ili n g l f e e t l o n g a nd w fee t w id e ?
1 66 E L E M E N TARY ALG E BRA
E xe rc i s e 94 O ral P r ac ti c e

F o r m ul at e t h e o d d n um b er e d exe r c i s e s and giv e the

p r o d u c t s in t h e e v e n n u m b e r e d e x e r c i se s .

1 . If a re c t a n gl e is 6 in lo ng er t h a n
. w id e , w h a t a re t he
di m e n si o n s ,
if e ac h is i n c rease d 8 in .

2 — 1
) —
l 2)
-

3 . W h a t is t h e are a o f a s q u a re f o rm e d b y a ddi n g 3 f e et
o n al l s id e s o f a sq u a re x f e e t lo n g ?
— —3
4 .
( x ( a 2 )( a 1) )
5 . W h a t m ay r e p re s e n t t h e pe r i m e t e r s of the fi rs t and the
en arl ge d re c t a n gl es in t h e fi r st p r o b l e m ?
— 7) ( — 5) — 8) ( —
6 .
( x x (a a 8) (x
7 . W h at w ill r e p res e n t t he s um o f fo ur c onsec u t iv e e v e n
n u m b e rs o f whi ch n is t h e l argest ?
8 .
(a
9 . W h at i i
r e st r c t o nis p l a c e d o n t h e ex po n e nt s u s e d in
p ro vi n g the l a w o f e x po n e n t s fo r m u l t i pli c at io n ?
— 8) ( — —7
10 .
( x x 6) )
11 . W h a t d oes ( x + 2 ) 2
re pr ese n t , if x m the e xpr e ss o n i
r e pr ese n t s t he s id e o f a sq u are ?
— — — —
12 .
( s 7) ( s 7) (b ( x 9 )( x 4)

13 . W rit e 5 t i m e s t h e sq u a r e of a -
b, di m i n i s h ed by t he
of t h e b i no m i al s , x — —
7 a nd x 9
produ c t .

14 . 1)

15 . W h at d o es ( x
— 4) ( x — 3) r e prese nt if x in t h e e xp re s
,

i
s o n r e pre s e nt s t he s id e of a sq u a re ?
—9 s—9
16 .
(8 )( ) (b
17 . W h a t will r e pr ese nt t h e q uo t i e nt o f a n u m b e r of t h r ee
fig u re s divid e d by 3 t i m es t h e s um o f t h e digi t s ?
 RE VI E W AN D P RA C TI C E

E x e rc i s e 95 P r ob l e m s for R e v i e w

So lv e t h e follo wi n g pr obl em s a nd ex e c ses r i

x+4 x
— 4 3 (x + 4) 4x + x 2

x 8

3 . T he s um o f t wo n u m b e rs is 24 , a nd t he i r pro du c t is
1 28 . Fi n d t h e n u m b e rs .

4 . Th e Sum of t he sq u a res o f t h re e c o n se c u t iv e O dd n um

b e rs is 3 7 1 . Fi n d t h e n u m b e rs .

5 . The s um o f t wo eve n n um b ers is 18, a nd t he s um o f

t h e ir sq u a res is 1 64 . Fi n d t h e n um be rs .

6Fi n d t w o n um b ers w h o se diff ere n ce is 8

. and w h o se s um

m ul t i pli e d by t h e s m a ll er n u m b e r is 2 80 .

7 . Fi n d t wo c o nse c u t iv e n u m b e rs t h e s um of w h o se
sq u ares e xc e e ds 10 t i m e s t h e s m a ll er n u m b e r by 1 5 5 .

8Fi n d t h e s id e o f a s q u are wh o se a re a is d o ubl e d b y

.

i n c reasi n g it s l e ngt h 6 in a n d it s wid t h 4 in. .

9 . Th e sq u a re of t h e s um of t wo c o ns e c u t iv e n u m b ers
e xc ee d s t he s um o f . t h e ir s q u a re s by 1 12 . Fi n d t h e n u m b e rs .

10 . A m a ny d ays as h e re c e iv e d
m a n w o r ke d 1 7 t i m e s as

doll a rs pe r d ay a nd e a rn e d $ 2 7 2 Ho w m a ny d ays did he .

wo r k a nd h o w m u c h did h e re c e iv e pe r d ay ?

11 . At 20 ¢ u a re fo o t it c o st $ 56 t o l ay a pa r q u e t
a sq ,

floo r in a ro o m w ho s e l e n gt h is 6 fe e t m o re t h a n it s wid t h .

Fi n d t h e di m ens i o ns of t h e fl o o r .

12 . A
m aso n wo rke d 3 2 d a ys m o re t h a n he re c e iv e d doll a rs
p e r d a y fo r h is l ab o r a n d e a r n e d $ 1 0 5 How m a ny d ays did .

he w or k an d h ow m u c h did he re c e iv e pe r d ay ?

1 3 . o pl a ne flew 50 m o re m il e s a n h o u r t h an t h e
An aer

n u m be r of h o u rs it fle w It fle w 3 99 m il e s o n t h e t ri p in
.

q u est io n H i
o w l o g w as t
. n in m a k h
i g t e t ip
n r ?
1 68 E L E M E N TARY ALG E BRA
E x e rc i s e 96 O ral R ev i e w

An swer t h e q u est io n s and pe rf orm i n di c a t e d o pe r a t io n s :

What do es —2 in t h e
1 .
) re prese nt if , x r
e xp e s

i
s o n r e pr es e n t s t he s id e of a s q u ar e ?

— 6) — —
2 .
( x (x 2 ) ) ( Zi a 5 b 2

3 At x c e n t s a r o d h o w m a ny d o ll a rs w ill it c ost t o e n c l o s e
.
,

a r ec t a n gul a r fi e ld I r od s b y w r od s ?

4 — 5)

5 . Wh at is t h e u are fo rm e d b y c u tt i n g off
a re a o f a s q a

str ip 2 ya r d s w id e f r o m a l l s id es o f a s q u a r e x ya r d s lo n g ?
—7 —
6 .
) (a ( n 8 ) (n -
3)

7 . W h at w ill r e pres e n t t h e q u o t i e nt o f a n u m b er of x

h u n d re d s , y t e n s , an d z u n i t s , divid e d b y 8 ?
— 4) — —
8 ( n 9) (n 7)

9 . W h a t is re c e iv e d fo r x s h ee p boug ht at a doll a rs a h ea d
a nd s old at a p r ofi t o f b doll a r s a h e a d ?
—
10 2) ( n
'

11 . A m a n w o r ke d 8 d a ys o f n h ou rs ea c h at x c e nt s a n h o u r .

He s pe n t b doll a r s . H o w m u c h h a d h e l ef t ?
— —
12 .
( x 3 ) (x l ) (a
13 . W h a t is rec e iv e d fo r y h o rses b oug h t at p doll a r s a h ea d

a nd s o ld at a l oss of q doll a rs a h ea d ?

14 .
( ”cm — 2
) (a —8 a
) ( + 1) ( n — 7 )( n —
6)

15 . A re c t a ng ul a r fi e ld 5 x r o d s l o n g h as a pe r i m e t e r of 1 8x
r od s . W h at w ill d e n o t e t h e are a in a c res ?

—5 — —
16 .
) ( n 8 )( n 1)

17 . I f th e q uo t i e n t is re p r es e n t e d b y q t h e d ivi s o r ,
by d,
a nd the re m a i n d e r b y r w h a t,
is t h e divid e n d ?
1 70 E LE M E N TARY ALG E BRA

16 . R ea d t he su m of ( a + b) ( x + y) a n d ( a b)
R e a d t h e s um of ( a + c ) (n 1 ) an d ( c — d ) (a l) .

17 Writ e a n ex pr ess o n i that re p r ese n t s 5 t i m es t h e sq u are

of t he s um o f a n y two n um b e r s .

18 F r o m w h a t l aw d o w e Ob t a i n
. t he rul e fo r m u l t i pl yi n g
a pol yn o m i a l b y a m o n o m i a l ?

19 . S h o w t h at t h e diff e re n c e of t he sq u are s o f t w o c o n sec u

t iv e i nt e g e r s is a n O dd n u m b er .

20 R e pre sen t 3 t i m es t h e s um o f t h e
. sq u are s of any t wo
n u m b e rs m u l t i p li e d b y t h e i r diff e r e n c e .

21 Sh o w w h e n t h e pro du c t o f
. se v era l ne g at iv e n u m b e r s is
po sit iv e a n d w h e n it is n e g at iv e .

22 . Fro m 4a h — 3a o + 2 be s ub t r a c t the s um o f 3 bc + —
bd a o ,

3a b — 2 bd — bc , and bd — —
2a o a b .

W h at +b r e pr e s e n t ? W h at
3 3
23 . d o es a do es x
2 - 2
y
— 1 r e re s e nt ?
r e p re se n t ? W h a t do es ) p
24 D e fi n e coefil ci en t ; exponen t ;
. a n d sh ow the di ff e re n c e in
t h e ir m e an i n g o r s ig n ifi c a t io n .

25 W h at d o e s 2 ( a + b) r e pre s e n t ? W h a t do es
.
2
3 (a — b) 2

r e pr ese nt ? W h at d oes ( a + b) ( a b) rep rese nt ?

26 .
—
S ub t r a c t 7 x 5 y+ 3 z —
f r o m 3 x 8 y+ 6 z , su b t ra c t r esul t
f ro m z er o and a d d to —
4 x 3y+ 2 z .
,

27 . Si m plify 1 2a ( 2 b c ) + 4 c ( 5 a + 3 b) an d fi nd it s
v a lue wh en a = 7, b = — 3, c — 4 .

28 . St at e t h e s ign law of m ul t i pli c at io n . St at e t h e ind ex

l aw of m ul t i pli c at i o n . P r ov e bo th l a ws .

29 R e prese nt 5 t i m e s t h e s um o f t h e sq u ar es of
. a ny t wo
n u m b e r s m ul t i pli e d b y t h e s q u a r e of t h e ir s um .

30 . HOW m u c h do e s t h e s q u a re O f d t h e pr odu c t e xc e e

of G iv e r es ul t wi t h o u t s q u a ri n g .
 RE VI E W AND PRA C TI C E 171

— — —
.

31 . S ub t ra c t t h e s um o f 5m a 9n and 5 b + 5n + a 4m
fr o m a + 4 b + 6m
— 4n .

32 . R epre se nt t h e pr odu c t O f a ny t h ree n u m b er s ,

t he l ast
t wo o f w h i c h di ff e r b y 2 .

33 H
. ow is h
t e divid e n d fou n d , w h e n t h e d ivi sor , q u o t i e nt ,
a n d r e m a i n d e r a re k n o w n .

34 . St ate t he s ig n law of d iv isio n . St a t e t h e i ndex l a w of

divi si o n . Pro v e b o th l aw s .

35 . W i t h o ut squar n i g the bi no m i a l giv e

,
t he di ffe re nc e
be t w ee n a nd

Fi n d the v a lu e of (a ) + (a b) + 2 c
2 2
36 . c

w he n a = 1 b= 3 and c —4 .
, ,

37 . Wr i t e t h e pr o du c t of 51 a nd 4 9 by e x press n i g t hem as

t h e s um and diffe re n c e of t w o n u m be rs .

38Ho w d o yo u d e t erm i n e w h e t h e r a t r i no m i a l of t h e f o r m
.

o f x + bx + c is t h e pr od u c t o f t w o b i n o m i a l s ?
2

39 R e pre se n t 4 t i m e s t he s um o f t h e c u b e s
. o f a ny t wo
n u m b e r s m ul t i pli e d by t h e s um o f t h e i r s q u a re s .

40 . Sho w t h a t t h e differe n c e o f t he s q u a re s o f t wo c o n se c u

t iv e O dd n u m b e rs is t w i ce t h e s u m o f t h e n u m b e r s .

41 . A dd ( a + c ) 2a ( b + ) b(bc ,
c )
—
(a+ c ) ( b c) a nd 4 ( b

42 . F r o m t he s um o f —
2 a b ae + 2 bc a n d 2 a c — —
bc 3 a b s ub
t ra c t t h e sum o f 3a c — 4 bc a b and 2 a bc 2a b 2a o .

43 . Fi n d t he co st o f x b oo ks a t a rt i
a p ec e , x + 5 b oo ks at

b¢ i
a p e ce , a n d x — 3 b o o ks at n ¢ a pi e c e .
 C HA PT E R XV I

H I G HE S T C O M M O N FA CTOR . LO WE S T
C OM M O N M ULTIP L E

H I G H E S T C O M M O N FA CTO R

217 . A c omm o n div is or , or c o mm on fa c tor , o f t wo or m o re

n u m b e rs is a n exa ct divi s o r of e ac h o f t he m .

T h us , a
2
is a co mmon fa c t o r of 2a 3
, 3 a b, 4
and a
5
bc .

218 Th e h i g h e s t c o mm o n fac tor

. of t wo or m o re
n u m b e rs is t h e p rodu c t of a l l t h e i r c o mm o n f ac t o rs . Thus ,

x
3
is t h e h . o f of x
3
,
x
4
y, and 2x y 3 2
z .

Th e t erm greates t commo n divisor is us ed in a r ith m e ti c b ut it is n o t ,

a ppl i c a bl e in a lg e b r a For e xa m p l e x a bo v e m a y o r m ay n o t b e
3
.
,

gr ea ter t h a n x Th us if . and x
3
is t h e re f or e l ess t h a n x
,
.

In a lge b r a t h e t er m hig hes t common fac tor is use d Th a t is x is hi gher

3
.
,

t h an x ( m ean i n g x ) in t h e sense t h a t its exponen t is higher th an t h a t of x

‘
.

HI G HE S T C O MM O N FA C T OR OF M O N O M IAL S
219 . Th e h ig h e st c o m m o n fa c to r o f t w o o r m o re

m ia l s m a y b e d et erm i n e d b y I n spe c t i o n C o n sid e I

‘

In o n o . .

8a 3
c
3
,
4 a bc 2 4
,
1 6a b 4 2
0
2
,
1 2a 4 3
c

Th e h . c f . . of the c o e ffi c i e nt s is 4 . T h e h ig h es t c o mm o n l iter a l

f a c t ors ar e a a n d c 2
T h e h c f is 4a c
2
. . . .
2 2
.

O b ser v e t h a t t h e po w er O f e a c h l e tt er in t h e h c f . . . is t h e l o wes t
p o wer o f t h a t l e tt er f o un d in a n y o f t h e m o n o m i a ls .

22 0 . R ul e . To the h . c .
f . o f the coe fiic ien ts ,
a n n ex the
'

highes t power o f ea ch l etter commo n to al l .

1 74 E LE M E N TARY ALG E BRA
-

6 . x
2 — 6x
+ 9,
2
x + 2x — 1 5 , an d x — 3
27

7 .
—
2d x 2 a , 6a x — 2
6a x , and 2 a bx — 2a h

8 . 1 8a x + 6a , 1 8a x
2 2 — 2a a nd 5 4a x + 2 a
,

2 7a 3—
64 , 9a 2 — 16 and 3a z — 28a
9 .
, + 32
4x 2 — 2 0x 3 — 1 25 a nd —
+ 2 5 , 8x
2
,
4x 25
— and —
+ 27, 9, 8a x + 24 a x,
3 2 2 4
x x x 81

24x — 4
8 1 x , 1 2x 2 — 1 8x and 48x 3—
1 08x
,

a + 3d b — 4—
2 7a b , a nd —
18b , a (a 3 b)
2 2 3 2

4 2
2, 8a b — 3
8 a b, a nd 4 — 8 a + 4a 2 4
a +a -

a
2 -
4 a b+ 4 b 2
a
— 3
8b 3
a nd a
— ab
2 — 2b 2
, ,

9x — 2
6x + 1 , 6x + 2
1 0x — 4, a nd 9d x — ax 3

1 6a b c — 3
8a bc , 5 — 8
16 a , —
8 a , and
6
4 —a 4

a
4—
4a b + 3b2 2 4
,
a
fi— “
b and ,
b 4 — 2 a 2 b2 - - a 4
l
x — 2
1 0x + 1 6, 1 2 xy — 3x y, 3
a nd x — 2
4x + 4

63 a — 2
3 6a , 4 9a — 1 6, a n d 2 —
1 6 56a 2
+ 4 9a
24 x + 2
1 8x — 15, —
1 4x 2
and 8x — 3
+ 4x ,
2x
2 — 2 — a nd x — —
x + l 2x + 3 6, x 2x 4 8 , 3 x 54 2

a nd 2a b 3 bx
2 2
9x 1 2a x + 4 a ,
2a y 3r y
2 2 — 2 —
a c + c , a nd 4 a
2—
+ 2a c + c 4c
3 2 3 2
a ,
a a c

an d
3 2 2 2
ag
3
+ ax ,
5a x + 5a
2
x y, ax + a y + 2 a xy
2

— 5 (x and
2
64 a 3 2 a x + 4 ax 24
2
,
x + 2x -

5a + 5 a b
4 3
a
2
x — a y — a bx + a by, a n d a
z 3—
a bx
,

— x2 — — an d
—
( y)
2 4 2 4
x
3
y xy +y 3
,
x
4
,
x 2x y + y 2

— 8b — z—
and b — 2a b + a
+ a b ab b
2 3 2 2
8a 3 3
,
a
3
,

3 z — 3 —
2 — cx + cy, a n d a
?
a +a c -
ac c , ax ay

— — 2- — —x
1 6x + 4x 3
2x , 2x 1 6x l 3 2x , a n d
3
2
1 6x 3
 LO WE S T C O M M O N M ULTI P L E 175

LO WE S T C O M M O N M ULTIP LE

223 . A mul tipl e o f a n um b e r is a numbe r t h a t is exa ctl y

divi si bl e b y t h a t n u m be r . Fo r ex a m p e , l
4a b, 8a c , and 2a x are m ul ti pl e s of 2a .

224 . A c o mm on m ul tipl e of tw o or m o re u m b ers is

n a

numb e r t h a t is e xa c t l y divi s i b l e by eac h o f th em Thus .

,

is a com m on m u lti pl e of 2 a , 3 b, an d 2c .

2 25 . The lo we s t c omm o n m ul tipl e ( l c m ) o f t wo . . . or m o re

n um b e rs is t h e pr o du c t o f a l l t h e i r diffe re nt f ac t o r s . Thus ,

1 8a 3
is t h e l . c . m . o f 3a , 9a
2
, and 6a 3

22 6 . P rin c ipl e s . E v er y mu l tipl e o f a n u mber c on ta i n s

al l the fa cto rs of tha t n u m ber .

The l owes t co mmon mu l tiple o f two or mor e n u mber s co n

ta ins on l y the fa ctors of a l l the n u mber s .

If two or m ore nu m bers ha ve no c o m mo n fa ctor ,

the ir l owes t
com mon m u l tipl e is their prod uc t .

LO WE S T C O MM O N M ULTI PLE OF M O N O M I AL S

22 7 . l o w e s t c o m m o n m ul t i pl e o f t wo
Th e or m o re m o n o
m i a l s is d et e rm i ne d by i n sp ec t i o n C o n s id e r .

6a b c , 2

The 1 . c . m . of the c o e ffi c i en ts
lo wes t c o m m o n m ulti pl e
is 1 2 . The
o f t h e lit e r a l pa r t s is a
2 3
bc
2
. He nce
1 2a b c is t h e l o w e s t c o m m o n m ulti pl e
3
.

O b se r v e t h a t t h e e xpo n e n t o f e a ch l e tt e r is t h e hi gh es t e xpo n en t t h a t
l e tt e r h as in an y o ne o f t h e m o n o m i a ls .

22 8 . Rul e .
-
To the l owes t commo n mu l ti pl e o f the coe fiici en ts ,

a nne x a l l the l ette rs o f ea c h mo n omia l , gi vin g ea c h l etter the

h ig h e s t exponen t it ha s in a n y mono mi a l .
1 76 E L E M E N TARY ALG E BRA
E x e rc i s e 1 00

G iv e t h e lo wes t c o mm o n m ul t i pl e of t h e foll o wi ng
1 . 2a 2
, 3a 3
,
5a h 2
2 . 4ax 2
,
2a 2
x, 5a y 3
,

3 . 3x 3
, 6y , 9x y
2 2
4 . 9a h, 4 a b 3 2
, 3a 2
c,

3 2 4
5 . 6a ,
5x , 3a x 6 . 4 xy 2
,
3
3 x y, 5 xy 3
,

7 . 5n 4
,
2n 5
,
8h u 2
8 . 8 a b, 5 b x , 4 a x
4 2 3
,

9 . 4a 3
,
50 2
,
7a h 5
10 . 5 x y, 7 x y4 3
,
5
2 x y,

LO WE S T C O MM O N M UL TI PL E OF P OLY N O M I AL S B Y FA C T ORI N G
229 . l o w e st c o m m o n m ul t i pl e o f po l yn o m i a l s is fou n d
The
b y r eso lvi n g t h em i nt o t h e i r prIm e f a c t o rs a n d fi n di n g the ,

p r od u c t of a l l th e d iffere n t fa c to r s F o r e x a m pl e .

(a + 3) (a + 4)
+ 7o + 1 2
2
a

( 4 )( )
2
aa + 8a + 1 6
+ a + 4
2— — = —
a 4a 3 2 ( a + 4 )( a 8)
T he l . c . .
—
m is ( a + 3 ) ( a 8 )

23 0 . Rul e Fi nd the pr odu ct of a l l the difi er en t pri me

.

fa ctors of the n u mbers , ta kin g ea ch fa ctor a s ma n y times a s i t i s

fou nd in a n y of the g iv en n um ber s .

Th e fa c t or s O f t h e l o wes t c o m m on m u ltipl e m ay O ft en b e d e t er m i n e d
w ith o u t wr iti n g t h e f a c to r s o f t h e e xp ress i o n s . C o n s id e r
6—
2x + v, 2 xv 21
2
,
45 11
3

T h e d i ffer en t f a c t o rs in th es e i
e xpr es s o n s a r e y, 2x + y, and 2x — y,
a nd th e l ow es t c o m m o n m ulti pl e is y ( 4x2 — y2) .

E xer c i s e 1 0 1

Fi n d t h e l c In of e a c h of t h e foll o wi n g
. . . ex e r c s es , i d et er
m i ni ng it w i t h ou t wri t i ng t h e f a c t o rs a s far , as p o s s i b l e :

1 . x
2 — 3x — 4 a nd 50
2 —1

2 .
—
6a 6 b an d 4a 2 -
4b 2
1 78 E LE M E N TARY ALG E BRA

28 . 8x — 3
64 , 4x — 1 6, a n d
2 —
6x 1 2

29 . 2 a + 6 b, 3a — 9 b, and 3a 2 — 2 7 b2

30 . a
2 —4
,
a — 4a + 4 , an d a
2 “
+2 a
3

31 . a — 2
b 2
a -
b, b+ a , a nd b — c
,

2 — 5 a x — 24a 2 and
2 2
32 . 313 x + 8ax + 1 5a
z— 3 — 3
and
2 2
33 . x x y, x y ,
x + xy + y
34 . a
— 2
1, 2a + 2 , —
3a 3 and 5a — 5
,

35 . a
2 -
3a b — 4b 2
an d dx — 4a + bx — 4b
—
36 . ac x y) , ( and 3 c ( x + y)
2 — 1 1 — 2 x x2 a nd 1 + 2x + x 2
37 . x , + ,
38 20a — 5 , 1 6a 2 — 1 2a an d
2
1 2 a + 3a
,
.
,

39 . 4a c — 2
4 b c , 2 a + 2a b,
z z
and 3a b —3 b2

— a nd (1 )
2 2 4
40 . 1 + 2x + x ,
1 2x + x , -
x
2

— a nd 4 —
+ 4x + 4 ,
4 2
41 . x
4
4, x
2
4x + x4

2 — 16 and
2—
42 . a
2
+ 8 a + 1 6, a ,
a 8a + 1 6
3 2 —4 x — 8 and
3 — 2 x2
43 . x + 2x x + 4x -
8
— z 2
a nd
2
44 . x
2
+y ,
2
xy y, xy +y , x + xy
— x
+ x , a nd
2
45 . 1 +x +x 2 4
,
1 1 +x+x 2

46 1 2 x + 1 2 , 2 95
2 2 —2 8x + 8 , and —
4x 4
.
,

—
3
( ) and ( a + x)
2 2
47 . 5a a x , 3a 2

— x2 2 — 3
and
i
x +x y — z— z
3
48 . x
3
y+ xy y xy y
— — — 1 1a and — —
+ 24 ,
2 2
49 . a
2
a 6, a a 6a 16
— — and 9 —
50 . x
2
2x 3 ,
x
2
+ 2x + l , 6x + x2

51 a
3 — 3 a2 — 4 a + 1 2 a
ft —4 and a — a —2
6
.
, ,

— —
4x 45 ,
2
a nd — 2 —
7x 1 8
+ 7x + 1 0 ,
2
52 . x x x
 C H A PT E R X VI I

FRA CTI O NS

23 1 . An al g e b aic
r fractio n is t h e i ndi cat e d divi s i o n
f r a c t i o n al f o rm o f o ne n u m b er b y a n o t h e r ( se e

e x a m pl es o b se rv e :
,

— b3
+b
3
a a

— 2 —— 2
a b x l 2 xy + y a +b

23 2 . T he num e at r or is t h e n u m b er a b ov e t he li n e . Th e
d e n om in ator is t h e n um b er b el o w t h e li ne .

The u m erat o r o f a frac t i o n re pre se nt s

n t h e divi den d , a nd

t he d e no m i n at o r re pre se n t s t h e d ivis or .

T he u m era t o r
n a nd d e n o m i n a t o r o f a ny frac t i o n t a ke n
t o g e t h e r a r e c a ll e d the terms of the fra ction .

R e c a ll t ha t th e d i v id i n g li n e is a s ym bol of a ggr e ga ti o n as w e ll as

o ne o f d i v ision . See 152 .

2 33 . A n in te g e r , or inte g ral n umb e r , is a n u m be r no p a r t o f

w h i c h is a f ra c t i o n ,
as 5, 1 1 , 16 .

A fr a c ti o n o f any th i n g is d e fin ed in a r it h m e ti c a s o ne o r m o re O f th e
e q ua l p a r t s o f it ; b ut s i n c e t h e t e r m s o f a n a lg e b r a i c fr a c ti o n m a y b e

a n y n u m b ers p o s iti v e o r n e g a tiv e i nt e g r a l o r fr a c ti o n a l it is q u it e

, , ,

e v i d e n t t h a t t h e a r it h m e ti c a l d e fi n iti o n d o es n o t a cc ur a t e l y d es c r i b e

a n a lg e b r a i c fr a c ti o n .

T h e v a lu e o f a n y a r it h m e ti c a l fr a c ti o n is t h e q uo ti e n t o f t h e n u m er a t o r
d i v i d ed b y t h e d e n o m i na t o r T h is is t ru e o f a ny a lgeb ra i c fra c ti o n and
.
,

fo r t h i s r e as o n it is d e fi n ed as in 2 3 1 ab o v e .

A fr a c ti o n wh o se n um er a t or is a + b and wh o s e d eno m i na t o r Is a — b ,

is r e ad : a + b ov er a -
b, or a + b d ivid ed by a — b .

1 79
1 80 E LE M E N TARY ALG E BRA

234 T he sign of a fr ac tio n is t h e Sig n w ri t te n b efore the

‘

li ne t h at se pa r at e s t h e t erm s .

235 . S i nce fra c t io n is a n i ndi c a t e d divi s io n b y t h e l a w

a ,

of s ig n s in divi s io n 1 5 8 t h e foll o wi n g is t r u e :
,

9 — 9
+ —3
3

9 — 9
3 +3

Cha n gin g the sign s of both n umer a tor and den omina tor d oes
n ot cha n ge the si gn of the fr a cti on .

Cha nging the s ign of ei the r n u mer a tor or denomin a tor

cha n ges the si gn of the fra ction .

If it h er t erm o f a f r ac t i o n is a pol yn o m i al it s Sig n is

e ,

c hang e d b y cha n gi n g the s ign of ever y ter m .

b — a b —
b a
a +
— — x —x
x y +y y

23 6 Tw o pr i n c i pl e s
. b ser v e d whe n t h e t e rm s of a
are _t o be o

f rac t io n a re expr esse d b y t h e i r f a c t o r s v iz ,

.

1 Cha nging the si gn of o ne fa ctor in n umer a tor

. or den omi
n ator Cha nges the si gn of the fr a ction Fo r :

— b— — — —
( a b) ( c ) ( a b) ( b -
c ) ( a b) ( c b)
— —
( x y) ( y z ) ( iv —
yfl z -
y) ( iv —
yfly
—Z
)

T h i s is evid e n t for c h angi n g t h e s ig n o f one fa c to r c h a n g e s

,

t he s ig n of t h a t term of the fr a ction .

2 Cha ng ing the s ign of two fa cto r s i n n umera tor or den omi
.

n a tor does no t cha n ge the s i g n of the fr acti on Fo r : .

b) ( b —
( a b) ( b c ) ( a c ) ( b a )(o b)
(x —
y) ( y
-
z) (y — x )( z -
y) (x —
y) ( y
—z
)

T h i s is t ru e fo r c h a n gi n g t h e s ig n s of two fa ct or s does
,
no t
c h a ng e t h e s ig n of t h at ter m of the fr a ction .
 E LE M E N TARY ALG E BRA

4 . C h an g e
i ?
f to an eq uiv a l e nt fr ac t io n wh o se d e no mi

n at o r is (x

y f
w h o se d e no m i
5 . Ch a n ge i z
to an e q uiv a l ent frac t io n
na t o r is x
2 — 2
y .

238 . A fra c t i o n I S i n i ts l owes t ter ms w h en t h e n um e ra t or

and d e n o m i n a t o r h a v e n o c o m m o n f a c t o r e x c e pt 1 .

T O red u c e a fr a c ti o n t o it s l o w es t t erm s w e m us t r e m o v e , al l f a c tor s

fo un d in b o t h n um er a o r a n d t d en o m i n a t o r .

Th i s is d o n e b y c a n c e li n g t h e c o mm o n f a c t o rs , whi ch is equi v al en t

to d i vid i n g b o t h n um er a t o r a n d d en o m i n a t or b y t h e m , t hu s ,
— —1
)
2 2
l 5a 3
x 3a x 3x + 2 x -
l
—
(M x — B) —
2 2
2 0a x
3
4x x 5x + 6 x x 3

23 9 . R ul e . Resol ve nu me r a tor a nd den omina tor in to their

p me
ri fa ctor s ) a l l fa ctor s common to both
a nd ca n ce l d
( vi de
i ou t .

W h e n t h e n u m era t o r of a fr ac t i o n is a fa c t o r of t h e d e n om i
na t o r t h e n u m e r a t o r of t h e r es ul t is 1
,
Fo r exam pl e .
,

d +x l

a
2— x
2
a — x

It is O ft e n dvi sa bl e t o c h a n g e t h e s ig n of a fact o r in
a

o n e t erm t o m a ke it li k e a f a c t o r in t h e o t h er Thus .

—4 — 4>
>
—x —
5 (x 4 )
) 5
We c h an ge ig f c t — x in t h e d e n o m i n a t o r
‘

the s n f h
o t e a or 4 , , a n d a l so

t h e S ig n o f t h e fr a c ti o n a n d t h e n c a n c e l t h e co mmon f ac tor
,
.

E x e r c i s e 1 03

R e du c e t h e fo llo w i n g fr act i o n s t o thei r lo we st t e rm s ,

givi n g res ul t s a t s ig h t as far a s po ssibl e
2a 3
3x 2
4 nx
O

8a z
6x 3
8 xy
 F RA C TIO NS

E x er c i s e 1 04

R ed uc e to l o w e st t e rm s , givi n g r es ul t s s ig ht as far as

po ss i b l e
4
a x + 64 a x
2
a 4a 16
2
a +a
3 b+ 3 a b
2 3
9x y 3x y
2
x 8x + 1 5

x
2
1
5 xv + 5 v
2 Z
x y
2 2
x 2 x y+ y

2a 2 —4 a

3a b 6b

a
2
b 2

+ 2a h b
2 2
a

2 2
4x y + 4
3 3
5x y 5
z 3
ar a
2 2
a 2 ax + x

9a 3
6a b
6a b 2
4b 2

s 3
a x
2 2
d 2a x + x
1 84 E LE M E N TARY ALG E BRA

2x 3
4x y 2
( a x ) 2
a
4
1
— —
(
3 2 2 6
3xy 6y a x a +1.

— b)
—
(a
3
a hx
'
3 2
x a + 2 + 3a
a
2
+ 2ax + x
2
(a
2 -
b) 2 2
a
z
+ 5 + 6a
A
'

2 40 . m ix e d n u mb e r is a n um b er o n e pa r t of wh i c h is
i nt e g r a l and t he o t h e r p a rt f r a c t i o n a l a s ,

a +b a _
5
2a + 3x +
x — x
— 3
y
2 41 . A ro
p p e r fr a c tio n is a fr ac t io n wh i c h c a nn o t be
re du c e d to a who l e or a m i xe d n um b e r , a s

a bc — 3
x +y x
—4
a +b xy z y
2 42 . A n im pro pe r
fra c tio n is a fra c t i o n whi c h c an be
r e du c e d t o a w h o l e or a m i x e d n u m b e r a s ,

a
4
b 4
x
2
5x + 9
—
+b
2 2
a x 2

RED UC TI O N OF I MP RO PER FRA C TI O NS

2 43A n i m pro per f r a c t i o n is re du ce d t o a w h ol e

. or a m ix e d
n um b er b y pe r f o rm i n g t h e i n di c a t e d divi s i o n . Thus , to

re du c e to a m ix e d n u m b er , pro c e e d as follows

3
a +x
3 2
a + 2a
— 2a 2 x
+
— 2a 2 — 4a

4a + x
4a + 8

x — 8

T h er e for e ,
a
2
2a + 4
 86 ELE M E N TARY ALG E BRA

n — 3
1
n +1
a
3 —1

a — l

3
x +1
x +l
2 —
1 5x + 5x 1
5x

RE D UC TI O N OF M IxE D EXP RE SS I O NS
24 5 M i x e d e x pr e ss i o n s a r e r e du c e d t o i m pr o per fr ac t i o n s
.

a s in a r i t h m e t i c e x c e pt t h a t w h e n t h e f r a c t io n a l pa rt is
,

minu s t h e n u m e rat o r of it is su btr a cted

,
O b ser v e : .

—a—6
(a
2 2
a +9 a
a _
3+
a +2 A ddi n g a
2
+9
—a
2a 2
+3
2 — 2
a +9 2a a+3
H enc e
a +2 a +2
— x) a — — 2ax
( ( x)
2 2
d
2
+x 2
a a +x
Al so a x
Su b t ra c t i n g a
2
+x 2

— 2ax

H en c e , a — x

E x e r c i s e 1 06

R e du c e t o i m pr o pe r fra c t io ns
26 5
2j
— 2a
1 . a +1+ +3 x
 F RA C TIO N S 7

3 x — 3 —3 x — 2
.
y

5 . a — 4+ 6 .
—
5a 3 b

—
7 . a +5 2x 3 y

9 . x — 2+ 10 .
—
2 a 4x

— 4 —
3x 4y
11 . a +

13 . x+6 4x + 3 y

15 . a +h 16 . 3a -
2x

LO WE S T C O MM O N D E N O M I N AT OR
246 Tw o
. or m o re f ra c t i o n s h av e a commo n de no min a tor
wh e n t h e i rd e n o m i n a t o r s a r e t h e s a m e n um b e r s .

T h e lo we s t c o mm o n d e no m in ator Of two or

m o re fra c t i o n s is t h e l c m of t h e i r d e n o m i n a t o rs
. . . .

C o ns id e r
(
o u x )
— x a
a -
x ( a )( + x )
a (
a a x )
—
d +x ( a + x) ( a x)
24 7 . Rul e . Find the l owes t common mu l tipl e f
o the denom
ina tors for the l owes t common denomina tor .

D ivi de this denomin a tor by the den omin a tor of ea c h fr a ction

a nd mu l tip l y both terms o f the giv en fraction by the quo tien t .
1 88 E LE M E N TARY ALG E BRA
E xerc i s e 107

R e du c e t h e f o ll o wi n g fra c t io n s t o e q uiv a l e n t fr a c t i o n s
h a vi n g t h e l o w e st c o m m o n d e n o m i n a t o r
2 — 2 — 1
3a 2ax 4 xy x +1 x l x

3 2 6 a b

2a c 4x 2
5d x 2 3 4
i ’ ,
b a a
—
l a +1 a
?

4 3 b a
2
+4 a +2 a
, ’
2 a h 6a 2
4ax a b

3a 2
4 a b 2 xy C

3 x c

a 3a b
’ )
s 5a ?
2

4d x a 4 bx
,
2
5 3x a

— 2
+4
2
3 a c a a a +2
, ’ ’ ,
Sa x 6b 2
4a h — 2
4 — 2
a a +2 a

ADD ITI O N A N D SUBT RA C TI O N OF FRA C TI O NS

248 . fra c t i o n s a r e a dd e d o r s u b t ra c t e d b y pe r fo rm
S i mi l a r
in g t h o s e o pe r a t i o n s u po n t h e n u mer a tors a n d wr i t i n g t h e
r es ul t o v er t h e c o m m o n d e n o m i n at o r .

We h a ve l ea rn e d in divi si o n t h at
a + c+e n x a c n x
+ + _

b b b b b b

I nt er c h a ngi n g t h e m em b e r s of t his i
e qua t o n , we o b se r ve
t he ru l e fo r a ddi t i o n a n d s u b t ra c t o n
i o f fr ac t i o n s .

24 9 . R ul e . Red u ce the fra ctio ns to the cha n ge the

s ig n s o f al l the terms of n u mer a tor s of fr a c ti on s tha t a re p r e
1 90 EL E M E N TARY ALG E BRA

5 2 x+ y x - 2
y
2a — b 2a + b x y

2x — 3 2x + 3 y y
x+3 x — 3 x — x+ y x
2 2
y
-
.
y

3a + b a 5 3 9x
a — ‘

b 3a + b x+4 x — 4 x —
ii
16

4a — 1 6a + 2 a b b2

— — a2
3 + 3a b +b b2
2a + 2
'

a a

x (x —
y)
2
x +y a:
2—
v( )
2
y x+ v x y

b b 2
a
2
b
+b ( a + b) ( a + b)
z s
a

4d x 4 4x
+ +
—
(a x f
‘
a — x
—
( a x)
2

2 2
— — x2
'

( y) ( x + y)
2 2 z
x v

3 4 2
— —
°

a (a 2) (
2
a 4 a a

4a b 2 a +b
— —
°

b b + a b+ b
3 3 2 2
a a a

z — 2
n +4 n +31 n

n -
5 n — 2
2n — 15 n+3

2
1 —
3x x y
3 3 2 —x 2
y + x x+y 33 y+ y

x — x — z
y
— —
°

x z x y

a + 4a
—
2
2 1
l — a
3
 F RA C TIO N S 1 91

2 3n + 6 n
2
+ 3n + 5
°

— 2
+ 3
n +1 n u+ 1 u +1
d
2
+ 4a + 9 2 a +4
+ — 3a
+ 27
3 2
a a +3 a +9
n
2
+2 n + 2 8 3 n+ 6
8 — n3 — 2 2
n n + 2n + 4
4 xy 1 x — 2 y
3 3 2 2
x + 8y x+ 2y x -
2 xy + 4 y

MULTIP LI C ATI O N OF FRA C TI O NS

Th e pr odu ct o f t w o fr a c t i o n s is t h e p rodu ct of the
nu m er a tor s o v e r t h e pr od u ct of the de no m i n a tor s .

Fro m m a nd
§ = n w e have
,
fi d
x mn . Wh y ?
Fro m the first i
equa t o ns , a = bm a nd = dn M u l t i p l yi n g
‘

c .

a = bm b C: dn , m e m b e r b y m e m b e r , w e h a v e
y
a c = bd m n .

Dividi ng bo th m e m b e rs o f a c bdmn b y bd , w e h a v e

z
g — ma , a nd by t he c o m par s o n a x o m , i i
a 0 ac
x
b s bd
T h i s m e t h od is a ppli c a b l e a l s o wh e n e i th e r fa c t o r is
i n t e g ra l fo r i nt e g e r s m ay be e x pres s e d in f r a c t i o n a l fo rm
,
.

Si n ce t h e prod uc t o f t h e n um er a t o rs is d i v i d ed b y t h e pr o d uc t o f t h e
d e n o m i n a t ors c a n c e ll a ti o n m a y b e e m p l o yed
,
.

E xe r c i s e 1 09

Si m plify t h e fo ll o wi ng
b 2 — 25 — 2
3a
X 2 x
5a c a a 9
4x 5a 6a b 2 — 3a 2
a a + 5a
8b 3a 3 cy a — l 4a + a 2

"
lid 4a b 2 a + 8a 2
a — 2
1 92 E LE M E N TARY ALG E BRA

x — 1 1 +y 113
2
x —
y
— 2
X — — 2 2
I y x l x xy x + 2 xy
$
2 — 1 x+ 2 3x z + x 2
x
— 2 2
y
°

— 2
X — 2 — 2 2
x 4 x 1 y + xy x 9z
—
( x + y)
2 2 3 3 2
x y x+ z x + 8y
x — —
( )
2 i ? 2
x +xz x y x y x+ 2y
— b —
+h
2 2 2
a a 2y+ z x 25
><
—
( a + b) b (x + 5)
2 4
+ 8y
2 3
a il z

bc + bx — — 2
2
3ax c x a x
13
2
4 by — 2— 2
a + ax a x c x
i

—x 2
( ) 10b
2 2
a 3 ax 4
— x
><
5 by ( a + x)
2 2
6a a

— b ah — b
+b
2
a a

( b) b ( a + b) ab
2 z 2
a -
+a
—
(x + 27
3
x 4 x
2 _ 2 2 _ 2
x y x y

a
2
+ab ab — b 2
4x + x 2
a
’2 -
b 2

— abx
(a b) ( a + b)
2 z 2
d +x
2 2 —
a
2
a + 2a a +8 6a
2— — — 2
4a + 4 2 —
a 2a 8 a a + 3 4a
2
n + 2n + 1
2 —
°

n — n
3
2n
‘

2 2 2
3a h 4a 2 —9x2
ax +a a +x -
ax

— 3 — 2 3 3
4a 6x 2a 3a x 2 xy x +a

22 . 1+

23 . 24 . 1+

26 . 2+
1 94 E LE M E N TARY ALG E BRA
2 — 9
a +3 a a +x d
2
+ ax
b+ l b — 2
1 a — 2
3ax a
2 — 9x2

z—
x+ y x
2
+ xy a b 2
b +ab
2

Z — x2 — 4b
2 2
2 a b+ a 2
a +x a a

— — r—
a b (a b) 2
( cz x)
?
(e x
2 ?
)
a +b a
2 -
b 2
a — 2x a
3 — 8 x3

— 25 —
a
2
a
2
5a (x 2
(x
z 2 — 36 8 d + ax 4 3
o + 6a . a x + 2a

2 2
x +4 -
2x x +8
x — 2 x
2 —4

a
— 2
x
2
a — x

— 2 —
3x 4 2
x x +x
n — 2 —
6 n 2n + u 2

n — 2—
2 n n — 2n 2

3 3
a +x a +x
17 . 1+
a
2
+ 6a + 8 4 + 2a

a — 3
x
3
a — x

3 3 z— 2
a +x a ax +x
2 2 2
x + 2 xy + y 33
21 .
2 2
sci/ + 21 y

a — 2
2+ a a
2 — 6— x
2 —9
a a +3

x — 33
x
z—
y xy
2 2
x + 2 xy + y x+y

a
z—
a — fi a
z —
+ a 12
27 — 2 z
25 5a + a
.

a + 6a
2 — 7 2
42
d +a -

29 .
 F RA C TIO NS 1 95

32 4
—1
.

2
a

33 . 1 34 . a +

E x er c i s e 1 1 1 — Te s t Q u e s tion s an d R ev i ew

An swer al l yo u c a n o ra ll y
1 . S how t h at a c o mm o n di v i s o r of two n u m b e rs is a

divi s or O f a ny m u l t i pl e of e it h e r of t hem .

2 . Wr i t e a n a l g e b r a ic e x pr ess io n t h a t is exa c t l y divi si b l e

by —
a +b and 2a 3b .

3 . G iv e so m e a lg e b r a i c e x pre s s o n s o f
i wh i c h t h e l o w e st
c om m on m ul t i pl e is 2 a 4 4
2x .

4 Ho w d o yo u d e t er m i ne w h e t h e r a b i n o m i a l is t h e pro
.

du c t o f t h e s um a n d di ffe r e n ce o f t w o n um b e rs ?
5 . Sh o w t h a t a c om m on divi s o r o f t w o n u m b e rs is a

di v i so r of t hei r s um a n d a so l o f t h e i r di ff er e n c e .

6 . R ec a lli n g t h e so ut o n O f e q u a t o n s
l i i by fa ct o r i n g , what
a re t he r oo t s o f t he e qu at o n , x i 2
5x + 6 0?

7 S h o w h o w m u c h t h e s q u a r e o f t h e s um o f t w o
. n u m be rs
e x cee d s t h e p r o d uc t o f t h e i r s um a n d di ff ere n ce .

8 . W i t h o ut s qua r ni g t h e bi n o m i a l giv e ,
t he di ffe r e n c e
b e t we e n (30 a nd (30 7 ) ( 30 7 )

9 . Ho w m u c h d oes t h e s q ua r e o f exc ee d t he pr o d u c t
of ( 0
4

Fi n d t h e v a l ue of the f o ll ow i n g e xp re s s o n s i when a 1,
b = 2, c =3 d=4 e =0 m= n
, ,

cd
2
m 8a b 2
d m
e’ 2
9c X 2 b 6a dm 2
bc d 2 2 2
‘
3 2 2 3
10 . n n

11 . m 3
a c e
2 2 2
+c d
2 2
+ b m + a Xd
4 5 3
1 96 E LE M E N TARY ALG E BRA

Fi n d the v a l ue of t h e fo l l ow mg e x pr e s s o n s i when a r
} ,

c =1 d=4
, ,

6a d — 5 c3 2
y x 3b x
2—
12 .
2 3 2
13 . 8b y + a (2d3 3
2 d) + 5 x 2

14 . 9b d + 8 a d
2 2 2 3
+ 50 2
x
2
15 . 2c d 3 3
( 2y
4
5 d) x -~
4y 2

16 Sh o w h o w m u c h t h e s q u a r e O f t h e
. s um of t wo n u m b ers
e x c ee d s t h e s q u a r e o f t h e i r di ff e r e n c e .

17 . di ffe re n c e b e t w een
G iv e t h e and ( 20
Wi t h o u t s q u a ri n g e i t h e r b i n o m i a l .

18 . W h a t is m ea n t w h e n it is sa id t h at a c er t a n n i um b e r
s at s i fi es a n e q ua t o n ? i
19 . B y w h a t mu st fr a c t i o n b e
a m ul t i pli e d t o giv e the
sm a ll e st po ss i b l e i n t e g r a l pr o d u c t ?

20 . Sh o w t o w h a t t h e su m o f a n y two n u m b ers divid e d by

the s um o f t h ei r re c i pr o c a l s is e qua l .

21 . Fi n d the h . o f an d the l . c . m . of x
4
+x y +y
2 2 4
,

2 2
an d — 2 2
x + xy+ y , x xy + y .

22 . How m u c h d o es t h e s q u ar e Of e x c ee d the sq u are

of —
50 4 ? G iv e r esu lt w i t h o u t s qu ar i n g .

23 . W h at is t h e r es u lt in m u l t i p li ca t i o n of
fra c t io ns , wh e n
al l f ac t o r s in n um er at o r a n d d e n o m i n at o r c a n c el ?

Fi n d the v al ue of the f o ll o w i n g e x pr es s io n s w h en a 2
b= 1, c =4 d=3 n= 5
, , , y
2
a — b
b +y2

'
2
a +y
 C H A P T E R X VI I I

L I TE R A L AND FRA CT I O N AL E Q UATI O N S .

S OLUT I O N O F F OR M ULA S

LITE RAL A ND FRACTIO NAL E Q UATIO N S

2 54 . A l i te ral o is a n
e qua ti n eq u at i o n in w h i c h t h er e ar e

t wo or m o re ge n e ra l n u m b e r s .

In lvi n g s u c h e q u a t i o n s t h e v a lu e o f a n y l ett e r m a y b e
so ,

fo u n d b ut o n l y in t e rm s o f t h e o t h e r l e t t e rs
,
.

S o lv e for x, ax — a
2
bx b 2

A ddi n g a
2
a nd bx t o b ot h m e m b e rs of this eq u at io n , an d

u ni t i ng t he t er m s c o n t ai n in g x, w e h ave

= 2—
( a -
b) x a b2

B y the divi si o n a x io m ,
x a +b
— a
b( a + b) b o r a b a b —
C hec ki n g : ( + b)
‘
2 2
a a

T o so lv e a li t e r a l e q u a t i o n fo r a ny l e tt e r in it is .
t o fi nd
t h e v a lu e of t h a t l e t t e r in t e r m s o f t h e o t he rs .

E x er c i s e 1 1 2

So lv e t h e fo ll o w i n g e q u a t i o n s in t h e l e ft c o lu m n fo r x , an d

t h o se in t h e r ig h t c o lu m n fo r y a n d c h e c k :

1 .
— =
4a x 4 b — bx 2 . 2 b + 6y = 3 c + a y

—
5n x = 4 n — ab= 3y 3b
3 . + nx 4 . ay -

5 .
— =
3 a x 2a — bx 6 . 5a — by = ay — 5b

7 . n — il
nx = ax — a
s
8 .
— = —
2a 9y a y 1 8

4a = 4 b
 LITE RAL AN D F R A C TIO NAL E Q UATIO NS 99

2 55 . S pe c ia l D e v i c e s It . w ill b e w e ll t o n ot e here s om e
s pe c a i l d ev i c es fo r c l e a r i n g e q u at o n s i of fr ac t i o n s . T h us ,

2x — 9 2x + 6 4x — 8
c ear o f
l fr a c t i o n s +
5 3x 1 10
M ul t i p l yi n g b o t h m e m b e r s b y 1 0 ,
the l o w est c o mm o n

m u l t i pl e of t h e m on om i a l d e n o m i n a t o rs ,
we h ave

— — —
4x 18 4x 8

S u b t r a c t 4 x in ea c h it e o t h e r m o n o m i a l s c l e a r
m em b e r , un ,
.

o f f r a c t i o n s a n d c o m pl et e t h e s o l ut i o n
,
.

In so m e e x a m pl e s it s i m plifi e s t h e s ol ut i o n t o c o m b i n e
fr a c t io ns b e fo r e c l e a r i n g o f fr a c t i o n s T h us fr o m .
,

1 a c 1 a + c

x a + c x

1 a + c a C
we o b ta n ,i
a c a + c x x

C o m bi n i n g t h e f r a c t i o n s in ea c h m em b er , w e h a v e
2c 20
2 2
a c x

If two e q ua l fra c t i o n s h av e t he sam e n u m e rato r ,

no t 0,
t h e ir d e n o m i n at o rs a re e q u a l . H ence ,

2 2
x a 0

C h e c k by s ub s t i t u t i n g in e qua t on i (1)

E x erc i s e 1 1 3

So lv e t h e fo ll owi ng e q ua t o n s i
3x + 8 — —2
4x 3 Ul Z
- -
x y
12 3x + 4 4 y
—2

2x — 5 5x + 8 —
x y+ 3 1 v
— + —
3 30 2 3 15 l v y+ 1
—
5x 4 3x + 8 5x — — l
x a a

2x + 5 —1
+1
2
10 2 a a
2 00 E L E M E N TARY ALG E BRA

— 3x x x
a: a l 8 .
- — 50
1
—
( 2x ) 2
x c
-
c

4 —
5 ( 2x a)
- 2
x a

41 C i
l
2 l
- - — E q a + c x — 2a x
ab cx
ac 0
ex ab

5x + 4 5x — 4 x —
2x a —
2b x
10 2x + 2 2 2x + a 4 b+ x

2x + 1 —
3x 2 6x —1 x — 2
. 2x
+ 4 4 "

5 6x + 3 15 72
3x + 2 523+ 6 x x — 2a c 1 x — 3b
—
+
4 x 6 3 bx x a cx

1 4 5 8x + 3 x +2 x+3

x+ l x — 2 x
2 —9 3+x x — 3

6x + 4 x+ 6 6 9 8
3x + 2 5 x+ 2 2x + 4 8x + 3

4x + 8 2x + 5 2 — x 2x + 2 x
2
. x+ 2
— —
°
2
3x + 6 4 x+ 2 4 x 2 x

2
2x + 1 3x 2x 1
2x — 1 4x — 1 2
1 + 2x

1 2x + 1 1 9x + 7 l 0x — 5
8 6 4 6x + 8

x + 4a + c 4x + a + 2 c
—
°

x +a+ c x a +c

2 3 4 5
— — — —
°

x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5

1 1
— —
(x ( x 4 )( iv 3 )
202 E LE M E N TARY ALG E BRA
E xe rc i s e 1 1 4

Solv e t h e fo llo w i n g e qu a t i o n s
x+ 2 x+4 2x 2 -
3x + 2
°
+ — — 2
x -
2 x 3 x 5x + 6

x — 4 x — 8 x — 7 x — 5
°

—
+ — —
+ —
x 5 x 9 x 8 x 6

x+ l x+4 x+ 2 x+ 3
°

—
+ — —
+ —
x l x 4 x 2 x 3

x+5 x
—
6 x — 4
'

x — 15
x+ 4 x
—
7 x — 5 x — 16

a
2
+x a
2 — x 4a cx + 2 a 2
2
— c2

2 —x 2 4 2
c c +x c -
x

x + 3a x + 2a x+ a x + 2a

x+ a x — a x + 3a x+ 5 a

5x — 8 —
6x 44 l 0x — 8 x — 8
—
+ — — —
x 2 x 7 x l x 6

5x —
64 x — 6 —
4x 55 2x — 11
— — —
+ —
x 13 x 7 x 14 x 6

9x + 4 —
2x 5
— 3 —
15 3x 4 5 3 53 4

8x + 5 4 —
3x a 4x — 2 —
2x 2 a
9 5 —
2x a 45 —
2x a

5 y 3
— — 1
'

2 (y 1 ) v
-
1 y

2a z — 2
y y
— 3 3 (y — 3) 3 3 (y — 3)
y
— 2 —
9y 1 2+y 7 y + 86
v 1
— 2 2 —2 —4
'

2+y ) 9 )
 LITE RAL A N D F R A C TIO N AL E Q UATIO NS 2 03

x+ 2 x — 7 x+3 x — 6
+ — —
. x x 5 x+ 1 x 4

x+ 3 {It — 6 x+4 x — 5
° + —
+ —
x+ 1 x 4 x +2 x 3

x — 5 x — 4 x — 10 x — 9
x+ 5 x+4 x+ 10 x +9

2c 2x + 3 c 3x + 6 0
x+ 4 c x+ c x+2c

E x e rc i s e 1 1 5 — P r ob l e m s in Sim pl e E quation s

Solv e t h e fo ll o wi n g pro b l em s
1 Se p a r a t e 5 9 int o t w o s u c h pa rt s t h at 4 t i m e s t h e s m a ll e r
.

s h a ll e x c ee d t w i c e t h e l arg e r b y 2 6 .

2 . From w h at n u m b e r m u st 1 3 5 be s ub t ra c t e d t o g e t 2 73 ?

3 . Fi n d t h e n umber to which if 3 2 9 be a dd e d ,
t he s um

will b e 64 2 .

4 . W h at n um b er m u st b e m ul t i pli e d by 3 7 t o O b t a i n 999?

5 . A is 3 t i m e s a s o l d as B b ut in 20
, ye ars h e will b e on ly
twi ce as O l d . Fi n d t he ag e of e ac h .

6 . W h at n u m b er m u st o ne divid e by 2 3 t o O b t a i n 1 63 ?
'

7 . Divid e t h a t t h e q uo t i e n t
2 20 so o f o ne pa rt divid e d by
t he o th er is 4 a n d t h e re m a i n d er 2 0 .

8 . W h at n um b e r m u st b e a dd e d t o 378 t o
. giv e . 65 ?

9 . A is 5 3 ye a rs ol d a n d B is 3 3 . Ho w m a ny yea rs h a v e
l
e a ps e d sin c e A w as l é t i m es as O l d as B?
10 . Wh at n um b e r m u st o n e s ubt r a c t f ro m 33 t o g et

11 Divi d e 3 1 5 i n t o t wo part s so t h at t h ere a re t wi c e a s

.

m a ny di m e s in t h e fi rs t pa rt as t h ere a r e 5 c e nt pi e c es in t h e -

s ec o n d pa rt .
2 04 E L E M E N TARY ALG E BRA

12 . B y wh at n u m b e r m u st one m ul t i pl y to obt a n i
13 . Th e di ff er e n c e b et w e e n t w o n u m b er s is 1 7 ; a n d if 4 is
a dd e d to t h e l arg e r n u m b er t h e s um is 4 t i m e s t h e sm a ll e r
,

num b er . Fi n d t h e n u m b er s .

14 . Divid e 39000 i n t o u c h t h a t t h e i n t er est o n

t w o pa rt s s

t h e g r e at e r part fo r 2 ye ar s a t 6% s h a ll b e e q u a l t o t h e i n t er est
on the ot h e r p t
ar fo r 3 yea r s at

15 . W h at num b er s u b t r a c t e d fro m 1 64 giv es the s am e

r es ul t as 92 a dd e d to the n um b er ?

16 . O f what n um b er is 5 4 t h e t h r ee t e n t h s pa rt ?
-

17 . di ffe r e n c e b e t w ee n t w o n u m b e rs is
The 32 ; an d if t h e
g rea t er Is divid e d b y t h e l es s t h e q u o t i e n t is , 5 an d t he re

m ain d er 4 Fi n d t h e n u m b ers
. .

1
18 . B y w h at n u m b e r m u st o n e divid e 3 3; t o g et 5

19 T h r e e m e n e a rn e d a c e r t a i n s um o f m o n ey A a n d B
. .

ea rn e d $ 1 8 0 ; A a n d C e a r n e d $ 1 90 ; a n d B a n d C e a r n e d $ 2 00 .

How m u c h did t h e y a l l e arn ?

20 . Wh at n u m ber is as m u c h u n d er 7 7}as it is ov er

21 . l e n gt h o f a r e c t a n gl e is 1 % t i m e s it s wid t h I f
Th e .

e a c h di m e n s i o n w e r e 3 i n c h es l e s s t h e a r e a w o u ld b e di m i n
,

is h e d 2 7 9 s q uare i n c h e s Fi n d t h e l e n gt h
. .

1
22 . W h at n u m b e r l i es m id wa y b e t w ee n 3 2; and

23 . A o a t fo r $3 6 payi n g for it in 2 —d o ll ar
m a n b ou g ht a c ,

bill s a n d 5 0 c e n t pi e c es givi n g t w i c e as m a n y b ill s a s c o i n s

-
,
.

HO W m a n y b ill s did h e giv e ?

24 . O f what n u m b e r do e s t he d o ubl e exc ee d by 9 it s

25 . A m an i n v e st e d a c e rt a n i s um at 5% a nd t wi c e as

m uc h at His a n n u a l i n c o m e fr o m b o th i n v e s t m e n t s
was $ 7 65 . H ow m uc h did h e i n v es t ?
 206 E LE M E N TARY ALG E BRA

35 . A can do a pi ec e of w o rk in 1 2 d ays , wh i c h B c an d o in
’
18 d ays a n d w i t h C s h e l p t h e y
, c an d o it in 4 d a ys . In h o w
m a ny d ays c a n C do t h e w o r k ?

36 . If A c an d o h a lf of a pi e ce of w o r k in 1 0 d a ys and B
can d o t he wh o l e of it in 1 5 d ays in h o w m a ny d ays
, can b o th
of t h e m d o it w o r ki n g t o g e t h e r ?

37 . A
ul at o r b oug h t t w o pi e c e s o f l a n d a t t h e s a me
s pe c

p r i c e H e
. s old o n e p i e c e a t a p ro fi t O f 3 1 7 00 a n d t he o th e r a t
a l o s s o f $ 90 0 r e c e ivi n g t w i c e a s m u c h fo r o n e pi e c e as fo r
,

t h e o t h er Ho w m u c h did e a c h pi e c e c os t him ?
.

38 . At w h a t ra t e p er a nn um w ill 33 600 giv e $ 2 7 0 i nt e r es t

in one yea r 8 m o nt h s ?
Le t r = th e t
ra e p er a nn um .

r 5
3500 — —
2 70
1 00 3

39 What s um m u st b e i n v e st e d at 5% to giv e u rt l
‘

. a q a e r y
i n c o m e of 3 1 0 5 ?
40 . W h at s um p ut at i nt e r est at 5% p e r a nn um w ill
am ou nt t o $ 6000 in 1 ye ar 9 m o n t h s ?
.

A f at h e r
.

41 . is 4 2 ye a rs o l d , an d h is s o n is 3 as ol d . If
both liv e in ,
h o w m a ny ye a r s w ill t h e s o n b e a s o l d as h is
f at h er ?
42 . S e pa r a t e t h e n u m b er 1 4 5 i n t o t w o pa rt s s o t h at t h e
e x c e ss o f the
g re at er ov e r 50 sh a ll b e 4 t i m es t h e e xc e s s o f
50 ov er t h e s m a ll e r .

43 . If p p
o f a c ert a n
i i a l is i n vies t e d
r nc
a t 5 % a n d t h e

r em a i n d er a t t h e a nn u a l i n c o m e fr o m b o t h i n v es t m e nt s
is $ 660 Fi n d t h e w h ol e sum i n v est e d
. .

44 . Th e w id t h ofo m is o f it s l e ngt h
a ro . I f t h e l eng t h
w e re 4 fe e t l e ss a n d t h e w id t h 4 fe e t m o r e t h e ,
ro om w ould b e
s q u a re . Fi n d t h e di m e ns i o n s o f t h e ro o m .
 LITE RAL AND F RA C TIO N AL E Q UATIO N S 20 7

45 . A m an i n v es t e d pa r t of it at 5% an d th e
rem a n i d er at The int eres t on t he for m e r fo r 2 ye a rs is
t he s am e a s th e i n t e r est on the l at t er fo r 2 y ea rs 6 m o n t h s .

How m u c h w as investe d a t ea c h r a t e ?

46 . A m an I n v e st e d i Of h is m o n e y in 4 % b o n d s, Of it
in 5 % bonds and the re m a n i der in 6% b o n d s , b uy i n g t h e m
m
,

al l at pa r . His a nn u a l i n c om e fr o m t h e w h o l e i n v e st e nt
am o u n t s t o 32 550 . Fi n d his w h o l e i n v e st m e nt .

GE N E RA L PRO BLE MS
2 58 . A g e n e al r pro b l e m is a pro bl e m al l o f the n u m b e rs in
whi c h g e n e ra l n u m b e rs
a re .

It is t h ere f o re e vid e n t t h a t t h e s o l ut i o n o f a g e n era l pro b

l e m i n v o lv es a li t e r a l e q u at i o n F or e x a m pl e .

T h e s u m o f t w o n u m b e rs is m a n d t h e l a rg er n u m b er is n ,

t i m es t h e s m a ll e r Fi n d t h e n um b e rs
. .

Le t x th e sm a ller n u m b er ,

a n d nx = the l ar g er n um ber .

x + nx =m

So lv i n g ,
x and n x

Th e ul t o b t a i n e d in s o lvi n g a g e ne ra l b l m is fo rm
'

r es p r o e a

ul a fo r s olvi n g a l l pr o b l e m s of tha t type .

To fi nd the s ma l l er n umber , div ide the su m o f the n u mber s

by 1 pl u s the r a tio o f the two n u mbe r s .

To fi nd the l a rger n u mber , di vi de the produ ct o f the su m

a nd r a ti o by 1 p l us the r a ti o of the n u mber s .

T h e se a re t he r ul e s for fi n di n g a ny two n u m be rs wh e n t he i r
su m a nd t hei r r a tio a re kn o w n .

2 59 . G e n e r a liz atio n in a lg eb r a is t h e p ro c es s of s o lvi n g

f o rm u l a o b t a i n e d a s a
'

a g e n e r a l pr o b l e m and int e r pre t in g t h e

r ul e fo r s o lvi n g a l l pr o b l e m s of t h a t t ype .
20 8 E LE M E N TARY ALG E BRA
E xe rc i s e 1 1 6

1 . Th e l a rg e r o f two n u m b e rs is 7 t i m es t h e sma ll e r ,
an d

t h ei r s um is 1 4 8 8 . Fi n d the n u m b ers .

m m" -
1 488 4
8 8
l +n l +n

2 . Th e sm a ll er of t wo n u m b er s is of th e l ar g e r , and

their s um is 21 .Fi n d t h e n um b er s .

3 . If two n u m b e rs a re a dd e d t h e r e s ul t is,
2 7 69, a n d o ne

is 8 2
; t i m e s t h e o t h er . Fi n d t h e t w o n u m b ers .

4 . Th e s um o f t wo nu m b e r s is s a nd ,
the di ffer e n c e of t h e
s am e n u m b e rs is d . Fi n d t h e n um b e rs .

Let x = th e l a r g er n um b er ,

an d s — x = the s m a ll er n um b er .

( s -
x ) =d

8 -
1d —x
S olv i n g , x an d s
2 2

5 R ea d t h ese fo rm ul as a s r ul e s fo r fi n di ng
. t wo n u m b ers
wh e n t h e i r s um a n d t h e i r di ff er e n c e a r e k n o w n .

6 . Th e s um o f two n u m b ers is 768 , an d t heir di ff ere n c e is

1 16 . Fi n d t h e n u m b e r s .

s +d 7 68 + 1 1 6 s — d 7 68 — 1 1 6
:

7 2 2 2

7 . A m an so l a n d fo r 36800 a n d g a i n e d t h e
ld a p i e ce of

s am e s um h e w o uld h a v e l o s t if h e h a d s o ld it fo r 35 200 ,
.

Ho w m u c h did h e p a y fo r t h e l a n d ?
8 . Th e s um o f t wo u m b e r s is a
n ,
and m t i m e s t h e s m a ll e r is
e qua l to n t im e s t h e l ar ge r Fi n d . t he n u m b ers .

Le t L =
=t h e l a r g er n um b er ,

and a L t h e s m a ll e r n um b e r .

am -
mL = nL
am
S olv in g ,
L a nd a—L
m +n
2 10 E L E M E N TARY ALG E BRA
S OLUTIO N O F F O RM ULA S
2 60 . Th e st ud e nt o f p h ys i c s and h ig h e r m a t h e m at i c s w ill
O ft e n fi n d it n ec e ss a ry to so lv e fo rm u l as . Fo r e xa m p e : l
Th e di s t a n c e pa ss e d o v er b y a n y b o d y m o vi n g wi t h a
u n ifo r m v e l o c i t y in a ny nu m ber o f u n i t s of t i m e is t h e pr o du c t
o f t he v e l o c i t y a nd t h e t i m e .

T h i s l aw e x pr esse d in a fo r m ul a is
d vt

So lvi n g t h i se q u a t i o n fo r v and t, w e h a v e
v = d —t and =
t d —v

W h a t is t he a v era g e v e lo c i t y of a t ra i n , if it ru ns 44 8
m il es in 1 6 h ou rs ?.

d t 4 48 16

2 61 . i n t e r est is t h e pr o du c t o f
Th e t h e pr i n c i pa l , t h e ra te
e xpr es s e d as h u n d re d t h s a n d t h e t i m e ,
.

i = prt

It m u st b e d t h at r in t h i s fo rm ul a re pr ese n t s t h e
r em e m b er e

r a te p er a n n u m a n d t t h e n u m ber of yea r s .

S olvi n g t h i s fo rm ul a o r li t er a l
,
eq u at io n fo r , p ,
r , a nd t,
we h ave th e foll o wi n g fo r m u l as :
= i —r t =i — t = —
t i pr
p r p
~

1 . Wha t s um p ut at i n t e r est at 6% fo r 1 yea r 4 m e ht h s

will yi e ld 360 in i n t er est ?
—
i r r i = 60
- —— ~ — 7 50
1 U
5 3

2 . At w h at r at e p er a n n um will 3 1 300 am ou n t t o 3 1 39 1 in
1 ye a r 4 m o n t h s 24 d ays ?
—
i pt = 9 1 1 3 00 -5 0 4
3

3 In h ow m a ny ye ars , m o n t h s ,
. a nd d ays w ill $2 2 00
a m ou nt t o 3 2 345 a t 5 % pe r a n u m
n ?

3 mo 1 8 da
’

—
0 yr . . .
 S OLUTIO N O F F ORM ULAS 21 1

2 62 . The r at o i of t he c rci u m fe r e n c e of a ny i l
c rc e t o it s
di am e t er is approxi m at e l y T h e e x a c t v a l u e is re pr e

s e nt e d by

T h e fo rm ul as for t h e c i rc umf e re n c e o f a c i r c l e a r e
c = 7r d a nd c = 2 7rr ,

in w h i c h 0 is t h e c rci um fe ren c e d ,
the di am e te r ,
and r th e
ra diu s .

lv
So e c 7rd or= f d a n d c = 2 7rr fo r r a n d re a d r es u lt s
, ,

a s ru l e s fo r fi n di n g it a n d r

2 63 D e n o t i n g t h e a re a b y A t h e b as e by b
.
, ,
an d the a lti
t ud e b y h t h e fo rm ul as fo r t h e a r e a o f a t r i a n gl e
,
a re :

h b 1

The a rea o f a ny tri a n g l e i s the produ c t of the ba se a nd ha lf

the a l ti tu e , d the a l ti tude a nd ha lf the base , or ha lf the produ ct
of the bas e a n d a l ti tud e .

So lv e of t h e a b o v e fo rm ul as fo r b a n d h a n d re a d
eac h ,

t h e r es ul t s as r u l e s fo r fi n di n g t h o s e di m e n s i o n s .

2 64 P rim e s an d S ub s c ri pts
. Diff e re n t b ut r e l a te d n um
.

b e r s in a f o r m u l a a r e o ft e n d e n o t e d by t h e s a m e l e t t e r w i t h
di ff e re nt pri mes o r su bs cri pts .

Pr i m es ar e a cc en t m ar ks wr itt e n a t th e r ig h t a n d a b o v e t h e n um b e r ;
s ub s c r ip ts ar e s m a ll figur es wr itt e n at the r igh t and be lo w the n um b er .

”
For e xa m p e , a l ’
,
a ,
no, n l ,
n2 , n 3 .

T h e se a re r e a d a p r i me , a s ec on d , a thir d , n sub zer o , n s u b

one , n su b two , n s ub thr ee , r e s pe c t iv e l y .

In t h e fo rm u l a fo r t h e a re a O f a t ra pe z oid we sh al l fi n d
t h e t w o pa r a ll e l b as es d e n o t e d by b1 a n d C2 .

2 65 D e n o t i n g t he a re a b y A t h e t w o p ar a ll e l s id e s o r
.
,

b a s es b y b1 a n d b2 a n d t h e a l t i t u d e b y h t h e fo rm ul a for t h e
, ,

a r ea of a n y t r a pe z o id is :
2 12 E LE M E N TARY ALG E BRA

The a rea o f tr a pezoi d i s the produ ct

a o f ha lf the su m o f the
two ba s es a n d the a l ti tu d e .

Solv e t h e abo v e fo rm u l a fo r bl b2 a n d , ,
h, and re a d the
resu l t s a s r u es l fo r fi n di n g t h o s e di m e n s i o n s .

E xer c i s e 1 1 7 G e n eral Fo m ul as
r

I -
(l
1 . So lv e t h e fo r m ul a 8
il
i fo r a , r , an d l .

2 . A m an so ld a p i e ce of l a n d fo r n d o ll ars an d g am e d a

per c ent . Ho w m u c h did h e pa y fo r it ?

m l)
;
" -

3 . So lv e t h e fo r m u l a s fo r a l and n .

4 . Wh at s um m u st b e
i n v e st e d at n % per a nn um to

yi e ld a q u a r t e r l y i n c o m e o f a doll a r s ?
5 . Solv e d l wl dzwz fo r eac h g en e r a l n u m b e r .

6 . By se lli n g s il k at m c en t s a ya r d , a m e r c h an t l o s t b% .

Fi n d t h e c os t p e r ya r d .

7 . So lv e v2 t = v 1 t + n fo r v 1 , v2 , a n d t.

8 . l en gt h O f a r e c t a n g u l a r fi e ld is m t im e s it s
Th e w id t h .

I n c r eas i n g it s l e n g t h a r o d s a n d it s w id t h b r od s w o uld
i n c r ease it s a r ea n s q u a r e r o d s Fi n d t h e di m e n s i o n s
. .

9 . Wh at s um put a t i n t er e st at r pe r c e n t p e r a nn um will
am o u nt to m d o ll a rs in n yea r s ?
1

3
So lv e t h e fo rm ul a — for and
10
5 q p, f
5
. .
,

11 . At w h at ra e t per a nn u m will a doll a rs yi e ld b d o ll ars

I nt ere st in c yea rs ?

12 . Solv e t h e fo rm ul a F fo r C .

13 . In h ow m a n y ye a rs w ill t h e i n tere st o n a d o ll a rs a m o u nt
to m d o ll a rs at r % pe r a n n um ?

14 So lv e t h e fo rm ul a
“ l
for a, h a nd l
.
g, , .

h+ l
2 14 E LE M E N TARY ALG E BRA

2 67 . In li m i n at i n g o ne u n kn o wn n u m b er fro m a syst e m
e

of f ra c t io na l e q u at i o ns it is o ft e n b est t o pro c ee d wi t h o u t
,

c l e a r i n g t h e e q u at io n s o f f r a c t i o n s .

2x
5 3

3x 3y _
5 4
33 ( 2)

M ul t i pl yi n g ( 1 ) by 3 and ( 2 ) by 2 an d s ub t r a c t i n g t h e
se c o n d re s ul t fro m the fi rst , we hav e

1 5y
_
6y _
_

3 4

Fro m t h i s e q u at io n t h e v a lu e of y is fou n d t o be 1 2 . Sub

s t it ut in g t h i s v a lu e in ( l ) t h e v a lu e of x is 4 0
,
.
 E LI M I N ATIO N BY C O M P ARI S O N 2 15

2 68 . Sys t e m s of
fr a c t i o n a l e q u a t i o ns h a vi ng t h e u n kn o w n
n u m b e r s in t h e d e n o m i n a t o r s t h o u g h n o t Si m pl e e q u a t i o n s
, ,

m ay b e so lv e d as s u c h fo r s o m e o f t h e i r roo t s .

In s o lvi n g s u c h e q u a t i o n s o n e o f t h e u n k n o w n n u m b e rs
,

s h o uld b e e li m i n a t e d w i t h o u t c l e a r i n g o f fr ac t i o n s Th u s .
,

a: v
M ul t i pl yi ng ( l ) b y 3 a nd ( 2 ) by 2 and s u b t ra c t i n g
s e co n d re s ul t fr o m the fi rs t , we have

U
fr o m wh i c h y a nd s ub st i t u t i n g in
x =
4
C h e c k by s ub s t i t u t i n g in ( 1 ) a nd ( 2)

E x er c i s e 1 1 9

S o lv e t h e fo ll o wi n g c he c k
216 E LE M E N TARY ALG E BRA

In t h e fo ll o w i n g sys t e m s fi rst m ul t i pl y ea c h e q u a t i o n
,

t h ro ug h b y t h e l c m O f t h e k n o w n f a c t o rs in t h e d e n o m i
. . .

n a t e rs

E x er c i s e 1 2 0

S o lv e a nd c h e ck, e li m i n a t i n g b y a ny m eth o d ( s ee
1 65 , a nd 266)
4y 2x 16
5x 3y 44

6x + 5 y = 2 7
5 x + 6y = 2 8

2x —
%y = 36

§ x =
+ y 56
2

5x 2y _
3 5
2:v 5v _
_

3 3

2b 4d
2 q
+
x y 0

2a 2b 40
x y d

5 y + 6x = 4 7
4x + 3 y = 3 5
ms E LE M E N TARY ALG E BRA

ay + bx 2a b a + b = m+ u
=
by+ a x a + b
2 2 2 —
by l b2
+a
-
ax -
'

—
(a + n ) x(a n) + an
—
( o + u) y( a n ) + 3 a n

a y + bx = t
+w —
b = — by
2 2
a a ax
m 2 =
dx -
by _
a _
(a + b a x + by

1 1 3 x + 4y + 6
35 _

5131 x2 —
2x 3 y+ 1
1 1 —
4x + 5 y 2 _

5131 332 3x — 3y — 8

a+ 3 n — 5
2 6
n +7 a +9
3 9

l 1 ~

p + 1 q + 1
3 2
+
p + 1 q + 1

8 7
n+5 s — 4
12 2
—
n +5 \
s 4

6
x — l —l
y
5 1
x — l — l
y

a — d a — c

b— d —
b c
 E LI M I N ATIO N BY C O M P ARI S O N 219

y x
—
n f

s n +s n s

x y l
n+s n — s n+s

P RO BLE MS I N S I MU LTA N EO US S I MPLE E QUATI O NS

2 69 . M a ny p r o b e m l
s, which r ea ll y c o n t a i n t w o o r m ore
u n kn o w n n um b e r s , a r e e as il y s o lv e d b y t h e u se o f a Si n gl e

e q u a t i o n c o n t a i n i n g b ut o n e u n k n o w n n u m b e r .

T hi s m e t h o d is a dvi sab l e o n l y w h e n t h e r e l at i o n s b e t w ee n
t h e u n k n o w n n u m b e r s a r e s o s i m p l e t h at a l l o f t h e m c a n b e
e x pr esse d in t e r m s o f a s i n gl e u n k n o w n .

In o t h e r pr o b l e m s it is b e t t er t o i n t r o du c e as m a n y e q u a
t i o n s as t h e re a r e u n k n o wn n um b e rs .

Wh e n us i n g a syst e m o f t w o o r m o r e e q u a ti o n s t o so lv e
pro b l em s e n o u g h c o n di t i o n s m u s t b e e x presse d in t h e pr o b
,

l e m t o fu rn i sh a s m a n y i n d e pe n d e nt e q ua t i o n s a s t h e r e a r e
u nk n o w n n u m b e rs t o b e fo u n d .

E x e rci s e 1 2 1 l
— P r ob e m s in Tw o Unk n own s

So l v e th e fo llo w i n g pro bl e m s u sin g i

e q u at o n s i n vo lvi n g
t wo o r m o r e u n kn own n um b ers :
1 . T he s um o f tw o n um b e rs is 1 4 8 , a nd t h e ir differe n c e is
38 . Fi n d t he n u m b e rs .

u m b e rs is 3 % t i m es
i

2 . T h e l a rg e r of two n t he sm a ll er ,
and

t he i r sum is 3 24 . Fi n d t h e n u m b e rs .

3 . A m an g e d 37 i nt o di m es a n d n i c ke l s
ch an ,
re c e ivi n g
111 c oi n s . H o w m a n y o f e a c h did h e h a v e ?

Of
4 . two o n se c u t i v e n um be rs
c ,
of t he sm a ll er n um b er
e x cee d s o f t h e l ar g e r b y 6 Fi n d . t he n u m b e rs .

5 . Divid e 1 1 8 i n t o t w o pa rt s s o t h at 7 t i m es t he sm a ll e r
pa rt s h a ll e x c e e d 3 t i m e s t h e l a r g e r b y 1 00 .
 E LE M E N TARY ALG E BRA

6 . I f the p u pil s of a l
c ass a re s ea t e d 3 o n e ach b enc h ,

5 pu pil s m u s t s t a n d I f 4 a r e put . o n e a ch b ench , o ne seat

is n o t o c c u pi e d H ow m a n y pu pil s
. a re in t h e c l ass ?

7 . H a lf t h e sum o f tw o n um b e rs is 7 3 ,
and 4 t i m es t h e ir
diff ere n c e is 1 28 . Fi n d the n u m b ers .

gl e ex c ee d s its Widt h by
'

8 . Th e l e n gt h of a rec t a n 14 , and

it s p er i m e t er is 1 1 6 . Fi n d t h e di m e n s i o n s .

9 . Fi n d u m b e r s w h o se s um is 5 0 t h e fi r st b e i n g
th ree n , 20
g rea t e r a n d t h e se c o n d 1 5 g re at e r t h a n t h e t h i r d .

10 . In t h e eq u at i o n ax b =
+ y 32 , find a and b, if wh e n x =4
, ,

=2 and if wh e n x = 10, y = — 3
y ; ,
.

11 .T h ere are 4 m o re fr o nt t h a n in e a c h
s po k es in ea c h

r e ar whe e l o f a w a g o n a n d in t h e 4 w h e e l s t h ere a re 1 1 2
,

s po kes . H ow m a n y s po kes a r e in e a c h w h ee l ?

12 . Th e s um of t h r ee n um b er s is 59 . T he se c o n d is 8
g rea t er then the fi rst a n d ,
t h e t h i r d is 7 g r e a t er t h a n t h e
sec o n d . Fi n d t h e n um b ers .

13 . If 3 c a r pe n t e r s a n d 7 m aso n s t o g e t h er re c e iv e a d ail y
w a ge of and a m as o n ives 2 0 c e n t s
re c e a d a y m o re t h a n
a c ar pe n t e r , w h a t is t h e d a il y w a g e of e a c h ?
14 . T hre e t on s of hard c oa l a nd 2 t o ns o f so ft coa l c os t

33 2 . At t h e sa m e p r i ces , 2 t o n s of h a rd c oa l and 6 t o ns of

so ft c o s t Fi n d t h e pr i c e p e r t o n of ea c h .

15 . Th e fi rst of t h re e n u m b e rs is tw i c e t h e t h i r d , t h e Se c o n d
is 5 l es s t h a n t h e fi rst ,
and t he s um o f t h e t h r ee num b er s is 55 .

Fi n d t h e n um b e rs .

16 . A m a n i n v est s part of 33 200 at 6% and the r est a t

I f the u a l i n c o m e fro m t h e t w o a m ou nt s is 3 1 8 0
a nn ,
w h a t is
th e a m ou n t of e ac h i n v est m e n t ?

17 . On e di m e n si o n of a re c t a n gl e is 8, a n d o ne di m e n sio n
222 E LE M E N TARY ALG E BRA

plu s Oi the se c on d pl us of t h e t h ird is 92; a n d if wh e n

'

2 1 is a dd e d to the fi rst ,
t h e s um is tw i c e t h e t h ird .

Le t f = th e firs t b er n um ,

and s = t h e s e c o n d n um b e r ,

and t = t h e t h i r d n um b er .

f +s +t 1 68
2f
fl
t g qt f — g z
f
‘

"

3 5 2

f+ 2 1 = 2t

25 . v e r a g e w e ig h t o f 3 pe rs o n s is 1 64 lb Th e a v e r
Th e a .

a g e w e ig h t o f t h e fi r s t a n d s e c o n d is 1 59 l b a n d o f t h e se c o n d .

a n d t h i r d 1 65 lb Fi n d t h e w e ig h t of e a c h
. .

26 . In a c om pan y 2 9 pe r s o n s t h er e w e r e 1 5 m o re a dul t s
of
than ch ild re n an d 4 m ore m en t ha n w om en H ow m a n y .

p e rs o n s of each ki n d w e r e t h er e in t h e c o m pa n y ?

27 . H o w m a n y bu s h e l s ea c h of n ew w h eat at a

b us h e l a nd Ol d w h eat at 85 2 a b u s h e l m a y b e m i xe d t o m a ke a

m i xt u r e of 2 00 bu sh e l s w o rt h 90 ¢ a b u sh e l ?

28 . The n u m e ra t o r
l a r g e r o f t w o fr ac t io n s is 8 a n d
of the ,

t h e n u m e r a t o r o f t h e s m a ll e r f r a c t i o n is 5 Th e s u m of t h e .

fr ac t i o n s is 1 } a n d if t h e n um e r at o rs are i n t er c h a n ge d ,

t h e ir s um is 1 3 Fi n d t h e fra c t i o n s
. .

29 . T he s um of t h e t h re e an gl e s of a t ri a n gl e is
The s um o f tw i ce t he fi rs t and
d s t he th ird the se c o n d exc ee

by a n d t h e s u m o f t h e fi r s t a n d t wi c e t h e t h i r d e xc e e d s

t w i c e t h e se c o n d by Fi n d t h e th ree a n gl es of t h e t ri a n gl e .

30 . If gl e of p a pe r w e r e 4 in s h o rt e r a n d 3 in
a re ct a n . .

w id e r t h e a r ea w o u ld b e 2 s q in l e s s t h a n it is
,
I f a s t ri p 2
. . .

in w id e is c ut o ff o n a l l Sid es t h e a re a is dimi n i s h e d 1 84
.
,

s q in
. Fi n d t h e di m e n si o n s
. .

In t h e u at i o n by = 2 0 , fi n d x a nd w he n =7
31 . eq ax y if a ,

b= 5 ; a nd if w hen a = 8 b= 3
, % .
 E LI M I N ATIO N BY C O M P ARI S O N 2 23

32 . T he s um o f t h e t h r ee digit s o f a n u m b er is 1 5 . The
i h h m f h e o t h e r t w o ; a n d if
’
digi t in p l
t ens a c e s a lf t e s u o t
1 98 is s ub t r a c t e d f r o m t h e n u m b er t h e fi r s t a n d l a st digi t s ,

a re i n t e r c h a n g e d Fi n d t h e n u m b e r
. .

3 3 A m a n h as 34 9 in d o ll a r b ill s h a lf d o ll a r s a n d q u ar t e r s
.
,
-
, .

H a lf o f t h e d o ll a r s a n d g o f t h e h a lf d o ll a r s a re w o rt h -

of t h e h a lf- d o ll ars and of t h e q u a rt e r s a re w o rt h 35 .

How m any c o ns i h as h e ?

34 . A and B a re 8 m il es a pa rt . I f t h ey s e t o ut a t t he s am e

ti m e an d di re c t i o n A w ill o v e rt a ke B in 4
t r a v e l in t h e s am e ,

ho ur s I f t h ey t r a v e l t ow a r d e a c h o t h er t h e y will m ee t in
.
,

1
1 33 h o u rs At w h a t r a t e d o e s e a c h t r a v e l ?
.

35 . A m a n b o u g ht a p i e c e o f
At 35 l e s s pe r a c r e , h e
l a n d .

c o u ld h a v e b o u g h t 4 0 a c res m o re fo r t h e m o n e y ; at 34 m o r e

p er a c r e ,
h e c o u ld h a v e b o ug h t 2 0 a c r es l ess fo r t h e m o n e y .

u m b er t h e pr i c e p e r
‘

Fi n d t he n o f a c res b o ug h t and a c re .

36 . On e w o m a n pa id for 7 l b O f c o ffe e a n d 5 l b . . of

s u g a r ; a n o t h e r p a id 32 0 5 fo r 3 l b o f c o ff e e a n d 1 0 l b
.
. . . of
i ; a n o t h er pa id
r ce fo r 7 l b o f s ug ar . and 6 1b . of r ce i .

Fi n d t h e u n ifo rm pr i c e o f e ac h p er pou n d .

37 . A h a rv es t h a n d en ga ged t o wo rk t wo m o n t h s , J ul y
a nd A ugu st , fo r h is b e a r d a nd fo re ac h w o r k d a y Fo r -
.

e ac h w e e k-
d ay he did not w o rk h e fo r fe i t e d 5 0 ¢ fo r his b o a r d .

T he t erm of ser vi c e c ont a ne i d 8 Su n d a ys ; At s e tt e l m en t he

re c e ive d 3 12 3 . How m a n y d ays did h e w o r k?

38 . Th e s u m s of t h e t h r ee pa i rs -
of s id es of a t ri a n gl e a re

14, 1 5 , a nd 17 . Ho w l o n g is ea c h s id e ?

39 . A c l assro o m h as 3 6 d es ks ,
so m e s n
i gl e a n d s o m e d o ub l e .

T he s eat i n g c a pa c i ty of the ro o m is 4 2 Ho w m a n y d e s k s .

o f ea ch ki n d a re t h e re ?
2 24 E LE M E NTARY ALG E BRA

40 . A so ld 35 s h ee p to B an d 2 5 t o C
,
T h ey e a c h t h e n
.

h ad t he sa m e n u m ber . B e fore A m a d e t h e se s a l e s h e h a d ,

1 0 m ore t h an B and C t o get h er . H ow m a n y di d each h av e

at fi rst ?

41 . A b oy b o ug h t s om e p e a c h es at the r at e of 2 fo r 5 4
a nd som e ot h ers a t 3 fo r 5 58, pa yi n g 36 fo r a l l O f t h e m He .

so ld t h e m a l l a t 4 0 ¢ a do z e n a n d m a d e a p r o fi t o f 34 Ho w .

m any did h e b uy at ea c h p r i ce ?

42 . A h a s h is m o n e y i n v est e d a t B at and C at

A and t o g e t h er is 33 98 ;
’
B a n n u a l i n t er e st
’
B
’
s s s

and C t o g e t h e r is an d A and C
’ ’
t og e t h er is
’
s s s

H ow m u c h m o n ey h a s ea c h o n e i n v e st e d ?

43 . Th e w id t h gu l a r s h e e t o f pa pe r is 6 i n c h e s
of a rectan

g r ea t er t h a n h a lf it s l e n gt h I f a s t ri p 3 i n c h es w id e w e r e
.

c u t o ff o n t h e f o u r Sid es it w ould c o n t a i n 360 s q u ar e in c h es

, .

Fi n d t he dim e n s i o n s of t h e p a per .

44 . I f the s um of um b ers and 2

Of the fi rst of t hre e n

o f t h e s e c o n d is 1 1 8 t h e s um o f g O f t h e se c o n d a n d 7 o f t h e
1}
,

t h i r d is 93 a n d t h e s u m Of
2
,
O i t h e t h i r d a n d 7 O f t h e fi rs t is

1 1 2 w h at a r e t h e n u m b e r s ?
,

45 . A s t r ee t c ar h as 1 2 sh o rt a n d 4 l on g s ea t s . Wh e n t h e
sea t s a r e a l l o c c u pi e d ,
5 6 p e r s o n s a r e se a t e d ,
ea c h l o n g “s e a t
h o ldi n g 6 m o r e p a ss e n g er s t h a n ea c h s h o rt o n e H o w m a ny .

p a sse n ge rs does each ki n d of s e at a c co mm o d ate ?

46 . The s um of t w o s id es O f a t ri a n gl e is 5 8 f ee t a n d t h e ,

di ff e re n c e is 1 4 f eet T h e perime t e r of t h e t r i a n gl e is 10 3
.

f e et Fi n d t h e
. l e n gt h of eac h sid e '

47 . In 8 m o n t h s a s um of m o ney a t s i m pl e i nt er e st a m oun t s
t o 37 8 0 . At t h e s am e r a t e in 1 4 m o n t h s it a m o unt s t o
,

Fi n d t he s um i n v e s t e d a n d t h e ra t e .
22 6 E L E M E N TARY ALG E BRA
T HREE OR M ORE U N KN O WN N U M B ER S
2 70 . To fi n d t h e v a lu e s of thr ee u nkn o w n n u m b e rs , three
i n d e pe n d e n t s i mu l t a n e o u s
eq ua t i on s a re n e c e s s a ry In ,

g e n e ra l t h e re m us t b e a s m a n y i n d e pe n d e n t Si m ul t a n e o u s
e q u a t i o n s as t h e r e a r e u n k n o w n n u m b e r s t o b e f o u n d .

In solvi n g syst e m s o f s e v era l Si m ul t a n e o u s i

e qua t on s , it is
be st t o e li m i n a t e b y a ddi t i o n o r s ub t r a c t i o n . T h us ,

6x + 4 y + 2 z = 3 2
To so lv e 2x + 3 y+ 3 z = 2 5
4x 2g 5z 22

M ul t i p l yi n g ( 2 ) by 3 ,
6x + 9g 9z 75
6x + 4 y+ 2 2 32

Su b t r a c t i n g ( 1 ) fro m ( 4 ) 5g 7z 43

M ul t i pl yi n g ( 2 ) by 2 ,
4 x + 6y 6z 50
4x 2g 5z 22

Sub t ra c t i n g ( 3 ) fro m ( 6) 8 y+ z 28

M ul t i pl yi n g ( 7 ) b y 7 , 56y + 7 2 1 96
5g 7 z 43

S ub t r a c t i n g ( 5 ) f ro m 5 1y 1 53

Dividi n g ( 9) b y 5 1 , y 3

S u b st i tu t i n g t h e v a lu e of in (5) or in the
v a lu e of
z is fo u n d t o be 4 . S ub s t i t u t i n g t h e v a l ues o f y a n d z in

or t he v a lu e o f x is fo u n d to b e 2

C he c k by s u b st it u t i n g the l l
c a c u at e d v a lu es of x, y, a nd z
in a nd

— —
6x 3 y 2 s = 1 5
5x 2 — 9z = 13
+ y
4x + 3 a = 33

C o m bi ne (1) and ( 2) a nd e li m i n a t e y T h e n c o m bi n e
.

ne w e q u at o n i fou n d w i t h ( )
3 a n d e li m i n a t e e i t h e r x o r 2 .
 E LI M I N ATIO N BY C O M P ARI S O N 227

27 1 . On e or m ore o f a sy s t e m o f e q u a t o n s i m a y n ot i
c o nt a n

al l th e u n kn o w n n um b ers .

3 x + 3 y = 33
So lv e 6y
62 — 2x = 3 2

M ul t i pl yi n g ( 1 ) by 2, 6x + 6y = 66
-
3 z + 6y = 1 5

Su bt ra c t i n g ( 2 ) f ro m 6x + 3 8 = 5 1

M ul t i pl yi n g ( 3 ) b y 3 ,
— 6x + 1 8 2 = 96

A ddi n g ( 5 ) a n d 2 1 2 = 14 7

S u b s t i t ut i n g t h e v a l ue o f z in ( 2 ) a n d so lvi ng ,

y 6

Sub st i t u t i n g t h e v alu e o f y in ( 1 ) and so lvi n g ,

x 5

C h ec k by u b sti tu t i n g =5 = 6 a nd 7 in
s x , y ,
z (2)
an d (3 )

E x er c i s e 1 2 2

So lv e t h e f o llo w i n g sy s t e m s o f e q u a t o n s i
x + y= 18 —
2x + 3y 4 2 = 1 6
z = 19 —
4x 2 y + 3 z = 4 5
1 .
y+ 2 .

x+ s =l7 —
8 x 3 y 4 z = 28
—

2x + 3 y
3x — 3y+ 2 z = 30
—
4 x 6y+ 5 z = 4 5

3x 5
+ y+ 2 8 = 3
2 x + 4 y+ 24 = 2 z
4x + 2y 14 52
228 E LE M E N TARY ALG E BRA
—
3x 1 5 + 2 z = 4y
— 1 5 = 3z
3 y+ 2 x

5y — 2 2 + 4 z = 5x

2x + 4y + 3 z = 35 3x + 3 z
— 4y = 1 2
= 3y — 4 + 4 = 10
x+ 2z + y 23
3 10 . z x

— = 3y+ 2 — 2 = 14
62 5 y+ 3 x 27 x z

— = 2x + —
3z 3 14
4y 3 8 + 2 x 22 y
12 3y+ z + 2x 16
11 . 3x + 3y .

— = 4
5x + y — 2 = 15
5 2 + 4x 2 y 18 2

= 38 3x + y + 2
4 z = 29
4g + 5 z + 3x
= 14 4 y+ 3z + 2 = 27
13 . 3 y+ 5 x + 4 z 35 .
x

= =
4 x + 3 z + 2 y 33
4x + 3 a + y 3 5
5

x+y = a

= b
15 .
17 . x + z

C
2 30 E L E M E N TARY ALG E BRA

1
1
2

10 a
1 16 . m —n
22
m —
n
2
—
2§ (
a x l 3 -
)
2 73 . M ea s urin g is R atioin g . To m eas ure a ny ki n d of

m a g n i t ud e is t o fi n d it s d a r d u n it o f t h e
r at o i to s o m e st a n

ki n d o f m a g n i t ud e b e i n g m e a s u re d M e a su re d m a g n it ud e s .

a re e x p r e s se d b y s o c a ll e d c o n c re t e n u m b e r s s u c h as 6 in
-
,
.
,

1 0 ft .
,
4 lb .
,
20 a c r es ,5 days , e t c .

The v alu e o f a ra t i o o f t w o s u c h n um b e r s is l
c a c u at e l d by
fi rst expres sin g both nu mbers in a common u nit a n d t h e n ,

fi n di n g t h e v a lu e o f t h e r at i o of t h e s e e q uiv a l e n t s T h u s .

1—2
t h e r at io o f 1 2 in t o 3 ft is n o t 3 —
. b ut 1 2 in t o 36 in
.
,
. .
,

g
i
or g , o r

I f the t w o m a g n i t ud e s c a nn ot b e ex pr e ss e d in a c omm o n

uni t it is
,
w i t h ou t m e a n i n g t o s pe a k of t he i r r at o si .

E x er c i s e 1 2 3

Si m plify t h e fo ll o w i n g r at os i
1 . 18 12 2 . 24 31 : 8y

4 . 1 mi . 660 ft . 5 . 7 da . 7 hr .

7 . 1 00 15 . 1 t on
“
(H -l
”
x+v

a
2 _
b
2

3
+b
3
a
z—
ab +b
2
a

x — 5
x
2 -
3x — 10
 RATIO 23 1

274 . A ratio g r e ate r in e qu ali ty is a r a t i o in w h i c h t h e

of

a n t ec e d e n t is '
g re at e r t h a n t h e c o n se q u e n t T h u s , 7 5 is a .

r a t i o o f g r e a t e r i n e q u a li t y .

27 5 . A r at io of l e s s i n e qu a li ty is a ra t o i in w h i c h t h e a n te

ce d e nt is l es s t h a n the c o n se q u e n t . Th us ,
5 7 is i
a rat o o f

l ess i n e q u a lit y .

2 7 6 Th e o r e m
. . A r a tio o f g r ea te r in equ a l i ty i s dimi n is hed ,
a nd a r a tio o f l ess i n equ a l i ty is in cr ea sed , by a d d in g the s a me

p os iti v e n u m be r to both i ts ter ms .

I llu s tr a tio n .
(a ) F or a rat o of i g rea t e r i n e q ua li t y .

Le t t h e ra t o i be 5 : 3, or g ,
and t h e po s i t iv e n um b e r , n ,

5+n
be a dd e d t o bo t h t e r ms givi n g t he r at o i 5 +n 3 +n , or '

3 +n
T h e n dividi n g : 3 + n) 5 + n (T,

Or , i
s n ce divi den d divi s or quotien t + r em a in der

5+n 51
2” 5 +n
5’
3
is l e ss th a n 3 °

3 +n 3 +n

( b) A n illu st ra t i o n fo r a rat o o f i l e s s i ne q u alit y is l e ft t o the

st ude nt .

E x e rc i s e 1 24 P r ob l e m s

1 . Divid e a sc a nt li n g 1 6 ft . l o n g i nt o t w o p a rt s t h a t a re

to e ac h o t h e r as 3 5 .

C a ll one p ar t 3x and the . o t h er 5x . N o te th a t 3x + 5x = l 6, and

fin d x, 3x , an d 5x .

2 . Di v id e t he n um ber 80 i nt o t w o pa rt s t h a t a re to eac h

ot h e r a s 2 3 .

3 . Divid e an 1 8 - fo o t sc a n t li n g i n t o t w o pa rt s t h a t a re

as 3 5 .
2 32 E L E M E N TARY AL G E BRA

4 . S e pa r a t e 1 2 1 i nt o t w o p a rt s t h a t are to ea c h ot h er

as 3 : 8 .

5 . Th e v a l ue o f a fra c t i o n is 2 . I f bo th t e rm s i n cr ea se d
a re

by 2 , t h e v a ue o f
l the r es u l t i n g fr a c t i o n is 2 . Fi n d t h e o rig
i n a l fr a c t i o n .

N o ti c e t h a t t h e n um e r a or o f t the or igi n a l fr a c ti o n is t o t h e d en o m i
t or as 2 3 .

6 . The is t o t h e
d e n o m i n a t o r o f a f ra c t i o n as
nu m e r a t o r

3 :4 I f t h e n u m e r a t o r is i n c r e a se d a n d t h e d e n o m i na t o r
.

di mi n i s h e d b y 5 t h e v a l u e o f t h e res ul t i n g frac t i o n is 2
, .

Fi n d t h e o r igi n a l fra c t i o n .

9
o n is 1 0 u b t r a c t e d fro m
—
7 . The v a lu e of a fra c t i I f 4 is s

b o t h t e rm s t h e r e su l t i n g fr a c t i o n h as t h e v a lu e 2 Fi n d t h e
.

o rigi n a l fr ac t i o n .

8 . Th e ra t o i of the a re a s o f fi e ld s is 2
two . The l a rg e r
fi e ld is 2 5 a c r es . Fi n d t h e a r e a o f t h e s m a ll e r fi e ld .

9 . T he fi e ld s o f t h e sa m e s h a pe a re as t h e s q u a res
a r e as o f

o f t h e i r c o rr e s po n di n g Sid e s H o w d o t h e are as o f t w o fi e ld s
.

c o m p a r e if a p a i r o f c o rr e s po n di n g Sid e s a re a s 7 13 ?

P R O P O R TIO N

277 . A proportio n is a n e q u a t o n o f ra t o s
i i .

E xa m pl es : an d 5x 4x = 5 4

Fou r n u m b e r s , as a , b, c , a nd d, a re s a id t o be in p rop ortion ,

a c
o r p ropor ti on a l , if a b= c d, or
b d
278 Th e t e rm s of t h e i ll e d te rm s of t h e pro
'

. r a t o s a re c a

p o rt io n .

279 . E xtr e m e s an d M e an s . Th e fir st andfo u rt h t e rm s

of t h e p r o p o rt i o n a r e t h e e xtr e me s a n d t h e sec o n d a n d t h i r d

t e rm s a r e t h e m e an s .
2 34 E LE M E N T A R Y A L G E B R A

21

1 1
m+ a 3a

282 . M e an Pr o po rtio n a l . I f the se c o n d and t h i r d t erm s

'

of a p r o po r t i o n a re t he s a m e n um b e r , a s in 5 : 45,
this n um b e r . t h e 1 5 , is a m e an pro portio na l b e t w e e n t h e
e xt r e m es .

T h u s in a :x = x b, a: is a m e a n p ro po rt i o n a l b e tw e e n
,

a an d b, and w e have :

x
2 = a b, w hence 11: WT ) ,
o r, in w o r d s

A m ea n pr op or tion a l between two n u mber s i s the s qua r e r oot

of thei r pr odu c t .

283 Th ird P ro por tio n al In t h e

. A .
p ro po r t o n ai : b= b : c,

t h e n um b e r 0 is a thir d pro port io n al to a and b .

T h us in 5
7 6 gg ,
80 is a t h ir d pr o p o rti o n a l t o 5 an d 20 .

2 84 . A Fourth P roportio n a l . A fo urt h pr o po rt i o n a l t o t h e

t h re e num b ers , a , b, an d c , is t h e n u m b er d in t h e pr o po rt io n
a c
It is t h e n um b e r , w h i c h w i t h t h e t h re e giv en n um b e rs ,
b d
c o m pl e t e s a f o ur -
t er m e d p ro po r t i o n .

T 7
h u s in 1 5
— 3 9 is t h e f o ur t h pr o por ti on a l t o 7 , 1 3 , an d 21 .

E xer c i s e 1 2 7

Fi n d m ea n pr o p o rt i o n a l s b e t w e en
1 . 3 and 27

3 . 1 and 81

i
1
5 . j
-
ah § 5

25
3 +b and 9 ( a + b) 3
7 . and 8 . a
 P RO P ORTIO N 23 5

Fi n d t h i r d pro po r t i o n a l s fo ll o w i n g
9 . 2 and 6 10 . 4 a nd 9

11 . 2 a nd 22 12 .
1
7 and 2

13 h
o
and
— 8 14 113 — and x +y
.
w .
31

H
I
16 . x + y and a; -
y
2

Fi n d f o u rt h p p
r o o r t o n a s i l to the fo ll owi n g
17 . 4, 8, an d 12 18 . 12, 3, and 1

19 . 5 , 6, and 12 % 20 . a , x, a nd y

n, and and a
2 4
21 . m, p 22 . a, a ,

23 m+ n, —
m n , an d m 2
24 . x
4
x
7
and x
9
,
.
.
,

25 . x+ 1 a nd x — l

P RI NC IP LE S OF PRO P ORTI O N
28 5 . Si n c e eac h o f t he f o ll o w i n g pr o d uc t s is 2 4 , w e m a y
wri t e 2
Us i n g on ly t he
fo u r n u m b e r s o f t h e se t w o p ro d u c t s w e ,

m a y wr i t e t h e t w o c o l u m n s b e l o w t h e fi r s t b e i n g pr o po rt i o n s
,

a n d t h e s e c o n d n o t pr o po r t i o n s
,
.

T es t by § 2 8 1 t h e e x pre ss i o n s o f b o t h c o l um n s a n d sh o w
t h at t h e e x pr e s s i o n s o f t h e fi r s t c o l um n m e e t t h e t e s t w h il e ,

t h o s e in t h e s e c o n d c o lu m n d o n o t .

P R O P OR TI O N S E X PR E SS I O N S NOT P R O P O R TI O N S
1 .

2 . 2

5 . 3
2 36 E LE M E N TARY ALG E BRA

N o ti c e t h a t in t h e firs t c o l um n t h e pr o p o r ti o n s ar e m ad e b y us i n g
bo th f a c t o r s o f o n e o f t h e pr o d u c t s a s m ea ns a n d b o t h fa c t ors o f t h e o t h er
,

pro d u c t a s ex trem es In t h e s e c o n d c o lum n n o ti c e t h a t t h i s p l a n is n o t

.

o b s er v e d a n d t h a t t h e e xp r e ss i o n s o bt a i n e d ar e no t p r o p o r ti o n s
, .

28 6 P rin c ipl e
. .If the p r odu c t of two n u mbers equ a l s the
p r od u c t o f two other n u m ber s , the fa c tor s of ei ther p r odu c t m a y

be ma d e the m ea n s a nd thes e o f the other p r odu c t the ex tr em es

of a p p
r o or ti on .

Suppo se a -
d ==b c

T O pr o v e
bd z
’
a nd
c
=
3,

=
Proof . Divid e bo th m em b er s of a '
d b c
-
by bd ,

a nd s i m plify ,
obta n n i i g
$5 .

A l so divid e both s id es of a d=b

- ~
c by ed , and ob t a n i
a b
’
etc . O t h e r pr o p o r t i o n s a re pr o v e d s i m il a r l y .

c d
Se e h o w m a n y of t h e 8 p o ss i b l e p r o po rt i o n s yo u c an wr i t e
fr o m the u at i o n
eq a d b 0

Yo u sh ould b e a b l e t o w r i t e two , b e gi nn i n g w i t h a ny o n e o f

the 4 l e tt er s .

E x e rc i s e 1 2 8

Write al l t h e pr o po r t i o n s you c an fr o m the follo w i n g

eq u at i o n s :
1 .
-
9 3 .
-
1
2 -
10 4 m q - =n-
. .
p

287 . J us t i m a y b e d e r iv e d f r o m o t h e r e q u a
a s e q u at o n s

t i o n s s o m a y pr o p o r t i o n s b e d e r iv e d f r o m o t h e r pr o port i o n s .

T h e pr i n c i pl e s fo r d e r ivi n g pr o po rt i o n s fro m pr o po r t i o n s
a r e n o w t o b e e st a b li s h e d .
238 E L E M E N TARY ALG E BRA

a o a +b c +d
— t h en ( 1)
_

g a ,
b d

T o pr o v e ( I) a nd pr o c e e d by a n a l ysi s , thus

A NA L Y SI S
a +b c +d
A ss um e ( 1) b d
R e du c e t h e i m pr o per fra c t i on s t o m i xe d n u m b er s

or =f+1
a c b d
b d a c
Whenc e ,
a c b d

PR OOF
We m ay n o w c o n str uct t h e pr oo f , by re v er s i n g th e s t e ps

j u s t giv e n .

We kn o w t h a t 9 d
'

b d
A dd 1 t o b ot h s id es o f t h e e q u a t io n s
an d 9+ 1 = f + 1
a c b d
R e du c i n g to i m pr o p e r fr a c t i o n s w e hav e
a +b c +d a +b c +d
a c b d
W he n e i t h er o f t h e l a st t w o pr o po r t i o n s is i n ferr e d di r e c t l y
he
C c
from
gd
- z
’
t p r o p o rt i o n , is sa id t o b e t a ke n b y ad d i
t io n .

Pr opo r ti o n by add i ti o n is O ft en c a ll e d pr o p o r ti o n by com pos i ti o n .

2 91 . P ro por tio n b y S ub tra c tio n . If four n u mber s a r e in

pr opor ti on , they wil l be in p rop or tion by s u b tra c tio n . Tha t is ,
the difi eren ce o f the ter ms o f ea ch r a ti o form a p p
r o or ti on with
ei ther the a n tece den ts or the -
consequen ts o f the ra ti os .
 P RO P ORTIO N 2 39

a o a — b c — d a -
b c — d
_
’
b d a c

Use t h e m e t h o d o f a n a l ysi s Jus t as it w as us e d ab o ve .

P r o po r ti o n by s u btr ac ti o n is o ft e n c a ll ed pro po r ti o n by d i vi si on .

2 92 . Pr oportion by Add ition an d S ub tr a c tio n . If four

nu m ber s a re i n p r opor tion they wi l l be i n proporti on by ad d i

tio n a nd s u b trac tio n .

a c a +b c +d
If t hen
— —
'
’
b d a b c d
C om b i n e t h e r es u lts of t h e pr i n c i p l e s of 2 90 a nd 291 .

P r o po rti o n by a dd ition a nd s u btr a ction is o ft e n c a ll ed pro por ti o n by

composi tion a nd d i vis i on .

E x e rc i s e 1 2 9

1 . F ro m e ac h of t h e fo ll ow i n g w r i t e a pr o po rt i o n ( 1 ) b y ,

a l t er n a t i o n ( 2 ) b y i nv ers i o n ( 3 ) b y a ddi t i o n (4 ) by s ub
, , ,

t ra c t i o n a n d ( 5 ) b y a ddi t i o n a n d s u b t r a c t i o n
,

2 6 '
g 3 —1 1 —
77 3 m n
2 .F r o m e a c h o f t h e f o ll ow i n g e q u at i o ns w r i t e a pro po rt i o n ,

c o m m e n c i n g w i t h e a c h o f t h e f o u r f a c t o r s ; t h e n t a ke e a c h

p p
r o o r t i o n 1 b
( ) y a l t e r n a t i o n ( 2 ) b y i nv e rs i o n a n d ( 3 ) b y , ,

a ddi t i o n a n d s ub t r a c t io n

1 . 2 .
-
12

3 a s g 4 o9
o
- -
M
s
. . .

3 . Fi n d v al ue s o f a: in t h e f o llow i n g p p
r o ort o n s i
sis — 7 6 x+ 5 5
1 .

7 4 11: 3 1
—
:c 2 7 3r + 5 11
x+ 2 11 5x 5 5
24 0 E LE M E N TARY ALG E BRA

x+4 1 x +6 1
— —
° °

x 3 8 x 6 5

4 . Divid e 91 i nt o t w o pa rt s t h at a re to e ach o t h er as

2%

5 . Divid e m i n t o t w o pa rt s t h a t are to ea ch ot h er a s a b .

6 . T he diffe r e n c e b e t w ee n tw o n um b er s t h at a re to ea ch

other as a b is d
,
Fi n d t h em
. .

7 . W ha t b e r m us t b e a dd e d t o e a c h t e rm of 3 6 = 4 8
n um

t o giv e a n o t h e r pr o po rt i o n ?

8 B y w h a t n u m b e r m u st ea c h f a c t o r o f t h e p r o du c t s
.

2 5 5 1 a n d 3 1 4 0 b e r e d u c e d t h a t t h e pr o d u c t s m a y b e e q u a l ?

9 . B y w h at n u m b er m u st e a ch fac t or of t h e p rodu c t
be duc e d a n d e ac h fac t or
re of be i n c r e as e d ,

t o m ake t h e pr o d u c t s e q u a l ?

10 . W h at n u m b e r m u st b e a dd e d to b ot h m an d n t o giv e
s um s wh i ch a re to ea c h ot h e r a s a b?
11 . Wh at dd e d t o m a n d s ub t r a c t e d fro m n
n u m b er a

give s n u m b e rs t o e a c h o t h e r a s a b?
1 2 T h e v a lu e o f a f ra c t i o n is
. I n c r easi n g n u m er at or
a n d d e n o m i n at or b y 2 giv es a f r a c t io n w h o s e v a lu e is

W h at is t h e fr a c t i o n ?
13 . d e n o m i n at o r o f a fra c t i o n is
The 6 gre at e r t h a n t h e
n u m e ra t o r R e du c i n g b o t h t e rm s b y
. 1 giv es a fr a c t io n
w h o se v a l ue is Fi n d t h e fr a c t i o n .

14 . I f t h e d e n o m i n at o r of a
fr a c t i o n w h ose v a lu e is is
i n c rease d a n d t h e n um erat o r d e c r e a se d b y 3 t h e v a lu e of ,
t he
r es ul t i n g f r ac t i o n is Fi n d t h e fra c t io n .

15 . B y w h at um b er m u st b o t h
n t erm s of 3
—
b e i n c r e a se d
3
to giv e a fra c t io n w h o se v a lu e is 1 0
—

16 . Th e fra ct i o n is
v a lu e of a I f 7 is a dd e d t o t h e
n u m er a t o r a n d 2 t o t h e d e n o m i n a t o r t h e r e c i pr oc a l v a lu e o f
,

t h e o rigi n a l f r a c t i o n is o b t a i n e d Fi n d t h e o rigi n a l f ra c t i o n
. .
242 E LE M E N TARY ALG E BRA
E x ercis e 1 30

1 . A ss u m e t he am ou nt ,
w, of w a t e r in a b a rre l to va r y

as t h e t i m e , t, i
s n ce t h e in - fl o w
b e ga n . W ri t e t he g e n era l
l aw fo r t h e am o u nt o f w a t e r in t h e b a r r e l at time , t .

A ns . w = qt

2 . S u pp o s e t h at ft er 3 m i n u t es o f flo w t h er e a r e 3 6 qt
a .

of w a t e r in t h e b arr e l Fi n d q a n d st at e t h e l aw d e fi n i t e l y
. .

S ub s titut e w = 36, a n d t = 3 in t h e g en er a l l a w , w = qt, o bt a i n i n g

3 6 = q 3, °
or q
= 1 2 a n d t h e d e n i te or m
, fi f of t h e l a w is t h en
w 12 t

3 . A ft er 2 m in ut e s of flo w h o w m a n y q u a rt s will h a v e
pas s e d i nt o t h e b arre l ?
S ub s titut e t = 2 in w = 1 2 t, t i
o b a ni n g w = 12 °

4 . Th e o u nt of w a t er in a c i st e rn is a s s um e d t o v a ry as
am

t h e s q u ar e o f t h e t i m e t s i n c e th e ih flo w t h r ough a t u b e
, ,
-

b e g a n E xpr ess t h e g e n er a l l aw c o nn e c t i n g w a n d t
. .

2
G en er a l l a w : w qt

5 . Su ppo s e t h a t a ft e r 5 m i n u t es t h e re are 2 2 5 qt . in t h e
i
c st e r n . Fi n d q a n d st a t e t h e l aw d e fi n it e ly .

In w = t
2
q , p u t w = 225 and t = 5, o bt a in in g
225 = q 25, '
or q
=9
,
2
D e fi n it e l a w , w = 9t .

6 . Fi n d t h e q u a n t it y o f w at e r in t h e c i st e r n a ft er 3 m i n u t e s
of flo w .

=
In w 9t ,
2
su b s tit u t e t = 3, gi v i n g
(8 1 qt . in i t
c s er n )
7 . A ft er h ow l o n g w ill t h e re b e 900 q t . in t h e c st e n ?
i r
2 2
900 = 9 t °

,
or t = 1 00 , an d t = 10 ( a ft er 1 0 m in .
)
8 If cc 11: and = 1 0 w h en x =5 w h a t is t h e l aw con
.
y y ,

n ec t in g x a n d y ?
We h av e , firs t , y
= km .

M ki g y = l O
a n an d x = 5, 10 = 5k
T h er e fo r e ,
k 2
H en c e , y 2x .
 VARIATIO N

by a fo r c e F , ,
t he a m o u n t o f s t re t c h ,

s, v ari es as th e st r e n gt h of the
for c e ,
F . E x pr e ss t h e g e n er a l l aw Th e t t ch 8
s re v a r es a si
, ,

O f st r et c h . t h e f or c e ,
F .

Ho w is t h i s l aw sh ow n by t h e g ra du a t i o n m ark s of an

or di n a ry s pr n i g b al a n c e ?

10 . W h en t h e fo r c e is 2 0 l b .
,
th e s t re t c h is 5 i n c h es . Fi n d
k, a n d e x pr es s t h e l aw d efi n it el y .

11 . How m u c h w o uld a fo r ce of 32 l b . s t ret c h t he s pr n i g?

12 . H o w m a n y po un d s of fo r c e w o u ld h a v e t o b e e x e rt e d
to giv e a st r e t c h o f 10 i n c h es ?

13 . Th e v a r i es a s t h e s q u ar e o f a s id e 3
a re a , A, o f a s q uare , .

W h e n s = 5 A 2 5 Fi n d k a n d e x pr es s t h e l aw c o n n e c t i n g
,
.
,

A a n d s in d e fi n i t e fo r m H a v e yo u m e t t h i s l a w b e f o r e ?
.

14 . I f th e l t it ud e o f a re c t a n gl e is c o n st a n t t h e a r e a A
a , , ,

of the re c t a n gl e v a r i e s a s t h e b as e x Wr i t e t h e g e n e r a l l aw ,
. .

15 . I f t h e b as e is 1 2 , t he a re a is 96 . E xpr es s t h e l aw in
d e fi n it e fo rm .

16 . Th e a rea , A ,o f an e qu il at e r a l t r i a n gl e v ari es as t h e
r
squa e o f a s id e ,
s . E x pre s s t h e l aw c o nn e c t i n g A a n d s in

g e n e r a l f o rm .

17 . W h e n t h e s id e of t h e t ri a n gl e is 6 t h e a re a is
Fi n d k ,
a n d e x pr ess d e fi n i t e fo rm
t h e l a w in .

18 . Th e w o r k , w o f a m ac h i n e v a r i e s as t h e n u m b er o f
,

h o u r s , h , t h a t it r u ns Wri t e t h e g e n e r a l l a w o f w o r k fo r
.

t h e ma c h i ne .

19 . W o r ki n g 3 h o u r s ,
t h e m ac h i n e does foo t t o ns -

of wo k r . E x pr ess t h e l aw of t he m a c h i ne in d e fi n i t e f o rm .

20 . Ho w m u c h wo rk w ould t h e m a c h i n e do in 1 m i n u t e ,
1 of an hou r ?
5 6
 C H A P T E R XX I

P O WE R S . RO O TS

INV OLUTIO N

296 . In 140 , 1 83 , 1 85 , an d
l e a r n e d h ow t o r a i s e
1 87 w e
m o nom i a l s t o a n y p o w e r a l s o h o w t o s q u ar e bi n o mi a l s a n d
,

ol
p y n o m i a l s . T h o se s e c t i o n s sh o uld b e re vi e w e d h e r e .

. 2 97 . Involu ti o n Is t h e pr o c e s s i i g of ra s n a n um b er to a

p o w e r w h o s e ex po n e nt is a pos i t iv e i nt e g er .

I n v o lu t i o n is i n di c at e d b y a n e x po n e n t , a n d the ex p o nent
wh i c h i n di c a t e s h o w m a ny t i m e s t h e n um b e r is t ake n as a

fac t o r is c a ll e d t h e e xpon e n t of th e po w e r T h u s .
,

(a ) ( 2a 3 b)
4 3
x

298 . T h e b as e of a p o w er in i n v o lu t i on is t h e n um b e r wh i c h
is r a se i d to a po w er .

It h as b ee n s h ow n t h a t t o m u l t i pl y an ypow e r o f a b ase b y
a ny p ow er of the sa m e b as e , t h e e x p o n e n t s a re a d d e d . Th u s ,

a
2
xa = a3 a
2
>< a
3 5

Th e e x pr es s o n o f
i t h i s l a w in g e n e r a l n u m b ers is
a
m
Xa "
a
m “
2 99 . It h a s b e en sh own t h at t o divid e any po w e r of a b ase
by a ny l ow er po w er o f t h e sam e b a s e th e e x po n e nt of t h e ,

divi so r is s u b tr a c te d f r o m t h e e xpo n e n t of t h e divid e n d .

T h us
—
a za
- 54=
a a
2 = a4
24 6 ELE M E N TARY ALG E BRA
PO WER or A P RO D UC T
302 . Le t a andrepr esent a ny t w o n um b ers a nd n a ny
b
po s it iv e i nt e g e r T h e n ( a b) w
. ill r e pre s e nt a n y pow er o f t h e
"

pr odu c t of a ny t w o n um b e r s B y d e fi n i t io n of a po w e r :
.

-a b a b a b -a b °
t o n fa c t o rs
~

(aaa t o n f ac t o r s ) ( bbb t o n fa c t o r s ) ,

a
n
b "

The nth power of the pr od u ct of two or mor e nu mbers is the

pr oduc t f
o the nth p ower s of the n u mber s .

Th e exp e ss o n o f
r i t h i s l a w in g e n e ra l n u m b e r s is

( ab ) b "
" n
a .

In im il a r m a nn er it m ay b e sh ow n t h a t t h e l aw
a s h o ld s fo r
t he p rodu c t of a ny n u m b e r o f f a c t o rs Th u s .
,

( 2a b ) b 8a b
2 3 3 6 3" 3 6 3n 8
n
c 2 a c c

E xe rc i s e 1 3 2

Writ e t h e po w er o f ea c h of t h e f o llo w i n g
( 2a ) ( ar b )
2 3 n 2
1 2 3 t
. . .

( )
3 4
(4 (x y )
3 2 3
5 . 3 x 6 . 7 .
"

P O WER or A FRA C TI O N
30 3 . We h a v e se e n t h at

-
g to
’
n f ac t o r s ,

a °
a -
a to n f a c t o rs
,
b b b
° ~
to n fa c t o rs
n
a

b n

The nth p ower o f fr a a

cti on i s the nth p ower of the n u mer a tor

divided by the n th p ower o f t he de n omina tor

_

The e xpre s s io n of t h i s l a w in ge n e r a l n u m b e rs is
n
 IN VOL UTIO N 24 7

E x e r c i s e 1 33

G iv e t h e po w e r o f e ac h o f t he fo ll o wi n g

PO WER S OF BI N O M IAL S
B y m ul t i pli c at io n , t h e fo ll o w i n g po w e s o f a +r b
b m ay b e o bt ai n e d :
— —
(a + b ) a + 3a b l 3ab + b
3 2 2 3
3

b) — — — 2—
(a 3
3 a b l 3 ab b
3 2 8
-
a

(a + b )
4

—
(a b )
4
a
“ —4a b 3 -i- b 4

(a + b ) 5a h 1 0a b + 1 0a b 5 ab + b
5 s 4 3 2 2 3 4 5
a

(a b) 5a b 1 0a b 1 0a b 5 ah b
5 5 f 3 2 2 3 4 5
a

305 . F ro m a n exam i na t i o n o f t he se po we rs , o r e x a ns io ns ,
p
c o n s id e r i n g it t o r e pres e n t t h e e xpo n e nt o f t h e po w e r ,
t he fol
l o w i n g l a w s h o ld in e ac h e xpa n s i o n :
1 . E ver y te rm f
o the ex pa n s ion , except the l a s t, c on ta in s a ;
a nd ever y ter m , ex cept the fi rs t, c on ta i n s b .

2 . The n u mbe r o f te r m s in the ex pa n s ion is n + 1 ; tha t is ,

i t is 1 grea ter tha n the ex pon e n t o f the power .
24 8 E LE M E N TARY AL G E BRA

3 . If both terms of the bi nomi a l a re p os i ti ve , a l l the ter ms f

o

the exp a n s ion a r e p osi ti ve .

4 . If the s econd ter m is n ega tiv e , the od d ter m s f

o the ex p a n

si on a r e p osi tiv e ,
the even ter m s n ega ti v e .

5 . The ex p on e n t o f a i n the fi rs t term of the expa n s ion is n,

a nd i t d imi n i s hes by 1 i n ea c h su cceed in g te r m .

6 . The ex p on en t o f b in the s eco nd ter m o f the expa ns ion is

1, a nd it in creas es by 1 in ea c h su cceedi n g ter m .

7 . The fiicien t of the fi r s t ter m of the

co e ex pa n s ion is 1 ;
the coefiic i en t of the s eco n d ter m i s n ; a n d the fiicient of a n y
coe

s u cceedi n g ter m i s foun d by m ul tip l ying the coefiic ien t of the

p recedi n g ter m by the exp one n t of a i n tha t ter m , a n d divi ding

the pr odu ct by a n u mber 1 grea ter tha n the expone n t of b i n
tha t ter m .

Th e st a t e m e n t o f t h ese
l aw s c o n st i t u t es w h at is c all e d t h e
b in o mial th e or e m T h e t h e o re m is t r u e o f a l l t h e e x am p l e s
.

giv e n We sh a ll t a ke it fo r g ra n t e d t h at it is t r ue fo r a n y
.

posi ti ve in teg ra l power o f a bi n o mi a l b ut a g e n e r a l proo f li e s ,

b e yo n d t h e sc o pe o f t h i s b o o k .

St u d e n t s w ill fi n d it h e l pful t o m em o ri ze t h e c o e ffi c i e n t s
of t h e 1 st 2 d 3 d 4t h 5 t h a n d 6t h po we r s
, , , , ,
.

306 T h ese c o e ffi c i e nt s m ay b e a rr a ng e d in a t a b l e fo rm i n g
.

—
w h a t is k no w n as P as c a l s T ri ang l e , as f o llo w s :
’

C oe ffi c i e n ts o f l s t po w e r
—
t

—
r 1

C oe ffi c i e n ts o f 2d po w e r 1
i
3
5

—
b

C o e ffi c i e n t s o f 3 d po w e r 3 1
‘
0

—
b 0

C oe ffi c i e n t s o f 4t h po w er 9 6 4 1
A

C oe ffi c i en t s o f 5t h po w er 10 10 1
i 1
0 l 5
C o e ffic i e n t s o f 6t h po w e r M 20 15 6
3
0 15

E ach ffi c i e n t is t h e s u m o f t h e n um b e r a b o v e it a n d t h e
coe

n u m b e r t o t h e l e ft o f t h e l a t t e r .

Th e c oe ffi c i e nt s o f t w o t erm s e q u a ll y di s t a n t f ro m t h e
firs t a n d l as t t e rm s o f t h e ex pa n si o n a re e q u a l .
 50 E L E M E N TARY ALG E BRA
E VO LUTIO N

root o f a n um b e r is
“

308 . A o ne o f t he equa l f ac t o rs w ho s e

pro du c t is t h e n u m b e r .

Th u s ,
2 is a roo t o f 8 ,
1 6 , 3 2 , 64 , etc .

3 is a r oo t o f 9, 2 7 , 8 1 , 24 3 , etc .

5 is a r o t of
o 2 5 , 1 2 5 , 62 5 , et c

R o o ts a re n a m e d fr o m t h e u m b e r of e q u a l fa c t o rs
n th a t
m ak e t h e n u m b er . See t w o d e fi n i t i o n s 1 90 .

Wh at ro o t of 1 6 is 2 ? Wh at r oot of 1 6 is 4 ? W h at r o o t
o f 64 is 2 ? W h a t r oo t o f 64 is 4 ? W h at r o o t o f 8 1 is 3 ?

30 9 .E v ol ution is t h e pro c e s s of
- fi n di n g a r o ot , or o n e o f

t he e q u a l f ac t o r s , of a n u m b e r .

E volu t io n is i n di c at e d b y the r ad i c a l s ig n is
pl ac e d b e fore t h e n u m b e r .

The di c a l s ig n a lo n e i n d ic a t es t he s qu ar e r o o t I f a ny
ra .

o t h e r r o o t is r e q ui r e d i t i s i n di c at e d b y a s m a ll fig u re c a ll e d
’

t h e i nd ex of the r oot w ri t t e n in t h e \/ o f t h e r a di c a l s ig n
, ,

t hus :

A sym b ol o f a gg re ga t io n w i t h t h e r a di c a l s ig n i n di c at es t h e
pa rt of th e expre s si o n t h a t is affec t e d by t h e s ig n .

Thus V ,
m ea n s t h e s um of and 24 , W h il e
m e ans t h e sq u a re r oo t of the su m of 25 a nd 24 .

Th e l o ng b a r abov e is a v in c u u l m . See 65 .

Any roo t of a n u m b er i n
d i cat e d b y t h e r a di c al s ig n is
c a ll e d a r a d i c al .

S in ce ev ol u tion is the r ev ers e o f i n vol u tion , the nth root o f a

is a n um ber the nth power o f whi ch i s a .

 E VOL UTIO N 25 1
ROO T or A PO WER
m
3 10 Si n c e (a )
"
.

by e xt r ac t n i g th e n th ro ot of b o t h m em b e rs ,
The nth r oot o f a p ower is obta ined by divi ding the expo nen t

f
o the power by n .

E x e rc i s e 1 3 7

1 . H o w w o uld yo u fi nd t h e sq u a re r oo t of a po w e r ?
T h e c ub e r oo t ? Th e f o ur t h ro o t ? Th e fift h r oo t ?

2 . G iv e t h e i n di ca t e d r o ot of ea c h o f t h e fo l l o w m g

ROO T OF A P RO D UC T
31 1 . Si n c e t he n

V a
n n = ab . Wh y "

The nth r oot o f the p r odu ct f

o two or more factors is the
p rod u c t o f the nth r oo t o f the fa cto rs .

E x er c i s e 1 38

Fi n d t h e i n di c a t e d roo t o f e a c h o f t he fo ll o w i n g
2 .
C/2 h 3
3 .
{ 7 1 6m
WW W813?
“

V
I

5 .
,
6 . 4 9a 8
7 .

9 . 10 .

11 . 12 .

B y t he sa m e p r i n c i pl e , a n y r oo t o f a n um b e r m ay b e fo u n d
by re so lvi n g t h e numb e r i nt o it s pr i m e fa c t o rs . Ob se r v e
the fo ll o w i n g :
-
5
2 52 E L E M E N TARY ALG E BRA

In li ke m a nn er , so lve
15 3 2 1 95 2 16 4 7 54 8 7 2
O b ser v e , l
a so

60
So lv e t h e fo ll o w i n g
17 . 18 .
V

— 2 — — 2—
(x + x 2) (x 6) ( x 4x + 3 )
2
21 . x

ROO T OF A FRA C TI O N
mn
a
312 . Fr om t h e l aw , we h a ve
b mn

m
a
m
b

The nth root o f a fra ction i s the nth r oot o f the n umer a tor

d ivided by the nth r oot o f the den omina tor .

E x e r c i s e 1 39

G iv e t h e fo ll o w i ng i n di c a t e d r o o t s

313 . A ro ot is c all e d an odd roo t if it s i n d ex is a n odd num

,

ber ; an e ve n roo t , if it s i n d ex is an e v e n n u m b er .

N U M B ER OF ROO T S
314 . Si n c e 8 X 8 64 , t h e s q u a r e r oo t o f 64 is 8 , and s nc e
i
— 8) X — 8) 64 , t h e s q u a re r oo t o f 64 is l
a so 8 .
2 54 E L E M E N TARY ALG E BRA

T o i n di c at e t h a t a ro o t is po s it iv e o r n e g a t iv e ,
th e dou b l e
s ig n r e a d p l u s or min u s is g e n e r a ll y u s e d :
, ,

x/E
‘ i a 2
V 53 5 i x ?
«8 1 ;

321 . Si n c e odd p o w e r s h a v e t h e s am e s ig n as t he n u mb e r
i n v o lv e d ,
odd r oots ha ve the sa me s ign a s the n u mber . Thu s ,

C / Z
‘

(V al u er ,
Z S
S -
x
3
, V st s
fl a, V — 2 4 3 65 — 3b

3 22 Th e prin c ipa l ro o t o f a n um b e r is t h e
. rea l r oo t wh ic h
h as t h e sam e Sig n a s t h e n u m b er i t se lf .

T h e pr i n c i p a l s q u ar e r oo t of 4 9 is 7 , no t —7 . Th e p r i n c i pa l c ub e
r oo t o f 1 2 5 is 5 ; of — 1 2 5 is — 5 .

T O F I N D T HE REAL ROO T S OF M O N O M I AL S
323 . R ul e . Fin d the r equ ir ed r oot o f the co e ffici en t, and

divide the expone n t o f ea c h l etter by the i ndex of the root .

Give od d r oots the s ig n o f the n u mber i tself, and i

g e
v ev e n

r oots o f p os i ti v e n u m be r s the dou bl e s ig n .

E xer c i s e 1 40

G iv e t h e fo ll o w i n g ro ot s :
—
V 56;
1 . 325 15
2 .
5
5 .
W 6 .
m
9 .
0 8 12 12
10 .

SQUARE ROO T OF A P O LY N O M I AL
3 24 . A s we h a v e l e ar n e d ,
and 1 93 , the s q ua re

roo t of a l l t ri n o m i a l s q u a r es , a n d the o o t of
s q u are r so m e

po l yn o m i a l sq u a re s m ay ,
b e d e t e rm i ne d b y i n s pe c t i o n .

We sh a ll n ow sho w h ow t o ex t r a c t t he s q u are r o o t o f a n y

ol
p y n o m i a l sq u a re by t he u se o f the f o ll o w i n g fo rm ul a
—— ——
+ 2 ab i b
( b )
2 — 2 2
a l a
*

Si n c e t he s q ua re ro o t of t h e t ri
 E VOL UTIO N 25 5

no m a i l s q ua re is a + b: C o m pari n g a
2 —— — —
l 2 a h l b in t h i s i d e n
2

t i t y w i t h it s s q ua r e ro o t , we o b se r ve :
1 . The fi rs t ter m of the root is the s quare r oot o f the fir s t term
of the a rra n ged p ow er .

2 If the s qua r e of the fi r s t ter m of the

. r oo t is s u btr a c te d fr om
the p ower , the r ema in d er i s 2 a b + b2
.

Th e firs t t erm of t he r e m a n d eri is t h e pr o d uc t of tw i c e t he firs t

t erm of th e roo t an d th e se c o n d t er m . Th ere for e ,

3 . The secon d ter m o f the r oot is fou nd by d ivi d in g the fi rs t

te r m of the re ma in der by 2 a .

2 a b+ b = ( 2 a + b) b 2

4 . If we mu l tipl y the su m o f 2a a nd b by b a nd s u btr a c t

the res u l t fr om 2a b+ b 2
,
the re ma in der i s 0 .

The s ec ond m e m b er o f t h i s f o rm u l a re pr e se nt s t h e sq u a r e
o f a ny b i n o m i a l ; b u t s i n c e t h e t e r m s o f a n y p ol yn o m i a l m ay

b e g r o u p e d s o a s t o f o r m a b i n o m i a l a l 2 a b+ b m a y a l s o
2— 2
,
-

r e p r es e n t t h e s q u are o f a n y po l yn o m i a l .

I f t h e ro o t c o n t a i n s t hr e e t e r m s a r e pr esen ts th e s qu ar e o f a bi n o m i a l
,
2
,

a n d 2a b r e p r e s e n t s t w i c e t h e p ro d u c t o f a bi n o m i a l b y a m o n o m i a l ; if

t h e r o o t c o n t a i ns f o ur t e r m s a r e pr e s e n t s t h e s q u ar e o f a tri no mi a l
,
2
,

a nd 2 a b r e pres e n t s t w i c e t h e p r o d uc t o f a tri no m ial b y a m o n o m i a l .

32 5 . T he fo ll ow i n g e xa m p e l ill ust ra t e s t h e pr o c e ss of

e xt r a c t n i g t h e s quare r o ot o f a t r i n o m i a l s q ua r e .

6 3 2 4 3 2
9a + l 2 a x + 4x 3a 2x

s 2
6a 2x 1 2a 3
x
2

3 2 4
l 2a x + 4 36
The fi rs t t er m o f t h e r o o t is 3 a t h e s q uar e r oo t o f 9a w h i c h w e p l a c e
3
,
6
,

a t t h e r ig h t o f t h e t r i n o m i a l s q ua r e .

S ubt r a c tin g t h e s qua r e o f 3a fr o m t h e tr in o m i a l t h e r e r e m a i ns a p a r t

3
,

t h a t is r e pre s e n t ed in t h e fo r m ul a b y 2ab + b 2
.

D i v i d i n g t h e fi r s t t erm o f t h e r e m a i n d e r b y 6a w e o b t a i n t h e 3
,

s e co n d t e r m o f t h e r o o t w h i c h is 2x
,
256 E LE M E N TARY ALG E BRA

M ulti pl yi n g —
6a i 2x
- 23
b y 2x 2
and s ub r a t c ti n g th e
res u lt fr o m 1 2a 3
x
2
+ 4x
4
,
t h er e is n o r e m a n d er i .

F ro m the tr i no m i a l we h av e s ub r a t c t ed the s qu ar e of 3a 3
tw i ce t he
,

pr od u ct of 3a 3
an d 2x 2
,
the s quar e of 2x 2
,
and t her e is no rem a in d e r .

3a 3
l 2x is t h e
- - 2
s q ua re r o o t o f t h e t r i n o m i a l .

In t h i s w o r k t h e n um b e r s ,
r e pr es e n ed t b y 2a ~
and 2a + b ar e c a ll e d
r es pe c ti v e l y t h e pa r ti a l d ivi s or an d th e com p l e te di v is or .

C h e ck : C a l c ul a te an d c o m p ar e th e r e su lt w it h 9a 6

4
+ 1 2a 3
x
2
+ 4x .

326 . Wev e t h a t in t h e e xt r a c t i o n o f t h e s q u a r e
o b se r

r o o t o f a po l yn o m i a l su btr a cti on is a n es sen ti a l pr ocess ; t h a t is ,

t h e p r o c es s c o n s i s t s in t h e s ub t r a c t io n f r o m t h e po l yn o m i a l
o f t h e p a r t s o f w h i c h t h e pol yn o m i a l is c o m p o se d Th e .

fi r st p art s ub t r a c t e d is t h e sq u a r e o f t h e fi rst t erm o f t h e r oo t ,

a n d t h e se c o n d p a rt s u b t ra c t e d is a pr od u c t whi ch t he ,

r e ma i n d e r is k n o w n t o c o n t a i n .

3 27 . The sam e m et ho d a pp li e s to a ny po l yn o m i a l w h o se
r o o t co n t a n s i m o r e t h a n t w o t e rm s .

If the t c o n ta i n s 3 t e r m s t h e s ub t r a c ti o n o f t h e s quar e o f t h e
r oo ,

fi rs t t e rm of t h e ro o t w hic h is a bi no mi a l is c o m p le t ed w it h t h e s e c o n d
, ,

s ubt r a c ti o n I f t h e r oo t c o n ta i ns 4 t erm s t h e s ub tr a c ti o n o f th e
.
,

s q u ar e o f th e fi r s t t er m o f t h e r o o t whi c h i s a tri no mi a l is c o m p l e t e d , ,

w it h t h e t h i r d s ubt r a c ti o n ; a n d s o o n .

Th e first pa rt i a l divi so r is t w i c e a m o no m i a l ; t he secon d ,

t wi c e a b i n o m i al ; t h e t h i r d t w i c e a t ri no m i a l , .

25a 4
4 0a 3
x l
- - “
4 6a x
’ 2
24 a x 3
9x 4
5a 2
4a x 3x 2

4
2 5a
2
1 0a 4d x
2 2
1 6a x

2
1 0a 8d x 3x 2

3 4
24 a x 9x

We fin d t h e fir s t a nd s e o nd c t er m s of the ro o t as if w e w e re g etti n g
t he s q u a r e r o o t o f a t r i n o m i a l s q ua r e .

M ulti plyi g n the fi t te r m

rs of th e ro o t ( 5a
,
2 — 4ax
) by ,
2 , we ha v e
2 58 E L E M E N TARY ALG E BRA
3 —- 6 —— 7
9 . 4 x l 4 0x 5
4x 1 6x l 2 5 x 4

4 3
64 a 1 92a + 64 a + 1 2 0 a + 2 5 2

6 2
2 5 x + 9x + 1 + l 0 x 3
6x

9a 4
6a b 3
4 7a b 2 2
1 6a b 3
64 b 4

x — 6 5
2x + 5x 4
8x + 4

3
1 98 a

4 —- 2 ——
l 7 6x y f 60 xy + 4 8 x y l 2 5 y
2 3 3 4
1 6x - -

3 6b + 2 5 64 4 -
305 6 — 3
3 65 6 + 695 y 3 2 2

— 8x + 1 6 — l 0x 3
2x i’ -
x
‘
3 -
3x 4

1 03 a 2
x
2 —-
l 4 2a
3 — —
x l 4 9a
4
48a x 3
64 x 4

4a 2
25 b 2
l 6o 2
2 0a b 1 6a c 4 0 bc

4
4x + l 7 x + l 0 x
6 2 -
1 2x 5
4x 1 6x + 1 3

25a 2
40 a b 1 6b 2
7 0 a x + 4 9x 2
5 6bx

4 2 2 4 2 2 4
S6C 60 a c 25a 1 0a x +x
4
4a 4a 3
1 1a 9 ——
4 3 2
+ _
i9
x x x x

af
s
2a 2a
“
_
2
b b b 3
b 6
b

3
4
2x x
x + + + 2a x + 2 +

4 2
2a 3a 2 2
9
a c c
+ 3 _
c
+
7 16
'

b 4
55 2
26 2
(
2
2d

a
“ 5 a
2
25
2 2 __ — —
27 .
+ a x +x 5x + 2
71
4{ 2
 E VOL UTIO N 259
SQUARE ROO T OF NUM B ER S
329 . The u a re s of t h e sm a ll est a nd l ar g est
sq n u m b er s of

o ne , t wo , a n d t h r ee figu r es a re a s f o llo w s :

1 2 :
1 10 2 :
1 00 1 00 = 2
1 00 00
01 80 0 1
The n um ber at th e l e ft of the s ig n in ea c h id e nt it y is t he
s q u a re r o o t o f the n u m b er a t th e r ig h t .

It fol l ows tha t if a n y s qu a r e is s epara ted i n to period s of

two fig u res ea c h, begin ni n g a t u n its , the n u m ber of fi gu res i n

the r oot is the sa me a s f the n u mber o p e ri od s .

Wh e n t h e nu m b er o f fig ur es in t h e s q uar e is od d th e l e ft h a nd p e r i o d ,
-

i s I n c o m p l e t e c o n t a i ni n g o n l y o n e fig ure
,
.

I f a re pres e nt s t h e t e ns a n d b t h e u n i t s in t h e s q ua r e r oot
o f a ny s q u a re of t h r e e o r f o u r fig u r es a + b r e pr esen t s t he ,

s q ua r e r oo t
2— —
a n d a l 2 a b l b r e pr es e n t s t h e s q u a r e
2 - -
Then .
,

t h e fo r m u l a e x pr e sse s t h i s p r i n c i pl e :

A n y s qua r e of three or fou r fi g ur es i s equa l to the s qu a re

of the ten s of i ts s qu a re r oot p l u s twice the p r odu ct of the ten s ,

by the u ni ts p l u s the squa re of the u n its

,
.

Fo r exam p e , l
2 2
57 ( 50 X7) + 7 3 249

2
a 49 00
2 a = 1 40 5 76
2a + b = 1 4 4 5 76

S e pa r a ti n g t h e n um b e r i n to p e r i o d s o f t w o fi g ur e s e a c h w e fi n d t h a t ,

t h e r oo t c o n t a i n s t w o figu r es un it s a n d t e ns , .

T h e s q ua r e o f t h e n u mber o f t e n s in t h e roo t is f o un d w h o ll y in 5 4 .

T h e l a r g es t s q ua r e in 5 4 is 49 w h o s e s q uare ro o t is 7 ,
H e n c e t h er e a r e .
,

n o t m o r e t h a n 7 t e n s i n t h e roo t .

Si nc e t h er e are 7 t en s in t he r o o t a = 70 an d a 2 = 4 900 S ub t r a c ti n g , , .

a
2
,
w h i c h in t h i s e xa m p l e is t h e s q ua r e o f 7 0 o r 4 900 f r o m t h e n u m b er , , ,

w e h a v e a r e m a i n d er o f 5 7 6 .

Th i s r e m ai nd er is t h e prod uc t o f tw o f a c to rs r e pr ese n t e d b y ,

T h e pa rt i a l d i v i s o r 2a is t w i c e 7 0 o r 1 40
, , , .
2 60 E L E M E N TARY ALG E BRA
D i v i d i n g 5 7 6 b y 1 40 , t h e q uo ti en t is 4 , w h i c h is pr o b a bly t h e u n it s ’

fig ure o f t h e r oo t The c o m pl e t e d i v i s or , 2a + b, is 1 4 4
. .

M u ltip l yin g 1 4 4 b y 4 , a n d s ubt r a c ti n g t h e pro d uc t f r o m 5 7 6, t h e r e is

n o r e m a n d er i . H e n c e , 7 0 + 4, or 7 4 is t h e r oo t .

We m ay a bb re v i a t e a n d s i m plify t h e w o rk s om e wh a t by om itti n g
t h e c i ph ers a n d c o n d e n s i n g t h e o t h e r p a r t s as f o ll o w s ,

9 6 0 4 98

A t fi r s t w e wr ite o n ly 1 4, 8 , a nd 18 of t h e p a r ti a l d i v i sors , a nd d iv id e
t he i
r e m a n d e r , excl usi v e o f the r i g ht- ha nd fi g ur e .

If , on m u lti p l yi n g a ny c o m pl e te d iv i sor b y t h e l as t figur e o f t h e r o o t ,

c
t h e pro d u t is l a r g e r t h a n th e r e m a i n d er , t h e l as t fi gur e of the roo t is
t oo l ar g e a n d m us t b e d i m i n i sh ed b y 1 .

A ft er d e t e r m ini n g t h e un it s fig ur e o f t h e
’
roo t , we a nn e x it t o th e
p ar ti a l d i v isor to form the c o m pl e t e d i v iso r .

E x e rc i s e 1 42

Fi n d the sq u ar e r oo t o f the fo ll o w i n g
1 . 2304 2 . 34 8 1 3 . 5 1 84 4 . 4761

5 . 4 624 6 . 7 3 96 7 . 57 76 8 . 7 5 69

3 30 . The s am e m et h o d
li es t o a ny n u m b er wh o se r oo t
a pp

is expre sse d b y m o r e t h a n t wo fig u r es It is o nl y n e c e s s a ry .

t o c o n s id e r a l l t h e r o o t a l re a d y fou n d as t e ns .

5 7 1 5 36 7 5 6 44 95 7 0 2 5 670 5
1

1 3 40 5

Wh en t h e pa rt i a l d i v i s o r is not c o n t a i ne d
l i in t h e d i v i d e n d , e xc us v e

o f t h e r igh t h a n d fig ur e a nn e x a c i ph e r t o t h e r o o t a n d al so to t h e d i v i sor
-
, ,

a n d a nn e x t h e n e x t pe r i od t o th e d i v i d e n d In th e se c on d exa m pl e .

a b ov e 1 3 4 is n o t c o n t a i n ed in 67
, .
2 62 E L E M E N TARY ALG E B RA

333 . S epa ra te the decima l i n to peri ods

Rul e .
f
o two figu res
ea ch, begin n in g a t ten ths .

The proces s i s the s a me a s w ith whol e n umber s .

F rom the right of the root poin t ofi as ma n y de cima l p l a ces

a s there a r e peri ods of deci ma l p l a ces .

m
E a c h per i od o f a d ec i a l m us t h a v e t wo g ur es I f we Wish t h e fi .

s q ua r e r o o t o f a d e c i m a l t o 2 p l a c es , w e s h o ul d h av e 4 d e c im a l p l a c es in

t h e n um b e r ; if w e w i s h t o c a rry t h e w o r k to 3 p l a c es , w e s h o ul d h a v e
-

6 de c i m a l pl a c es in th e n um be r ; a n d so o n . T he b
n um er o f d ec i m a l
p l a c e s m ay b e i n c r eas ed by a nn e x n i g c i ph ers .

E x e rc i s e 1 44

Fi n d the a ppr x o i m at e sq u a re r o o t o f the foll ow i n g

1 . 2 . . 4 3 . . 0 36

5 . 6 . . 8 7 . . 0 64

T O F I N D T HE SQUARE ROO T OF A C O M M O N FRAC TI O N

3 34 . R ul e . If both terms of fra
a c ti on a r e s qua r es , fi nd the
s qua r e root o f ea c h ter m s epa r a te l y .

fra ction to a
'

If ei ther term is n ot a s qu a re , reduce the deci ma l ,

a nd fi nd the s qu a re r oot o f the decima l .

E x e rc i s e 1 4 5

sq ua re r oo t s o f t he fo ll o w i n g
2 3 3.
.
3
 C H A P T E R XX I I

E XP O NE NTS . RAD I CAL S

E XP O NE NT S

33 5 . Fun d am e nta l La w s . Un d e r i
c e r t a n res t r c t o n s i i
foll owi n g l a w s h a v e b ee n est a bl s h e i d
m m
1 . a 2 . a

3 .

5 .

The rest ri c t io ns a re t h at m and n a repo si t ive i n te g e rs ;

in l aw 2 t ha t m is gre a t e r t h a n n, a n d in l a w 4 t h a t m is

e xac t l y divi s i b l e by n .

33 6 B ut m. a nd n fra c t i o n a l o r ne g a t iv e n u m
m ig h t be 0 , ,

be rs T he o l d d e fi n i t i o n t h at a n expo ne n t i n di c at e s h o w
.

m an y t i m e s a n u m be r is t a ke n as a fa c to r c a n h a v e n o m e a n i ng
fo r s u c h ex po n e nts We n o w e xt e nd t h e no t i o n o f ex po ne nt
.

t o giv e m ea n i n g s t o t h ese ne w fo rm s o f e xpo n e nt b ut it is ,

c o n v e ni e n t t o d o t h i s in s u c h w a y t h a t the fi ve l a ws a bov e

s ha ll hold for the n ew for ms o f e xpo ne nt .

3 37 . D e finition of a
°
. In l aw 2 , if m b ec o mes eq u al to n,

we h av e : "
a
B ut , al s
°
a o 4 1’5

5
.

°=
The re fore ,
a 1,

A n y n umber ( no t its elf 0 ) with a n expon ent 0 equa l s 1 .

3 38 D .e fi n iti o n o f a % In l a w 4 if m is n o t a m u l t i pl e o f n
.
,

a fr ac t i o n a l e xpo n e n t a r i se s B y t h e l aw o f ex po n e n t s fo r
.

e v o lu t io n w e h a v e

m
x/d ,
g a
i r:
a
ir 4
a
3
, a nd ge ne rall y ,
aW = Wa m
2 64 E L E M E N TARY ALG E BRA

A posi tiv e fra ction al expon en t in dica tes a r oot of a p ower of

the ba s e The d en omin a tor i s the i ndex of the r oot a n d the n um
.

c r a tor i s the exp on en t o f the power .

33 9 D e finitio n of
. In l aw 2 if n 1 8 g rea t e r t h a n m ,

t h e q u o t i e n t h as a n e g a t iv e e x po n e n t .

Si n ce l a w 1 is t o h old fo r t h e n e w fo r m s o f e x po n e nt ,

w e h ave : a =a
”
" n
a

T h ere fo re ,
a a 1
‘

" "

l
B y t he divi s i o n ax o m , i 15, —
‘

"
a
n
a

A n y n u m ber with a n ega tiv e ex pon en t i s equa l to the reci p r oca l

of the n u mber wi th a n u mer i c a l l y equ a l posi tiv e exponen t .

2 —2 G
2
—2 2 —3
0
3
27
2

T h us ,
2a
“
1 = 2 a
2 z -
a h
3
x y .

by
"
a 2 3

RA D I CAL S

3 40 . A ra d ic al is a n I n di c at e d r o o t of a n u m be r R o o ts a r e
.

i n di c at e d b y t h e r a di c a l s ig n or by fr ac t i o n a l expo n en t s ,

Th us ,

x/d l x 5
1 - -
, , W ,
a
i
,
and VE
T

a r e a l l r oo t s .

The r ad i c an d is t h e n u m b e r w ho s e I n di c a t e d r oo t is t o be
f o u n d T h u s t h e ra di c a n d O f x/fi is 1 5 ; o f
.
“
it is 9a , and

of
— x , it is a
—
V a x .

In this cha p ter , excep t in § 3 7 5 , i t is to be u n de rs tood tha t

the s ig n m ea n s the pos itiv e s qu a r e root o f the r a d i ca n d .

341 . The or d e r , or d e gr e e , of a ra di c al is d e t ermi n e d by t h e

i n d ex o f t h e r oo t .

Thus ,
ond ord e r , or s e c on d d e g r e e ;
is of t he sec .

WE is a ra di c al o f t he th ird ord eir o r th ir di d eg re e .

W h at is t h e d e g re e o f t h e ro ot a ? O f x ?
3 42 A r ation al n u mb e r is a po s i t iv e o r n e g at ive i n t e g e r
.

o r a f r a c t i o n w h o s e t e r m s a re i nt e g e rs .
 2 66 E L E M E N TARY ALG E BRA

34 7 . Surd s a rise in ca c l ulat i ng , as t he fo llo wi n g 3 exa m pl es

illu st ra t e .

E x e rcis e 1 4 6

1 . C al c ul a t e t h e di a go n a l of a sq u are w h ose
s id es a re 1 un it l ong .

Le tti n g x d en o t e th e l e n gt h of t h e d i a go n a l , w e h av e

x
2 =2
, or x whic h is a s ur d .

2 . C a l c ul at e t h e a l t i t ud e o f a n e q uil at e ra l t ri a ngl e of s id e a .

L e tti n g x d en o t e t h e l en gt h of t he a ltit ud e , w e h av e
a
x
2
a
2
or x
2
§ a
2
,

a
wh i ch gi v e s x a m i xed s ur d .

D et e rm i ne t h e t r u e w e ig ht
3 . of

a bod y b y m ea ns o f a b a l a n c e of

u ne q u a l a rm s x a n d y ,
.

t rue w e igh t b e d e no ted b y w

Le t t h e .

Wh en t h e bo d y is p la c ed in o n e pan sup
po s e 1 0 lb ih t h e o t h e r p a n j us t b a l a n c e it
. .

wx ” 011
B Y t h e pr i n c i p l e o f t h e l e v e r
wx l oy ( 1)
Wh e n t h e bo d y is p l a c ed in t h e o th er p an s uppo se 12 lb j us t b a l an c e
.

it . Th e n ,
1 2x wy .
( 2)
10
D i v i d in g ( 1) by w e h av e
)
an d c l e a ri n g ,
ll

w = 1 20 ,
2
or w V 1 20 .

We m ay l
a so fi nd t h e ra ti o of t h e un e ua l q ar ms , b y wr iti n g ( 2 ) t h us ,

wy 1 2x ( 3)
a nd d iv i d in g ( 1 ) b y o bt a in i n g

M ulti plyin g th ro ugh by f

,

E x t ra c ti n g s q ua re roo t s ,
wh i c h l
a so is a s ur d .
 RA D I C ALS 2 67
S I MPLIF I C ATI O N or RADI C ALS
348 . Th e e xa m p es
j us t giv e n s h o w t h e n e e d for su r d s in
l
c a l c u l a t i n g t h at t h ey a r i s e j u s t as o t h e r n u m b e rs ar i se in
,

p r o b l e m -
so lvi n g a n d t h,
a t t h e y a re t o b e re g ar d e d as n u mbers .

34 9R e d uc tio n of r ad i cal s is t h e
.
pro c es s o f c h an gi n g t h e i r
form wi t h o ut c h a n gi n g t h e i r v a l ue .

R a dic a l s im plifi e d
are s to g e t t hem i nt o m o s t c on v e n i en t
fo rm fo r c a l c ul a t i n g .

A ra di c a l is not in its s im pl est fo rm fo r c a l c ul at in g

1 If the ra d ica nd ha s a fac to r tha t is a power of the de gree
‘

d eno ted by the ind ex f

o the ra d ica l ;
2 . If the rad ica nd is i ts elf power a o f the deg ree denoted by
a ny factor of the index of the ra d ica l ;

3 . If there i s a de no mina tor u nde r the ra dica l sign , or a

rad ica l in a ny denominator .

3 50 . A di c a l m a y b e s i m plifi e d wh en
ra t he ra di c a n d h a s a

fa c t o r w h o s e i n di c a t e d roo t c a n b e fo u n d .

E y t h e l aw of § 3l l , V 20 = V 7
4 5 :
V 4 V 5 = 2 V 5, l
a so

In al l wo rk in s i m plifyi n g s urd s , on ly t he pr i n ci p l
a r oots

a re c o n s id e re d .

351 . Rul e . Take ou t o f the r a d ica nd the l a r ges t fa ctor

whos e ind ica te d r oot ca n be fou nd . Fi nd this ind ica ted root

a nd write i t a s a coe fiic ien t of the other fa ctor .

E x e rc i s e 1 47

Si m plify t h e fo ll o w i n g s ur ds
2 .
V I2 5
8 .
x/ W
—

{ VS 1
°

11 .
2 68 E LE M E N TARY ALG E BRA

Th e r oo t o f t he l f a c t o r w h e n fo u nd is m ul t i pli e d
i
ra t o n a , ,

by t h e c oe ffi c ie nt o f t he m i xe d s u r d .

14 .
2m 15 . a m 16 .

W
“

18 .
T is 19 . me sa 20 .

22 .
3 63 23 . b W 24 . 5a m
25 .
(H u m 26 .
W
27 .
( c + a x/ 2727 1 2 5 47 8 28 .
W
352 F r o m t h e pr i n c i pl e of 34 6 m a n y roo t s c a n b e
. c al

c ul a t e d a ppr o x i m a t e l y f ro m a fe w giv e n v a lu e s .

F o r e x a m pl e giv e n : , V3 W
a nd V 3 :
t o c a l c ul a t e o t h e r r o o ts a ppr o x i m a t e l y ,

a s x/ 1 2 8 = 8 V 2 8 1 4l 4 =
= -
. a nd

et c .

E x e r c i s e 1 48

F ro m the giv e n v a lu es of t he sq u a re a nd c ub e ro o t s of 2
and 3 ca c l ul a t e :
I .
V S

14 .
{ VI
353 . W h en ra di c a n d is i t se lf
t he a p o we r of t he
d e gr e e
d e n ot e d b y a fa ctor of t h e i n d ex o f the r a di c a l pr o c e e d a s
,

s h o w n in t h e fo llo w i n g exa m p l e :

V 25 V
3

V 2 5 ( 75 ,
a nd
4
\/4 9a b
2 4
c 6 /
\ V 7 a bc
2 z 4 6

—
V 7a b c 2 3
b C V Ttl C
'

.
 E LE M E N TARY ALG E HR A

22 . fi g
25 . V 1 26 . V 24 6) ?
27 .

E x e rc i s e 1 51

wi t h t h e ra di c a l sig n a nd s i m plify :

2
2 .
(4 a )
g f
6 . x y

To RED U C E A M IXED NUM B ER TO AN E N TI RE S URD

3 57 . A m ix e d
r d m a y b e r e d uc e d t o
su a n e nti e r su r d by
re v e rs i n g t h e pr o c e ss o f s i m plifyi n g s u r d s . Thus ,

E x e r c i s e 1 52

E xpr ess t he follo wi n g a s e nt r e si urd s

1 . 2 x7 7 2 .
§ V 27 3 . 2a x/5 a 4 . l é V -
a Sa z
x

5 . 5V § 6 . 7 . 22 0 5 25 8 . l §xV 9x y 3

2 é a x/ 8 a x
—
— 2
‘

9 . 12 .

7 1 25 5 ax 2

13 .
5 3
4 -
14 . 15
l é a 8 be 3

x+4 x+4
18 .
( a + x) — 4
x x— 4

ADD ITI O N AN D SUBT RA C TI O N OF SUR D S

3 58 S urd s
. dd e d o r
a re a s u b t ra c te d by a ddi n g or sub

t rac t i n g t h e i r c o e ffi c i e n t s .
 RA D I C ALS 27 1

35 9 . S imil ar
r d s a re s u r d s whi c h in t he i r s i m pl est fo r m
su

a re of t h e sam e d e g re e a nd ha v e t h e s am e ra di c a n d s u c h as ,
—
2 V 5 , 4 V 5, a -
5; a V az, b a nd

3 x7 7 , 5 x7 7 , 9 x7 7 , et c .

Tw o or m o re su r ds c an be u nit e d i nt o on e by a ddit i o n or

s u b t ra c t i o n on ly w h e n t h ey a r e s i m il ar ,
as is sh ow n he re :
—3 1 25

5W —
W —
W
I0 W — 3
W —
W = 6 \ 2x2 7

E xe r c i s e 1 5 3

S i m plify t h e follo wi n g :
— —
1 . 2 . 2 V 1 6x 2 —
V 54 x 3 -—
l V 2 5 0x 3

4V 45 + 2 V —
V V 20 + 2 V 1 2
'

3 .
—
48 4 27 3

4 . 7 x/T75 — 5 x/ 1 5 . 4 M_
4 M +2 W
3 V 1T2 + 6 \/45 —3
e .
V 2

7 . t c
e /375 7 2 0 15 2 a . 3 W
m m
—
9 . ev es —4 —
iv g o+ s v r — ev

10 . 4V I28 — 3 V 1 62 11 .
g rem v soe
w ere —a

V 54 + 4 m
— _

12 —5 2 V 48 6
s
. 5 x/ l 6 + -

T O RE D UC E SURD S T O T HE SA ME ORD ER
3 60 . S ur d s o f d ifi er e n t or d e r s are c h a n g e d t o t h e sa m e o r d er
by express ing the r a d i ca l s as fra ction a l expon en ts , a nd r edu c

ing the fra ctiona l ex pone n ts to equ i va l en t fra ction s ha vin g a

common denomin a tor , and the n expr ess in g the su r d s wi th

ra di ca l sign s . T h us ,

a nd
272 E L E M E N TARY AL G E BRA

T he l o w e st c o mm o n d e no m i n at o r o f the e x po n e n t s is
%
Th en ,
2 2 3
{7 2 5
V8 ,
and

{75 .

V 2 = x/ 8 V V
s
Si n c e and 3 9, we c an at o n c e s ay th at

T h i s pr i n c i pl e e n a b l es u s t o co m pare r a di c a l s o f di ffe re nt
o rd e rs a s t o r el a tiv e m a gn i tu de .

T h e s i g n s o f i n e qua l ity a r e and T h e s ig n m e a n s gr ea ter ,

tha n ; m ean s l es s tha n .

E x e rc i s e 1 54

C o m pa r e t h e foll o w i n g p a r s o f i
ra di c a l s
V V 2V 3
5
1 . 5 and 7 2 . 5 an d 2 3 . and

5 .
3
3 and \/
5
6 6 . 2V 5 an d

7 . A rra n g e In o rde r o f v a l ue V 7 V , ,
6, and V 2 .

MULTI PLI C ATI O N OF S UR D S

3 61 T h e pr o d u c t o f t w o
. or m o re s ur ds of t he s am e o r der
is f o u n d b y l a w 5 , 3 3 5 .

Fo r fr a c tion a l ex pon en ts t h i s l a w t a ke s t h e f o rm

N ot i c e t h at t hi s a pp li e s on ly w he n t h e sur ds a re o f t he
sa m e o r d er . Th us ,

E xer c i s e 1 55

M ul t i pl y a s i n di c a t e d
1 . 4 x/3 3 x/5 - 2 . 2 x/ 7 s x/ 7 o
3 . 2 x/5 3 x/1 5-

5 . 4V 5 5V 5 ~

7 . 8 . S V E 2 x/8 -
2 74 E L E M E N TARY ALG E BRA
E xer ci s e 1 57

M ul t i pl y t h e follo wi ng

1 . 3 V d by 4 + 2 V d

—
2 . by 3 3 v 2

3 . 1 2 + 3 x/5 b y 4
—
4 . 3a -
3V d by 2a + 2 V Ct

6 .

—
x/5 b y x/ é
—
s /é l z x/fi
‘

7 .
-

8 .
«5 + n / 7 by

9 . 3
W — 2V 3+ 4 \ G by 4 V —
7 3 V 3 —
V 5

M ul t i pl y by i nspe c t io n :
—2
10 .
) 11 .

12 .

14 .
(x 15 .

—x
16 .
) 17 .
V 5)
-

19 .
(V i5+

D IVI S I O N OF S URD S

3 64 . Th e q uo t i e nt of t wo s u r d s o f t h e s am e o r d e r is fo u n d
by t he prin c ipl e of e v o l utio n a s s t a t e d in t h e fo r m ul a

V2
V 5?
 RA D I C AL S 27 5

A s in m ul t i pli c at i o n , so h e r e , t h i s pr i n c i pl e a pp li es o nl y to
s urd s o f t h e s a me or der . Th us,

E x er c i s e 1 5 8

G iv e t hese q uo t i e nt s b y i ns pec t io n :

6 .

RATI O N AL I Z I N G SURD S

3 65 Ra tio n a liz in g is t h e pro c ess of m ul t i pl yi n g a s u r d

.

b y a n u m be r t h a t gi v es a r at i o n a l pr od u c t O b se rv e t h e .

fo ll o wi n g :

Th e r ational iz in g f ac tor is t h e fa c t o r b y wh i c h a s urd is

m ul t i pli e d t o giv e a r a t i o n a l pr o du c t .

Whe n t he pr O d l l Ct o f t wo s urd s is r a t i o n a l e i t h er s u rd is ,

t h e r a t i o n a li z i n g f a c t o r o f t h e o t h er .

N am e a r a t i o n a li z i n g fa c to r o f e ac h of t he foll o w i n g
s u r d s a n d gi v e t h e p ro du c t s :

V
3
5 . 8 8 . 4 \/1 6xy

3 66 . A b in o mial su rd is a bi no m i a l one or both o f wh ose

t e rm s are s u rd s . Thu s ,
4+ V 5, V —
3 2 , a nd V 6+ V 7 .
2 73 E LE M E N TARY ALG E BRA

3 67 . A b in o m i a l qu ad r ati c s ur d is a b i no m i a l s ur d who se
s ur d ,
or s u r d s , a r e O f t h e s econ d or der .

3 68 . urd s a r e t w o b i n o m i a l q u a d ra t i c
Con j ug ate s s u rd s
t h a t di ff e r o n l y in t h e s ig n o f o n e o f t h e t e rm s .

For exa m pl e a + x/ b a n d a V b as a l so ,

V 7 V 5 and V 7+ V 5
a re c o nj ug a t e s u rd s .

—
Si n c e c o nj ug a t e s u r d s a re o f fo r m s a + b a n d a b the ,

p r o d u ct of a n y tw o co nj u g a te su r d s i s ra ti on a l .

He n ce it f o ll o w s t h a t a n y bin omia l qu a dr a tic s u rd m a y be

r a tiona l ized by mu l tip l yi n g i t by i ts conj ug a te .

T hu s
‘

and

E x erc i s e 1 5 9

N am e i
a r at o n ali z i n g fa c t o r of eac h of t he fo ll o w i n g s u rd s
a nd giv e the p r odu c t s :

2 . 2 x/5 — 3 x/é 3 .
v m + v 5
4 . a + 2 \/b 6 x . ii —
V 6 7
1
—
s .
—
70 3 x/6 9 .
V m -‘—
l V ct

E x e r c i s e 1 60

Rat io n ali z e t h e d en o m i n at o rs o f th e foll o wi n g

4
°

x/ 2
3 —

3 + x/ 2

V 6 —
x/i s
8 0

Vm
O

— c
2 78 E LE M E N TARY AL G EBRA

7 . 12 +4 V 5 9 . 15+ 3 V 6 9 .
—
30 6 V 20

10 .
—
2x + 3 y 2 V 6xy
— 2V
2a + h +ab + b+ 2 a V b
2 2
12 . a 13 . a

APP ROXIM ATE VAL UE S or S URD S

372 . roximate valu e of a surd is fo u n d by ext r a c t
Th e app

in g t h e i n di c a t e d r oo t t o t h e r e q ui re d d e g re e of a c c u r a c y It .

is fre q u e nt l y n e c e ssa ry t o fi n d t h e v a l ue of a f r a c t io n wi t h a
r a di c a l d e n o m i n a t o r .

In s u c h w o rk m u c h l a bo r is s av e d b y fi rst r at io n a li z i n g t h e
divis or o r den omin a tor
,
Thus .
,

3 3V 5 3 2 23 60 7

V5 5 5
Si m plify of t h e f o ll o w i n g divi s i o n s fi n di ng t h e n u m e r
e ac h ,

i c a l v a l l ie c o rre c t t o 5 d e c i m a l p l a c e s h a vi n g giv e n t h at, ,

V 2 :
V 3= and V 5 = 2 23 60 7 . .

E xe rc i s e 1 62

5 . 18

I RRATI O N AL E Q UATI O N S I N O N E U N KN O WN
3 73 . An irr atio n al , or ra d i c al e qua tio n is an eq u at io n c o n
t a i n i ng an irratio n al root of t h e unkn o wn num b e r Thus .
,

To olv e a n irrat io na l e q u at io n t h e first st ep is t o free t h e

s

e q u at io n of r a di c a l s T h i s is do ne b y r ai si n g bo t h m em b e rs
.

of t h e e q u at io n t o t h e s am e po we r .

P o we r Axiom . The s a me powers o f equ a l n umbers a re

equa l .
 RA D I C ALS 2 79

x/2x /5x
T o s o lv e — 7
, x
Sq u a ri n g ,
5 9, 5x 7 2 55 + 1 7 .

The r e su u ar i n g in t h es e t wo ex am pl e s ar e si m pl e
lt s o f sq

e q u a t i o n s a n d are s olv e d a s s u c h
,
.

Ra di c a l e q u a ti o n s c o nt a i ni n g m o re th a n on e r a di c a l m a y
h a v e t o be s q u a re d m o re t h an o n c e .

Th u s t o so l v e
,

V a: 5 a
: 5
S ub t r a c t i n g fl , \/x 5 5 x/a
i:

S q u a ri n g , x l 0 x/5 f —- x

Un i t i n g t erm s , 1 0 x/E 30
Dividi n g b y 1 0 , 3
S q u ari n g , x 9 .

37 4 . W it h di c a l eq u at io ns it is
ra a gree d t h at t he ra di ca l
s ign sh a ll d e no t e o n l y p r in ci pa l r oots .

Ve rifyin g V9 5 ,
5
5
5 5
Si n c e t h e ub st i t u t io n of 9
s fo r a: in t h e origi n a l eq u at i o n
giv es an id ent ity 9 sa t i s fi e s t he
,
e quat io n .

E x erc i s e 1 63

So lv e a nd v e r ify t he follo w i ng
1 .
x/ ET E = 9
-

3 .
x/m z
t
a
w yn
:

x/m Vfi
5 .
=a .
t
-
ii

7 « Afi fl x/E

9 x/5
.
T

V 51 2
2 80 E L E M E N TARY ALG E BRA

19 .
x /ds —
l x/a l - -
x

37 5 . A st atem e nt m ay b e in t h e for m of an i rr a t i o n a l
eq u at io n wh i c h , u n d er t he ass u m pt o n i th at s h a ll m e a n

t h e posi tive squ a r e roo t c a nn o t b e s at i s fi e d

,
.

T h us ,
s o lvi n g b y t h e us u a l m e t h o d ,

we ob t a i n a: 9 . A t t e m pt i n g t o v er ify we h a ve
2 3 5
w h i c h is n ot a n i de n tity .

Se t t i n g as id e t h e lli n g t h a t x/d: m ay
a ss u m pt o n a n d r e c a
i
b e e i t h e r t h e pos itive o r nega tive roo t a s the con ditio ns of the ,

p r obl e m r equ ir e , a n d re t a i n i n g b o t h s ig n s in v e r ify g we

i n ,

h ave ,

=
t 2 i 3+5 .

O f t h ese po s s i b ili t i e s a s t o s ig n , w e c a n g e t a n id e n t i t y by
us i n g + 2 for V 5 5 a n d2 — 3 fo r x/cv It is w o r t h n o t i n g
.

t hat t h is of t h i ng s
s t at e w ould no t h a ve be e n fo u nd if v e r ify
ing had b e e n o m i tt e d .

In sq u a ri n g a r a di c a l eq u a t i o n a r oo t is som e t i m e s in tro
,

du ced w h i c h t h e giv en e q u a t i o n did n o t c o n t a i n T hu s .

,

free d of ra di c a ls and so lv e d b y the u su al pr o c e ss , l ea ds to

a: 2 an d x 6
Ver ifyi n g fo r 2 , 3 3 O T h i s c h e c ks .

Ve rifyi n g for 6 — 2 T h i s d o es n ot c h e ck .
,

H e n c e , 2 sa ti s fi e s t h e e q uat i o n un d e r t h e a ss um pt i o n t h a t
'

i n di c ate s o n l y t h e p os iti v e s qu a r e r oot,

wh il e 6 do e s not
 C HA P T E R XX III

Q UAD R ATI C E Q UATIO N S

3 77 . A qua d r atic e qua tio n is an e q u atio n O f t he se c o n d

d e g r e e in t h e u n kn ow n n um b er . Fo r e x a m pl e ,

2—
2 0 , 4x and
2
15 F533 3 6, 5a
a re a l l q u ad ra t i c eq u at i o n s .

In d et erm i n i n g t h e d e g ree o f a n e qu a t i o n it is ass u m e d t h at

t h e e q u a t i o n is fi rs t r e du c e d t o it s s i m pl es t fo r m .

378 . Th e on s tan t te rm in a q u a d r at i c e q u a t i o n is t h e
c t erm
t h at doe s n o t c o n t a i n t h e u n k n o w n n u m ber .

S o m e q ua d r a ti c e qu a ti o n s c o n ta i n o n ly t h e s quar e O f t h e un k n o w n
.

n um b e r ; o t h e r s c o n t a i n b o t h t h e s q u a r e a n d t h e fi r s t p o w er o f it H e n ce .

t h ere a r e t w o k i nd s of qu a d ra ti c e qu a ti o n s .

379 . A pu e r qua d a ti cre qua ti n o is a n eq u at i o n t h at d o es

not c o nt a i n t h e fi rst p o w e r of t he u n kn o w n n u m b er . Thus ,

3x 2 :
1 08 , — 1 6 4 m2 = 36a .
,

380 . An afi e c t e d qua d a t c er i
qua ti n o is a n e q u at i o n t h at
i
c o nt a n s bo t h t h e fi rs t an d se c o n d po w e rs O f t h e u n kn o w n
'

n u m be r . Thus ,

3x 2
5 = 15, — 2
4x = 8 z—
b
+
-
x x ,
x ar L
.

P ur e quad r a ti cs ar e a l so c a ll ed in c om pl e te qua d ratic s , and a ffe c t e d

q ua d ra ti cs are c all e d com pl e te qua d ra tic s .

T HE GRAPHI C AL M E TH O D OF S O LUTIO N

38 1 . Th e G r aph i cal S olu tio n . T h e n ormal form of

2—
pu re, or in compl ete qu a dra ti c, is 15 a =0 .

E x e r c i s e 1 64 G raph ing

We sh all now g ra ph x 2 -
a, fo r a 9, a 4, a O, a nd a

282
 Q UA D RATI C E Q UATIO N S 28 3

1 . G r aphing x — a
2
f or a = 9 , or gra phi n g 50
2 — 9 we fi rst
,

ca c l ul at e an d l o c at e t h e po i n t s

x :
o, 1, 2, 3, 4 , 5, —1 -
2, —3 —4 5
, , ,

x
2 —9= -
9, —8 , -
5 , o, 7 , 1 5 , -
s, -
5, 0, + 7, + 15

D raw a sm oot h c ur v e ( 1 )
t h ro ugh t h e se po i n t s R ec a ll t h a t .

x
2
as ks :
“ W h at is a: w h e r e
— ”
x
2
9 is o? or Wh at is x wh e re
”
t he c ur v e cr os ses the hori zon ta l ?

T he a n sw e r is rea dil y s een f ro m

t he figu re to b e + 3 and — 3 .

H en ce t he roots of
2
,
x

a nd —3 These s u b st i
a re +3 .

t ut e d in x — 9= 2
O a re se en to
s at s i fy it .

z— =4
2 . G r aph ing x a for a , or

g ra ph i n g 13 4 2 -
,
we l
c a c u at e l and

pl o t t h e poi n t s :

a: 0, 3, 4, 5, -
1, — 2 — 3, —4 5
, ,

—4 —4 — 3 0 —
+ 5, + 1 2, + 2 1 , 3,
2
113 , , ,
0 , + 5 , + 1 2, + 2 1
a nd d ra w a sm o o t h c u r ve li ke c u rv e t h ro u g h t h e po i nt s
,
.

T h i s c u r ve is o f t h e sa m e fo r m a s c urv e b ut is s i m pl y
r a i se d u pwa rd 5 u n i t s T h e x v a lu e s o f t h e c r o s s i n g po i n t s
.
-

a r e h e re + 2 a n d 2 w h i c h a re th e roo ts of x,
2—
4=0 .

z—
3 . g ra ph i n g c ur v e (3 ) for x a fo r a = 0 o r
Si m il ar l y , , ,

g ra ph i n g t h e c u rv e fo r $0 t h e r e q ui re d c u rv e is d ra w n t h ro ug h
2
,

t h e fo llo w i n g c a l c ul at e d a n d p l o tt e d poi n t s

x=0 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, — 1 —2 -
3, 4, 5
, , ,

m = 0,
2
1, 4, 9, 1 6, 25, 1, 4, 9, 1 6, 25

H e re t h e re is b ut on e :c- v a l ue o f t h e c r oss n i g o r r at h e r

t o u c h i n g- po i nt wi t h t h e h o ri z o n t a l v iz ,
. 0 .
2 84 E L E M E N TARY ALG E BRA

B e c a u se t h e re w e re t wo c r o ss n i g -
p o i nt s as the c ur v e m ov e d
u pw a r d so l on g as it c r ossed the horiz on ta l , w e sa y t h e re a re

two equa l 0 s h er e In re a li t y t h e r e is
’
. o n l y t he r oo t 0 , be c a u se
— 0 a re t h e s a m e p o i n t
+ 0 a nd .

G r aphing x — 2
for — 4, g r a ph i n g 2
cal
4 . a a or x + 4 , we
c ul at e a nd pl ot t h e po i n t s :

0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, — 1,
a: -
3, -
4, -
5
x
2
+ 4 = + 4 , + 5 , + 8 , + 1 3 , + 20 ,
an d d ra w t h e s m o ot h c ur v e (4 ) t h ro ug h t h e m T h e c u rv e .

b e i n g 4 u n i ts hig he r tha n cu rv e ( 3 ) d o es n o t t o u c h t h e
h o ri zo n t a l a t a l l T h e re a re n o c ross i n g poi n t s a n d t h e
.
-

a lg e b r a i c w a y o f sa yi n g t h i s is t o s a y t h e r oo t s a r e i m a g in a r y .

We Sh all see l at e r t h a t t h e ro ot s a re and l .

3 82 . We se e t hen th at a pu r e q u a d r a t i c in
g e n e ra l h a s two
r oots t h a t a r e n u m er i ca ll y equ a l b u t o f op pos ite Sig n s b ut ,

t h at if t h e g ra ph o f t h e fi rs t m e m b e r j u s t t o u c h e s t h e h o r i z o n
t al t h e r e is b ut on e r oo t v iz 0 I f t h e g ra ph d o es n o t c ut
,
.
,
.

t h e h o ri z o n t a l t h e re a re n o r ea l r oots
,
.

B ut s i n c e t w o r es ul t s a r e fo u n d b y s o lvi n g
x
2 — a

i . e .
,
a: V3 ,
a n d a:
-
a,

we s ay t h at if t he g r a ph li e s en tir e l y a bov e the hor izo n ta l , t h e r e

a re two ro o t s , on e p os itive and t he other n eg a tive , a n d both
ima g in a ry .

S O LVI N G QUAD RA TI CS B Y F A C T ORI N G

3 83 . Th e d r a t i c e q u a t i o n s by fa ctorin g
s olu t i o n of q ua ,

giv e n in 2 1 5 a n d o n pag e 1 64 s h ould be r e vi e w e d h er e ,

.

T h i s is n ot a g e n e r a l m e t h o d fo r it is li m i t e d t o t h o s e ,

e q u a t i o n s t h e fi r st m e m b e rs o f w h i c h ar e r e a dil y f a c t o re d .

A pur e q ua d rat i c e qu at i o n whi c h is re d uc ibl e t o t h e f o r m

x
2
a 0 is r e a d il y so lv e d b y f a c t o r i n g .

W h e n re du c e d t o t h i s f o r m it is e v id e n t t h a t t h e fi rs t
2 86 E L E M E N TARY ALG E BRA
E x e r c i s e 1 66

Solv e t h e fo llow i ng by f ac t o r i n g a nd v e r ify :

2 — 1 23:
1 . x + 1 1x 2 . 42 9

3 . 2z z — 5x -
12 z
0 4 . 6x + 1 1 x 2

5 . 3r — 2
7x 6 . x
2 — 2 0x

38 5 . So m e
io n s o f e q u at a higher degree tha n the secon d

m a y b e so lv e d b y f ac t o r i n g . O b se r v e t h e foll o w i n g :
x
3 — x2 = 1 2x x
2

x x ( -
4) ( x 3 =
+ ) 0 ( r —2
a ) ( x + 2) ( r —l
) =0

m= 0 , 4, a nd —3 -
2, a nd 1 .

Sub s t i t u t e t h e se v a lu e s of the u nkn o wn in t h e giv e n

eq u at io n s fro m wh i c h t h e y w ere fou n d a n d v e rify t h at t h e y
,

a re the c o rr e c t r o ot s .

E x e r c i s e 1 67
'

So lv e t h e follo w i n g b y f a c t o ri n g an d v e r ify :
1 .
3
x + 8x
— 2
9x = 0 2 .
3
x + 5x
— x=
2
5

2
b — — bw= 0 4
3 . x + a a x 4 . x

3 2 — 42x = 0 2
+ a x + bx + a b 0
5 . x +x 6 . x

3
5x — 6m =2
0 633 — 2
4 93: — 8
7 . x + 8 .

9 . x (x — 1) 2
10 . x +x
3— 30x = 0 2

2 —7 = x x (x — 4) —3 (x
2
+ 7x
3
11 . x 12 .

13 . 6x + 3 x2
14 . x — 32
x + 9 = 9x

—4 — =
( (x
2
15 . x 16 . x
3
+ 5 x 6x 0

17 . 633 2 —
4 1 7 515 18 .
(x
2 -
x —x — 2
)
19 . 6x — 5x 2
x
4 — 1 7 x2 + 1 6 = 0
 Q UA D RATI C E Q UA T IO N S 287
SQUARE ROO T M E T H O D OF S O LUTI O N
386 . A pu re q ua d ra t i c is l
so v e d by re du c i n g it to t he
n ormal form , m = a , g
a nd t a ki n g t h e s q ua r e r oo t of b ot h
m e m b ers .

R oot Axiom . E qu a l pri n c ip a l r oots of equ a l n u mber s a re

equ a l .

E xt r a c t i n g t h e s q u a r e ro o t O f b o t h m e m b e r s fw e h a v e :
x x/ d
T he d o ub l e Sig n b e l o n g s t o t h e u n k n o w n n u m b e r as w e ll as
x/a is t h e s a m e a s
t o t h e se co n d m e m b e r b u t as i — x :
,

i
x/ d F o r t.h i s r e as o n t h e d o u b l e Sig n is u se d b e fo r e t h e

s e con d me mber o n l y .

A pu re qua d r atic equ a tion ha s two r oots n u mer ica l l y equ a l ,

one pos itiv e a n d the other nega tive .

Fo r exa m p e , l
25 , = 8, -
5 , h av e th e t
r oo s

x = + 5, —5 .

Si n c e t h e g at iv e n um b e r is i m a gi n ary
s q u a r e ro o t o f a n e ,

we o b se rv e t h a t wh e n a is ne g at iv e b o t h ro o t s a re i m a gi n a r y ,
.

A ll t h is w as sho wn m o re c l ea rly in 38 1 by t he a id o f
t h e g ra ph s .

E xerc i s e 1 68

So lv e b y t h e s q u a re r o o t m et ho d
1 1 3 3 1_
_

— 2
°

—
°

2 x 2+x x 4 x+ 4

5 a
3 . x+ 5 4 .

—
x/ x 5 m+ a
387 . A ny c ompl e te qua dratic e quati n o m ay b e re d u c e d to
th e n or ma l for m ,

ax
2
+ b x+ c 0,
a, b, and c deno t i ng a n y re a l n u m b e rs , pos i t iv e or ne gat iv e ,

in te g ra l or f ra c t i o n a l ,
t h o ug h a m ay n ot be 0 .
288 E L E M E N TARY ALG E BRA

Si n c e a ny c o m p et e q ua d r a t i c m a y b e
l re du c e d t o this f o rm ,

it is ca ll e d t h e g e n e r al qu a d r a tic .

To l y t h e s qu are root m ethod o f so lu t i o n t h e fi rs t m e m be r

a pp ,

m u st b e m a d e a s q ua r e Fo r t h i s pu r po s e t h e fo rm Of t h e
.

e q u a t i o n 18 c h a n g e d t o :

+ bx
2
ax

3 88 T he pro c ess o f m a k i n g t h e fi r s t m e m b e r o f a q u a d r a t i c
.

e q u a t i o n a s q u ar e is c a ll e d c o m pl e tin g th e s qua r e .

The v a lu e of a in t h e
g e n e r a l q ua d r a t i c ,
ax
2
+ bx + 0, m ay
be 1 , or it m a y b e a ny n u m b e r g r ea t e r t h a n 1 .

T O C O M PLE TE T HE SQUARE WHE N a IS 1

389 . C o n s id e r t h e a r ra n g e d trin omia l s quar e ,

2 g
x + 2 0 35 + c .

Tw o of t h e t e rm s are s q u are s an d the ot h er t e r m is t h e

prod u c t o f t h r e e f a c t o rs , v iz : T h e f a c t o r 2 , t h e s qu a re . roo t

o f t h e fi r s t ter m , a n d t h e s q u a re r o o t o f t h e l a s t te rm .

The bi n o m i a l x
2
+ 2 cx fi rs t a n d
r e pr e s e n t s t he s um o f the
se c o n d t e r m s o f a n y a r r a n ge d tr in omi a l s qua re Dividi ng t h e .

se c o n d t e r m 2 0 x by t wi c e t h e s q u a re r oo t of t h e fi rs t t e r m
, , ,

i e by 2 x t h e q u o t i e n t is c wh i c h is t h e s q u a r e r o o t of t h e
. .
, , ,

m i ss i n g t e rm A ddi n g 0 t o x + 2 cx w ill t herefo re compl ete

2
.
2

the s qu a re .

3 90 . R ul e . R edu ce the equa tion to the genera l form a n d a dd

to both member s the s qua r e of ha lf the coefiici en t of at .

To m a ke t h e fi t m mb
rs e er o f x
2 — 6rv = 7 a s q uar e we mus t
, a dd 9 to
b o t h m e m b er s , t hu Obt n n g
s ai i

13
? — 6x + 9 16
B y th e r oo t ax oi m, x —3 + 4
Wh en c e , x = 7, and —1

S ub s t i t u t e t h ese in t h e giv e n e q u at i o n a n d v e rify

C a r e f ull y o b s erv e t h e f o ll o w i n g i m po rt a nt t r u t h
2 90 E L E M E N TARY ALG E BRA

The of t h e ro o t s m u st b e t h e n e g at iv e coefi cien t of a:

s um

in t h e e q u a t io n in wh i c h t h e c o e ffi c i e n t o f x is 1
2
in
a n d t h e pr od u ct of t h e ro o t s m u s t b e t h e con s ta n t t e r m in t h e

s a m e e q u a t io n .

T h e s um o f t h e roo t s is 3 t h e c o e ffi c i e n t o f a: w i t h re v e r se d
,

Sign ; t h e produ c t is 3
— w hi c h i s t h e c o n s t a nt t e r m .

E x e r c i s e 1 70

S o lv e t h e fo ll o w i n g and v e rify
x
2— 1 68 — 2x 2 . 2x + 3x 2

350 2 — 1 02: 4 . 3x + 4x 2

2— 1 20 6 2x + 7 x2
y .

7 .
—
823 95 2
8 . n
2 — 1 1n

f 1 5 2
9 (c. 10 .
y + y
2 2
323 -
33 12 . x -
1 3r

n
2 — 1 1n 14 . 3x + x 2

333 2 — 95 — 11 2
2 8 = 0
16 .
y y +

393 . TO v o id f ra c t i o n s firs t m ul t i pl y b o t h m e m b e r s of t h e
a ,

eq u at io n by fou r time s the coefiicien t of

F or e xa m p e , l l
t o so v e : 2x2 15 0
M ultiply b y 8 , 561: 1 20 ,
D i v i d i n g 5 62: b y t w i c e t h e quare t of t he q uo ti en t is 7
'

2
s ro o 1 615 ,
.

S q uar in g 7 a nd a dd i n g ,
4 5 6x + 49 1 69
B y th e r oo t axio m ,
-
7
W h en c e ,
x = 5 and

I f t h e c o e ffi c i e n t o f x in t h e gi v e n e q ua ti o n is m a d e 1 t h e c o e ffi c i e n t o f
2
,

— a n d t h e c o n s t a n t t e r m is
a: is
g
T h e s um o f t h e r o o t s is é t h e c o e ffi c i e n t O f r w it h re v e r s e d Sig n ; t h e
,
.

p ro d u c t is
5
w h i c
-
h is t h e c o n s t a n t t e r m T h i s c h e c ks t h e w
. or k .

O b s er v e t h at t h e u m b e r a dd e d t o c o m pl e t e t h e
n sq u a re is
t he s qu a r e o f the coefil ci ent of a: i n the g iv en equ a tion .
 Q UA D RATI C E Q UATIO N S 29 1

E x erc i s e 1 7 1

C o m pl e t e t h e s q u a r e , olv e an d v e rify :

1 . 323 2 — 711: 2 . 2x 2 — 5x

3 . x — 2
12 4 . 3x 2 — 2x

5 . 42 2 — 7 51: 6 . 5r — 1 4r + 8 = 0
2

7 . m + 6m 2
8 . 3 u + 9u2

9 . 2n 2 —5 3y — l 0y + 3 = 0
2

— 10
2
2 1 = 0
y+
2
11 . x + 6x y

13 . 3t — 2 2
23 + 7s 2

B 2 — 1 2B
15 . a
2
+ 8a

S O L UTI O N B Y FOR MULA

3 94 . The + b x
eq + c = 0 m a y b e t a ke n t o r e p r e
u at i o n ax
2

se n t , o r t yp ify , a n y qua dr a ti c equ a ti on , in w h i c h a l l t erm s

h a v e b ee n t ra n s po s e d t o t h e fi rs t m e m b e r , t h e x t e r m s b e i n g
2-

co m b n e i d i nt o a i gl e
s n t e rm , as a s l o th e fit-t e r m s , a nd the
co n s t a nt t e rm s .

Th e l i
s o ut o n O f a x
2
b
+ +
x c = 0 giv es a fo rm ul a o r sh o rt ,

h a n d l a w fo r w ri t i n g t h e roo t s o f a ny e q u a t io n of t h a t f o r m .

C o m pl e t i ng t h e s q ua r e a n d s o lvi n g ,

T h i s is t h e fo r m ul a fo r wr i t i ng t h e r o o t s di r e ct l y wi t h o u t
c o m pl e t i n g t he s q u a re It is t h e fi n a l res u l t t h at is a l ways
.

a rr iv e d a t b y c o m pl et i n g t h e s q u a re a n d it m a y a l w a ys ,

b e w r i tt e n d o w n a t o n c e .
2 92 E LE M E N TARY ALG E BRA

N o t i ce t h e r e a re two r oo t s , v iz

2a

So lv e fo ll o w i n g b y t he fo rm ul a
1 . x
— 1 0x2

a
: 5 4. x/ 2 5 + 2 4

T :
12 and —2

2x 2 — 1 3x 1 5 = 0
2 .
+

B y t he u se o f t h is fo r m ul a w r i t e b y i n s pe c t i o n t h e r o ts of
o
t he eq u at i o ns at th e e n d o f E xe r c i s e 1 7 1 .

T O F I N D APPROXI M ATE VAL UE S OF ROO T S OF QUADRATI C E Q UA TI O NS

3 95 . O b s er v e t h e fo llo w i n g pr o c e ss fo r ca c l ul at i n g a ppr o x

im at e ro o t s
( 1) ( 2)
—9x + 1 6 = 0 — 1 2x + 2 5 = 0

- -

71
1 — 16 x
2 — 1 2x + 62 = 62 25 = 1 1

x +
g / x 17 -
x -
6 = + 3x/T1

x =4 x =6i 1 658 +
. .

x = 6 5 62 . x = 7 65 8 +
.

and 2 43 8 + a nd

O b ser v e in e a c h c a s e wh e t h e r t h e s um of t h e roo t s eq u al s
t h e c o e ffi c i e nt o f a: w i t h r e v ers e d Sig n .

E x erc i s e 1 7 2

Fi n d t h e a ppr o xi m a t e r o o ts t o t w o pl a c e s of d e c i m a l s of
,

t h e f o llo w i n g :
— 3x 2 . x
2— 5x + 3 = 0
294 E L E M E N TARY ALG E BRA
E xe rc i s e 1 7 3

So lv e t h e fo llowi n g eq u a t io n s
4 * *
+ 4x
2
1 . x 2 . x +x
6- 3
3 . x 5x 4 .

5 . x+ 6 fi e .

7 . x —
4
5x 2
s .

9 . 10 .

6
+ 4x
4 2 3
11 . x 12 . x + 2x
13 . x — 5 fi — I4 = 0 14 . 4a + 8

3 97 . So m e expr es s io ns ar e in q u a d rat i c fo rm with f

r e er en ce

to a compound expres s i on , su c h fo r ex a m pl e a s ,

a nd — 3=0
( x + 2)
2
( x+ 2 ) 12 x +3+2v x+ 3
T h ese u at i o n s m a y b e s olv e d b y f a c t o ri n g
eq , the fi rs t one

fo r ( x + 2 ) a n d t h e s e c o n d o n e fo r x/ x + 3 .

E x erc i s e 1 7 4

So lv e t h e f o llo w i n g by f ac t o r i n g
— — —3
1 . x 8 x/ x 2 .
(x (x
— 4x2 =
(
2
3 . x+ 6 4 . x + 2 0 77
2— 2— =
( + )
2
5 . e . x 8 5 x 4 o s4

3 98 . So m e u a t io n s m a y b e put
eq in t h e q u a dr at i c f o rm
by a ddin g a n u mber t o b o t h m e m b e rs . Fo r e xa m pl e ,

m a y be put in q u a drati c fo rm by a ddi ng 1 2 , t hu s

T h i s is in t h e q u a drat i c fo rm w i th r e fe r en c e t o 2 — 4x
x + 12 .

By f a c t o ri n g ,

S q uar i n g ,
x
2
4x 12 25 an d 16 .

x
2
4x 13 0
an d x
2 —
4x — 4 = 0
T he l as t two e q ua ti o n s i
a r e o rd n a r y q uad ra ti c e q ua ti o ns .
 Q UA D RATI C E Q U ATIO N S
E x e rc i s e 1 7 5

So lv e t h e fo ll ow i n g e q u a t i o n s in q u a drat i c f o rm :
1 . 3x + 5x —
4 2
s=0 2 . x 7x + l = 5
i = i 6x — 24 x = 8
3 . x + 5 x + 6 0 4 . x

3 — 2x l 8x = 4
’

3 8
x
-
5x . x

i—
5x 10 ( n + s)
“

x .

§— i
2x
" ‘

x ~

— ii
5 23 + / 4 —
2
20 x = 4 8
(
x 14 . x x x

— x = — 3
(x + 5 1 10

GRAPHI C AL S O LUTI O N OF QUADRATI CS

g
399 T h e r a ph c
.
i a l s o l u t io n O f q u a d r a t i c e q u a t io n s m a k e s

t he m e a n ni g of t h e r oo t s a n d t h e p o ss i b ili t y
,
O f s ol ut i o n s ,

so m e w h a t c l e are r .

T o so lv e gr a ph i c a ll y t h e e q u a t i o n

Fi rs t gr aph the fu n c t i o n 2
x
-
6x + 8 fo r t h e v a l ues
x = — 1, 0, 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, et c .
,

— 6x + 8 = + 1 5 , + 8 , + 3 , 0 , -
1 , 0, + 3 , + 8 , + 1 5, et c .
,

P l ot t i n g t h e s e p o i n t s a n d
c o nn e c t i n g t h e m a s in t h e fig u r e
“

g r a ph o f x 2 — 6x + 8
we h a v e t h e .

T o a s k fo r t h e v a lu es O f x t h at
giv e x 2
is to as k

w h at a re t he x— a ues
v l of t he
c r o s s i n g po i n t s of t he
-
g r a ph
o ve r t h e h o ri z o n t a l C l e a rl y .

t h es e v l = + 2 and
" ma fia , s pa c e
a ue s a r e x

2 -1 v e r c a spa ce
ti l
33 :
+4 .

G r a ph Of x
2 —6x + 8
curv e of t h e fig ure is
Th e
'

call e d a par ab ol a a nd a ny q u a d r a t i c li k e x
2
+ px + q a l w a ys

giv e s a pa ra bol a fo r it s g r a ph .
2 96 E L E M E N TARY ALG E BRA

400 . T h is fig ure giv es t h e g ra ph s o f fo ur qua d ra t i c s O b

t a in e d b y kee pi n g t h e c o n s t a nt t e rm e q u a l t o 1 2 an d c han g
ing t h e c o e ffi c i e nt of t h e
x t er m o n l y
-
.

Th e q u a d r a ti c s x + 7 x + 1 2
2

2—
a nd x 7 x + 1 2 giv e t h e s a m e
Shape o f c urv e ; e ith er b e i n g
t ur n ed ov e r t h e v er ti c a l a x i s
gi v es t h e o t h er T h e s a m e is
.

t ru e of th e gra ph s O f x + 8 x 2

+ 1 2 an d x
.
8x + 1 2
_
‘

G r ph f a + o 12
x
'
ax

T h i s m ay b e e xpr e s sed b y f sor (1 a

s a y i n g t h a t r e v e rs i n g t h e Sign
3 I?
o f t h e c o e ffi c i en t o f x in th e _ 7
(4 a

q ua d r a ti c t urn s t h e gr a ph S l ca e
2 = 1 v rti l P
,
e ca 8 a08
o v e r a ro un d t h e v e r t i c a l a x us .

Th e oo t s o f s u c h pa i r s o f q u a d ra t i c s are n um e r i c a ll y e q u al
r ,

but of o ppo s i t e s ig n s .

G iv e t h e r o ot s f r o m t h e figu r e fo r q u a d ra t i c e q u a t i o n s
ma d e b y pu t t i ng e a c h
of t h e f our q u a d ra t i c
t r i no m i al s e q u a l t o 0 .

A ll fo u r of t h e g ra ph s
g o t h r o ug h t h e p oi n t
+ 1 2 o n t h e v ert i c a l .

40 1 T h i s figu re s ho ws
.

t he g r a ph s O f qu a d r a t i c s
al l of w h i c h h a v e t h e
constant t e rm -
12 .

C o m pa re t h e g r a ph s of
t h e p a i rs

Gr a hp of x 2
+ ax 12
f or a +4
-
a A
a : +1
a = -
1

Sca l e
v rte ica l p s a ce
2 98 E L E M E N TARY AL G E BRA
E x erc i s e 1 7 6

So lv e t h e fo llo w i n g q u a d r at i c eq u at io ns g raph i c all y °

— 2
3x 2
1 . x 2 . x + 3x
2 — 5x 2
3 . x 4 . x +x
z— 2 =
5 . x x 6 . x + 5 x 0

CHARA C TER OF T HE ROO T S OF QUADRATI C E QUATI O NS

403 . The c h a r ac t e r O f the r o o t s o f a n y c o m pl e t e q u a d ra t i c
e q u at io n is d et erm i n e d by e x a m i n i n g t h e s o l ut io n s of

+ bx + c 0
2
ax

In t h i s di s c u s s i o n it is ass u m e d t h a t a, b, and c a re r ea l
n u m b ers a is g r e at e r t h a n
,
z ero , a n d b and c a re e it h e r p o s i
t iv e o r n e g at iv e .

D e n ot i n g t h e root s b y r l a n d T2 , w e have th e v a l ues :

b x/b 4a o
2

2a 2a
The u re o f t h e t w o r o o t s a s r e a l o r i m a gi n a ry r a t i o n al
n at , ,

2—
or i rr a t i o n a l d e pe n d s o n t h e v a l u e o f b 4 a o
,
.

2—
T h e e x pr e ss io n b 4 ao is c a ll e d t h e d i s c rim in an t o f t h e
root s .

404 O b se rvi n g t h e fo rm ul a s fo r r l a n d 7 2 it is e vid e nt

.
,

th a t :
1 . When the di scr imin a n t i s a s qua re the r oots a re rea l ,

r a ti on a l , a n d u ne qu a l .

2 . When the di s cr imin a n t i s equ a l to r

ze o the r oots a re r ea l ,

r a tion a l , a nd equ a l .

3 . When the discr imina n t i s a p os itiv e nu mb e r no t a

s qua re the r oots a re r ea l a n d conj ug a te su rds .

4 . When the discrimin a n t is a neg a tiv e num be r the roots

a r e con u ga te c om p l ex n um bers
j .

A c ompl ex n um be r is a n um b er of th e f orm a +bv — 1, a an d b

d e n o ti n g l n um b e r s
rea .

Th e n um b e r s a + b \/ an d — b V — 1, conj u ga te co mpl ex
‘

a ar e

n u m ber s .
 Q UA D RATI C E Q UATIO N S 2 99

40 5 . It fo ll o ws t h at we c a n d e t e rm i n e t h e n at u r e o f t he
r oo t s o f a n y q u a d ra t i c e q u at i o n w i t h o ut so lvi n g it . For
e x am p e l
3x2 — 7x + 2 = 0

In t hi s eq u at i o n b — 4a c = 25
2
. Si n c e 2 5 is u are t h e
a sq ,

ro ots are re a l rat i o n a l

, ,
a n d u ne q u a l . B ut t a ke t he e q u a t io n

4x 2 0

In t h i s e q u at io n b2— 4a o — 24 . Sin c e — 24 is a ne g at iv e

n um b e r , t he r oo t s are c on ug a te co mp l e x n umber s
j .

E x e rc i s e 1 77

B y t he use o f di s c r i m i n a nt d e t erm i n e
t he t he n at ure of

the r oo t s o f ea c h o f t h e f o ll o wi n g e q u a t i o n s :

1 . 4x — 2
7x + 3 = 0 2 . x — 2
7x

2x — 4x + 2 = 0
2 2
5 6 = 0
3 . 4 . x + x +
5 . 5x + 8 x
2
6 . x — 3x + 5 = 0
2

7 —2
5 1 = 0 2
3 5 = 0
7 . x x + 8 . x + x +
9 . 4x — 2
4x + 1 = 0 10 . x
2 — 5x

11 . 4x + 6x
2
12 . x — 2
5x + 8 = 0

13 . Fo r w h a t v a lu es o f n will 2x + n x + 8 = 0 h a v e
2
eq ual
r oo t s ? I rr a t i o a l r o o t s
n ?

14 . F o r w h a t v a l ue Of a w ill ax — 12 x + 6 = 0
2
h ave eq ual
r oo t s ? I m a gi na ry r oo t s ?
15 . Fo r w h at v a lu e s o f n w ill 3 x + 2n x + 3 = 0 h a v e
2
eq ual
ro o t s ? I m a gi na ry root s ?
16 . Fo r w h at v a lu es o f c w ill 5x — 1 0x + c = 0
2
ha ve eq u al
r oo t s ? R e a l ro o t s ? I m a gi na ry ro ots ?
17 . For w h at v a lu es of n will h av e
e qua l r oo ts ? Fi n d t h e co rres po n di n g v alu es of x .
3 00 E L E M E N TARY ALG E BRA

406 . By dividi n g bo t h m em b e rs of t he g en e r a l q u a d ra t i c
eq uat io n + +bxax c =2
0 by t h e c oe ffi c e nt i of x t h e e q u at io n
2
, ,

be c o m es O f t h e fo rm
x
2
2 x =
+ p +q 0
in w h i c h p a n d q a r e po s i t iv e g at i v e i n t e g r a l
’

or ne ,
or

t io n a l , a n d 2 p is a n y c o e ffi c i e n t of x .

Th e s olu t i o n s o f t h i s i
e q ua t o n a r e , by 394 or 403 .

r, —
q

The su m o f the two r oo ts f

o x
2
2 x =
+ p + q 0 is — 2
p, the
co e ffi ci en t o f x with r eve r s ed s ign .

The p rod u ct of the two roo ts 2 =

f + p + q 0 is q, the
2
o x x

con s ta n t ter m of the equ a ti on .

40 7 . The fo re g o i n g pr i n c i pl es
t wo e n ab el us to f o rm
q u a d r a t i c e q u a t i o n s w i t h giv e n r oo t s .

—
I f t he r oo t s of a q ua d r a t i c e q u at o n i a re 9 a nd 5 , t he
c oe ffi c i e n t o f x is 4, a nd t he c o n st a n t t e r m is —4 5 . T he
e q u a t i o n t h e n is

2
x + 4x
It h a s l
a re a dy bee n pr o ve d 2 1 5 , 3 84 - 5 , th a t if ( x + 9)
— = 0 t he —9
( x 5 ) ,
r o o t s ar e a nd 5 .

O b s er v e t h a t t h e k n o w n n u m b e rs in —5 =0
) ,
a re

t h e r o o t s of t h e e q u a t io n wi th their signs r ev er s ed .

To FOR M A QUADRA TI C E QUATI O N WITH G IVE N ROO T S

408 . Rul e . S u btr a ct ea ch o f the r oots from x a nd pl a ce
p rodu c t o f the two r ema in der s equa l to ze ro .

Th e e q u a t i o n w h o se ro o t s a r e 6 a n d
— 7 is
=0
( x ,
or

x
2
+x 42 0 .
302 E L E M E N TARY ALG E BRA
E x er c i s e 1 7 9

F a c t or the fo llo w i n g :
1 . a
2
4a 1 x — 2 —
8x 2 n — 2
6n + 1 1

4 . a
2
6a 3 2
x + 4x — 4 n — 2
6n + 1 3

7 . a
2
2a + 4 2
x + 8x —
8 — 16

2
5a 1 — 2
3x + l + 9n + 2 3
2
10 . a 11 . x 12 . 77

PRO BLE MS I N QUA D RA TI C E QUA TI O NS

41 0 . Si n c e q u a d r a t i c e q uat o ns i have two ro ot s , a pr o b e ml
wh ose l
s o ut o n i i n v o lv e s s u c h i
a n e q u a t o n a pp are nt ly h as t wo
v a l ues o f t h e u n k n o w n n u m b e r o r t w o r oo t s ,
.

B o t h r o o t s m a y sa t i s fy t h e e q u at i o n b ut o n l y o n e of t h e m ,

m a y s at i s fy t h e c on d i tion s of the pr obl em E s pe c i a ll y is t h i s .

t ru e w h e n t h e r o o t s a re s u r d s o r i m a gi n a r y .

In so lvi n g pr o b l e m s t h at i n v o lv e q u a d ra t i c s w e s h o uld ,

e x a m i n e t h e r o o t s o f t h e e q u a t i o n a n d r e j e c t a ny r o o t t h a t

d o es n o t s at i sfy t h e re q u i r em e nt s of t h e pr ob l e m .

E x e r c i s e 1 80 P r ob l e m s in Q ua d rati c s

So lv e t h e foll o w i n g p r o b e m l
s :

1 . The s um of t wo u m b e rs
n is 42 , and t h e i r pr o du c t is
416 . Fi n d t h e t wo n u m b e rs .

2 . Th e s um of t he sq u a re s O f t h re e c o ns e c u t iv e n um b e rs is
590 . Fi n d t h e t h re e n um b e r s .

3 . A re ct a ngul a r fi e ld o f 4 a c r e s is 12 ro d s l o n g er t h a n it
is wid e . W h at a r e t h e di m e n s i o n s ?
4 Th e q uo t i e nt o f o n e
. n u m b er di vid e d b y a n ot he r is 7,
a n d t h e i r pr o du c t is 2 8 0 0 . Fi n d t h e n u m b e rs .

5 . If the s um of the s qu a re s of t h re e c o n se c u t iv e e ven

n u m b e rs is 98 0 , w h at a re t he n u m b e rs ?
 Q UA D RATI C E Q UATIO N S 30 3

6 . Wh at is t h e prIce o f e gg s pe r d o z en w h en 5 l ess fo r 50 6
i n c r ea s e s t h e pr i c e 6¢ a d o ze n ?

7 . Fi n d two c on s e c ut iv e odd n u m bers t he s um o f w h os e

s q u a r es e x c e e ds 20 t im e s t h e l a rger n umb e r b y 94 .

8 . T h e p e r i m e t er o f a rec t a n gu l ar fi e ld is 84 r od s ,
and the
’

a re a is 4 3 2 s q u a r e r o d s . Fi n d t h e di m e n s i o n s .

9 . Th e su m of tw o n um b e r s is 24 , and t h e i r pr o d u c t is
1 39 . Fi n d t h e n u m b e r s a nd p o
r v e yo u r a nswe r .

10 . Th e di ff ere n c e b e t wee n t w o n u m b e r s is 1 6, and t h ei r

pr o duct is 1 380 . Fi n d t h e n um b e r s .

11 . T h e pe r i m e t e r o f a r e c t a n g ul a r fi e ld is 1 1 4 ro ds ,
and

th e a r e a is 5 a c r e s Fi n d t h e di m e n s io n s
. .

12 . So lv e t h e f o rm u l a (t = — 2
g t foér t a n d g .

13 . Th e sum o f two even n u m b e rs is 4 8 , and t he s um o f

t hei r sq u a res is 1 2 24 . Fi n d th e n um b e r s .

14 . Th e s um Of tw o n um b e r s is 40 , a nd t h e i r pro du c t is
3 98 i . Fi n d t he n u m b e rs . P r o v e yo u r a n sw e r .

15 . T he s um o f t wo n u m b e rs is 96 , and t h e i r p ro du c t is 1 8
t i m es as m uc h . Fi n d t he n u m b e rs .

16 . Solv e t h e fo rm u l a a
2 = b2 + c
2
fo r b a nd c .

17 . T h e h y po t e n use of a r igh t t r i a n gl e is 9 f e et l o ng e r
th an o n e l e g a n d 2 fee t l o ng e r t h a n t he ot h e r l eg . Fi n d t h e
t h r ee Sid es of the t r i a n gl e .

18 . At 1 5 ¢ u a re f o o t it
a sq , c ost $ 99 t o l a y a p a r q u e t
fl o o r in a r o o m wh ose l e n gt h is 8 f ee t m o re t h a n it s w id t h .

Fi n d t h e di m e n sio n s of t h e fl o o r .

19 . The di m e n s i o n s of a c e rt a i n r ec t a ngl e a n d it s di a g o n a l
a re re pr e se n t e d b y t h re e c o n se c ut iv e e v e n n u m b ers W h at .

a re h m
t e di e s i o s o
n n f t h e re c a gl
t n e ?
3 04 E LE M E N TARY AL GE BRA

20 . A c a r pe n t e r d ays m o r e t h a n h e r e c e iv e d
w o rke d 3 0
do ll a rs pe r d a y for his l a b o r a n d e a r n e d $ 1 7 5 H ow m a ny .

d ays did h e w o rk a n d h o w m u c h did h e r ec e iv e p e r d ay ?

21 . Two n um b e rs di ff e r b y 1 T h e . s q ua re of t heir s um

e x c ee ds t he s u m o f t h e i r s q u a r es b y 2 2 0 . Fi n d the n u m b e rs .

'

22 . T h ere a r e 32 sq .
y d in . a re ct an gl e w h o s e l e n gt h is 18
t im es t h e w id t h . Fi n d the l e ng t h in f eet .

Fi n d t w o n um b e rs w h o s e di ff e r e n c e is
23 . 6, and wh ose
s um m ul t i pli e d b y t h e s m a ll e r n u m b e r is 7 5 6 .

24 . Fi n d t h e Sid e o f a s q ua re whose a r ea is d o ub l e d by
i n c r e a s i n g it s l e n gt h 9 y d . and it s w id t h 6 yd .

25 . On e s q ua re fi e ld is 10 rd l o n g e r t h a n a n ot h e r
.
,
an d the
a r ea o f b o t h is 1 1 0 8 s q . rd . Fi n d t h e l e n gt h o f ea c h .

26 . Fi n d the n u m b e rs t he s um Of w h o se two digi t s is 1 3

an d t he s um o f t he s q ua r e s o f whose digi t s is 8 9 .

27 . Th e n u m b e r O f s q ua re i nc hes in t h e u rfa c e o f a c u b e
s

exc e e ds t he n um b er o f i n c h es in t h e s um o f it s e dg e s b y 1 1 7 0 .

Fi n d the vo lum e of t h e c ub e .

28 . A m an bo ug h t a pi e c e l a n d fo r $4 050 H e
of . so ld it at

35 3 a n a c re , m a ki n g a pr o fi t e q u a l t o t h e c o s t o f 16 a c r es .

Ho w m an y a c r e s did h e b uy ?

29 . A m er c ha n t ld s o m e d a m a g e d g o od s fo r $ 24 a n d l o st
so

a pe r c e n t e qu a l t o t h e n u m b e r O f d o ll a r s h e pa id fo r t h e g oo d s .

Fi n d t h e c o st of t h e g o o d s .

30 . Th e l e n gt h of a r e c t a n gl e e x c ee d s it s w id t h b y 7 r d .

If the di m e n s i o n s w e re i n c r e a se d 5 r d it would c o nt a i n .
,

5 a c re s . Fi n d t h e di m en s i o n s o f t h e re c t a n gl e .

31 . A m e r c h a nt b o ug ht lace fo r 3 1 0 0 . H e k e pt 3 0 ya r d s
a nd s old t h e r e m a i n d er fo r as m u c h as it a l l c os t , g ai n i n g 75 ¢
a ya r d H o w m an y ya r d s did h e b uy ?
.
3 06 E L E M E N TARY ALG E BRA

On t h e s a m e r e e r e n ce
f li n es g ra ph i n g
,

( 2 ) fo r

x + 2, 2

y + 3, 5
gi ve s t h e s t r a igh t li n e m a rke d y 2x 1
in t h e fig u re .

T h e s o l u t i o n s s o ug h t a r e t h e x a n d
y
-
di s t a n c e s o f t h e c r o ss i n g p o i n ts o f -

t h e g ra ph s o f ( 1 ) a n d

Sc ab
The x a nd y
-
va l u es m u s t be so pa ired
1 h o r iz o nt a ' spa ce tha t both '
n u m ber s f
o each p r
a i bel on g
" mm “” a “
to the sa me cr ossin g p oin t -
.

The lut i o n s a re : x = 0 y
so 1 and x = + 2 y = + 3
, , ,
.

41 4 T h e g r a ph o f ( 1 ) is a pa r ab o l a a n d a ny t wo-l e t t e r
.

e q u a t i o n o f t h e s e c o n d d e g ree w i t h o nl y one va ri a bl e ra ised to

the s econ d power a n d w i t h o u t a n x y t e rm giv es a par ab ol a -

,

fo r it s g ra ph .

41 5 . S u ppo se li n e to st a rt f ro m t h e po s i t i o n m a rke d
a

y 2 x 1 m o v i
,
n g a c r o s s t h e p a r a b o l a p a r a l l e l t o t h e s t a rt i n g
p o s i t i o n t o t h e li n e y 2 x I n e v e r
.
y p o s i t i o n t h er e w o uld b e

two c r o ss i n g po m t s u nt il t h e po s i t io n y = 2 x is r e a c h e d
-
At .

t h i s po s it io n t h e t w o c r o ss i n g po i n t s b l e n d i n t o on e t h e li n e
-
,

b e c o m i n g ta n gen t t o t h e pa r ab ol a .

B eyo n d t h e p o s i t io n y = 2 x t he re would be n o c r o s s i n g
p o i n t O f t h e li n e a n d t h e p a r a b o l a .

= —
St a rt i n g f ro m t h e li n e y 2 x 1 a n d m o vi n g pa r a ll e l t o
i t se lf t o w a r d t h e righ t t h e re w o u ld a l ways b e two c r o ss i n g
,

p o i n t s R
. e c a lli n g t h a t e v er y c r oss i n g p o i n t giv es a v -
a lu e o f
x an d o f y w e o b ser v e t h at :
,

I Ther e a r e in gen era l two s ol utio ns of a s ys tem ma d e u p

.

of a pa r a bo l ic a n d a l i n ea r equ a ti on .

II . Whe n the l i n e i s ta ng en t to the pa ra bol a there is bu t o n e

s o l u tio n, o r s in ce the two c ross in g p oin ts coa l e s ce , we ma y s a y
-
.

two e qua l sol u ti on s .

 S I M ULTA N E O US S Y S TE M S 30 7

III . F or a n equa ti on r epr es en tin g a l in e b eyo nd the ta n gen t

po si ti o n there i s no re al s o l u tio n . A l g ebr a s hows tha t there a re
two so l u tion s even her e, bu t tha t they a re imag ina ry .

416 . Th e l
s o ut o n j u s t giv e n is t h e g raph i c a l s o l ut i o n
i
of th e s ys t e m . We n o w g i v e t h e al g e b r ai c s o l ut i o n O f t h e
s a m e s ys t e m .

Wr i t i n g t h e e q u at o n s i thus

(1)
2
x

y 2x 1 ( 2)
s ub s t i t ut e t he l
v a ue Of y f rom ( 2 ) in s i m plify ,
a nd find :
x —2
2x = 0

Wh e n c e x =0 a nd +2
, ,

Su b s t i t u t i n g t h e s e v a l ue s of x in we fi nd

y 1, and +3

T he so lu t i o n s a re the n um ber pa i r s :

x =0 x = +2
, ,

an d
— l = +3
y , y

T h e s e v a l ue s a g r e e w i t h t ho s e of t he g r a ph i c a l s o ut o n l i .

E xe r c i s e 1 8 1

So lv e t h e fo ll o win g s ys t e m s a l g e b r a i c a ll y
x
2
+ 3x -
y
= 18
[ 2x 2 — 6x
+y 8=
— 2 = 2x
l — 4x — 4
'

y y

2—2 = 5 Q—
5 y+ 3 x = 6
y y+ x v
— 2 =3 2y — 3x = 4
x y

f -
y
=5
f 3x —2
9x —
y
=2

l 3 x —
y
-
5 l 3x —
y
=2
30 8 E L E M E N TARY ALG E BRA
41 7 So lv e the s ys t e m x/ fl
2 2
. ne xt x +y 25 y d:
fl)
—
—
(1)
2
t x

'
l x -
l (2)
G ra ph i n g ( 1) = i —x 2 u s i n g
y

33 :
+ 6, + 5 , + 4, + 3 ) + 2, + 1; 07 _
1’ _
2; _
4) _
5) —6
y

e t c , a n d c a l c u l a ti n g y
. fr o m y =l=
V 25 — x 2 fi n d ,

y
= ima
g 0 ,
.
i 3 ,
+ 4
,
=5
zi t 4 0, .
d : + 4, + 3, 0 , imag
, ,

etc .

G ra p h i n g t h ese pa i r s , l ayi ng
o ff t h e v a l ue s w i t h d o u b l e s ig n

bo th upwa rd a nd d ow n wa rd ,
Ob t a i n t h e c i r c l e O f t h e fig u re .

G r a ph i n g n ow the li n e y
x — 1, Ob t a i n th e s t r a ig h t li n e

of th e figu re .

The i g po i nt s giv e t h e
c ro ss n -

fo ll o w i n g s o l ut i o n s
x= —3
+ 4, x ,

y
:
+ 3) y _
4

T h i s is t h e r
g pa hi ca l s ol u tion .

—
Su pp o se a li n e s h o uld st a r t fro m t h e p o s i t i o n x y = 1 a n d
—
m o v e u pw a r d a c r os s t h e c i r c l e , ke e pi n g p a r a ll e l t o x y = 1 ,
t h r o ug h —
t h e po s it i o ns x y = 0, — = — 3 to x — =
x y , y
or d o wn wa r d t h r o u gh t h e po s it io n = 4 to x x —
y ,

In e v e ry p os i t i o nt h e li n e giv e s t wo c r o ss i n g p o i n t s w i t h ’
-
th e
c i rc l e u n t il t h e ta ngen t po s it i o n s a re re a c h e d w h e re
, ,
th e
t wo c r oss i n g p oi nt s b e c o m e one po in t O f c o nt a c t
-

Fo r a t a n g e n t pos i t i o n s t h e sys t e m w ould

li ne beyon d t h e
giv e t w o ima gin a r y so l ut i o n s F o r t h e t a n g e n t po s i t i o n s
.

O f t h e li n e w e m ig h t a g a i n s a y t h e r e a r e two equ a l so lu t io n s .

Fo r t h e u pp e r t a n g e n t p oi n t
-
x
+1
3—
fl , y
= and

fo r t h e l o we r t a nge n t po i n t ,
-
x g
-
2, y
 10 E LE M E N TARY ALG E BRA

4 20 . The a l gebr a i c s ol u ti on is O b t a i n e d b y s ub st i t u t i n g
the v a lu e of y f r o m ( )
1 in O b t a in i n g

R e du c i n g — 1 60 x
+ 4 00 4 00
2
,
3 2x
Or , x —
2
5x = 0
W hen ce , x =0 and an d f om ( 1 ) —4 and
, + 5, r y ,
0 .

Th e g r a p h sh o w s t h at t h e 0- v a lu e m u s t b e pa i re d wi t h
Of x

Of
—
t he 4 -
v a lu e y, and t h at t h e + 5 an d 0 a l s o b e l o n g t o
g et h er .

Th e g ra ph for t h e eq u at i o n 1 6x + 2 5 y = 4 00 , is
2 2
an e ll ips e .

M o vi n g —
t h i s li n e 4 x 5 y = 2 0 p a r a ll e l t o i t self a c r oss t he
e lli ps e s h o w s t h er e a re a l w ays two c r o ss i n g po i n t s
-
,
and h en c e
two p a ir s o f va l u es o f x a nd y, sa v e fo r t he ta ngen t posi tion s ,

w h er e t h e re w o uld b e on l y one pa i r o r as we pre f e r t o s a y

, ,

two equ a l pa i rs .

An a lg e b r a i c l io n w ould Sh o w t h a t wh en t h e li n e do e s
s o ut

n ot t ou c h t h e e lli ps e t h e re w o uld b e t w o im a g in a r y v a lu es

of x and y .

4 21 . A
dr a t i c e q u at i o n w i t h n o xy t erm b ut c o n t ai n i ng
q ua
-

t h e s q u a re t e rm s of b o t h v a r i ab l e s t h e c o e ffi c i e n t s o f t h e se
-
,

t e r m s b e i n g of t h e sa m e Sig n giv es a g r aph t h a t iS a n el l i pse

'

.
,

E xe rc i s e 1 83

So lv e t h e fo llo w i n g s ys t e m s a lge b r a i ca ll y :

2
4 x + 9y it 2
36 4 23 + 9y 2
36

7x — 4y = 1 0 5x — . 3y = 3
x
2
1
+ y6 = 16 2
9x + y = 9
2 2

422 So lv e t h e sys t em :
‘

—
y
2= 16 or y
=
x/ xi— l 6 2

- =2 or =x— 2
y y
 S I M ULTA N E O US S Y S T E M S 311

In e q ua t o n i 1) fo r al l v a l ues of x b e t w ee n — and
4 + 4 the
v a l ue s of y a re i m a gi n a ry . C a l c u l a t e y fo r t h e gi v e n x

va l ues ,
find

x= + 10, + 8, + 5, + 4, +

4, 5, s
y
+ 92 ,
+ 69 ,
+ 3, 0, 0 + 3, + 69 ,

Pl o tt i n g t h e s e po i n t s , dr aw i n g the g r a ph ,
and g r a ph i n g
f =0 — — —
i
e qua t o n ( )
2 o r x 2 and x
, y
4 y , ,
6 Ob t a i n
,

t h e p i c t u r e o f t h e figu re s h o w n .

T h e g ra ph o f e q u a t i o n ( 1 ) is a h ype rb ol a . It h as t w o
di s c o n ne c te d pa r t s o r br a n c hes T h e r e IS b ut
,
. one c r oss n i g

S ca l e

1 h or o n a sp ce
iz t l a

2 1 v e r ca spa ce
t i l

po i n t of the li n e and u r v e T he fig ure S h o w s w h y

c . . Th e
g r a ph s h o ws the x a n d y v a l ue s fo r t h i s c ro s s i n g p o i n t
- -
to be
x = + 5, a nd = +3
y .

423 . Th e
lg e b r ai c so l ut i o n giv es b y s u b s t i t ut i n g
a the v a lu e
o f y f r o m ( 2 ) in ( 1 ) (x
2
x 16
R e d uc i ng w e fi nd ,
4 x = + 20 , ,

(I) +5 .

T h i s v a lu e o f x ,
s u b st it u t e d in e q ua t o n i giv es
y +3 .

T h e s e v a l ues o f x an d y a g ree wit h t h e g r a ph i c a l so lu t i o n .

3 12 E L E M E N TARY ALG E BRA

42 4 . A q u a d r at i c eq u at i o n h a vi n g b oth x
2
a nd y t erm s
2-

wi t h o pposi t e Sig n s n o x y t e r m
,
-
b e i ng p r e se n t , a l w a ys
giv es a h ype rb ol a fo r it s g r a ph .

C o u ld t h e st r a igh t li n e b e t ur n e d aro und so t h a t it w o uld

ou t both br a n ches of t h e h yp e r b o l a ? H ow m a ny v alu es Of x

an d of y w ould t h e se b e ?

E xe rc s ei 1 84

So lv e th e f o ll o wi n g s ys t e m s a lg e b ra i c a ll y '

x
2 — 2 =
7 x
z— = 13 2 —2 2=
45
y y x y
— =1 x — =1 — =5
x y y x y

x
2 —
y
2=
27 x —2
y
2=
5 5 f y x
z— 2 = 80

x — =3
y x —
y =5
l x — 3 y =6

42 5 . So lv e t h e s ys t em

xy = 1 2, or y ( 1)
—x= 1 = x+ 1
y ,
or y ( 2)
In eq u at io n ( 1 ) ca c l ul at e y fo r t h e follo wi n g as s umed
v a lu e s o f x ,

x=
— 2 — — 12
+ l 2 , + 6, + 3, + 2, + 1 , 1, ,
-
3, -
4, 6,
= — — — 4 — — — 1
y + 6, + 1 2 , 1 2, 6, , 3, 2,

P l o t t h e se p o nit s ,
a n d d r aw
g r a ph O b t a i n i n g a c u r v e
the ,

for x y = 1 2 Sh o w b o t h b r a n c h e s o f t h e c u r v e
. .

B ot h b r a n c h e s t o g e t h e r a re spo ke n o f a s a s i n gl e c u r v e ,

t h e hyp er bol a .

G r a ph i n g eq u at io n ( 2 ) on the sa m e axe s , u s i n g t h e f o ll o w
in g p oi nt s ,
x= + 3, 0, -
1, -
4
= +4 + 1 0) _
3)
y ) )

th e s t r a ig h t li n e g ra p h fo r y = x + 1 is O b t a i n e d .
3 14 E LE M E N TARY ALG E BRA
E x erc i s e 1 8 5

—5

3 xy = 2 1 5 x y = l 50 7 xy = 98
x — 8y — 1 x
— — 1 x — 5y — 3
y

42 9 . Th e m ai n g r a ph i c a l s olu ti on O f e q u a t i o n s
u se o f the
t o pu pil s is t o e n a b l e t h e m t o s ee t h e m ea n i n g o f s o lu t io n s ,

a n d t o u n d e r s t a n d w h y r oo t s a r e p a i r e d in a c er t a i n w a y .

F o r pr a c t i c a l w o r k of so lvi n g eq u a t i o ns t he
lg eb r a i c
a

so lu t i o n , a s giv e n in 4 1 6, 4 1 8 , 4 2 0 , 4 2 3 a n d 4 28 s h o uld ,

al w a ys b e u s e d In t h e e xerc i s es. t h at foll o w t h e a lg eb ra i c

m et h od is t o b e e m pl oye d .

E x e rc i s e 1 8 6

So lv e t h e fo ll o w i n g sys t e m s a n d pa i r t h e r oot s pro per l y

2
27 — 2 =4
x +y x y
x 3 =
+ y 10
y x

2
+ 1 2
+y = 20 2
y x x x

x= y
— 4 x+ =6
y

—
xH y
2
26 x
2
+y
2 = 73

x
— =6 — 2x = 1 3
y y

3x 2
+ 8y
2
1 47 x
2
2 =
+ y 89
2

x
—
y
=2 x+ y= 1 1

5x + y xy = lo
2 2
45
x + 2y 12 — x =3
y

xy 18 xy = 24
x+y= 9
— =2
x y

x 2
+ y = 10 2

x — =7
y
 S I M ULTA N E O US S Y ST E M S 3 15

x
2 = 12 — y
— =0 — 14
x y

— 2
+ xy + y
2 = 61
m n=3 x

x+y = 9
mn = 1 8
z=
ac + 0
2
76 x
2
+y 65
a + c = 14
= 11 — x
y

— = 19 4x — 3 y 91
2 =
m 2
mn + n 2 x

— 2x = 1
m — n= 3 3y

m +n +
2
m n = 39 2 x y+ y
2 = 40
—4
—
m n =3 y
-
3x

2a — 5y =0 m + 2x = 2 7
a
2—
3y = 13 2 mx = 8 5

a
2
+b
2 — a ~

b= 18
a +b

ab + a
2 = 40
—
b 3a —4

c
Z -
5d 2
76
—
4 c 5d = 2 9

3x y + x 2 —2 2 = 5 2
y 3m — 2n = 23
2x + 3y 36 m 2
2 mn = 4 5

2c -
d = 35
cd = 57

m — n
z=2
16 xy = 4

= — =0
u+ 2 m 13 x y

— = 19 + 4 =
2
7 6
4m 2
9n z
p q
= —
3p q = 2 1
3n + 2 m 19

— 2 =
m 2
+n — 2 —
m n = 50 3x y 275
2

— 3 —
5
mn = 30 x y
3 16 E LE M E N TARY ALG E BRA

43 0 . S pe c i a l M e th o d s . So m e sys t e m s m ay b e c o nv en

ie n t l y so lv e d b y s p ec ai l m et h od s as w e ll as by s u b s t i t ut i o n .

43 1 . One of t h esei l m et h od s is t o divid e t h e giv e n

spe c a

e q u a t io n s m em b er b y m e m b e r o b t a i n i n g a d e r iv e d e q u a t i o n
, ,

w h i c h w i t h o n e o f t h e giv e n e q u at io n s fu rn i sh e s a s ys t e m O f
, ,

e q u at io n s e q uiv a l e n t t o t h e giv e n sys t e m a n d t h e n t o s o lv e ,

t h e d e r iv e d syst e m .

( )
a O b s e r v e c a r e full y t h e f o ll o w i n g s o lu t i o n O f t h e syst e m
— = 33
(1)
2 2
x y
x+ y= 11 ( 2)
Dividi n g ( 1 ) by — =3
x y (3)
Th e sy s t e m i i g o f ( 2 ) a n d ( 3 ) is s i m pl er t h a n t h e
c o n s st n
‘

giv e n s ys t em a n d t h e s i m pl er sys t e m giv es x = 7 a n d y = 4 .

T h es e are a l l t h e roo t s fo r ( 1 ) r e pres en t s a h yper bol a a n d

,

( )
2 a s t r a ig h t li n e a n d t h,
e y c r oss ino n l y o n e p o i n t .

( b) Solv e the syst e m :

3 6m2 — 2 = 8 19
p
6m — — 39
p
Dividi n g ( 1 ) by 6m + p 21 -

Th e sys t e m ( 2 ) a n d ( 3 ) is e q uiv a l e nt
a n d it s ro o t s a r e :

m = — 5 an d p = + 9

E x e r c i s e 1 87 '

So lv e t h e f o ll o w i n g s ys t em s , dividi n g w h e n po ss ibl e
a n d p a i ri n g res ul t s p r o pe r l y :

9x 2
4y 2
30 8
3x 2y 14
3 18 E LE M E N TARY ALG E BRA

The giv e n sys t e m is t h en eq uiv a l e n t t o the two s ys t e m s

_
y
z _
5 x
2 _ 2 = _
5
y
a nd
x+ y= +5 x+y — 5

Dividi n g t h e fi rst i
e q ua t o n s by t h e se c o n d , o bt ain
— —
1 a d x — =
x y n y +1
C o m b i n i n g t h ese w i t h t h e sec o n d e q uat o ns o f i the d e riv e d
s ys t e m , w e h ave :
x = 2 an d y
=3
, and x — 2 a nd
y

( c) So lv e th e sys t e m
2
113
2
+y 40
xy 12

M ul t i pl yi n g ( 2 ) by 2 and a ddi n g to ( I) , o b t ai n
x
2 =
+ y+ y 64
2 x
2

x+ y 8
2 xy 24 f ro m ( 1 )
2
x
2
2 xy + y 1 6,
Or , x — i 4
y

N ow from ( 3 ) and (4 ) we fo rm t h e fou r sys t e m s wh i c h are

t o g et h e r e qu iv a l e nt to the giv e n sys t em v iz : ,

.

x +y = +8 x +y = +8
— = — —4
x y +4 x y

x+ y
— 8 x+ y -
8
— = — —4
x y +4 x y

Sys t em I =6 = 2 II iv e s =2 =6
’

giv e s x , y , , g
x , y ,
I I I giv es
,

x — 2 — 6, and I V giv e s x
— 6, y -
2 H en ce , the
, y
.

so lu t i o n s of t h e giv e n s ys t e m a r e

x=
—2 an d — 6,
+ 6, + 2 , ,

= and — 2
y + 2 , + 6, -
6, .

Th e t
s ys e m ( 1) a nd ( 2)b o th qu a d ra ti c e q u ati o n s s o t h a t t h i s
ar e ,

p ro b l e m li es a littl e b e yo n d t h e l i m it s s e t for t h i s b oo k B u t t h e m e t h o d .

in m os t o f it s p a r t s is so li ke t h a t for s ys t e m s m a d e up of one q uad r a ti c

 S I MU LTA N E O US S Y S TE M S 3 19

an d on e li n e ar asit w ith i n t h e pupil s c o m pr eh en s i o n Th e

t o b r in g
’
.

r e as o n t h e r e a re so m an y so l u ti o n s li es in t h e f a c t t h a t t h e g r a p h o f

( 1 ) is a c i r c l e a n d O f ( 2 ) a h yp e rb o l a s i n c e a c i r c l e a n d a h yp erb o l a
.
, ,

in g e n e r a l c ross e a c h o t h e r in fo ur po i n t s
,
.

433 . fo ll o wi n g li st o f e xe rc i s e s w e Sh a ll i n c l u d e
In t h e a

fe w s ys t e m s in t w o q u a d r a t i c s o f t h e t yp e O f t h e l as t .

E xe r c i s e 1 8 8

S o lv e t h e fo ll o w i n g sy s t e m s O f e q u a t o n s : i

4r 2
6 1 s + 93
’ 2
73
rs = 12

13
2 2 = 49
64 m + n = 2
3 56 2

8 mn = 1 60 3
25

2
+ 4 xy+ 36y
2 2
x xy 22 x 224
xy — = 18
2 =
1 2xy 96
y

E xe r c i s e 1 8 9

1 . Th e s um O f tw o n um b e r sis 7 ( or a ) ,
and the s um o f

t h e i r s q u a re s is 2 1 ( o r b) . Wh at a re t he n um b e rs ?

2 Fi n d t w o n um b e r s t h e di ffe re n c e O f
. whose s q ua re s is
33 ( o r m) a n d t h e p ro d uc t o f wh o se s q ua r e s
,
is 784 (or n ) .

1
3 . Th e c om b n e
d a r e a o f t w o s q u a re fi e ld s is 8 3;
i a c r es ,

a n d t h e s u m o f t h e i r p e r i m e t e r s is 2 00 r o d s Wh a t . is t h e
a r e a O f ea c h fi e ld ?

4 . Th e s um o f t he s q u a r es o f t wo n um b e rs is 9 1 (or
t he di ffe r e n c e of the n um b e r s is 5 ( o r q) . Fi n d t he n um be r s .

5 . Th e di ff e r e n ce o f t wo n um b e r s is 2 8 , a nd h a lf t h e i r
pr o d u c t is e q ua l t o t h e c ub e O f t he sm a ll e r numbe r . Wh a t
a re t he n u m b e rs ?
3 20 E L E M E N TARY ALG E BRA

6 . Th e a re a of t he ce ili n g of a h a ll is 700 s q u a r e fe e t ,

a nd l e n gt h is s ix
it s fee t l e s s t h a n fo ur t i m es t h e w id t h .

Fi n d t h e di m e n s i o n s .

7 . The sum O f t wo n u m b e rs is 1 3 ( or s ) ,
and t h e i r pro du c t
n um b e rs
is 2 1 0 ( or p) . Fi n d the .

8 . I f t h e di m e n s i o n s o f a r ec t an gl e w e re ea c h i n c re as e d
1 fo ot t h e a r e a w o uld b e 99 s q ua r e f ee t ; if t h ey w e re e a c h
‘

di m i n i sh e d 1 f o o t t h e ar e a w o uld b e 63 s q u ar e fe et W h a t
,
.

a r e t h e di m e n s i o n s ?

9 . A n um b er is e x pr es s e d by two fig ure s the s um Of

w h i c h is 1 4 , an d the su m o f t he s q u a r es o f t he digit s e x c ee ds
the n u m b er by 1 1 . Fi n d t he n u m b er .

10 . The c om b n e i d a rea of
dj o i n i n g s q u a re fi e ld s is
tw o a

90 0 s q u a r e r o d s a n d it r e q u i r es 1 50 r o d s o f f e n ce t o i n c l o s e
,

them I f t h e y a r e s o Si t u at e d a s t o r e qu i r e t h e l e a st a m o un t
.

o f f e n c e w h at is t h e di m e n s io n o f e ac h ?
,

11 . Th e a re a O f a r e c t a n gl e is 1 92 s q u a r e i n c h e s ,
an d it s
di a g o n a l is 20 i n c h es . Fi n d t h e di m e n s io n s .

12 . A rectan g u l ar fi e ld co nt a i n s 2 7 0 s q u a re r o d s I f it .

w er e t w o r o d s lo n g er a n d o n e r o d w id e r it w ould c o n t a i n ,

50 sq u a re ro ds m o re Fi n d t h e di m e n s i o n s o f t h e fi e ld
. .

13 . A f a rm e r b o ug ht 1 2 sh e e p a n d 4 ca lv e s fo r At
th e sa m e p ric es ,
ould b uy 3 m o r e
he c sh e ep fo r 324 t h a n
ca lv e s fo r $3 0 . Fi n d t h e pr i c e O f e a c h .

14 T h e pe r i m e t er of a r e c t a n gul ar p i e c e
. of gr ou n d is
2 0 0 r o d s , a n d it s area is 1 5 a cres Fi n d t h e . di m e n s io n s o f
the fi e ld .

15 . Th e h yp o t e n us e of a ig h t t r i a n gl e is 30 fe e t
r ,

and it s a re a is 2 1 6 s q uare fe e t . Fi n d t h e l e n g t h O f th e o t h e r
two s id e s .
S UM M ARY O F DE FIN ITIO N S FOR RE FE RE N CE A ND RE VIE W
( D e fin iti ons w it h o u t pa g e n um b ers ar e on pa ge l as t i n d i c a t ed ).

C H A PT E R I
Th e m
factors of a n um b e r ar e it s ak er s b y m ulti p li c a ti o n ( P a g e .

An e qua ti on is a n e xpre s s i on of e qu ality b e t w e e n t w o e q ua l n um b ers .

( Pa ge
The l
v a ue o f an y l e tt er in a n um b er i
e x pr e s s o n is t h e n um b er or

n um b er s it r e pr esen s t .
( P a ge
An unkn o wn n um b e r is a l e tt er wh os e l
v a ue in an e qu a ti on is t o
be foun d ( P a ge
.

S ol v in g an e qua tion is fin d i n g t h e v a l ue o f th e unkn o wn n um b er o r ,

n umb ers in it .

A n axiom is a s t a t em en t so ev i d en tl y t r ue t h a t it m a y b e a cc ep t e d
wit h o u t pr oo f .

In pro bl em s o l v i n g th e n o ta tion is t h e r e pr e s en t a ti o n in a lgeb r a i c

-

s ym b o l s o f t h e un kn o wn n u m b e rs o f t h e pr o bl e m ( P a ge .

T h e s ta t e m e nt is th e exp r ess i o n of t h e c o n d iti on s o f t h e pro bl e m

in o n e o r m or e e qu a ti o n s .

C H A P T E R II
D ir e c t e d numb er s or s ign e d n um b er s a r e n um b er s w h o s e un it s are

po s itiv e or n e gativ e .
( P a ge
T h e ab s ol ut e v al u e o f a n um b e r is t h e n um b e r o f un it s in it r e g a rd ,

l ess o f s ign ( P a g e
.

The an d s ig n s m a y d e n o t e e ith er ope ra ti on s o r oppos ing qua l

iti e s of n um b ers ( P a g e .

Alg e b ra i c n ota ti on is a m e t h o d o f e xpr ess in g _n um b e rs b y fi gur e s

a n d l e tt e r s .
( P age
An a lg eb r a i c e xpre s s i on is t h e r epr e s en t a ti o n o f an y n um b er in
a lg e b r a i c n o t a ti o n .

A te rm is a n um b er expr ess i o n w h o s e par ts ar e no t separa ted b y

th e or s ign .

A mon omia l is an expres s i on of one t er m ( P a g e .

A po l yn om i al is a n expr es s i o n o f two o r mor e t e rm s .

322
 S UM M ARY O F DE F I N ITIO NS 3 23

A b inomia l is a po lyn o m ial of two t erms .

A trinom ial is a po lyn om ia l of three t er m s .

A coe ffi c i en t of a t er m is an y f a c to r o f t h e t e rm which sh o ws h o w
m an y tim es t h e o t h er f a c t or is t a k e n as an a d d e n d .

S imil ar t e rm s ar e t e r m s w h i c h d o n o t d i ff er o r wh i c h d iff e r o n l y in
,

t h e ir n um er i c a l f a c to r s
.

D i ssim il a r t erm s t e r ms tha t ar e n o t s im ilar

ar e .

P ar tl y s imil ar t e rm s ar e t e rm s t h a t h av e a c o mm on f a c t o r .

Th e v al ue o f an al g e b ra i c e xpr e s s io n is t h e n um b er it repr e s e n t s
wh e n so m e p ar ti c ul ar v al ue is a ss ign ed t o ea c h l e tt e r in t h e e xpr e s s i o n .

( P ag e

C H A P TE R III
A d d iti on is t h e pr o c ess o f u ni tin g tw o or m ore n um b e r s in to one

n um b e r .
( P age
Th e a d d e n d s are the n umbe rs to b e ad d ed .

Th e sum is th e n um b er o bt a i n ed b y ad d iti o n .

Th e fun dam e n ta l l aw s o f a d dition ar e t h e l a w of or der ( t h e c o m ,

mu t a ti v e l a w ) a n d t h e l a w of grou ping ( t h e as so c i a ti v e l a w )
, ( P age .

Th e l a w of or d er s t a t es t h a t n um b e r s m a y b e a d d e d in a n y o rd e r
‘

T h e l a w of gr oupin g s t a t es t h a t a d d e n d s m a y b e g ro up e d in a n y w a y .

C H A P T E R IV
S ub tr a c tio n is t h e pr o c es s of fi n d i n g o n e o f t w o n um b ers wh e n t h e i r
s u m a n d t h e o t h er n um be r ar e k n o w n .
( P ag e
T h e mi n u e n d is t h e n um b er th a t re pres e n ts t h e sum .

T h e s ub tr ah e n d is t h e gi v e n a d d e n d .

T h e difi e r e nc e o r r e m ain d er is t h e n um b er wh i c h a d d ed t o t h e s ub
t r a b e nd gi v es t h e m i n ue n d .

T h e sym b o l s o f a ggr e g a ti o n a r e th e paren thesi s th e br a ce

br a c ket a n d t h e vi nc ul u m ( P age

C H AP TE R V

Alg e b raic num b e r an d fun c ti on h av e th e s am e m eani n g .

( P a ge
Th e in d e pe n d e n t n um b e r is t h e n um b e r on wh i c h t h e f un c ti on
d epe n d s.
3 24 E LE M E N TARY ALG E BRA
A fun c ti o n is a n um b er t h a t d e p en d s o n so m e o th er n um b e r fo r it s
v a uel .
( P ag e
An lg e b ra i c fun c ti on is a n u m b er w h o s e
a d e pe nd e n c e on an o t he r
n u m b er is e xpr e sse d in a lg e b r a i c s ym b o l s .

C H A P T E R VI
E qu a ti on s are of t w o k i n d s , i de n ti ti es an d co nd i ti o n a l equa tio ns .

( P a ge
An i d e n tity is an e qua ti on w it h l i ke m em b er s , or m e m b ers w h i c h
m ay be c
r ed u ed t o th e sam e fo r m .

S ub s tituti on is pu tti n g a n u m b er sym b o l i n t o a n u m b er e xpr e ss i o n

in pl a c e o f a n o th e r w h i c h h a s t h e s a m e v a l u e .

A n e qua ti on is s a ti s fi e d b y a n y n u m b er w h i c h w h en s ub s tit u t e d ,

fo r t h e u n k n o wn n u m b e r r e d u c es t h e e qu a ti o n to a n i d e n tity
, .

A c on d iti on a l e qu a ti on is a n e qu a ti o n t h a t c an b e s a ti s fi e d b y o n ly
o n e o r b y a d efi n i te n u m ber o f v a l u e s o f t h e l e tt e r s in it ( P a ge .

A r oot o f a n e q ua ti o n is a n y v a l ue of t h e un k n own n um b er th a t
s a ti s fi e s t h e e q u a tion f

Tran s pos iti on is t h e pr o c ess o f ch a n gi n g a t erm fro m o n e m e m b e r o f;

a n e q u a ti o n t o t h e o t h e r b y a d d i n g o r s u btr a c ti n g t h e s a m e n um b er
,

in b o t h m e m b er s ( P a ge
.

C H A P T E R VII
G r aph in g m ea n s r e p re se n ti n g
b er p a irs r e l a t e d s e t s o f n um b e rs
n um -
, ,

a n d n um b e r l a w s b y p i c t ur e s a n d d i a gr a m s ( P a ge .

A lin e ar e qu atio n is a n e qua ti o n in t w o un k n o wn s b o th w ith e xpo n en t

1 .
( P a ge
T h e graphi c al s ol u ti o n o f t w o lin e ar e qu a ti o n s is t h e p o i n t o f i n t e r
s e c ti o n o f th e gr a p h s o f th e e q u a ti o n s ( P a ge .

S im u lta n e ou s e qu a ti on s ar e e qua ti o n s th a t c a n b e s a ti s fi ed b y th e
s a m e v a l ues o f x a n d y .

A s ys te m of e qua ti o n s is t w o or m o r e e qu a ti o nsc o n s i d e r e d t o ge th e r .

( P a g es 8 2 a n d
No n s im u ltan e o u s o r in c on s i s t e n t e qu a ti o n s a r e e q ua ti o n s w h i c h
-

c an n o t b e s a ti s fi e d b y a ny v a l ue s o f th e unk n o wn s ( P a g e .

D e pe n d e n t e q u a ti o n s a r e e qu a ti o n s in wh i c h o n e o r m o r e c an b e
d e r i v ed f ro m a n o t h e r o r o t h e r s b y so m e s i m pl e a r it h m e t ic a l o pe r a tio n '
.

( P a ge
3 26 E LE M E N TARY ALG E BRA
A polyn omia l is arran g e d wh e n t h e e xpo n en ts o f so m e letter in c r ease
or d e c r e as e w it h ea c h s ucc ee d i n g t e r m ( P a ge .

C H AP TE R X
T h e d e gr e e of a t erm is in d i c a t ed b y t h e s um of t h e e xpo n en t s o f
the lit er a l f a c t or s .
( P age
T h e d e gr e e of an e quati o n in o n e unk n o wn is t h e d e gree o f t h e

hi ghes t power of t h e un kn o wn n um b er .

A s im p el e quati on lin e ar e quati on is a n e qu a tio n wh i c h w h en

, or , ,

c l ear ed a n d s i m plifi ed is of t h e fi r s t d e gr ee
, .

Ch e c kin g o r v e rifyin g a r oo t o f a n e q ua ti o n is t h e pr o c ess o f pro v i n g

t h a t t h e r oo t s a ti s fi e s t h e e qua ti o n .

C H A P T E R XI
D iv i s i on is t h e pr o c es s o f fi n d i n g on e of two n um b er s wh e n t h e ir
prod u ct a n d t h e other n u m b e r a r e kn o w n .
( P a ge
Th e d iv i d e n d is t h e n u m b er t o b e d i v i d ed a n d r e pr e s e n s t th e pr o d u ct
of t h e two n um b er s .

Th e d iv i s or is t h e n um b er b y wh i c h we d iv i d e t
an d re pr e s e n s o n e

fa c t o r of i v i d en d
the d .

Th e qu oti e n t is t h e r es u lt o f d i v i s i o n .

A n y n um b er w it h a z er o e xpo n e n t e qu a l s - 1 .
( P age

C H A P T E R XIII
A g en e ral numb er is a l e tt er o r o th er n um b er sym b o l th a t m a y r epre
sen t a n y n um b er .
( P a ge
A f orm ul a is i gen er a l pr i n ci pl e o r r u l e in gen er a l
a n e x pr e ss o n o f a , ,

n um b e r s ym b o l s a n d in t h e f o r m o f a n e q ua lit y ( P a ge .

T o s o l v e a f ormul a c om pl e t e l y is t o fin d t h e v a l ue o f e a c h g en e r a l
n um b er in t e r m s o f t h e o t h e r s ( P a ge .

C H A P TE R XI V
A roo t o f a n umb er is o ne o f it s e q ua l fa c to r s ( P a g e .

T h e s qu ar e roo t o f a n um b er is o n e o f t h e t wo e qu a l f a c t o rs w h os e

pr o d u c t is t h e n u m b e r ( P a ge .

T h e c ub e roo t o f a n u m b e r is o n e o f t h e t hr ee e q u al fa c t ors w h o se

pr o d u c t is t h e n um b e r .
 S UM M ARY O F DE F I N ITIO NS 3 27

C H AP TE R X V I
A comm on d iv i s or , or c o mm on f a c t or , of tw o or m or e num b er s is
a n ex a c t d i v i s or th em
of e a ch of .
( P a ge
Th e h igh e s t c omm on f a c tor o f t w o o r m o r e n u m b e r s is t h e

pr o d uc t o f a l l t h e i r c o mm o n f a c t or s .

A m ulti pl e o f a n um b e r is a n um b er t h a t is exa ctl y divi si bl e b y it .

( P a ge
A comm on m ulti pl e o f t w o or m or e n um b ers i s a n um b e r th a t is
e xa c tl y d i v i s ibl e b y e a c h o f t h e m .

T h e l ow e s t c ommon m u ltipl e o f t w o or m or e n u m b e rs is

t h e pr od u c t o f a l l t h e ir difi er en t f a c t o r s .

C H AP TE R XVII
An a lg eb ra i c fra c ti on is t h e i n d i c a t e d d i v i s i o n in f r a c ti o na l form
of o n e n um b e r b y a n o t h er ( P a ge .

T h e n um e rator is t h e n um b e r a b o v e th e li n e .

T h e d e n om in a tor is t h e n u m b er b e l o w t h e li n e .

T h e t erm s o f a fr a c ti o n a r e t h e n um era t or a n d d e n o m i n a t o r t o g e t h e r .

A n i n t e g e r o r in t e g ra l n um b e r is a n u m b e r n o p a r t o f w h i c h is a
, ,

f ra c ti o n .

Th e Sign o f a fra c tion is t h e s ign w r itt e n b e f o r e t h e li n e t h a t s e pa r a te s

t h e t erm s ( P a ge
.

R e d uc ti on of fr a c ti on s is th e pr o c e s s o f c h a n gi n g t h e i r for m w it h o u t
c h an gi ng t h e i r va l u es ( P a ge .

A mix e d num b e r is a n um b e r o ne par t o f w h i c h is i n t e gr a l a n d t h e

o t h e r p ar t f r a c ti o n a l ( P a ge .

A proper fr a c ti o n is a fr a c ti o n w h i c h c a nn o t b e r e d uc e d t o a w h o l e
o r a m i x e d n um b e r .

A n im pr ope r fr a c ti o n is a f r a c ti o n w h i c h c a n b e r e d u c e d t o a wh o l e
o r a m i xe n um b e r
d .

T h e l ow e s t c omm on d e n om in a to r o f t w o o r m o re f r a c ti o n s

is t h e l c m o f t h e i r d e n o m i n a t o r s
. . .
( P a ge .

Th e r e c ipr ocal o f a fr a c ti o n is t h e fr a c ti o n i n v er ted ( P a ge .

C H A P TE R XVIII
A litera l equ a t on i is an e qua ti o n in wh i c h t h er e ar e t wo or m o re
ge n era l n u m b er s .
( P a ge
3 28 ELE M E N TARY ALG E BRA
A g e n eral prob l e m is a pr ob l em al l of the n u m b ers in wh i c h ar e

g e n er a l n um b e rs (P a ge
.

C H A P T E R XX
Th e ti o o f o n e n u m b er t o a n o t h er
ra is t h e quo ti e n t of th e fi rs t
n u m b e r d i v i d ed b y t h e s e c o n d ( P a ge .

Th e an t e c e d e n t is t h e fi r s t n u m b e r o f a ra ti o ,
a nd the c o ns e qu ent
is t h e c
s e o n d n u m b er .

Th e t erm s o f a r a ti o a r e t h e a n t e c ed e n t a n d c o n s e q ue n t .

Th e v a l u e of a ra tio is t h e quo ti e n t exp r e ss ed in it s l o w es t t e rm s .

A ra ti o of gr e at er in e qua lity is a r a ti o in wh ic h th e a n t e c ed e n t is
’

gr ea t er t h an t h e c o n se qu en t ( P a g e .

A rati o of l e s s in e qua lity is a r a ti o in w h i c h t h e an t e c ed e n t is l e ss

t h a n t h e c o n se q ue n t .

A proport i on is an e qu a ti o n o f r a ti os ( P a g e .

Th e t e rm s o f a p ro p or ti o n a re t h e t er m s o f t h e r a ti o s .

Th e e xtr e m e s o f a pr o p o r ti o n a r e t h e fi rs t a n d fo ur t h t e r m s ; t h e
m e an s a r e t h e s e c o n d a n d t h i r d t e r m s .

A m e an pr opor ti o na l is th e se c on d o f thr e e num b e rs wh i c h f o rm a

c o n ti n ue d pr o po r ti on a s a: in a zr
,
x zb ( P a ge .

A th ir d proport i on al is t h e t h ir d o f thr ee n um b ers t h a t f or m a c o n

ti nn ed pro p o r ti on .

A fourth pr oport i on al is t h e f our t h o f four n um b ers t h a t fo r m a

pr o p or ti o n .

A v ar i ab l e num b e r o r a v ar i ab l e is a n um b er wh i c h in a gi v e n
, ,

p r o b l e m ,
o r d i s c us s i o n m a y h a v e ,
d i f
f e r e n t v a l ue s ( P a ge .

A c on s tan t num b er o r a c on s ta nt is a n um b er t h a t is n o t a v a riab l z

, ,
.

O n e v a r i a bl e v ar i e s a s a n o t h e r if a s t h e y v a ry t h e ir r a tio r e m a i n s
, ,

c on sta n t .

C H A P T E R XXI
Inv ol uti on is t h e pr o c e s s o f r a i s i n g a n um b e r to a po wer wh o s e
e xpo n e n t is a po s iti v e in t e g e r ( P age .

Th e expo n e n t of t h e p o w er is th e n u m b e r w h i h c i nd i c a tes h o w m a ny
ti m es th e n u m b er ( th e ro o t o r b a s e ) is t ak e n a s a fa c t o r .

The b a s e of a p o w er is t h e num b e r w h i c h is r a se d i to a po w e r .

E v ol uti on is t h e pr o c e s s of find in g a ro o t o f a n um b er .
( P a ge
33 0 E L E M E N TARY ALG E BRA

A b in omial qua d ra ti c s ur d is a b i no m i a l s urd w h os e s ur d t e rm or

t er m s a r e o f t h e s e c o n d o r d e r ( P a g e .

Con j u g a t e s ur d s a r e t w o bi n o m i a l q u a d r a ti c s ur d s t h a t d iff e r o n l y
in t h e s ig n o f o n e o f th e t er m s .

An irra ti ona l o r ra d i ca l e q ua ti o n
, , is an e q ua tio n c on t a in i ng an

i rra tiona l r oot o f t h e un k n ow n n um b e r ( P a ge 27

’

C H A P T E R XXIII
A qua d ra ti c e qua ti on is an e q ua ti o n of the c
s e on d d e gr e e in t h e
u n k n o wn n u m b er ( P a g e.

T h e c on s ta n t t e rm in a q ua d r a ti c e q ua ti o n is t h e t e r m t h a t d oes
n o t c o n t a i n t h e un kn o w n n um b er .

0
A pur e qua d r a ti c e qua tion is a n e q ua ti on th a t d oes n o t c o n t ai n t h e
firs t po w er of t h e un kn o w n n um b e r .

An a fi e c t e d qua d r ati c e qu a ti on is a n e q ua ti o n t h a t c o n t a i n s b o t h
th e fir s t a n d se c on d p o w e r s o f t h e u nkn o wn n um b e r .

P ur e q u a d r a ti c s ar e o ft e n c a ll ed in c om pl e t e qu a dr a ti c s a n d a ffe c t e d ,

quad ra ti cs a r e a ls o o ft en c a ll e d c om pl e t e qua d rati c s .

Th e d i s cr i m in an t o f t h e r oo t s o f a x + bzc + c 0 is b
=
( P a ge
2 2
4ac .

A l
comp e x n u m b er is a n um b er o f th e f o rm a + b \/ — 1
,
a and b
d e n o ti n g rea l n u m b er s .

C on j u g at e c om pl e x n umb e rs a r e c o m pl e x n um b ers wh i c h d i ff er
in t h e s ign of t h e i m a gi n a r y t e r m .

C H A P T E R XXIV
A qua dr ati c e quati on in two v ar i ab l e s is a n e q u a ti o n in t w o v a r i abl es ,

o n e o r b o t h o f w h i c h ar e o f t h e se c o n d d e g r e e ( P a ge .

A s ys te m of qua d rati c e qua ti on s is t w o o r m o r e q ua d ra ti c e q ua ti ons

c o ns i d er ed t o g e t h er .

A s im ultan e ous s ys t em is a syst em in w h i c h a l l th e e qua ti o ns c a n

be sa ti s fi ed b y th e l
s a m e v a ue s o f th e i
v a r a b es l .
 IN DE X

P A GE
Ab so lut e v a l ue o f a n um b e r 22 Ass o c i a ti v e l aw of a d d iti o n
Ad d end s 27 of m u lti p li c a ti o n
Addin g in d i c a ted pr o d u c ts 27 As s ump ti o n fo r i rra tio n a l
s e v er a l pos iti v e an d n e ga e q u a ti o n s

ti v e t er m s Axi o m po w er
,

s im il ar t e rm s roo t
Ad d iti o n a n d subt r a c ti o no
f A xi o m s
fra c ti o ns 188
o f s ur d s 2 70
A dd iti o n d e fin ed 27
B a l a n c e o f v a l ue s
fun d a m e n t a l l a w s o f 29
B as e of a pow er
l a w o f gr o up i n g fo r 29
B in o m i a l d e fi n ed
l aw of ord er for 29
q uad r a ti c s ur d
s ur d
of d iss im il ar t e rm s 30
of m o n o m i a ls 27
t h eo re m
o f po lyn o m i a l s 32
B i n o m i a ls , po w e r s

o f term s par tl y s i m il ar 48
B ra c e
B ra c ke t
pro po r ti o n b y 237
ana l ys i s of 238
Affe c ted qua d ra ti c e qu a ti o n 2 8 2 C he ck or t es t
so l v ed b y f a c t o r i n g 28 5 Check o n a lg e b r a i c w or k

A gg r e ga ti o n sym b ol s o f
,
41 43 d e fi n ed
A lg eb r a d efi n ed 7 C he c k in g
r easo n s for t
s ud y i g
n 1 6
-
a d d iti o n b y s ub s tit u ti o n

A lgeb r a i c e xpr es s o n i 24 a pr o bl e m

l
v a ue of an 26 o r v er if y i n g a ro o t

fr a c ti o n 1 79 Clear in g e q u a ti on s o f
f un c ti on d e fin ed 51 fr a c tio n s
fun c ti o ns 50 pr in c i p l e o f
l a n gua g e 8 a ppl i c a ti o n o f

n o t a ti o n 24 Clo c k prob l em s
n um b ers 2 1 , 50 C oe ffi c i en t
9 o f a r ad i c a l

Alt ern a ti o n pr o por ti on b y

,
2 37 C omm on c om po und fa c t or s
An t e c ed en t 2 29 C om m on d i v i sor
A ppro xim a t e v a lues o f s urd s 2 78 fr a c ti o n s quar e r oo t of
,

Arrang ed polynom i al s 97 m ulti pl e

33 2 INDE X
PA G E

C o m pa r i so n , e li m i n a ti o n by 2 13 D i s cr i m i n an t t
o f ro o s

C o m p l e t e d i v i so r 2 56 D i s s i m il a r t er m s
q uad r a ti c e q ua ti o n 28 7 D i s tr i b uti v e l a w
a p pr o x i m a t e v a l ue s of D iv id end d e fined
roo t s 29 2 D iv id in g m o n o m 1 al b y
a a

n or m a l f o r m 2 87 m on om i a l
roo t s o f t h e 2 92 a p o l yn o m i a l b y a mo no
q uad r a ti c s 28 2 m ial
C o m p l e ti n g th e s qu a re 2 88 a po l yn o m i a l b y a po l y
a =1 288 nom a i l
a not 1 2 89 D iv i s i o n d e fi n ed
C o m pl e x n u m b e r 2 98 i n d i c a te d
C o m po s iti o n pr o p o r ti o n b y
,
2 38 o f fr a c ti o n s

C o m p oun d e x pr e ss i o n s o per
'
, pro p o rti o n b y
a t io n s o n 43 s ig n l a w o f

C o n d iti o n a l e q ua ti o n 61 D i v i so r c o m m o n
,

C o n j u g a t e s ur d s 27 6 c o m pl e t e
C o n j u g a t e c o m p l e x n um b e r s 2 98 d efined
C o n se quen t 2 29 p a r ti a l
C on s t an t 24 1 D o ubl e m e a n i n g o f and

term o f a qu a d r a ti c 28 2
C ub e d e fi n e d 95 E li m i n a ti o n d e fi n ed
, 86
roo t 1 40 b y a d d iti o n or s ub tr a c ti o n 87
b y c o m pa r i so n 2 13
D e fin iti o n of n
o
b y su b s tit u ti o n 1 20
of a
? E lli ps e 3 10
of a
”
E q u a ti o n d e fi n e d 11
‘

D e fi n iti o n s , sum m ar y of d e gr e e o f 1 00
D e gr ee o f an e qu a ti o n d e term i n a t e 85
D e n o m in a t o r d e fi n ed h i s t o ry o f 5 9 60 ,

D e pe n d e n c e f un c ti o n
of a i n d e t er m i n a t e 85
D epe nd e n t e q ua ti o n s li n ea r 1 00
D er i v i n g f o r m u l a s lit er a l a n d fr a c ti o n a l 1 98
D e t er m i n a t e e q ua ti o n s qua d r a ti c 28 2
D i ff e r en c e d e fin ed s i m p l e o r lin ea r 1 00
o f sa m e o d d po w er s in q ua d r a ti c fo r m 2 93
of tw o q uar e s
s m e m b er s o f a n 11
D igit s A r ab i c
,
ro o t of 61
D i r e c t e d n u m b e rs s o lv i n g a n 13
D i re c ti o n s for s o l v i n g e q u a E q u a ti o n s d e pe n d e n t
,
83
ti o n s . i n c o n si s t e n t 83
3 34 INDE X
PAG E

I n c o m pl e t e qua dr a ti c Mi x ed n u m b er
e q ua ti o n s 28 2 s ur d

t r i no m ia l s qu ar es 15 1 Mi xe d s ur d
‘

to an e n tir e
I n c ons i s t en t e qua ti o n s 83 s ur d

I n d ep en d en t e qua ti o n s 8 4, 8 6 M o n o m i a l d e fi n ed
I n d e pen d e n t n u m b e r 50 M ultipl c e, o mm o n

I n d e term i n a t e e qu a ti o n 85 l ow es t c o m m on
I nd ex o f t h e r oo t 2 50 M ulti pl i c a n d d e fin ed
I n d i c a ti n g d i v i s i o n ~
9 M ulti p li c a ti o n d e fi n ed
m u lti p li c a ti o n 9 i n d i c a t ed
I n e q ua li ty r a ti o o f gr ea t er
,
23 1 l a w o f e xpo n e n t s fo r
ra ti o o f l e s s 23 1 o f fr a c ti o n s

s ign s o f 27 2 o f s ur d s

I nv er s i o n pro po r ti o n b y
,
2 37 ign l aw o f
s

I nv o luti o n 244 M u lti p li er d e fi n e d

I rr a ti on a l e qua ti o n s a ssum p
,
n e g a ti v e

ti on for 2 80 M ultip lyin g m on om i a l

e qua ti o n s in o n e un k n o w n 27 8 a po l yn o m i a l b y a m on o

n u m b er 2 65
a po l yn o m i a l b y a po ly
L a n gu a g e usi n g a lg eb r a i c 8
,
n om a i l
L e tt er s r epr es en ti n g n um b e rs 17
La w o f exp o n e n st for d i v i s i o n 10 8
N a t ur e t qua d r a ti c 2 98
o f ro o s o f
for m ulti p li c a ti on 93
N e ga ti v e m ulti pli er 91
La w o f gr o upi n g for a d d iti o n 29
N o n s i m u lt a n eo us e qu a ti o n s
-
83
fo r m u lti p li c a ti o n 94
N o t a ti on 7
L aw o f o r d e r fo r a d d iti o n 29
a lg eb r a i c 24
fo r m ulti p li c a ti o n 94
in pr o bl em so lv i n g -
15 16
L i n ear e qu a ti o n s 81 1 00
,

s ys t e m o f
,
.

24
Lit er a l a n d fr a c ti on a l
N um b er 13
e q u a ti o n s 1 98
i m a gi n ar y 253
L o w est c o m m o n d e n o m i n a t or 187
i n d e pe n d e n t 50
L o w es t c o m m on m ulti p l e 175
irr a ti on al 264
o f m on o m i a l s 175
m i xe d 1 84
o f p o l yn o m i a l s 1 76
o f r oo t s 252
M i g o f e xp o n e n t 0 1 0 8
ea n n ,
2 63 r a ti o n a l 2 64
t ype for m s
-
1 30 re al
'
253
M e a n pr o p or ti o n a l 234 u n kn o wn 13
M e a n s o f a pro por ti o n 232 N um b ers d ir e c t ed
,
21
M eas ur in g is r a tio in g 2 30 g e n er a l 1 23
M em b ers fi r s t a nd se c o n d
,
11 o f ar it hm e ti c 20
 INDE X 335

PAG E

N u m b ers , pos iti v e and ne ga P r i n c i pl e l ti on

o f ev o u

ti v e P r i n c i p l es o f pr o po rti o n
r epr es e n e d t P r o b l e m g e n er a l
,

N um er a t o r d e fi n ed so l v i n g a

qua d r a ti c s
O d d p o w ers P ro bl e m s in s um ul t a n e o us
ro o t e q ua ti o n s

O per a ti o n s o n c o m p o und e x t hr ee o r m or e unkn o wn s

pr e s s i on s t w o un kn o w n s
O ppos it e q u a liti e s o f a lg e P r o bl e m - s o lv in g ,
su gg es ti o n s
b ra i e n um b ers on

O r d er o f a r a d i c a l P r od u c t d e fi n e d
s e c o n d a n d t h ir d o f su m a n d d i ffe r e n c e of

t wo b er s
n um

P ara b o l a o f t w o bi n o m i a l s w it h a

P a r e n t h es i s c o mm o n t e r m

d e fin e d o f t w o n um b ers e q u a l t o 0

P ar ti a l d iv 1 s o r Pr od u c t s ign o f t h e
,

P a r tl y i m ilar term s
s P r o d uc t s h o w wr itt en
,

P a s c a l s t r i a n gl e Pr o p e r fr a c ti o n
’

P i c t ur i n g f un c ti o n s P r o po r ti o n d e fin e d
P o l yn o m i a l a r r a n g e d
, b y a d d iti o n
d e fin ed b y a d d iti o n a n d s ub
s q u ar e ro o t o f a t ra c ti o n
P o l yn o m i a l s f a c t o r ed b y b y a lt er n a ti o n
gr o upi n g b y c o m po s iti o n
P o s iti v e a n d n e g a ti v e n u m by d i v i s io n
b e rs b y i nv er s i o n
pr o b l e m s in b y s ub t r a c ti o n
P o w er d e fi n ed e x tr e m e s a n d m e a n s o f

b as e of th e pr i n c i p l es o f
of a fr a c ti o n P r o p or ti o n a l m ea n,

of a m o n om ial s urd f o ur t h
of a pr o d u c t t h ird
i
a x om P r o po rti o n a lit y t e s t o f
,

c
s e on d P ur e qu ad r a ti c e qu a ti o n
t hir d n o rm a l f o r m o f

P o w er s a n d r oo s t so l v ed b y f a c t o r i n g

of bi n o m i a ls
P r i m es a n d sub s r c i pt s Q ua d r a ti c e qua ti on ,
f c t ed
af e

Pr i n c i p a l r oo t t
n a ur e o f r oo s o f t
 3 36 I NDE X

Q ua d r a ti c s pur e ,
Ro o t pr i n c i pa l
,

Q ua d ra ti c e q ua ti o n s s q uare o f a d e c i m a l
,

l
s o v ed by for m ul a s q uar e o f n um b er s
,

Q uad r a ti c s ur d R o o ts im a gi n a ry
,

bi n o m i a l o f co m p l e t e q ua d r a ti c

t r i nom ia l se ts o f

Q ua li t y o f n um b er
Q uo ti en t d e fi n e d
S a ti s fyi n g a n e qua ti o n
Ra d i c a l c o e ffi c i e n t
, of S e c o n d n um b e r
d e fin ed p o w er
d e gr e e o r o r d er o f Se t s o f ro o t s
r ed u c ti o n of Sig n ed n um b e rs
ign
s Sign l a w o f d i v i s i o n
R a d i c a nd o f m u lti pl i c a ti o n

R a ti o a n t e c e d a n t o f
,
Sig n o f a fr a c ti on
c on se que n t o f c on ti nua ti o n
d e fin ed n e g a ti v e n um b e r s

o f gr ea t er a n d l es s in e q u a l i po s iti v e n u m b e r s
ty 23 1 pr od uc t
Ra ti o n a l n um b e r 2 64 quo ti e n t
R ea l n um b er 25 3 r ea l r oo t

r oo s t 2 53 Sign s o f i n e qu a lit y
Re aso n s fo r s t ud yi n g a lg eb ra 1 —6 Si m il ar t er ms
R e c i pr o c a l o f a n u m b e r 1 93 Si m il ar with r es pe c t to a fa c
R e d uc ti on o f fr a c ti o ns 181 t or
o f i m pr o pe r f r a c ti o n s 184 Si m u lta n eo us e qu a ti on s de
of m i xed i
e xpr ess o n s 1 86 fin ed 82
o f r ad i c als 2 67 t
s ys e m o f 82
o f s ur d s to s a m e o r d er 27 1 Si m ult aneo us Sim ple e qua ti o n s 85
Re m a in d er in s ubtr a c ti o n 35 S o luti o n o f e qua ti on s b y fa c
Re m ov i n g s ym b o ls of a g g r e tor i n g
g a ti e n f orm ul as
R e v i ew o f f a c t or i n g So lv i n g an e qua ti on
Roo t o f a fr a c ti o n a pr obl e m

a n e q ua ti o n 1 1
a n um b er e qua ti on s li n e ar in
:v
and 2 15
y
a po w er pr obl em s 88
a pr o d u c t t h e e q ua ti o n 15
c ub e a n d s q u a r e So lv i n g o n e l e tter - e qua ti on s
i nd ex of the gr aph i call y
33 8 INDE X
PAG E

Typ e form s m ea n i n g o f
-
,
V a l ues ,
a pprox i m at e ,
t
o f ro o s

Type form s i n t er pr e t ed
-
,
of qu a d r a ti c s
l
e x a m p es o f V a l ues o f s ur d s
V ar i ab l es
Un k n o w n n um b er V a r i a ti o n
dir e c t
ign o f
s

V a l ue o f an a lg eb r a i c ex V ar i e s a s ,
or d i r e c tl y as

pr ess i o n V i n c u l um
o f any l e tt er
of a qua d r a ti c s ur d Z ero - e xp o n e n t , m ea n i n g