Reviewer in TCW
million, are already identified as global cities, cities
UNIT V GLOBAL POPULATION AND MOBILITY
Global city- an urban centre that enjoys significant
competitive advantages and that serves as a hub
within a globalized economic system.
- Hindi rural, madalas ay madaming building,
tsaka madaming business. Madaming tao sa
global city.
- Madaming nakatayong global corporation sa
global city.
Example of global cities: New York, London, and
Tokyo
It is not enough na capital lang, kailangan ay
madaming tao at madaming business gaya ng sa
Tokyo
Characteristic of a Global City:
1. Seats of Economic Power (sentro ng ekonomiya)
Example: Shanghai sa China (pinakamalaking part
area sa china) Bagsakan ng mga products all over the
world
2. Center of Authority
Example: Malacanang sa San Miguel Manila,
Washington DC kung nasaan ang White House
3. Centers of Political Influence (about International
Organization)
Kung san located yung main ng international
organizations
Example: UN, European Union
Pano kung branch lang? Hindi sya maconconsider na
global city kasi branch lang. Kailangan yung mismong
main gaya ng sa United States
4. Centers of Higher Learning and Culture
Example: UST which is located in Manila, so it means
macoconsider na global city ang Manila kasi center
sya ng higher learning. Kailangan top university
muna.
5. Economic Opportunities
Example: London, Dubai
6. Economic Competitiveness
Example: California (yung sa mga IT)
Relationship between Cities and Globalization
Cities are the engines of globalization. They are social
magnets, growing faster and faster. In the current
generation, urban life has become the dominant form
of human life throughout the world. An increasing
number of large cities, with populations of over five
that are nodes of global as much as national
networks.
- Social Magnet it means it attract people, like
Manila kasi madaming tao dito. Madaming tao
ang gustong pumunta dito dahil sa sweldo,
dahil sa business at dahil madaming
customers at malaki ang market.
Global Demography
The term demography was derived from the Greek
words demos for “population” and graphia for
“description” or “writing,” thus the phrase, “writings
about population
Refers to the study of populations, with reference to
size and density, fertility, mortality, growth, age
distribution, migration, and vital statistics and the
interaction of all these with social and economic
conditions”.
- Mataas na birth rate, mataas na death rate=
mababa ang population.
- Mababa na birth rate, mababa na death rate=
mataas ang population.
5 stages of Demographic Transition
Global migration- a situation in which people go to live
in foreign countries especially to find a job.
Types of Migration
1. Internal migration- refers to people moving from
one area to another within one country.
2. International migration- refers to the movement of
people who cross the borders of one country to
another.
Migration are divided into 5 groups
1. Immigrants- those who move permanently to
another country
2. Workers- who stay in another country for a
fixed period (at least 6 months in a year).
3. Illegal immigrants comprise the third group,
4. Migrant- whose families have “petitioned”
them to move to the destination country.
5. Refugees (also known as asylum-seekers),
i.e., those “unable or unwilling to return
because of a well-founded fear of persecution
on account of race, religion, nationality,
Camille D. Ramos
 membership in a particular social group, or
political opinion. “
Reasons for Migration
1. Cultural Factor
Forced international migration has historically
occurred for two main cultural reasons: slavery and
political instability. Millions of people were shipped to
other countries as slaves or as prisoners, especially
from Africa to the Western Hemisphere, during the
eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries.
2. Socio-political Factor
Situation of war, oppression and the lack of
socio-political rights are the major factors of migration
in contemporary time
3. Environmental Factor
Environmental migrants are persons or groups of
persons who, for compelling reasons of sudden or
progressive changes in the environment that
adversely affect their lives or living conditions, are
obliged to leave their habitual homes, or choose to do
so, either temporarily or permanently, and who move
either within their country or abroad
4. Economic Factors
Migration is a process affecting individuals and their
families economically.
UNIT VI TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE WORLD
Sustainable development- development that meets
the needs of the present without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND CLIMATE
CHANGE
climate change is often seen as a part of the broader
challenge in sustainable development thru a two-fold
link:
Impacts of climate change can severely hamper
development efforts in key sector.
2. Development choice will influence the capacity to
mitigate and adapt to climate change
Example: Marketization
So what is the action plan of the world?
UN’S 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT
Member States express their commitment to protect
the planet from degradation and take urgent action on
climate change.
The Agenda also identifies, in its paragraph 14,
climate change as “one of the greatest challenges of
our time” and worries about “its adverse impacts
undermine the ability of all countries to achieve
sustainable development. Increases in global
temperature, sea level rise, ocean acidification and
other climate change impacts are seriously affecting
coastal areas and low-lying coastal countries,
including many least developed countries and Small
Island Developing States.
GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY
Food security- exists when all people, at all times,
have access to adequate, safe, and nutritious food to
meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an
active and healthy life
Global food security- means delivering sufficient food
to the entire world population.
4 DIMENSIONS OF FOOD SECURITY
1. Food access: access to adequate resources to
acquire a healthy and nutritious diet
2. Food use: use of food through adequate diet, clean
water and health care to reach the state of a healthy
well-being.
3. Availability: availability of adequate supply of food,
produced either through domestic or foreign import,
including as well the food aid received from outside
the country
4. Stability: access to sufficient food at all times,
without losing access to food supply brought by either
economic or climatic crisis
CHALLENGES IN FOOD SECURITY
1. DEMAND FOR FOOD
Demand for food will be 60% greater than it is today
and the challenge of food security requires the world
to feed 9 billion people by 2050.
2. DESTRUCTION OF NATURAL HABITAT
A major environmental problem is the destruction of
natural habitats, particularly through deforestation
Industrial fishing has contributed to a significant
destruction of marine life and ecosystems.
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3. DECLINE OF FRESHWATER
The poorest areas of the globe experience a
disproportionate share of water-related problems. The
problem is further intensified by the consumption of
“virtual water”, wherein people use up water from
elsewhere to produce consumer products.
4. INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION
Pollution through toxic chemicals has had a long-term
impact on the environment. The use of persistent
organic pollutants (POPs) has led to significant
industrial pollution.
UNIT VII GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP
Citizenship- is an allegiance to one’s own country or
state
Global Citizenship- the idea that, as people, we are all
citizens of the globe who have an equal responsibility
for what happens on, and to our world.
OTHER MEANING OF GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP
Citizenship can thus be associated with rights and
obligations. For instance, the right to vote and the
obligation to pay taxes. Both rights and obligations
link the individual to the state.
As a moral and ethical disposition that can guide the
understanding of individuals or groups of local and
global contexts, and remind them of their relative
responsibilities within various communities
SALIENT FEATURES OF GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP
1. Global citizenship as a choice and a way of
thinking
People come to consider themselves as global
citizens through various formative life experiences
and have different interpretations of what it means to
them.
2. Global citizenship as self-awareness and
awareness of others
Self-awareness helps students identify with the
universalities of human experience, thus increasing
their identification with fellow human beings and their
sense of responsibility toward them.
3. Global citizenship as they practice cultural
empathy
Cultural empathy or intercultural competence is
commonly articulated as a goal of global education.
Intercultural competence occupies a central position
in higher education’s thinking about global citizenship
and is seen as an important skill in the workplace.
4. Global citizenship as the cultivation of
principled decision making
Global citizenship entails an awareness of the
interdependence of individuals and systems as well
as a sense of responsibility that follows from it.
GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP AS PARTICIPATION IN THE
SOCIAL AND POLITICAL LIFE OF ONE’S
COMMUNITY
There are various types of communities that range
from local to global, from religious to political groups.
Global citizens feel a sense of connection towards
their communities and translate this connection to
participation.
Global Governance
Like globalization, resistance to globalization is
multiple, complex, contradictory, and ambiguous. This
movement also has the potential to emerge as the
new public sphere, which may uphold progressive
values such as autonomy, democracy, peace,
ecological sustainability, and
social justice.
Globalization
We must remember that globalization is not a single
phenomenon; rather, there are many globalizations.
They are bound to be multiple futures for multiple
globalizations. These globalizations created enemies
because according to one broad view, globalization
failed to deliver its promises. the enemies resist
globalization, especially when it comes to global
economy and global governance
Global Economy
There are three approaches to global economic
resistance. Trade protectionism involves the
systematic government intervention in foreign trade
through tariffs and nontariff barriers in order to
encourage domestic producers and deter their foreign
competitors
Camille D. Ramos