the values, practices, and meanings of a
Contemporary
MEDIA- It is defined as the “means of conveying
something, such as a channel of
communication”
PRINT MEDIA- Includes books, newspaper, and
magazines
BROADCAST MEDIA- which became pervasive
during the 20th century includes radio, film,
and television.
DIGITAL MEDIA- which gives the globalization a
push in 21st century includes internet and
broadband.
MARSHALL MCLUHAN- quoted “the medium is
the message”
GLOBAL CITIES - It is also called world city or
sometimes alpha city or world centre, is a city
which is a primary node in the global economic
network.
REASONS OF INCREASE
 The increase in global cities is linked in
the globalization of economies and the
centralization of mass production
within urban centres.
 Despite being a hub of global
corporations, this could also lead to
socio-economics inequality. Individuals
who lack skills to be employed in these
corporations were caught in low wage
employment.
 The establishment of global cities also
resulted into high housing cost which
make it harder for others to afford.
Cultural Globalization- Sport, business,
cuisines, religion and language
Culture - Can be defined as all the ways
of life including arts, beliefs and institutions of a
population that are passed down from
generation to generation.
- it makes one's country unique
CULTURAL IMPERIALISM- The term cultural
imperialism refers most broadly to the exercise
of domination in cultural relationships in which
powerful foreign culture are imposed upon one
or more native cultures
RELIGION - the belief in and worship of a
superhuman power or powers, especially a God
or gods.
GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY - the study of statistics
such as births, deaths, income, or the incidence
of disease, which illustrate the changing
structure of human populations.
POPULATION- It is estimated that there are
currently 7 billion people in the world.
According to populationmatters.org, we have
been adding an average of a billion people to
the global population every 12-15 years since
the Second World War.
 2023> 8 billion
 2037 > 9 billion
 2056 > 10 billion
 China and India are the only two
countries that have reached the
billion marks.
MIGRATION - the temporary or permanent
movement of people from one place to another
- INTERNAL MIGRATION- refers to the
movement of people from one place to
another within one country.
Rural-Urban Migration-
Movement of people away from rural
region to urban area (Because of Job
offers)
Seasonal Migration- Also
known as labour migration
- It refers to the movement of people
away from their homes to find a livelihood
usually on a temporary basis.
- Farmers moving their herds from the snow-
covered uplands to lowland pastures
- Apartheid System (African slave system)
Planned Migration -
Planned migration refers to large scale
migration of people within the country
- Usually carried out by the government
 - INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION -refers to
the movement from one country to
another.
Involuntary Migration (Forced
migration) - Movement of people
caused by events which forced
people to move against their will
People involved in this movement-Refugee
Voluntary Migration
-movement of people by choice
or one’s own free will
DEVELOPMENT – Gradual growth of a situation
that becomes more advanced and stronger
than previous one.
SUSTAINABILITY – considers the long-term
capacities of a system to exist, not its short-
term resistance to change
STABILITY- The former refers to the “short-term
firmness in position, permanence and
resistance to change, especially in a disruptive
way.”
Millennium Development Goals
1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
2. Achieve universal primary education
3. Promote gender equality and empower
woman
4. Reduce child mortality
5. Improve maternal health
6. Combat HIV/Aids, malaria and other
diseases
7. Ensure environment sustainability
8. Develop a global partnership for
development.
Sustainable Development – Sustainable
development is development that meets the
needs of the present without compromising the
ability of future generation to meet their own
needs.
-In 2000, global leaders
gathered at United Nations launched a plan of
action intended to fight poverty.
-Are set and adopted
by countries around the world on 25th of
September in 2015
-Nationally-owned and
country-led, wherein each country is given the
freedom to establish a national framework in
achieving the SDGs.
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
Main Objectives
- End poverty
- Protect the planet
- Ensure prosperity for all members of
humankind
1. No Poverty
2. Zero Hunger
3. Good Health and well-being
4. Quality education
5. Gender Equality
6. Clean water and sanitation
7. Affordable and clean energy
8. Decent work and economic growth
9. Industry, Innovation and
Infrastructure
10. Reduced Inequality
11. Sustainable cities and communities
12. Responsible consumption and
production
13. Climate action
14. Life below water
15. Life on land
16. Peace, Justice and Strong
institutions
17. Partnerships for the goals
DEGROWTH - It is a paradigm shift away from
the motive and toward the common good, from
wants to needs, and from luxury to simplicity if
the earth to survive and be a suitable home for
future generations.
PACHAMAMA SOCIALISM – This is an idea of a
global sustainable development that originated
in Latin America
-PACHAMAMA is a name for an indigenous
earth goddess in Latin America
GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP
- Understands the complexity of our
interconnected world
- Understands our biggest challenges
- Know their social, ethical, and political
responsibilities
- Display leadership and teamwork