SOCIAL CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT
HAND OUTS
(ARDEN SEDORO)
UNDERDEVELOPMENT
-persistent low levels of living in relation with
absolute poverty, low income per capita, low rate of
economic growth dependency on foreign economies,
and limited freedom to choose among activities that
satisfy human wants (Todaro).
POVERTY
-deprivation of those things that determine the
quality of life including food, clothing, shelter and safe
drinking water, but also such intangibles as the
opportunity to learn and to enjoy the respect of
fellow citizens.
TYPES OF POVERTY
ABSOLUTE POVERTY
-defined as a condition in which people lack the basic
necessities of life, such as food, clothing, shelter, and
healthcare.
RELATIVE POVERTY
-defined as a condition in which people lack the
resources to participate fully in society.
SITUATIONAL POVERTY
-is usually defined as a lack of resources at a particular
time.
-This could be due to an unexpected event, such as an
illness, a job loss, a natural disaster, or it could be the
result of living in a disadvantaged community.
-is often temporary, but it can also become chronic if
people are unable to find a way out of it.
GENERATIONAL POVERTY
-a type of poverty that is passed down from one
generation to the next.
-often results in a cycle of poverty that is difficult to
escape.
RURAL POVERTY
-specifically tied to living in a rural area.
-is often caused by a lack of access to essential
services and opportunities, such as education,
healthcare, and employment.
URBAN POVERTY
-type of poverty that is specifically tied to living in an
urban area.
-refers to the condition of people who lack the
resources to secure the minimum necessities of life,
including food, clothing and shelter” in an urban area.
DEVELOPMENT
-improvement in country’s economic and social
conditions.
-calls for a unified approach.
-multi-dimensional process involving major changes in
social structures, popular attitudes and national
institutions, as well as the acceleration of economic
growth, the reduction of inequality and the
eradication of absolute poverty (Todaro)
OBJECTIVES OF DEVELOPMENT (TODARO)
 Raising peoples’ living levels, i.e. incomes and
consumption, levels of food, medical services,
education through relevant growth processes
 Creating conditions conducive to the growth
of peoples’ self-esteem through the
establishment of social, political and
economic systems and institutions which
promote human dignity and respect
 Increasing peoples’ freedom to choose by
enlarging the range of their choice variables,
e.g. varieties of goods and services
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
-process of planned social change designed to
promote the wellbeing of the people in conjunction
with a dynamic process of economic development.
ECONOMIC GROWTH
-an increase in the capacity of an economy to produce
goods and services, compared from one period of
time to another.
INCREASED WELFARE AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
-Indicators: Education, Economy, Gender
Empowerment, Politics, more.
MODERNIZATION
-Modernization theories explain the changing ways of
communication and media use in traditional and
(post) modern societies.
PARTICIPATORY DEVELOPMENT
-Is a process through which stakeholders can
influence and share control over development
initiatives, and over the decisions and resources that
affect themselves.
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
-is development that meets the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs (Brundtland
Report).
-concept of Need and Idea of Limitations
-environmental, Economical, and Sociopolitical
Sustainability
INDICATORS AND STANDARDS OF DEVELOPMENT
GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP)
-widely used indicator, refers to the total gross value
added by all resident producers in the economy.
GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT (GNP)
-an estimate of the total value of all goods and
services produced by country in a given period.
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX (HDI)
-a summary composite measure of a country's
average achievements in three basic aspects of
human development: health, knowledge and
standard of living.
LITERACY RATE
-is defined by the percentage of the population of a
given age group that can read and write.
LIFE EXPECTANCY
-estimate of the average number of additional years
that a person of a given age can expect to live.
BIRTH AND DEATH RATES
-Birth Rate is the term used to define the number of
babies born every year per 1000 people in a
population. Death Rate is the term used to define the
number of deaths every year per 1000 people in a
population.
CORE VALUES OF DEVELOPMENT
a. SUSTENANCE
b. SELF-ESTEEM
c. FREEDOM
DEVELOPMENT THEORIES
STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALISM
 Society is a stable, orderly system
characterized by societal consensus, whereby
majority of members show a common set of
values, beliefs and behavioral expectation.
 Functions : Observed vs Nonfunctions :
irrelevant
 Manifest : Intended vs Latent : Unintended
MODERNIZATION THEORY
 Transformation of society into technological,
social, and political state of affair that
characterize the western world.
 Is the process by which a country moves from
having a traditional, rural, agrarian society to
a more secular, urbanized, industrialized
society.
ROSTOW’S 5 STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
MODEL
Rostow penned his classic Stages of Economic
Growth in 1960, which presented five steps
through which all countries must pass to
become developed:
1) traditional society,
2) preconditions to take-off,
3) take-off,
4) drive to maturity and
5) age of high mass consumption.
 DEPENDENCY THEORY
 It favors some countries to the detriment of
others and limits the development
possibilities of the subordinate economics
(Dos Santos, 1971).
 Poor countries exported primary commodities
to the rich countries that then manufactured
products out of those commodities and sold
them back to the poorer countries (Prebisch).
SOCIAL CHANGE
 the change in a society created through social
movements as well as through external
factors like environmental shifts or
technological innovations.
 is a way human interactions and relationships
transform cultural and social institutions over
time, having a profound impact of society.
CAUSES OF SOCIAL CHANGE

THEORY OF DUALISM a. TECHNOLOGY

 Disarticulated development due to lack of b. SOCIAL INSTITUTION
integration between traditional and modern c. ENVIRONMENT
sectors of the economy d. POPULATION

FALSE PARADIGM MODEL

 Faulty inappropriate advice from experts from
developed countries. MULTIDISCIPLINARY PERSPECTIVE AND APPROACHES
 was introduced under dependency theory TO SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
defined as the preposition that developing
countries have failed to develop because their
development strategies which usually given BASIC NEEDS APPROACH
by foreign ethnocentric economists from  Provision of public services along with
developed countries have been based on an entitlements to the poor.
incorrect model of development.  "that poverty elimination is all too easy.“
 A.K.A. Traditional Approach which generally
WORLD SYSTEM’S THEORY understood as deficit model which focuses on
 Any change in economic system in one affect the community’s needs, deficiencies, and
all other systems problems.
 suggests that wealthy countries benefit from
other countries and exploit those countries' RIGHTS BASED APPROACH
citizens.  Human Rights are those basic standards
without which people cannot live in dignity as
DIALECTICAL AND HISTORICAL MATERIALISM human beings.
 Dialectical materialism – method of studying  Calls for existing community resources to be
and apprehending is dialectical while its shared more equally.
interpretation of the phenomena of nature,  Duty bearers and Right holders
its conception of these phenomena, its
theory, is materialistic. HUMAN RIGHTS PRINCIPLES
 Historical – is the extension of the principles 1. Universality and Inalienability
of dialectical materialism to the study of social 2. Indivisibility
life. 3. Interdependence and Interrelatedness
4. Equality and Nondiscrimination
Thesis is an intellectual proposition. 5. Participation and Inclusion
6. Accountability and Rule of Law
Antithesis is simply the negation of the thesis, a 7. Universality and Inalienability
reaction to the proposition.

Synthesis solves the conflict between the thesis and

antithesis by reconciling their common truths and
forming a new proposition.
CAPABILITY APPROACH
 Theoretical framework that entails two core
normative claims: first, the claim that the
freedom to achieve well-being is of primary
moral importance, and second, that freedom
to achieve well-being is to be understood in
terms of people's capabilities, that is, their
real opportunities to do and be what they
have reason to value.
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
 It is an approach that is focused on creating
fair opportunities and choices for all people.
 Development as Freedom by Amartya Sen:
“Freedom is at once the ultimate goal of
economic life and the most efficient means of
realizing general welfare.
 Four pillars: Equity, Sustainability,
Productivity, and Empowerment
GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT
 focuses on the socially constructed basis of
differences between men and women and
emphasizes the need to challenge existing
gender roles and relations.
 Its approach consists in systematically taking
into account the differences in term of
conditions, situations, capabilities and needs
of women and men in all development
policies and actions in order to set up a new
equitable partnership between women and
men, respecting the right and ensuring their
equal, full and complete participation at all
levels. The final goal is to come an equitable
development and their empowerment
SOCIAL MOVEMENTS AND THEIR IMPACTS ON THE
RE-CONCEPTUALIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT
SOCIAL MOVEMENT
 An organized effort by a large number of
people to bring about or impede social
change.
 Are purposeful, organized groups striving to
work toward a common social goal
TYPES OF SOCIAL MOVEMENT (ABERLE)
 REFORM MOVEMENTS – seek to change
something specific about the social structure
 REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENTS – seeks to
completely change every aspect of society.
 REDEMPTIVE MOVEMENTS – are meaning
seeking which aims to provoke inner change
or spiritual growth in individuals.
 ALTERNATIVE MOVEMENTS – are focused on
self-improvement and limited, specific
changes to individual beliefs and behavior.
 RESISTANCE MOVEMENTS – seek to prevent
or undo change to the social structure
STAGES OF SOCIAL MOVEMENT
1. EMERGENCE
 First stage in a social movement were
everything is just getting started. in
this stage nothing is organized and
people aren't coming together yet,
and there is no known person to
blame.
2. COALESCENCE
 Second stage in social movement
people are becoming more and more
organized and are complaining as a
group against someone or something.
3. BUREAUCRATIZATION
 Third stage of social movement, you
have a foundation and you are all
organized and you have a lot of
political power.
4. DECLINE
 Last stage of social movement, this
stage can do one of five things. A
social movement can succeeded,
failure, co-optation, repression, or
establishment within mainstream
society.
 SOCIAL MOVEMENT THEORIES
DEPRIVATION THEORY
 Social movements arise among people who feel
deprived.
 People tend to compare each other which results
in sense of injustice and shall be the onset of
social movement.
RESOURCE MOBILIZATION THEORY
 Explain a movement’s success in terms of its
ability to acquire resources and mobilize
individuals to achieve goals and take advantage of
political opportunities
FRAME ANALYSIS
 Social movements must actively engage in
realigning collective social frames so that the
movements’ interests, ideas, values, and goals
become congruent with those of potential
members
NEW SOCIAL MOVEMENT THEORY
 Like the peace and disarmament, environmental,
and feminist movements focus on goals of
autonomy, identity, self-realization, and qualityof-
life issues.
 the advent of the post-industrial economy
resulted in a new wave of social movements
distinct from those social movements arising
during the industrial economy.
HOW SOCIAL MOVEMENT IS APPLIED AT EVERY
SECTOR
CHILDREN SECTOR
CRN (CHILDRENS RIGHTS NETWORK)
 Is the largest alliance of organizations and
agencies pushing for children’s rights legislation in
the Philippines. Since its formal launch in 2007,
CRN has ushered the passage of 7 child rights
laws, including the Juvenile Justice and Welfare
Act of 2007 and the Children in Emergencies Act
of 2016
SAVE THE CHILDREN
 Est. in United Kingdom in 1919 that works hard to
help children gain access to quality education and
health services, support them in times of great
need, and protect them from risks and harm.
UNICEF
 A UN agency that provides children access to
education, clean water, health care, and
protection against violence, abuse and
exploitation whether this means working on the
ground with communities or influencing laws and
policies that protect children’s rights.
LABORERS
KMU (KILUSANG MAYO UNO)
 Uses various forms of protests including strikes to
fight for higher wages, an end to contractual
employment, against illegal retrenchment, and for
the trade-union rights.
KATIPUNAN NG MANGGAGAWANG PILIPINO/TRADE
UNION COUNCIL OF THE PHILIPPINES
 is a prime mover in protecting the rights and
advancing the interests of workers in a just and
humane society.
International Labour Organization (ILO)
 A UN agency that aims to promote rights at work,
encourage decent employment opportunities,
enhance social protection and strengthen
dialogue on work-related issues.
URBAN POOR ASSOCIATES (UPA)
 to attain land tenure, housing and basic services
including jobs, health and education.
CHRISTIAN AID
 Works with local partners and communities to
fight injustice, respond to humanitarian
emergencies, campaign for change, and help
people claim the services and rights they are
entitled to.
OVERSEAS FILIPINOS SECTOR
KAPISANAN NG MGA KAMAG-ANAK NG
MIGRANTENG MANGGAGAWANG PILIPINO, INC.
(KAKAMPI)
 empowers Overseas Filipino Workers and their
families through integrated programs and services
such as organizing, advocacy, campaign, gender
responsiveness and partnership projects
UNLAD KABAYAN
 Focuses on migrant workers and social
entrepreneurship in the Philippines, pioneered
the approach of directing migrants' savings into
business and enterprise development in some of
the poorest areas of the Philippines.
KANLUNGAN CENTER FOUNDATION
 Envisions a truly sovereign and democratic
Philippine society where labor migration is just an,
and not the, only option, and where overseas
Filipino women and men enjoy the respect of
peoples in other societies within the context of a
just and egalitarian global order
PERSONS WITH DISABILITY SECTORS
TAHANANG WALANG HAGDANAN INC.
 Envisions a sustainable and economically viable
social enterprise providing continuous holistic
development to persons with disability and an
organization that adheres to the protection and
rehabilitation of the environment.
HANDS OF MERCY
 Is a licensed and registered independent non-
profit organization that strives to enhance the
lives of persons with disabilities.
INTERNATIONAL DISABILITY ALLIANCE
 Promote the rights of persons with disabilities
across the United Nations' efforts to advance
human rights and sustainable development.
INDIGENOUS PEOPLE SECTORS
KALIPUNAN NG MGA KATUTUBONG MAMAMAYAN
SA PILIPINAS (KAMP)
 is the national alliance of indigenous peoples
organizations in the Philippines. Formed in 1987
by blood pact or Sandugo, KAMP represents the
aspirations of indigenous peoples in the
Philippines
FEMINIST MOVEMENTS
-call for equality in both sexes.
TYPES OF FEMINISM
LIBERAL FEMINISM
 one of the earliest forms of feminism, stating that
women's secondary status in society is based on
unequal opportunities and segregation from men.
RADICAL FEMINISM
 focuses on male oppression of females both
privately and politically.
MARXIST FEMINISM
 is a species of feminist theory and politics that
takes its theoretical bearings from Marxism,
notably the criticism of capitalism as a set of
structures, practices, institutions, incentives, and
sensibilities that promote the exploitation of
labor, the alienation of human beings, and the
debasement of freedom.
CULTURAL FEMINISM
 seeks to understand women's social locations in
society by concentrating on gender differences
between women and men.
ECO-FEMINISM
 argues that the domination of women and the
degradation of the environment are
consequences of patriarchy and capitalism.
HISTORICAL WAVES OF FEMINISM
1ST Wave of Feminism
 dealing with property rights and the right to
vote
nd
2 Wave of Feminism
 focusing on equality and anti-discrimination
rd
3 Wave of Feminism
 started in the 1990s as a backlash to the
second wave's perceived privileging of white,
straight women.
FEMINIST MOVEMENT IN THE PHILIPPINES
July 1905 – Asociacion Femenista Filipina advocates
prison reform, improvement of education, and
prevention of immortality.
1912 – Dr. Aletta Jacobs and Mrs. Carrie Chapman
visit Manila to focus on women’s organization to
suffrage. Soon after, Society for the Advancement of
Women (later changed to Women’s Club of Manila)
was organized
1921 – National Federation of Women’s Clubs
1922 – Nacional de Damas Filipinas
1928 – Women’s Citizens League in 1928.
April 30, 1937 under Commonwealth government –
the Filipina got the vote.
GABRIELA – founded in 1984 organizes Filipino
women, primarily from marginalized sectors of
society, and helps educate and empower them to
fight for their rights and interests through collective
action.
 FAITH BASED MOVEMENTS
WORLD VISION
 A global humanitarian organization devoted
to improving the lives of children, their
families and communities to overcome
poverty. World Vision is a thread that brings
people together, enabling Filipinos to build a
better world for children.
CHILDREN’S MISSION PHILIPPINES
 Aims to feed the hungry, help the sick and
shelter the homeless, raise the standard of
living of the poor and needy, provide
nourishment for the soul and the spirit, and
develop among the beneficiaries a living
relationship with Christ.
RIZALISTA MOVEMENT
 is any of numerous ethnic religious groups in
the Philippines that believe in the divinity of
José Rizal, the national hero martyred by the
Spanish in 1896.
LGBT MOVEMENTS
Carlos Diego A. Rozul
PEACE AND JUSTICE MOVEMENT
CPP-NPA
 seeks to establish a new democratic state in
the Philippines that will be led by the working
class and be free from the influence of the
United States. The group modeled its armed
struggle and protracted people's war after
China's Maoist movement
The MILF (Moro Islamic Liberation Front)
 was formed in 1977 when Hashim Salamat,
supported by ethnic Maguindanaos from
Mindanao, split from the Moro National
Liberation Front, advocating a more
moderate and conciliatory approach toward
the government.
The MNLF (Moro National Liberation Front)
 was conceptualized and organized by Abul
Khayr Alonto and Jallaludin Santos chaired by
Nur Misuari. MNLF officially claims that its
ideology is egalitarianism, and it is not a
religious organization like its Islamic splinter
group the Moro Islamic Liberation Front.
MPPM (Mindanao People’s Peace Movement)
 Is a grassroots network of human rights,
peace and multi sectoral organizations based
in the Southern Philippines. It provides as
platform for understanding and building
solidarity of struggles among and between
deeply divided communities that experience
civil strife, communal violence, and political
unrest
FAIR TRADES MOVEMENT
FAIRTRADE INTERNATIONAL
 Support consumers, businesses and
governments to increase commitments to
sustainable production and consumption.
WORLD FAIR TRADE ORGANIZATION
 Focuses on both social enterprise and Fair
Trade. Its Guarantee System is the only
international verification model focused on
social enterprises that put the interests of
workers, farmers and artisans first.
ECOLOGICAL MOVEMENTS
WWF (World Wildlife Fund)
 a worldwide environmental organization
focusing on the protection of the Earth’s
natural resources. This includes our forests
and oceans, among others. They are
responsible for Earth Hour.
HARIBON FOUNDATION
 Is an environmental organization that focuses
on the biodiversity conservation of the
Philippines. Some of the their more
prominent activities are mangrove
restoration and tree planting. Another is the
ROAD to 2020.
 The name "Haribon" is a reference to the
Philippine eagle. The group was founded in
1972 as a bird-watching society.

SPS
 Is an environmental organization focusing on
the coastal and marine resources of the
Philippines. They conducts workshops and
execute awareness campaigns, which aim to
educate and encourage people to participate
in conservation activities and projects

EARTH ISLAND ISTITUTE

 Concentrates on the conversation of wetlands
in the country. They have been building
awareness about the conservation and
restoration of the oceans and seas throughout
the Philippines. In addition, they also conduct
coastal clean-ups and organize film showing
about environmental issues