hv
photonics
Article
Performance Enhancement of DWDM Optical Fiber
Communication Systems Based on Amplification Techniques
Norbert Zdravecký * , L’uboš Ovseník
Citation: Zdravecký, N.; Ovseník, L’.;
Oravec, J.; Lapčák, M. Performance
Enhancement of DWDM Optical
Fiber Communication Systems Based
on Amplification Techniques.
Photonics 2022, 9, 530. https://
doi.org/10.3390/photonics9080530
Received: 20 April 2022
Accepted: 26 July 2022
Published: 29 July 2022
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4.0/).
Photonics 2022, 9, 530. https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics9080530
, Jakub Oravec and Maroš Lapčák
Department of Electronics and Multimedia Communications, Technical University of Košice, 040 12 Košice, Slovakia;
lubos.ovsenik@tuke.sk (L’.O.); jakub.oravec@tuke.sk (J.O.); maros.lapcak@tuke.sk (M.L.)
* Correspondence: norbert.zdravecky@tuke.sk
Abstract: This paper deals with improving transmission properties of a DWDM system based on
amplification techniques. Parameter values change due to a change in the type of optical amplifier or
an adjustment of the parameters of the optical amplifiers. Optimization summarizes the knowledge
of the systems and software that are used. These assumptions are verified by a set of simulations
and the obtained numerical values are compared with the values given in the relevant articles. The
proposed design, which uses a larger number of EDFA amplifiers over long distances, has been
found to perform better than single amplifier systems. In addition, the proposed solution is better in
transmission characteristics than other approaches with a similar purpose.
Keywords: DWDM; EDFA; optical network; OptiSystem; ROA; SOA
1. Introduction
Over the last few decades, innovations in optical components, subsystems, systems,
and networks have made it possible to meet the growing demands of networks, resulting
from the high bandwidth applications required by end users. Today’s 40 to 80 channel
optical communication systems with a transmission speed of 10 Gb/s have difficulty
meeting the demands of high-capacity transmission systems. Next-generation optical
communication systems can operate at a data rate of 40 to 100 Gb/s per channel for
long-distance transmissions [1].
Data transmission is also expected in the future due to the rapidly growing use of high-
speed online services and broadband applications, such as ultra high-definition television
(UHDTV), teleconferencing, etc. This trend continues to push broadband communication
infrastructure closer to higher end-user speeds, higher capacity, and longer ranges.
Successful commercialization of DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing)
systems was standardized by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU-T) [2] as the
core network infrastructure. This allows services to be managed using multiple different
wavelengths of light when transmitted through the same optical fibers, with OTN (Optical
Transport Network) clients being able to occupy up to the full wavelength [3].
In addition, it allows the network to transmit the vast amounts of data needed for
many current and future communications services and applications. DWDM technology
was first deployed as a point-to-point system in which the optical fiber was used as a
direct replacement, at that time in the field of transmission media of the dominant copper
line. This stage of development of DWDM systems was characterized by the fact that the
switching and data processing took place in electrical form, and thus the optical signal
transmitted by the optical fiber was converted at each point of the network (switch or router)
into an electrical signal. A key breakthrough in the field of optical communication networks
occurred in the late 1990s and the beginning of the new millennium. The main reason was
the first deployment of a completely new DWDM system and other technologies, which we
eventually call the second generation of optical networks, in which security and recovery
functions were moved to the optical part of the network [1].
https://www.mdpi.com/journal/photonics
Photonics 2022, 9, 530 2 of 14

With the dynamic growth of companies, one of the necessary factors is the devel-
opment of communication. More interesting communication network is turning toward
fully optical networks, in which the transmitted signal passes transparently without opto-
electronic conversion. Significant advances in optical networks have meant new DWDM
technology, which allows the transmission of multiple carrier optical waves over a single
optical fiber. Due to its low transmission attenuation loss, C-band and L-band is usually
selected to use in the DWDM system [4].
The design methods are used for network planning as well as later capacity planning
during operation. At present, it is very important that the provider offers its services with
a certain level of quality. The most common qualitative indicator is the Q factor or BER.
In general, operating models should be used to determine these parameters. Based on
the parameters, the network provider then decides whether network requirements are
sufficient [5]. Implementation of DWDM networks into already built optical networks is
very simple. Because in this case it is only necessary to innovate the transmission systems,
while the fibers remain unchanged. For this reason, DWDM technology is currently
commonly used.
The ultimate goal is to design fully transparent optical networks, as these networks offer
the most economical solution with transparency in bit rate, signal format, and protocol [6].
A typical DWDM system and network covers the entire network space consisting
of the building’s own networks, access, and metropolitan, long-distance, and ultra-long-
distance networks. The distances covered by these networks range from a few meters for
home networks to long-distance optical links, such as transoceanic cables, which can range
from several hundred kilometers to several thousand kilometers.
However, the new generation of optical communication systems will already operate at
a transmission speed of 40–100 Gb/s. The demand for multimedia is growing exponentially,
so DWDM systems need to be adapted to meet these demands. To maximize the potential
of DWDM networks, it is necessary to analyze the properties of the transmission medium
and optimize all system parameters [7]. The optical channel is usually most affected by
the signal shape, dispersive and nonlinear characteristics of the transmission medium.
Simultaneous transmission of several optical channels at a high transmission speed is
particularly problematic. These degradation effects are detrimental in multichannel optical
transmission, especially at higher data rates in the presence of nonlinear phenomena.
Therefore, the goal is to make the best use of the transmission capacity of the system with
the lowest signal degradation [8].
Our goal is to improve DWDM transmission properties based on amplification tech-
niques. We expect better BER parameters when deploying a larger number of EDFA
amplifiers in a DWDM scheme, which is also a benefit of our work. We also see the benefit
in the design of DWDM schemes with SOA amplifiers, as there is a lack of studies on
this design.

2. Full Optical Networks

The large increase in data transmission has resulted in increasing bandwidth require-
ments for the physical transport layer. Fully optical DWDM networks (see Figure 1) are
used to increase the transmission capacity of optical transmission media [9]. At present,
DWDM networks are still deployed in backbone networks. The aim is to build these
networks with electro-optical conversion in individual nodes. The signal passes from
the source to all nodes of the DWDM network in optical form. The switching speeds of
the electronic components fail to keep pace with the transmission speeds offered by fully
optical signal processing. Networks based on optical signal processing are called fully
optical networks [10]. To implement such networks, we need frequency and time division
multiplexing, demultiplexing, rewriting or wavelength conversion. They serve to reduce
phenomenon, thus achieving more efficient use of the optical spectrum. A demultiplexer is
an important part of the WDM systems allowing separating wavelengths from one input
into several outputs. A slot waveguide demultiplexer can be used to increase the number
 multiplexing, demultiplexing, rewriting or wavelength conversion. They serve to reduce
phenomenon, thus achieving more efficient use of the optical spectrum. A demultiplexer
Photonics 2022, 9, 530 is an important part of the WDM systems allowing separating wavelengths from one in- 3 of 14
put into several outputs. A slot waveguide demultiplexer can be used to increase the num-
ber of wavelengths that can be demultiplexed without changing the dimensions of the
device. The goal is low
of wavelengths thatwavelength while maintaining
can be demultiplexed low sensitivity
without changing to changesofinthe
the dimensions oper-
device.
ating
Thewavelengths
goal is lowand other sensitivity
wavelength expressions, the
while maintaining lowoverall size is
sensitivity tonot such that
changes there
in operating
are changes in operating
wavelengths wavelengths.
and other sensitivity expressions, the overall size is not such that there are
changes in operating wavelengths.

Figure 1. Optical network scheme.

Figure
2.1.1.Dense
OpticalWavelength
network scheme.
Division Multiplexing
DWDM networks are optical networks that use the principle of wavelength division
2.1. Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing
multiplexing (WDM), which allows one optical fiber to transmit several optical carriers,
DWDM
each networkswavelength.
at a different are optical networks that use
The advantage the principle
is that of wavelength
the transmission at eachdivision
wavelength
multiplexing
can take place with a different transmission rate and modulation. At the same carriers,
(WDM), which allows one optical fiber to transmit several optical time, analog
eachandat adigital
different wavelength.
optical signals Thecan advantage is thatThe
be transmitted. the transmission at each wavelength
number of wavelengths that can be
can take place with
transmitted a different transmission
simultaneously to a singlerate and fiber
optical modulation.
dependsAton thethe
same time, analog
physical properties
and ofdigital optical signals can be transmitted. The number of wavelengths
the fiber itself. Furthermore, from the optical elements that allow the transmission that can be of
transmitted simultaneously to a single optical fiber depends on the physical
multiple wavelengths to a single fiber, as well as their selection and the current research properties of in
the fiber itself. Furthermore,
the field of DWDM technology. from the optical elements that allow the transmission of mul-
tiple wavelengths to a single
Optical physical fiber, asare
properties well as their
used whenselection and the
using optical current
fibers. As a research in the
result, accompany-
fielding
of DWDM
phenomena technology.
arise in optical transmissions. Some emerging phenomena and properties
Optical
are used physical properties areother
in data transmission, usedphenomena
when using and optical fibers. As
properties a result,
need to be accompa-
eliminated in
nying phenomena
certain ways and arise in optical
with certain transmissions.
techniques. High Some
light emerging
output, forphenomena
example due andto proper-
the use of
ties are used in data transmission, other
amplifiers, can cause non-linear phenomena [11]. phenomena and properties need to be eliminated
in certainDWDMways and with certain
provides techniques. increase
an indisputable High light inoutput, for example
the capacity due to the use
of long-distance optical
networks,can
of amplifiers, in other
causewords, withphenomena
non-linear the implementation
[11]. of DWDM, the price per transmitted
bit
DWDMis significantly
provides reduced in long-distance
an indisputable increase transmissions
in the capacity(50 of km and more).optical
long-distance However,
the quality
networks, andwords,
in other reliability
with ofthe
such transmission isofbecoming
implementation DWDM, the a significant
price perlimitation.
transmittedMost
bit isDWDM networks
significantly available
reduced today use intensity
in long-distance modulation
transmissions andand
(50 km direct detection.
more). However,
the quality and reliability of such transmission is becoming a significant limitation. Most
DWDM 2.2. Optical
networks Amplifier
available today use intensity modulation and direct detection.
The growth of the capacity of communication networks has been made possible by
the development
2.2. Optical Amplifier of new optoelectronic technologies, which can be used to use the huge
bandwidth
The growthofofthe theoptical
capacityfiber.of Today, systems are
communication in operation
networks has beenthatmade
operate at highby
possible baud
the development of new optoelectronic technologies, which can be used to use the hugefocal
rates [12]. Optical technology is the dominant carrier of global information. It is also a
point inof
bandwidth thethe
implementation of future
optical fiber. Today, networks
systems are inthat will havethat
operation the operate
requiredatcapabilities
high baud and
characteristics. These features include virtually unlimited bandwidth for the transmission
rates [12]. Optical technology is the dominant carrier of global information. It is also a
of communication services of almost any kind and full transparency, which allows for
focal point in the implementation of future networks that will have the required capabili-
the upgrade of terminals in terms of capacity and flexible channel routing. The optical
ties and characteristics. These features include virtually unlimited bandwidth for the
amplifier has made many advances in optical networks [13].
transmission of communication services of almost any kind and full transparency, which
Optical amplifiers can be divided into two classes: Optical Fiber Amplifiers (OFA) and
allows for the upgrade of terminals in terms of capacity and flexible channel routing. The
Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers (SOA) (Table 1) [14]. The first type tends to dominate
optical amplifier has made many advances in optical networks [13].
conventional system applications, such as in-line reinforcement, used to compensate for
Optical amplifiers can be divided into two classes: Optical Fiber Amplifiers (OFA)
fiber losses. However, due to advances in optical semiconductor manufacturing techniques
and Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers (SOA) (Table 1) [14]. The first type tends to domi-
and device design, SOA has shown great promise for use in the development of optical
nate conventional system applications, such as in-line reinforcement, used to compensate
communication networks [15]. It can be used as a general amplifier, but also has many
functional applications, including optical switching and wavelength conversion. These
functions, where optical signals are not converted into an electrical area, are required in
transparent optical networks [16].
Photonics 2022, 9, 530 4 of 14

Table 1. Comparison of amplifier parameters.

Parameters EDFA ROA SOA

Gain (dB) >40 >25 >30
Wavelength (nm) 1530–1560 1280–1650 1280–1650
Bandwidth (dB) 30–60 Depends on source 60
Saturation (dBm) 22 0.75× source 18
Noise (dB) <5 5 8

Modern optical amplifiers represent a more efficient and economically acceptable

solution that provides high optical power gain regardless of the characteristics of the input
optical signal. Optical amplifiers most often work on the same principle as lasers, which
means on the principle of stimulated emission. In terms of the parameters of the optical
amplifier, the most important gain is when pumping optical power into the amplifier.
The gain is influenced by many factors, but especially by the material from which the
medium is made in the optical amplifier, the intensity of the light beam at the input and its
wavelength [17]. Under ideal conditions, the gain can be mathematically described by the
equation as:
g0
g(ω ) =
1 + (ω − ω0 )2 · T22 + PPs
where g0 represents the highest gain value, ω denotes the magnitude of the incident signal,
ω 0 represents the transient frequency, P is the optical power of the signal being amplified,
Parameter T2 denotes the dipole relaxation time value and Ps denotes the saturation power
which depends on the amplifier medium used [18,19].

3. Related Work
In this section, we compared our results with similar published systems. We tried to
find DWDM systems that have comparable transmission speed, number of channels, and
similar amplifiers. In total, we found five papers [20–24]. Other publications described
systems with two or more different parameters so the comparison of their properties with
our proposal does not provide useful findings.
Lee, Yang, and Chou [20] demonstrated a wavelength-division-multiplexed passive
optical network (WDM-PON) scheme based on novel reconfigurable optical amplifiers
ROA (Raman optical amplifier). The measured switching characteristics of the ROA3
constructed with a 2 × 2 crossbar optical switch and a fourport reversible optical circulator
(OC) and a conventional EDFA can meet the requirements of most network management
and surveillance. Ref. [20] also included simulation results for the optimized EDFA whose
length of EDF is 7.5 m long with a 1480 nm pump laser of 40-channel WDM-PON 10 Gb/s.
The curves are reported for CH1 (190.8 THz, 1571.24 nm) and CH20 (192.7 THz, 1555.75 nm)
and numerical results are presented in Table 2 [20].

Table 2. Parameters and results of 40-channel DWDM system [20].

Parameters CH 1 CH 20
Length (km) 85 95
Optical power (dBm) −18 −19
BER 1 × 10−9 1 × 10−9

Tan and Iqbal [21] compared PM-64 QAM 11-channel WDM signals over 75.6 km of
single-mode fiber (SMF) using EDFA, discrete Raman, hybrid Raman/EDFA, and first-order
or second-order (dual-order) distributed Raman amplifiers. Their results demonstrate that
the second-order Raman scheme had flatter signal power profiles along the fiber, the lowest
Amplified Spontaneous Emission (ASE) noise level, and the highest OSNR [21]. BER curves
of 64 QAM 11-channel WDM. The result of system [21] is in Table 3.
Photonics 2022, 9, 530 5 of 14

Table 3. Parameters and results of 11-channel WDM, 600 Gb/s [21].

Parameters 600 Gb/s EDFA 300 Gb/s EDFA

Length (km) 75.6 75.6
Optical power (dBm) 0 0
BER 3.4 × 10−2 1.2 × 10−2

Zulherman, Fahmi, and others [22] demonstrated Raman Optical Amplifier (ROA)
to overcome the attenuation in the nonlinear system. The proposed system consists of
eight channels with 20 nm channel spacing. Length of optical fiber was 60 km. They tested
launch power from −8 to 6 dBm. The result for optical power 0 dBm is shown in Table 4.

Table 4. Parameters and results of 8-channel CWDM [22].

Parameters EDFA ROA

Length (km) 60 60
Optical power (dBm) 0 0
BER 5.64 × 10−43 2.110 × 10−12

Gupta and Meena [23] in 2022 demonstrated a 16-channel 10 Gb/s DWDM system
using EDFA amplifier with dispersion compensating fiber. The proposed system consists of
180 km SMF fiber and 12 km DCF fiber. EDFA gain was 10–30 dB and gain of photodetector
was 2 dBm. Their achieved results for pre-compensation scheme are shown in Table 5.

Table 5. Parameters and results of 16-channel DWDM [23].

Parameters CH 1 CH 16
Length SMF (km) 180 180
Modulation NRZ NRZ
BER 2.5 × 10−6 4.12 × 10−6

Kheraliya and Kumar [24] in 2018 proposed a 32-channel WDM system where they
studied the parameters of optical amplifiers. They achieved very interesting results (Table 6).
The simulation model consists of a 32-channel 10 Gb/s WDM system.

Table 6. Parameters and results of 32-channel WDM [24].

Parameters EDFA ROA

Length (km) 70 70
Optical power (dBm) 0 0
BER 1.10 × 10−14 2.6 × 10−10

Our work contains an improvement compared to the first-mentioned system [20] in

the transmission speed, which we set at 40 Gb/s also the same improvement is in fourth
system [23]. Compared to the second system’s [21] number of channels, we set our model
at at 32 channels. In the third system [22] our improvement is in transmission length. The
improvement compared to the fourth system [23] is the number of channels. The fifth
system [24] that we are comparing with has a lower transmission speed than our system.
More about our system is described in Section 4.

4. Experimental Setup
When designing DWDM systems, it is necessary to select a suitable type of optical
amplifier. The magnitude of the signal intensity bound to the optical fiber has a significant
effect on the generation of nonlinear phenomena, and thus significantly limits the range of
the DWDM system [25]. This part is devoted to the design and selection of key parameters
 Photonics 2022, 9, 530 6 of 14

of EDFA, SOA, and ROA optical amplifiers. At the end of this section, a comparison of the
achieved BER values using different types of optical amplifiers in our prototype DWDM
system is also performed. We used the OptiSystem program for our experiment.
The OptiSystem from Optiwave is suitable for simulation of optical communication
systems. It is possible to design, test, and optimize various designs of optical connections
and systems from analog to fully digital. The program also has its limitations, it does not
contain all the measurement blocks that would be suitable for determining parameters for
our needs. We use basic parameters to compare our proposed systems.
All optical amplifiers were simulated in schemes with constant parameters that are
shown in (Table 7).

Table 7. Stable parameters for all optical schemes.

Parameters System Design

Bit rate 40 Gb/s
Number of channels 32
Channel spacing 100 GHz
Initial frequency 193.1 THz
Modulation type NRZ
SMF chromatic dispersion 17 ps/nm/km
Attenuation 0.2 dB/km
Dispersion—β2 −20 ps2 /km
Polarizing dispersion—PMD 0.2 ps/km
Effective area of fiber Ae 80 µm2
Nonlinear refractive index n2 2.6 × 10−20 m2 /W
DCF length 10 km
DCF chromatic dispersion −85 ps/nm/km

Photonics 2022, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4.1. Erbium Doped Fiber 7 of 15

The typical EDFA gain per distance at an Erbium Doped Fiber (EDF) length of about
10 m is 20–30 dB. However, the maximum achievable power at the amplifier output is
limited by pump
Depending on thepower,
EDFA type of fiber and
configuration, thelength of fiber.can be up to 30 m, because a
EDF length
Depending on the EDFA configuration,
continuous wave laser (CW Laser) can be used as the lightthe EDF length
source forcan be1550
near up to
nm30pumps,
m, because
the pump is then combined with an information signal using a WDM coupler. An 1550
a continuous wave laser (CW Laser) can be used as the light source for near im- nm
pumps, the pump is then combined with an information signal using a WDM coupler.
portant factor that significantly affects the efficiency of EDFA is the choice of light source.
An important factor that significantly affects the efficiency of EDFA is the choice of light
In practice, we use light sources with wavelengths of 1550 nm in forward mode (Figure 2)
source. In practice, we use light sources with wavelengths of 1550 nm in forward mode
[26]. In the forward pumping mode, the wavelength of the pump propagates in the same
(Figure 2) [26]. In the forward pumping mode, the wavelength of the pump propagates in
direction as the transmitted signal (Figure 3). In practice, it is very common to use forward,
the same direction as the transmitted signal (Figure 3). In practice, it is very common to use
backward, and bidirectional EDFA configuration.
forward, backward, and bidirectional EDFA configuration.

Figure 2. EDFA amplifier scheme with options for placement in the optical system (a—power
Figureamplifier,
2. EDFA b—in-line amplifier,
amplifier scheme c—preamplifier).
with options for placement in the optical system (a—power am-
plifier, b—in-line amplifier, c—preamplifier).

Our design (Table 8) consists of four 50 km optical single-mode fibers (ITU-T.G.652

[27]), four DCF fibers 10 km long to suppress nonlinear phenomena. The total length of
the optic fiber is 240 km. The scheme (Figure 3) uses six EDFA amplifiers with a gain of 5
dB and the noise figure is set to 4 dB and one EDFA amplifier with gain 10 dB and noise
Photonics 2022,9,9,530
Photonics2022, x FOR PEER REVIEW 78of
of14
15

Figure3.3.EDFA
Figure EDFAmodel
modelininour
ourDWDM
DWDMsystem.
system.

Our
Table designof
9. Results (Table 8) consists
32-channel EDFAofDWDM
four 50system.
km optical single-mode fibers (ITU-T.G.652 [27]),
four DCF fibers 10 km long to suppress nonlinear phenomena. The total length of the optic
Parameters Max Q Factor Min BER Eye Height OSNR (dB)
fiber is 240 km. The scheme (Figure 3) uses six EDFA amplifiers with a gain of 5 dB and
CH 01
the noise figure is set to7.460
4 dB and one 4.229
EDFA×amplifier
10 −14 3.086
with × 10
gain
−5 27.107
10 dB and noise figure is
CH 05 6.668 1.284 × 10 −11 2.729 × 10 −5 27.173
4 dB. Amplifiers are arranged between optical fibers. In the receiving part are 32 optical
CH 10
receivers 6.452 We reached
and BER analyzers. 5.462BER
× 10−11
values for2.595 × 10−5channel 4.229
the first × 10−14
26.980
CHthe
and for 1520th channel 6.998 − 3
3.609 × 10 .1.265 × 10 are in Table
−12
All results 2.8519.× 10 −5 27.024
CH 20 5.327 4.906 × 10−8 2.023 × 10−5 27.009
Table 8. Parameters of the designed model EDFA. −5
CH 25 3.780 7.355 × 10 9.017 × 10−6 26.863
CH 30 3.653
Parameters 1.218 × 10 −4 7.209 × 10 Design
System
−6 26.714
Laser power (dBm) 10
Compared to the(dBm)
Gain results from [21], our system achieves better BER with EDFA am-
5 or 10
plifier over longer fiber optic
Saturation power (dB) distances. Their system achieved BER10 × 10−9 for both exam-
1
ined channels.Noise
Our figure
system(dB)achieved this for the first channel BER4 4.229 × 10−14 and 20th
Polarization filter
channel 3.6 × 10 . There is a BER improvement on the first channel.
−3 noneThe overall improve-
Noise bandwidth (THz)
ment in the scheme is in transmission length. 13
Total fiber length (km) 240
The optical spectrum Figure 4 helps to visualize the wavelengths of the individual
channels and the power they achieve on the receiving side.
Table 9. Results of 32-channel EDFA DWDM system.

Parameters Max Q Factor Min BER Eye Height OSNR (dB)

CH 01 7.460 4.229 × 10−14 3.086 × 10−5 27.107
CH 05 6.668 1.284 × 10−11 2.729 × 10−5 27.173
CH 10 6.452 5.462 × 10−11 2.595 × 10−5 26.980
CH 15 6.998 1.265 × 10−12 2.851 × 10−5 27.024
CH 20 5.327 4.906 × 10−8 2.023 × 10−5 27.009
CH 25 3.780 7.355 × 10−5 9.017 × 10−6 26.863
CH 30 3.653 1.218 × 10−4 7.209 × 10−6 26.714

Compared to the results from [21], our system achieves better BER with EDFA amplifier
over longer fiber optic distances. Their system achieved BER 1 × 10−9 for both examined
channels. Our system achieved this for the first channel BER 4.229 × 10−14 and 20th channel
3.6 × 10−3 . There is a BER improvement on the first channel. The overall improvement in
the scheme
Figure is in spectrums
4. Optical transmission length.
for the first and twentieth channels EDFA.
 CH 30 3.653 1.218 × 10−4 7.209 × 10−6 26.714

Photonics 2022, 9, 530
Compared to the results from [21], our system achieves better BER with EDFA am-
plifier over longer fiber optic distances. Their system achieved BER 1 × 10−9 for both exam-
ined channels. Our system achieved this for the first channel BER 4.229 × 10−14 and8 of 20th
14
channel 3.6 × 10 . There is a BER improvement on the first channel. The overall improve-
−3

ment in the scheme is in transmission length.

Theoptical
The optical spectrum
spectrum Figure
Figure44helps
helpstotovisualize
visualizethe
thewavelengths
wavelengthsof
ofthe
theindividual
individual
channels and the power they achieve on the receiving
channels and the power they achieve on the receiving side. side.

Photonics 2022, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 of 15

Figure4.4.Optical
Figure Opticalspectrums
spectrumsfor
forthe
thefirst
firstand
andtwentieth
twentiethchannels
channelsEDFA.
EDFA.
4.2. Raman Optical Amplifier
4.2. Raman Optical Amplifier
The amplification of the Raman optical amplifier (ROA) arises from the emission of
The amplification
photons from lower energyofstates
the Raman
to higheroptical amplifier
energy states(ROA)
due toarises
Ramanfrom the emission
scattering, in of
photons from lower energy states to higher energy states due to Raman
which photons of incident light interact with atoms or molecules from the optical medium scattering, in which
photons
or with of incident
vibrational light interact
and rotational with
states of atoms or molecules
the optical medium.from Thisthe optical is
emission medium
not spon-or with
vibrational and rotational states of the optical medium. This emission
taneous, and the optical medium needs to be excited by a light source. ROA is usable in is not spontaneous,
and the
the region ofoptical medium
1300–1600 nm andneeds to beregion
in this excitedthebygain
a light source.reaches
typically ROA isup usable
to 15 in
dB.the
Theregion
of 1300–1600 nm and in this region the gain typically reaches
usable ROA bandwidth is 48 nm. Currently, ROA is very popular and, together with up to 15 dB. The usable
ROA bandwidth is 48 nm. Currently, ROA is very popular and, together with EDFA, is
EDFA, is used for long-distance transmissions in DWDM systems. Its advantage over
used for long-distance transmissions in DWDM systems. Its advantage over EDFA is that
EDFA is that the pump source provides more flexibility in terms of wavelength selection
the pump source provides more flexibility in terms of wavelength selection —the most
—the most used wavelengths are: 1440 nm, 1500 nm, and 1540 nm. A big advantage is its
used wavelengths are: 1440 nm, 1500 nm, and 1540 nm. A big advantage is its relatively
relatively simple implementation into the existing infrastructure. The amplification is per-
simple implementation into the existing infrastructure. The amplification is performed
formed directly in the transmission fiber and it is not necessary to use a doped fiber. There-
directly in the transmission fiber and it is not necessary to use a doped fiber. Therefore,
fore, ROA is referred to as a distributed optical amplifier. For ROA, we distinguish be-
ROA is referred to as a distributed optical amplifier. For ROA, we distinguish between two
tween two configurations: with a forward pump source (Figure 5) and with a reverse
configurations: with a forward pump source (Figure 5) and with a reverse pump source.
pump source. The ROA gain does not depend on the position of the pump source. The
The ROA gain does not depend on the position of the pump source. The disadvantage of
disadvantage of ROA is the possible fluctuations in the light level of the pump source [28].
ROA is the possible fluctuations in the light level of the pump source [28]. This can cause
This can cause uneven amplification when transmitting multiple wavelengths in a WDM
uneven amplification when transmitting multiple wavelengths in a WDM system, and thus
system, and
cause thus cause in
fluctuations fluctuations
amplitude in andamplitude andamplified
jitter of the jitter of the amplified signal.
signal.

Figure 5. ROA amplifier scheme in optical system.

Figure 5. ROA amplifier scheme in optical system.
Our design (Figure 6) consists of 32 channel laser array of two 50 km optical single-
Our design
mode fibers (Figure
and two6)10
consists
km longof DCF
32 channel
fibers. laser arraylength
The total of twoof50the
km optical
optic fibersingle-
is 120 km.
mode The scheme use one ROA amplifier with a length of 1 km. Amplifiers are arranged km.
fibers and two 10 km long DCF fibers. The total length of the optic fiber is 120 between
The scheme use one
optical fibers. ROA
In the amplifier
receiving with
part are a32length
opticalofreceivers
1 km. Amplifiers are arranged
and BER analyzers. be-
We reached
tween optical fibers. In the receiving part are 32 optical receivers and BER analyzers. We
reached BER values for the first channel 5.166 × 10−11 and for the 20th channel 5.676 × 10−8.
All results are shown in Table 10.
Photonics 2022, 9, 530 9 of 14

Photonics 2022, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 10 of 15

Photonics 2022, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW
BER values for the first channel 5.166 × 10−11 and for the 20th channel 5.676 × 10−10
8 . of
All15

results are shown in Table 10.

Figure 6. ROA model in our DWDM system.

Figure6.
Figure 6. ROA
ROA model
model inin our
our DWDM
DWDMsystem.
system.
Table 10. Results of 32-channel ROA DWDM system.
Table10.
Table 10.Results
Resultsof
of32-channel
32-channelROA
ROADWDM
DWDMsystem.
system.
Parameters Max Q Factor Min BER Eye Height OSNR (dB)
Parameters
Parameters Max
MaxQQFactor
Factor Min
Min×BER
BER Eye
EyeHeight
Height OSNR
OSNR (dB)
(dB)
CH 01 6.462 5.166 10−11 1.954 × 10−5 38.543
CH
CH 01
CH05
6.462
7.038 5.166
9.641 × 10 −11
−11 1.954 ×× 10
−5
10−−55 38.543
01 6.462 5.166 ×
×10 10−13 2.144
1.954 × 38.742
38.543
CH
CH05
CH 05
10 7.038
7.038
5.485 9.641 × 10
9.641 ×× 10
2.0513
−13
10−8
− 13 2.144 ×× 10
2.144 ×
1.542 10−
10
−55
−5 38.742
38.742
38.541
CH
CH1010 5.485
5.485 2.0513
2.0513 ×
× 1010 −8
−8 1.542
1.542 ×
× 10−−55 38.541
38.541
CH 15 5.194 1.021 × 10−7−7 1.278 × 10−−55 38.498
CH
CH 15
15 5.194
5.194 1.021 × 10−7
1.021 1.278 × 10 −5 38.498
CH 20 5.303 5.676 ×× 10
10−8−8 1.278
5.425 ×× 10−−66 38.498
38.456
CH
CH 20
20 5.303
5.303 5.676 ××10
5.676 10−8 5.425 ×
5.425 10 −6
×× 10 38.456
38.456
CH
CH2525 4.618
4.618 1.933
1.933 ××10
−6
10−6−6 9.018
9.018 × 10
10−
−66 38.413
38.413
CH 25 4.618 1.933 × 10 9.018 × 10 −6 38.413
CH
CH3030 3.851
3.851 5.876
5.876 ××1010−5−5 5.024
5.024 × −
× 10−66 38.576
38.576
CH 30 3.851 5.876 × 10−5 5.024 × 10−6 38.576
The optical spectrum of the channels using the ROA amplifier is shown Figure 7. As
The optical
Thesee,
optical spectrum
spectrum of
of the
the channels
channels using
using the
theROA
ROA amplifier
amplifier isisshown
shown Figure
Figure 7.7. As
As
we
we
can
can see,
the
the
first
first
channel
channel
is at wavelength
isisatatwavelength
1.552
1.552
µm
µm
and
and
power
power
is −16
isis−−16
dBm.
16 dBm.
The
The
20th
20th
we can see, the first
channel lengthisis1.539 channel
1.539 µmand wavelength
and powerisis−−17 1.552
dBm. µm and power dBm. The 20th
channel
channellength
length is 1.539µmµm andpower 17 dBm.
power is −17 dBm.

Figure7.7.Optical
Figure Opticalspectrums
spectrumsfor
forthe
thefirst
firstand
andtwentieth
twentiethchannels
channelsROA.
ROA.
Figure 7. Optical spectrums for the first and twentieth channels ROA.
4.3.
4.3. Semiconductor
SemiconductorAmplifier
Amplifier
4.3. Semiconductor
The Amplifier
The SOA amplifier(Figure
SOA amplifier (Figure8)8)isispowered
poweredby byelectricity.
electricity.The
Theactive
activearea
areaininthe
thedevice
device
The
supplies SOA amplifier (Figure 8) is powered by electricity. The active area
supplies the input signal with a gain through stimulated emission. The output signal
the input signal with a gain through stimulated emission. The in
output the device
signal isis
supplies
accompanied the input signal with a gain through stimulated emission. The
accompanied by noise. This additional noise, Amplified Spontaneous Emission (ASE), is
by noise. This additional noise, Amplified Spontaneous output
Emission signal
(ASE), is
is
accompanied by noise. This additional noise, Amplified Spontaneous Emission
created by the amplification process [29]. SOAs are sensitive to polarization. This is due (ASE), is
created
to manyby the amplification
factors, process [29].
including waveguide SOAs and
structure are sensitive
material. to polarization.
Polarization This is due
sensitivity can
to many factors, including waveguide
be improved using square waveguides. structure and material. Polarization sensitivity can
be improved using square waveguides.
 Photonics 2022, 9, 530 10 of 14

Photonics 2022, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 11 of 15

Photonics 2022, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW created
by the amplification process [29]. SOAs are sensitive to polarization. This
11 ofis15due to
many factors, including waveguide structure and material. Polarization sensitivity can be
improved using square waveguides.

Figure8.8.SOA
Figure SOAamplifier
amplifierscheme
schemein
inoptical
opticalsystem.
system.
Figure 8. SOA amplifier scheme in optical system.
SOAgain
SOA gainisisaffected
affectedby bythe
theinput
inputsignal
signalpower
powerand andinternal
internalnoise
noisegenerated
generatedby bythe
the
SOA gain is affected
amplificationprocess.
amplification by
process. As the
As theinput
theinputsignal
inputsignal power
signalpower and internal
powerincreases,
increases,the noise
thegain generated
gaindecreases. by
decreases.Thisthe
Thisgain
gain
amplification
saturation
saturation process.
cancause
can As significant
cause the input signal
significant signalpower
signal increases,
distortion.
distortion. ItItcan the
alsogain
canalso limitdecreases.
limit thegain
the This gainwhen
gainachievable
achievable when
saturation
SOAs
SOAs canarecause
are usedsignificant
used signalamplifiers
asmultichannel
as multichannel distortion.
amplifiersininIt WDM
can
WDM also limit the
systems
systems gain achievable when
[29,30].
[29,30].
SOAs are used Our as
Ourdesign multichannel
design(Figure
(Figure9) amplifiers
9)consists
consistsof in WDM
ofaa32-channel systems
32-channellaser [29,30].
laserarray
array of of two
two 5050 km
km optical
optical single-
single-
Our
mode design (Figure
fibers. The 9)
totalconsists
length of
of a 32-channel
the optic fiberlaser
is 100array
km. of
mode fibers. The total length of the optic fiber is 100 km. The scheme use oneampli-two
The 50
schemekm optical
use onesingle-
SOA SOA
modeamplifier
fibers.
fier withThe totala length
a length
with of
of the
of 0.0003
length m.optic
0.0003 m.fiber
The Theisamplifiers
amplifiers100 are
km.arranged
The
arescheme usebetween
between
arranged one SOAoptical
optical ampli-fibers.
fibers. In the
fier with
In a length
receiving
the receiving of 0.0003
part, there m. 32
part, are The
there amplifiers
optical
are are
receivers
32 optical arranged
and BER
receivers andbetween
analyzers. optical
BER analyzers. fibers.
We reached In thevalues
BER
We reached BER
receiving
values part,
for thefor there
the
first are 32 optical
first channel
channel receivers
3.651 ×3.651
10 and
−3 − 3and
× 10for the BER
and20th
for theanalyzers. We
20th channel
channel reached
5.565 × 10 −3 BER− 3
. All×results
5.565 values
10 . Allareresults
shown
for theare
infirst channel
shown
Table 11. 3.65111.
in Table × 10−3 and for the 20th channel 5.565 × 10−3. All results are shown
in Table 11.

Figure9.9.SOA
Figure SOAmodel
modelininour
ourDWDM.
DWDM.
Figure 9. SOA model in our DWDM.
Table11.
Table 11.Results
Resultsofof32-channel
32-channelSOA
SOADWDM
DWDMsystem.
system.
Table 11. Results of 32-channel SOA DWDM system.
Parameters
Parameters Max
Max QQFactor
Factor Min
MinBERBER Eye
Eye Height
Height OSNR
OSNR (dB) (dB)
Parameters CH 01 Max Q Factor 2.675 Min BER3.522 × 10−3−3Eye Height 3.522 × 10−−66 OSNR (dB) 36.561
CH 01CH CH 01 2.675 3.522 ×3.522
2.675 2.717 10−3 ×× 10 3.522 ×3.522 10−6 ×× 10 36.561
CH0505 2.717 3.195
3.195 ×10
−3
10−3 3.004
3.004 10−−66 36.56135.659
× 10 35.659
CH 05CH 10 2.717 2.573 3.195 ×4.875
10 −3
−3 3.004 ×4.452
10 × 10−−66 35.65934.941
−6
CH 10 2.573 4.875 ××1010−3 4.452 × 10 34.941
CH 10CH CH1515 2.573 2.547
2.547 4.875 ×5.183 10−3 ×
5.183 ×10 −3 4.452 ×5.096
10−3 10−6 ×× 10
5.096 10−−66 34.94135.793 35.793
CH 15CH CH2020 2.547 2.521
2.521 5.183 ×5.565 10 ×
−3
5.565 ×10 −
10−3 5.096 ×5.366
3 10 ×× 10
−6
5.366 − 6 35.793 34.679
10 −6 34.679
CH 20CH CH 25 2.719 5.565 ×3.212
2.521 2.719 10−3 ×× 10−3−3 5.366 ×2.863
10−6 ×× 10 −6 35.414
25 3.212 10−10 2.863 10−−65 34.67935.414
CH 25CH CH 30 6.206 3.212 ×2.713
2.719 6.206 10−3 ×× 10−10 2.863 ×1.368
10−6 ×× 10 35.41436.295
30 2.713 10 1.368 10−5 36.295
CH 30 6.206 2.713 × 10 −10 1.368 × 10 −5 36.295
As
Aswe
wecancansee,
see,the
theBER
BERparameters
parametersin inour
oursystem
systemwith withaa semiconductor
semiconductoramplifier amplifierper per
As
100 we
km can
of see, the
optical BER
path parameters
are worse in
than our
in thesystem
proposedwith a semiconductor
EDFA 32-channel
100 km of optical path are worse than in the proposed EDFA 32-channel system. amplifier
system. Forper
the
Forfirst
the
100 km of optical
SOApath are worse ×in10 −3 proposed −14 .
× ×1010
channel
first channel system,
SOA system, it than
it is 3.522e
is 3.522ethe
× 10and forfor
−3 and the EDFA
first
the 32-channel
channel
first channel EDFA system.
EDFA isFor
it isit 4.229 the
4.229 −14.
first channel
The SOA
optical system,
spectrum it
isis 3.522e
shown ×
in10 −3 and10.
Figure
The optical spectrum is shown in Figure 10. for the first channel EDFA it is 4.229 × 10 −14.

The optical spectrum is shown in Figure 10.

 Photonics 2022, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 12 of 15
Photonics 2022, 9, 530 11 of 14

Figure10.
Figure 10.Optical
Opticalspectrums
spectrumsfor
forthe
thefirst
firstand
andtwentieth
twentiethchannels
channelsSOA.
SOA.

Another
Another simulation
simulation is
is focused
focused on
onacquiring
acquiring the
the relation
relationbetween
between output
output power
power and
and
log
logof
ofBER
BER(Figure
(Figure11)
11)with
withconsidering
consideringthe
thenonlinear
nonlineareffect
effectcalled
calledSRS
SRS(Simulated
(SimulatedRaman
Raman
Scattering).
Scattering). The
The input
inputpower
powerwas wasset
setto
toaaconstant
constantvalue
value(0 (0dBm
dBmat at193.1
193.1THz).
THz).

Figure11.
Figure 11.Amplifier
Amplifiercomparison
comparisonoutput
outputpower
powervs.
vs log
log of
of BER.
BER.

5.
5. Discussion
Discussion
For
Forthe
thenetworks
networksdescribed
describedin inSection
Section4, 4,we
weperform
performsimulations
simulationsto todemonstrate
demonstratethethe
traditional use of DWDM amplifiers for 40 Gb/s transmission.
traditional use of DWDM amplifiers for 40 Gb/s transmission. Each channel Each channel hashas
240240
kmkm of
SMF
of SMFandand
seven optical
seven amplifiers
optical amplifiers forfor
the case
the caseofofEDFA
EDFAsimulation.
simulation.TheTheindividual
individualtables
tables
show
show the results for several simulated channels. These simulations were repeated10
the results for several simulated channels. These simulations were repeated 10times
times
and
andthe
thevalues
valuesfor
forthe
thefirst
firstand
andtwentieth
twentiethchannels
channelsareareaveraged.
averaged.
In
In addition,
addition, we used aa ROA
we used ROA amplifier
amplifierfor foraasystem
systemwith
witha atransmission
transmission speed
speed of of
40
40 Gb/s and a total fiber life of 70 km. An average of the simulated values was generated
Gb/s and a total fiber life of 70 km. An average of the simulated values was generated
from 10 experiments. Finally, we simulated an SOA amplifier with a total length of 100 km.
from 10 experiments. Finally, we simulated an SOA amplifier with a total length of 100
The average of the results is in Table 9. We achieved improvement in all simulated schemes
km. The average of the results is in Table 9. We achieved improvement in all simulated
compared to colleagues who published similar simulations.
schemes compared to colleagues who published similar simulations.
The best results in our schemes are achieved by the EDFA amplifiers, where BER
The best results in our schemes are achieved by the EDFA amplifiers, where BER
−14 . For
values are of the order of 1 × 10 example, channel 5 has reached minimal BER
values are−of the order of 1 × 10 −14. For example, channel 5 has reached minimal BER 1.284
× 10 11 . Best result in ROA scheme is reached in channel 5 (BER 9.641 ×−1310−13 ). The
1.284−11
× 10 . Best result in ROA scheme is reached in channel 5 (BER 9.641 × 10 ). The SOA
SOA amplifier is not as efficient for our scheme as the other two amplifiers. SOA values for
amplifier is not as efficient for our scheme as the other two amplifiers. SOA values for
minimal BER are on the order of 1 × 10−3−3 . With further optimization of SOA, we should
minimal BER are on the order of 1 × 10 . With further optimization of SOA, we should be
be able to achieve better results.
able to achieve better results.
We see the potential in improving the EDFA scheme to achieve better BER values
under the same set conditions, by adjusting the number of pieces and the power of the
Photonics 2022, 9, 530 12 of 14

amplifiers. The results show the correct handling of DWDM schemes with higher bit rate
and lower BER. There are quite a few tested DWDM schemes with SOA. Therefore, there is
no comparison of SOA with other schemes in this work. This article can also be used for
future comparison of SOA amplifiers with our established scheme.
This article is used to compare amplifiers in our proposed schemes. It has not reached
the goal of designing a system for future practical deployment. From our previous research,
we designed a system with a larger number of amplifiers, where we achieved BER improve-
ment at the expense of the economic point of view. Although there is no planning to put
the system into practice, it will help many researchers in future DWDM network designs.

6. Conclusions
In conclusion, this paper demonstrates a new design of multiple EDFA optical ampli-
fiers in a single transmission path. It compares individual types of optical amplifiers in a
DWDM system. Additionally, it dealt with the topic of amplifiers in DWDM systems. We
investigated the effect of EDFA, ROA, and SOA on the transmission quality in a 32-channel
DWDM system with 40 Gb/s transmission speed per channel. After a brief introduction to
the area and an overview of relevant approaches, a new scheme was proposed in Section 4.
It combines the latest knowledge about DWDM systems and their properties from our
previous work. We focused on the approximation of optical networks, specifically DWDM
and optical amplifiers. In Section 3, we focused on related work, which has a similar focus
as our research. At the end of the article, we compared output power and log of BER for all
three types of amplifiers.
Comparing different types of amplifiers in our DWDM systems can help us to further
increase transmission speed with lower BER.
In the future, our plan is to optimize high-capacity DWDM systems with optical
amplifiers for better BER values. We would like to increase number of channels to 64 or
more, achieving favorable transmission speed. Since current common transmission speeds
are around 40 Gb/s [29], we plan to reach speeds of at least 100 Gb/s or more.
Our long time goal is evaluation of 128 channel 100 Gb/s DWDM system for long
distances by computing BER values and plotting eye diagrams. We would like to apply the
knowledge obtained from simulations in this paper in design phase of these systems.

Author Contributions: Conceptualization, N.Z. and L’.O.; methodology, N.Z.; software, N.Z.; valida-
tion, N.Z., L’.O., J.O. and M.L.; formal analysis, N.Z.; investigation, N.Z.; resources, N.Z., L’.O., J.O.
and M.L.; data curation, N.Z.; writing—original draft preparation, N.Z.; writing—review and editing,
N.Z., L’.O., J.O. and M.L.; visualization, N.Z.; supervision, L’.O. and J.O.; project administration, L’.O.
and J.O.; funding acquisition, L’.O. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of
the manuscript.
Funding: This work was supported by following research grants: VEGA 1/0584/20—Person Moni-
toring by UWB Sensor Systems Operating in Real Conditions.
Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable.
Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable.
Data Availability Statement: The data presented in this study are available on request from the
corresponding author.
Conflicts of Interest: The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses,
or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.

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