Fisika Material 1

ENMT 602004

Wahyuaji NP
Departemen Teknik Metalurgi dan Material FTUI

Disclaimer: This lecture note is edited from different sources for the solely of teaching and learning purposes. It may contain
copyrighted materials from their respective owners, therefore, apart from teaching and learning purposes, this lecture note
should not be reproduced, stored, or transmitted in any form or by any means
Class info
• Credits : 2
• Semester : 2
• Prerequisite : -
• Grading Systems : Homework, Assignment, Mid Term Test
• Textbook & References
• Borchardt-Ott, W, Crystallography, Springer, 1995.
• McKie, D and C. McKie, Essentials of Crystallography, Blackwell Scientific, 1986
• Abbaschian, R and Reed-Hill, R.E, Physical Metallurgy Principles, 4th ed, Brooks Cole, 2008.
• Callister, W.D, Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction, 7 th ed., Wiley., 2006
• Smallman, R.E and Bishop, R.L, Modern Physical Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, 6th ed.,
Butterworth Heinemann, 1999.
• Philips, R, Crystals, Defects and Microstructures, Modeling Across Scale, Cambridge Univ. Press,
2001.
• Mangonon, P. L, The Principles of Materials Selection for Engineering Design, Prentice-Hall, 1998
• Hull, D and Bacon, D,J, Introduction to Dislocations, 4th ed., Pergamon, 2001
Class Schedule
No. Date Subject Note
1 6 / 7 Feb 2024 SAP. Class Introduction. Introduction to Crystal
2 13 / 14 Feb 2024 No Class.
3 20 / 21 Feb 2024 Miller Indices
4 27 / 28 Feb 2024 Miller Indices continued Assignment 1
5 5 / 6 Mar 2024 Stereographic Projections
6 12 / 13 Mar 2024 Stereographic Projections continued Assignment 2
7 19 / 20 Mar 2024 Crystal Symmetry Assignment 3
8 26 / 27 Apr 2024 Mid Test

• Teaching Assistants:
• Fisika Material 1 – 02: Mohammad Daneth Faizurrizqi (+62 897-9641-740)
• Fisika Material 1 – 03: Muhammad Alzansyah Suherman (+62 895-0522-5959)
Class Rules
• Attendance is important but not mandatory
• No sleep in class
• Candies and drinks are allowed
• Late arrival is acceptable
• Don’t be noisy
• Homework submission (if any)
• Submit electronically via EMAS
• Minus 10 points per day for late submission
• No plagiarism, no copy-paste
• In Class Assignment (if any)
• May be held on EMAS or in class
• In EMAS: please check the quiz type and availability
• In class:
• No cheating, no cell-phone, no restroom-break
• Late arrival is acceptable, however, no additional time for the test
Class Rules (subject to updated circumstance)
• Mid test & Final test
• Please bring your Student ID card (mandatory!)
• No cheating, no cell-phone, no restroom-break
• Late arrival is acceptable, however, no additional time for the test
• Your answer-book will not be returned
• Any complaint, please come to my office directly
• Grade-related questions via whatsapp/email/sms will not be entertained
Materials and Packing
Crystalline materials...
• atoms pack in periodic, 3D arrays
• typical of: -metals
-many ceramics
-some polymers
crystalline SiO2
Adapted from Fig. 3.23(a),
Callister & Rethwisch 8e.

Noncrystalline materials...
Si Oxygen
• atoms have no periodic packing
• occurs for: -complex structures
-rapid cooling
"Amorphous" = Noncrystalline noncrystalline SiO2
Adapted from Fig. 3.23(b),
Callister & Rethwisch 8e.
Metallic Crystal Structures
• Tend to be densely packed.
• Reasons for dense packing:
- Typically, only one element is present, so all atomic
radii are the same.
- Metallic bonding is not directional.
- Nearest neighbor distances tend to be small in
order to lower bond energy.
- Electron cloud shields cores from each other
• Have the simplest crystal structures.
We will examine three such structures...
Metallic Crystal Structures
• Dense = less empty space
• How can we stack metal atoms to minimize empty space?
2-dimensions

vs.

Now stack these 2-D layers to make 3-D structures

Simple Cubic Structure (SC)
• Rare due to low packing density (only Po has this structure)
• Close-packed directions are cube edges.

• Coordination # = 6
(# nearest neighbors)

(Courtesy P.M. Anderson)

Crystal Systems
Unit cell: smallest repetitive volume which
contains the complete lattice pattern of a crystal.

7 crystal systems

14 crystal lattices

a, b, and c are the lattice constants

Fig. 3.4, Callister & Rethwisch 8e.

Crystal Systems
Crystallographic Directions
z Algorithm
1. Vector repositioned (if necessary) to pass
through origin.
2. Read off projections in terms of
unit cell dimensions a, b, and c
y 3. Adjust to smallest integer values
4. Enclose in square brackets, no commas

x [uvw]

ex: 1, 0, ½ => 2, 0, 1 => [ 201 ]

-1, 1, 1 => [ 111 ] where overbar represents a
negative index
families of directions <uvw>
Crystallographic Planes

Adapted from Fig. 3.10,

Callister & Rethwisch 8e.
Stereographic Projections
Wulff Net Stereogram
Great circle (longitudinal line)

Great circle (longitudinal lines)

Not a great circle (latitude lines)

Great circle (equator line)

10° interval
Standard Cubic Projection
100

110

001 011 010

101
111

110

100
Crystal Symmetry
• In addition to the 14 Bravais lattices, we can also define symmetry properties of the
individual unit cells.
• A body or structure is symmetrical when its component parts are arranged such that
certain operations can be performed so as to bring the body into coincidence with
itself.
Crystal Classes (Point Groups)
• Tetragonal Crystal
• [001], [100], [110]