QR BE Fnvincering Rociely For Advancing Mobility OFF-HIGHWAY | SA 3931 Pi ai Sea air ana Space, IN 400 C TERNATIONAL MACHINERY 965. ronweath Dive, Warendae, PA TeneeaGG! © REPORT | 2851? neu Haren 1985 Reaffirms J93a HYDRAULIC POWER CIRCUIT FILTRATION en OBJECTIVE: This SAE Information Report is primarily to familiarize the designer of hydraulic powered machinery with the necessity for oil filtration in the hydraulic power circuit, the degree of system cleanliness required, types of filtration and filters available and their location and maintenance in the hydraulic circuit. NECESSITY FOR FILTRATION: The success of any hydraulic power application ‘requires adequate cleanliness of the fluid. Contamination in the system directly affects the many high precision parts used in the hydraulic components and may drastically reduce their usable life. Proper filtration collects contaminant particles and prevents their recirculation in the system. Most hydraulic systems circulate the same oil over and over again. Thus any contaminants or foreign particles in the of] will be recirculated unless removed. Harmful contaminants come from three general sources: (a) Built-in Contaminants - Built-in contaminants are particles remaining in ‘the system Following assembly of the hydraulic circuit. Included are core sand, weld spatter, metal chips from manufacturing and assembly operations, and lint and abrasion dust from grinding and finishing operations. (>) Introduced Contaminants - Introduced contaminants are foreign particles ‘which enter the system through fluid filler tubes, breather caps in reservoirs, cylinder rod seals and other seals, and added new of1. (c) Generated Contaminants - Generated contaminants include: 1. Wear Contaminants such as small particles of metal, sealing materials. etc., which result from wear on the moving parts of components within the system. ‘SAE Technica Board Hules provide nat" Ths reports published by SAE toadvance me slateottechncal andengineering sciences. ‘The use ofthis repos entirely voluntary. ands apolicabilty ard suabity fox any particular use including any aatemtinfingerent _atising fererom, is the sole responsibity of the user ‘SAE eviews each teernicalreport atleast ever ve years atwhichtimeitmay be reatiemed. evised.or cancelled. SAE inves your aten comments anu suggestions, Copyright 1986 Society of Automasiun Enginnars. ne Prinadin USA alr i reserved.2. 3. 4. Continued: 2. Chemical Reaction Contaminants which are the result of chemical reactions within the fluid. 3. Cavitation Generated Contaminants which are the result of microscopic surface damage caused by shock waves from implosion of voids formed in the fluid by dynamic conditions such as excessive suction at the pump inlet. 4. Metallic Erosion due to impingement of fluid on metal at high velocity. DEGREE OF SYSTEM CLEANLINESS: It is desirable to provide filtration which Tinits toa practical mintmum the population and size of particles that can cause damage by abrasive wear. In order to achieve an adequate fluid cleanliness level, it is not uncommon to filter the entire pump flow. Consideration should be given to component manufacturer's recommendations for the desired level of filtration to achieve adequate component life. The selection of a filter is based upon the rate at which contaminant is ‘introduced and generated, as well as the cleanliness level which must be achieved and maintained.’ The higher the rate of contaminant addition, the higher the elenents particulate removal characteristics must be if a given level is to be maintained. FILTER SELECTION CRITERIA: Filters are selected on the basis of structural ‘Integrity, service life, and the cleanliness level they are capable of maintaining downstream when exposed to standard test conditions; i.e., contaminant ingression, pressure drop characteristics, fluid flow, and fluid properties. (a) Structural Integrity 1. Collapse/Burst - The pressure drop arising from outside to in collapse) or inside to out (burst) flow that causes structural or medium failure of a filter element (per 1S0/S2942), 2. Flow Fatique - The number of flow cycles that a filter element can withstand without structural failure of the filter medium due to flexing (per ANSI 89324-1972). 3. Material Compatibility - The ability of a filter element to resist structural degradation in the presence of the fluid with which it must operate (per 1S0/S2943). 4, End Load - The axial force applied to the end of a filter element which may cause permanent deformation or seal failure (per ANSI 693,21-1972). }4 5 Continued: (b) (c) Relative Service Life (Relative Filter Capacity) 1. ACFTD Capacity - The amount of AC Fine Test Dust in grams which can De subjected fo the filter et specified fluid conditions without exceeding a predefined pressure drop (per ANSI R93. 31-1973). Filter Rating (Separation Performance) Filtration Ratio - The ratio of the number of particles larger than ‘The specified stze per unit volume in the influent to the number of particles larger than the size per unit volume in the effluent fluid (per ANSI B93, 31-1973). The cited standard procedure is applicable for assessing elements which exhibit a 10 micro-metre filtration ratio less than 75.0, a final reservoir gravi-netric level of less than 200 mg/l, and that have a rated flow in the range between 4,01/min and 600 1/min (1 USGPM and 160 USCPM). Other procedures are being developed to extend these limits. FILTER TYPES AND FILTER LOCATIONS: (a) (b) (c) Types of Filter - Filtration is accomplished by recognizing that @ Ference exists between some property of the base fluid and its contaminants. Properties used to discriminate fluid from contaminants are mass, density, and fluid viscosity. Particle size selection is the most commonly used filtration method. Types of Filtration - Filtration within a system may be classified Gtheros TUT Flow or partial flow. Full flow filtration is. defined ac the filtering of 100% of the circuit flow under normal operating conditions. Partial flow filtration is defined as the filtering by design of Jess than 10U% of the circuit flow under normal operating conditions. Typical Filter Locations and Circuits - There are three basic filter ‘eations th hyaraulte power-and Wydrostatic circuits. These locations ‘are in the suction line, the pressure linc, and the return Tine. It is common for each filter, regardless of its location within the circuit, to incorporate a bypass valve in the event that the pressure drop across the filter exceeds a prescribed amount. In addition, this bypass valve or any auxilfary parallel circuit can be utilized to achieve partial flow filtration. Crack or opening pressure drop are equally important to full flow pressure drop when selecting elements. Poor regulation of by-pass valves could result in partial flow filtration when full flow is expected. In certain critical systems, particularly those employing servo valves, high pressure filters with no bypass valves have been used which will not collapse at maximum operating pressure. This acts as a "dirt fuse" to shut down the system if the element is not changed when dirty.6, 5 Continued: In certain critical applications where no bypass is desired, filters may be used on suction lines, provided the reduced inlet pressure is not detrimental to the pump. Figs. 1-3 illustrate the locations of the filter in the three basic locations. (d) Filter Type and Location Design Consideration - The optimum filter type and Tocation For 8 specific cHeUTE can only be determined through an analysis of the following considerations: . Degree of filtration necessary for circuit components. + Location for protection of critical circuit components. . Ease of maintenance. - Contaminant holding capacity. » Cost. . - Weight. Consideration must be given to any choice of location to insure that the filter does not interfere with system performance. For example: + Filters in the pump inlet line must provide positive safeguards to prevent punp cavitation. 2. Filters placed in the pressure line must be capable of withstanding maximum system pressure. 3. Filters placed in the return line may be subjected to extreme flow surges. Filters may be placed on any combination of locations; i.c., pump inlet, pressure line, return line. DESIGN CONSIDERATION FOR FILTER MAINTENANCE: The servicing of filter ‘elements 1f of primary Importance in all hydraulic circuits. A proper filter service schedule can only be set up through test and experience of the circuit involved. If too frequent a change appears necessary, two alternatives are available, either the filter contaminant capacity must be increased, or the rate of entry or generation of contaminants within the system must be decreased. Since filter elements must be cleaned and replaced Frequently, case of servicing is of importance in design. Some filters contain differential pressure devices that signal when a filter element is dirty.Joie LL Je vauve eesenvon| ‘ine nitven Pe — FIG, 1 - LOCATION OF FILTER IN SUCTION LINE jeeservon! FIG, 2 - LOCATION OF FILTER IN PRESSURE LINE Eten Jemwve suction pnessune FIG, 3 = LOCATION OF FILTER IN RETURNJ931_MAR86 RATIONALE: Not applicable. RELATIONSHIP OF SAE STANDARD TO ISO STANDARD: Not applicable. REFERENCE SECTION: ANSI B93.21-1972 ANSI 093,24-1972 ANSI 893, 31-1973 Is0/s2942 1s0/S2943 APPLICATION: This SAE Information Report is primarily to familiarize the designer of hydraulic Powered machinery with the necessity for oil filtration in the hydraulic power circuit, the degree of system cleanliness required, types of filtration and filters available and their location and maintenance in the hydraulic circuit. COMMITTEE COMPOSITION: DEVELOPED BY SUBCOMMITTEE 4, HYDRAULIC FLUIO POWER SYSTEMS AND COMPONENTS: . B, Janvrin, Fluid Controls Inc., Easley, SC - Chairman L. Snyder, Deere & Co., Waterloo, IA - Vice Chairman P. Barthe. Schroeder Brothers Corp., McKees Rocks, PA L. Brundidge, Eaton Corp., Eden Prairie, MN Burt, Shamban Seal Division, Fort Wayne, IN - F. Carlin, Cessna Aircraft Co., Hutchinson, KS Caulpetzer, Texas Hydraulics, Inc., Athens, TN Chatterjea, Dresser Industries, Libertyville, IL Chichester, Clark Material system Technology Co., Battle Creek, MI Fairbairn, Kochring Benton Harbor, Benton Harbor, HI Fitch, Jr., Oklahoma State Univ., Stillwater, OK Frahm, Ford Motor Co., Troy, NI HetTman, Allis-Chalmers Corp., Matteson, IL \. Hertel, ‘Parker-Hannifin Corp., Cleveland, OH Krazemiem. Shamban Seal Division, Fort Wayne, IN J. MacIntosh, Sundstrand Corp., Ames, IA - Nanda, Sperry Vickers, Troy, Micas BY SUBCOMMITTEE 4, HYDRAULIC FLUID POWER SYSTEMS AND COMPONENTS ont"d. J: Parrett, AMCA International Corp., Benton Harbor, MI Randall, Harrison, MI Royle, Parker Hannifin, Elyria, OH Schwary, Wooster, OH Stockwell, Joppatowne, MD Straight, ‘Dana Corp., Minneapolis, Strante, Dresser Industries, Peoria, Strouse, Greene, Tweed & Co., Inc., North Wales, PA White, Caterpillar Tractor Co., Joliet, IL {LI Zagotta, Tenneco Inc., Hinsdale, Il. F. Zoller, Double A Products Co., Manchester, MI SPONSORED BY THE SAE OFF-ROAD MACHINERY TECHNICAL COMMITTEE: L. Black, Clark Michigan Co., Buchanan, MI - Chairman Randall, Ford Motor Co., ‘Troy, MI - Vice Chairman R. Bailey, Bailey Marketing Inc., Crystal Lake, IL Bushey, Caterpillar Tractor Co., Decatur, Tl Castine, Trojan Industries, Inc., Batavia, NY Codlin, Springfield, IL Crawshaw, Aurora, IL Daniels, Sr., B. F. Goodrich Co., Bloomington, IN Driscol, Cummins Eng. Co., Inc., Columbus, IN Dudley, Caterpillar Tractor Co., Peoria, iL Gi11, American Honda Motor Co., Inc., Gardena, CA A. Green, GMC, La Grange, IL €. Jackson, Evans, Charles & Associates, Inc., Las Cruces, NM B. Janvrin, Fluid Controls Inc., Easley, St D. Lewis, Sparta, Nd R. McLean, Ford Motor Co., Troy. MI E. Miller, Davenport, IA E. Moore, Caterpillar Tractor Co., Peorta, IL J. Nelissen, John Deere Dubuque Works, Dubuque, IA Oldenburg. Caterpillar Tractor Co., Aurora, IL E, Page, Harnischfeger Corporation, Escanaba, MI Parrett, St. Joseph, MI Pertzsch, Harley-Davidson Motor Co., Milwaukee, WI Redenbarger, Flotec Inc., Indianapolis, IN Ritterbusch, Caterpillar Tractor Co., Peoria, IL Rumpt, Dresser Industries, Peoria, IL Stangi, Charles Machine Works, Inc., Perry, OK Thomas, Dresser Industries Inc., Peoria, IL‘hia report is eublahed by SAE to advance he state of technical and lengneenng scancen. The use ols report isenarely vountay. ards ‘pplicabilty and sutaity for any partcular use, nciucing ary patent intingement ansing eretom, sie soe responaitlty of he user. PRINTED IN USA| NOTICE OF | ADOPTION NOTICE 1 | ADOPTION _| 29 May 1991 tor SAE 931-86 March 1986 SAE 3931-86 wae adoptad on 25 May 1991, and is approved for use by the Department of Defense (DoD). The Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc., has furnished the clearance required by existing regulations. Copies of the document are stocked at the Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4D, 700 Robbins Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, for issue to DoD activities cnly. All other requestors must obtain copies from: Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc. 400 Commonwealth Drive Warrendale, PA 15096 Title of Document: Hydraulic Power Gircutt Filtration, Information Report Date of Specific Issue Adopted: March 1986 Releasing Non-Government Standards Body: Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc Custodians Military Coordinating Activity: Arny - ME Navy > ¥D Navy - YD Air Force - 99 (Project 4330-0085) Review Activitie Navy - SH Air Force - 84 DIA - cS Fs¢ 4330 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.