Management Information System Finals Reviewer
Lesson 6: Foundations of Business Intelligence:
Databases and Information Management
What are the problems of managing data resources in
a traditional file environment?
• An effective information system provides users
with accurate, timely, and relevant information.
Accurate information is free of errors.
Information is timely when it is available to
decision makers when it is needed. Information is
relevant when it is useful and appropriate for the
types of work and decisions that require it.
File Organizations Terms and Concepts
• A computer system organizes data in a hierarchy
that starts with bits and bytes and progresses to
fields, records, files, and databases.
• A bit represents the smallest unit of data a
computer can handle.
• A group of bits, called a byte, represents a single
character, which can be a letter, a number, or
another symbol.
• A grouping of characters into a word, a group of
words, or a complete number (such as a person’s
name or age) is called a field.
• A group of related fields, such as the student’s
name, the course taken, the date, and the grade,
comprises a record; a group of records of the
same type is called a file.
Traditional File Processing
• The use of a traditional approach to file
processing encourages each functional area in a
corporation to develop specialized applications.
Each application requires a unique data file that is
likely to be a subset of the master file. These
subsets of the master file lead to data redundancy
and inconsistency, processing inflexibility, and
wasted storage resources
Data Redundancy and Inconsistency
• Data redundancy is the presence of duplicate
data in multiple data files so that the same data
are stored in more than one place or location. Data
redundancy occurs when different groups in an
organization independently collect the same piece
of data and store it independently of each other.
• Data redundancy wastes storage resources and
also leads to data inconsistency, where the same
attribute may have different values.
• For example, in instances of the entity COURSE
illustrated in Figure 6.1, the Date may be updated
in some systems but not in others. The same
attribute, Student_ID, might also have different
names in different systems throughout the
organization. Some systems might use
Student_ID and others might use ID, for example.
Program-Data Dependence
• Program-data dependence refers to the
coupling of data stored in files and the specific
programs required to update and maintain those
files such that changes in programs require
changes to the data. Every traditional computer
program has to describe the location and nature of
the data with which it works. In a traditional file
environment, any change in a software program
could require a change in the data accessed by
that program. One program might be modified
from a five-digit to a nine-digit ZIP code. If the
original data file were changed from five-digit to
nine-digit ZIP codes, then other programs that
required the five-digit ZIP code would no longer
work properly. Such changes could cost millions
of dollars to implement properly.
Lack of Flexibility
• A traditional file system can deliver routine
scheduled reports after extensive programming
efforts, but it cannot deliver ad hoc reports or
respond to unanticipated information
requirements in a timely fashion. The information
required by ad hoc requests is somewhere in the
system but may be too expensive to retrieve.
Several programmers might have to work for
weeks to put together the required data items in a
new file.
Poor Security
• Because there is little control or management of
data, access to and dissemination of information
may be out of control. Management might have
no way of knowing who is accessing or even
making changes to the organization’s data.
Lack of Data Sharing and Availability
• Because pieces of information in different files
and different parts of the organization cannot be
related to one another, it is virtually impossible
for information to be shared or accessed in a
timely manner. Information cannot flow freely
across different functional areas or different parts
of the organization. If users find different values
for the same piece of information in two different
systems, they may not want to use these systems
because they cannot trust the accuracy of their
data.
What are the major capabilities of database
management systems (DBMS), and why is a relational
DBMS so powerful?
• Database technology cuts through many of the
problems of traditional file organization. A more
rigorous definition of a database is a collection of
data organized to serve many applications
efficiently by centralizing the data and controlling
redundant data. Rather than storing data in
separate files for each application, data appear to
users as being stored in only one location. A
single database services multiple applications.
For example, instead of a corporation storing
employee data in separate information systems
and separate files for personnel, payroll, and
benefits, the corporation could create a single
common human resources database (see Figure
6.3).
Human Resources Database with Multiple Views
• A single human resources database provides
many different views of data, depending on the
information requirements of the user. Illustrated
here are two possible views, one of interest to a
benefits specialist and one of interest to a member
of the company's payroll department.
Database Management Systems
• A database management system (DBMS) is
software that enables an organization to centralize
data, manage them efficiently, and provide access
to the stored data by application programs. The
DBMS acts as an interface between application
programs and the physical data files. When the
application program calls for a data item, such as
gross pay, the DBMS finds this item in the
database and presents it to the application
program. Using traditional data files, the
programmer would have to specify the size and
format of each data element used in the program
and then tell the computer where they were
located.
How a DBMS Solves the Problems of the Traditional
File Environment
• A DBMS reduces data redundancy and
inconsistency by minimizing isolated files in
which the same data are repeated. The DBMS
may not enable the organization to eliminate data
redundancy entirely, but it can help control
redundancy. Even if the organization maintains
some redundant data, using a DBMS eliminates
data inconsistency because the DBMS can help
the organization ensure that every occurrence of
redundant data has the same values. The DBMS
uncouples programs and data, enabling data to
stand on their own.
Lesson 7: Dashboard Analytics
Dashboard Analytics
• Dashboard analytics is the art and science of
transforming raw data into meaningful insights
through visual representation. Dashboards help in
monitoring key performance indicators (KPIs),
tracking trends, and making data-driven
decisions.
Understanding your Audience
• Identify who will be using the dashboard.
• Tailor your visuals and insights to meet the
specific needs of your audience.
Selecting Key Metrics
• Determine the critical metrics that align with your
business goals.
• Focus on a few key metrics rather than
overwhelming the dashboard with too much
information.
Choosing the Right Visualizations
• Match the type of visualization to the nature of
your data (e.g., bar charts, line graphs, pie charts).
• Use color strategically to highlight important
information and trends.
Ensuring Data Accuracy
• Double-check your data sources and ensure data
integrity.
• Implement validation processes to catch errors
early on.
Creating a User-Friendly Layout
• Organize your dashboard logically for easy
navigation.
• Prioritize information based on its importance.
Implementing Interactivity
• Include interactive elements like filters and drill-
down options.
• Allow users to customize their view for a more
personalized experience.
Telling a Story with Data
• Arrange your visuals to tell a coherent and
compelling story.
• Provide context and background information to
guide users through the data.
Ensuring Responsiveness
• Design dashboards that are responsive to different
devices (desktop, tablet, mobile).
• Test the dashboard on various screen sizes to
ensure a seamless experience.
Lesson 8: Evaluating MIS Software and Providers
Introduction
1. Selecting the right Management Information
System (MIS) software is crucial for any
organization. It can significantly impact
operational efficiency, decision-making
capabilities, and overall success. However, with
numerous software options and providers
available, choosing the most suitable one can be
overwhelming. This handout will equip you with
the knowledge and tools to evaluate MIS software
and providers effectively.
Key Criteria for Evaluating MIS Software
1. Functionality: Does the software offer the
features and modules needed to meet your
specific business requirements?
2. Usability: Is the interface user- friendly and
intuitive for both technical and non- technical
users?
3. Scalability: Can the software accommodate
future growth and changes in your business
needs?
4. Integration: Can the software integrate
seamlessly with your existing systems and
applications?
5. Security: Does the software meet your security
requirements and protect sensitive data
6. Support: Does the provider offer comprehensive
support services, including training,
troubleshooting, and maintenance?
7. Cost: Is the software within. your budget, and
does it offer a good return on investment?
Evaluation Methods
1. Vendor Evaluation:
o Research the vendor's
reputation, experience, and customer
satisfaction ratings.
o Request information about the vendor's
development roadmap, support
services, and pricing models.
o Schedule a demo to see the software in
action and ask questions directly to the
vendor.
2. Software Evaluation:
o Analyze the software's features and
functionalities in detail.
o Test the software's usability and
performance on your own systems.
o Compare different software options
using a weighted scoring system.
3. Benchmarking:
o Compare the software's performance and
capabilities against industry standards
and best practices.
o Identify areas where the software excels
or falls short compared to its competitors.
4. User Input:
o Gather feedback from potential users
about their needs and preferences.
o Involve key stakeholders in the
evaluation process to ensure buy-in and
adoption.
Strengths and Weaknesses of Different Evaluation
Methods:
1. Vendor Evaluation
o Strength: Provides insight into the
vendor's commitment and support
o Weakness: Can be influenced by sales
tactics and bias
2. Software Evaluation
o Strength: Allows for hands-on
experience and detailed assessment
o Weakness: Time-consuming and may not
reflect real-world conditions
3. Benchmarking
o Strength: Provides objective comparison
with industry standards
o Weakness: May not be relevant to your
specific needs and industry
4. User Input
o Strength: Addresses user needs and
preferences directly
o Weakness: Can be subjective and may
not reflect the overall organizational
needs
Developing an Evaluation Plan
1. Define your business requirements and objectives
for implementing an MIS system.
2. Determine your budget and timeline for the
evaluation process.
3. Identify the stakeholders involved in the
evaluation and decision-making process.
4. Select the most appropriate evaluation methods
based on your needs and resources.
5. Develop a scoring system to compare different
software options.
6. Document your findings and recommendations
for the final decision
Lesson 9: Management Information Systems (MIS) in
Specialized Industries
Deep Dive into Industry-Specific Applications:
Healthcare:
• Electronic Health Records (EHRs): Secure
storage and access to patient data, streamlining
diagnoses, treatment plans, and communication.
• Telemedicine: Virtual consultations improve
patient access to care, especially in remote areas.
• Medical Decision Support Systems
(MDSS): Data-driven insights assist healthcare
professionals in diagnosis and treatment
decisions.
• Precision Medicine: Personalized medicine
based on individual genetic and biological data.
Finance:
• Trading Platforms: Real-time financial data
analysis drives informed investment decisions.
• Fraud Detection and Prevention: Advanced
algorithms identify and mitigate financial crimes.
• Risk Management: Data-driven models assess
and manage financial risks for insurance
companies and banks.
• Blockchain Technology: Secure and transparent
financial transactions in areas like cryptocurrency
and crowdfunding.
Learning Management Systems (LMS)
• Online platforms for course delivery,
assessments, and student engagement
Adaptive Learning
• Al-powered platforms personalize learning paths
based on individual progress.
Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR)
• Immersive learning experiences enhance
knowledge retention and engagement.
Data Analytics for Educational Insights
• Track student performance, identify
improvement areas, and personalize learning
approaches.
Navigating the Regulatory Landscape
Each industry has specific regulations and compliance
requirements for MIS practices. You'll explore:
• HIPAA (Healthcare): Protects patient data
privacy and security.
• FINRA (Finance): Regulates financial
professionals and firms.
• FERPA (Education): Protects student privacy in
educational data.
Understanding these regulations is crucial for
implementing compliant MIS solutions.
MIS fosters efficiency and effectiveness in every
sector:
• Healthcare: Improved patient care
coordination, reduced medical errors, and
optimized resource allocation.
• Finance: Faster transactions, streamlined
financial processes, and better risk management.
• Education: Personalized learning, improved
learning outcomes, and increased student
engagement.
Career Opportunities Await:
• Healthcare IT: Develop and implement healthcare
IT solutions, manage EHRs, and analyze medical
data.
• FinTech: Design and manage financial
applications, build trading platforms, and analyze
financial data.
• EdTech: Develop educational software, manage
LMS platforms, and analyze educational data.
Lesson 10: Future Trends in Management
Information Systems: Embracing the Dawn of
Intelligent Business
Introduction
• As the world of information technology continues
to evolve, management information systems
(MIS) play a crucial role in shaping the future of
businesses and technology. This lesson will
explore the emerging trends in MIS, the impact of
AI, automation, and machine learning, and the
evolving role of the Chief Information Officer
(CIO) and IT professionals. We will also discuss
the importance of lifelong learning in the field of
MIS and reflect on the future relevance of these
systems in the business world.
Emerging Trends in MIS
• Artificial Intelligence Advancements: AI is
making significant contributions in various
industries, including the management of
information systems. AI can be implemented
using various techniques, such as rule-based
systems, expert systems, and machine learning, to
automate repetitive or routine tasks and
streamline workflows.
• Cloud Computing: Cloud computing is
rebounding and continues to be an area in which
organizations are making significant investments.
It offers a convenient option for data storage and
allows businesses to determine levels of access
for their team members, providing employees
with appropriate levels of access to do their jobs
no matter where they are
• Big Data: The term "big data" refers to data that
is so large, fast, or complex that it's difficult or
impossible to process using traditional methods.
IT professionals build sophisticated tools, often
using artificial intelligence, to examine and
analyze big data
• Virtual and Augmented Reality: These
technologies have applications in many
industries, including MIS. They can be used to
create immersive environments for training,
collaboration, and decision-making
Impact of AI, Automation, and Machine Learning on
MIS
• Data Quality: AI and machine learning
algorithms can be used to automatically classify
and categorize data, identify patterns and
anomalies, and generate reports in real-time. This
can help organizations scale their MIS systems
without adding additional staff or increasing the
workload on existing staff.
• Automation: AI and machine learning can
automate repetitive or routine tasks, such as data
entry, reporting, and scheduling, and free up time
for more complex or creative tasks
• Streamlined Workflows: AI and machine learning
can integrate data from different systems,
platforms, and devices, providing a single source
of truth and facilitating collaboration among
maintenance staff, managers, and stakeholders.
Evolving Role of the CIO and IT Professionals

• Strategic Partnership: CIOs are increasingly

expected to be strategic partners to other C-suite
executives, aligning the plans and operations of
the information systems with the strategic goals
of the organization.
• Tech-Savvy Leadership: As new technologies
emerge and digital transformation accelerates,
CIOs have had to develop skills that go beyond
traditional technology management, such as data
analytics, cloud computing, and artificial
intelligence.
• Lifelong Learning: The rapid pace of
technological advancements requires IT
professionals to continuously update their skills
and knowledge to stay relevant in the field of MIS
Conclusion

• As we look to the future of business and

technology, the role of management information
systems will continue to evolve and adapt to new
trends and technologies. The integration of AI,
automation, and machine learning in MIS will
lead to improved decision-making, streamlined
processes, and enhanced collaboration. The CIO
and IT professionals must remain committed to
lifelong learning and stay ahead of the curve to
ensure the success of their organizations in the
digital age.