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Advanced
Pharmacology for
Prescribers
Brent Luu, PharmD, BCPS, BCACP, is an associate clinical professor for the Master of Science–Nurse Prac-
titioner, Master of Health Sciences–Physician Assistant Studies, and Master Entry Program in Nursing degree
programs at the Betty Irene Moore School of Nursing, University of California, Davis, where he teaches the Pharma-
cology series courses across the UC Davis programs. Dr. Luu earned his Doctor of Pharmacy degree from the Uni-
versity of the Pacific School of Pharmacy in 2000. With two decades of experiences in pharmacy practice, Dr. Luu
brings a broad perspective of various pharmacy practice settings, including inpatient, outpatient, acute care, am-
bulatory care, and home infusion. Dr. Luu has authored and coauthored multiple manuscripts and book chapters
in various publications. In addition, he has been a reviewer for Journal of the American Academy of Physician
Assistants, Journal for Nurse Practitioners, and the Annals of Internal Medicine. Prior to teaching, Dr. Luu was
a clinical pharmacist practitioner at Kaiser Permanente, a Wal-Mart Pharmacy manager, and a co-owner of an in-
dependent pharmacy. Dr. Luu’s focus is on patient care and medication safety. As an educator, he hopes to train
students to optimize therapeutic outcomes while minimizing adverse drug events, as well as improve patient and
medication safety. His clinical interests include pain management, neurology, and chronic disease management.
Gerald Kayingo, PhD, MMSc, PA-C, is the executive director of the Physician Assistant Leadership and Learning
Academy and an assistant dean and professor at the graduate school of the University of Maryland Baltimore. He
previously worked at the University of California, Davis, where he served in various capacities including direc-
tor of the Master of Health Services–Physician Assistant program. Prior to joining University of California, Davis,
Dr. Kayingo was a faculty member at the Yale School of Medicine Physician Associate Program and practiced at the
Yale New Haven Hospital Primary Care Center in Connecticut. He has extensive experience in health professions
education and clinical practice.
Dr. Kayingo is an alumnus of the Harvard Management Development Program following a Master of Medical
Science–Physician Assistant Degree at Yale University School of Medicine in Connecticut and a Doctor of Philoso-
phy in Microbiology from Orange Free State University in South Africa. He completed his postdoctoral education
in infectious diseases at Yale University School of Medicine, where he studied microbial pathogenesis, membrane
transport, and signal transduction. He is in the process of completing his Master of Business Administration at the
University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign, specializing in strategic leadership and management.
Nationally, Dr. Kayingo has served as a director at large on the Physician Assistant Education Association Board
of Directors, member of the editorial board for the Journal of Physician Assistant Education, and associate editor
of BMC Health Services Research. He was a pioneering member of the Commission on the Health of the Public and
served on the national health disparities working group for the American Academy of Physician Assistants. He was
recently inducted into the prestigious Uganda National Academy of Sciences. Dr. Kayingo has coauthored three
books on health professions education and published extensively on health systems science and infectious dis-
eases in peer-reviewed journals. He is a recipient of several awards, including a university book prize, the 2016 PA
Student Academy mentor award, the 2015 American Academy of Physician Assistant Research Publishing Award,
and the 2014 Jack Cole Society Award at Yale.
Virginia McCoy Hass, DNP, MSN, RN, FNP-C, PA-C, has more than 20 years of experience in graduate nurs-
ing and medical education, teaching advanced pharmacology, applied clinical pharmacology, and primary care
medicine to family nurse practitioner and physician assistant students. She is a graduate of the Rush University
Doctor of Nursing Practice Program, following a Master of Science in nursing from California State University,
Sacramento, and family nurse practitioner and physician assistant certification from the University of California,
Davis. Dr. McCoy Hass has extensive experience in the development and implementation of active learning strate-
gies, simulation pedagogy, distance education using innovative technology, and instructional design strategies. She
has led a variety of initiatives to create new interdisciplinary models for the delivery of primary care and student
training opportunities. Dr. McCoy Hass coedited The Health Professions Educator: A Practical Guide for New and
Established Faculty, authored book chapters on chronic illness management and interprofessional education, and
published in a variety of peer-reviewed journals. Dr. McCoy Hass has presented extensively at regional, state, and
national meetings on a wide variety of topics, including pharmacology, primary care, interprofessional education,
and educational innovation. She has served on the editorial board of the Journal of the American Academy of Phy-
sician Assistants and the board of directors of the California Association for Nurse Practitioners. While retired
from clinical practice and teaching, she continues to serve as a medicolegal expert witness and expert witness for
the California Board of Registered Nursing.
Advanced
Pharmacology for
Prescribers
BRENT LUU, PHARMD, BCPS, Section Editors:
BCACP Elaine D. Kauschinger, PhD, MSN,
GERALD KAYINGO, PHD, MMSc, APRN, FNP-C
PAC Sandhya Venugopal, MD, MS-HPEd
VIRGINIA MCCOY HASS, DNP, Xiaodong Feng, PhD, PharmD
MSN, RN, FNPC, PAC
Copyright © 2022 Springer Publishing Company, LLC
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Springer Publishing Company, LLC, or authorization through payment
of the appropriate fees to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400, fax 978-646-8600, info@
copyright.com or on the Web at www.copyright.com.
ISBN: 978-0-8261-9546-3
ebook ISBN: 978-0-8261-9547-0
DOI: 10.1891/9780826195470
A robust set of instructor resources designed to supplement this text is available. Qualifying instructors
may request access by emailing textbook@springerpub.com.
20 21 22 23 24 / 5 4 3 2 1
Medicine is an ever-changing science. Research and clinical experience are continually expanding our knowledge, in particular our under-
standing of proper treatment and drug therapy. The authors, editors, and publisher have made every effort to ensure that all information in this
book is in accordance with the state of knowledge at the time of production of the book. Nevertheless, the authors, editors, and publisher are
not responsible for any errors or omissions or for any consequence from application of the information in this book and make no warranty,
expressed or implied, with respect to the content of this publication. Every reader should examine carefully the package inserts accompanying
each drug and should carefully check whether the dosage schedules therein or the contraindications stated by the manufacturer differ from the
statements made in this book. Such examination is particularly important with drugs that are either rarely used or have been newly released on
the market.
Publisher’s Note: New and used products purchased from third-party sellers are not guaranteed for quality, authenticity, or access
to any included digital components.
Contributors xv 3. PHARMACODYNAMICS 17
Reviewers xxi James Uchizono and Patrick Chan
Section Editor Biographies xxiii
Preface xxv Introduction 17
Acknowledgements xxvii Linking Dose to Response 17
Springer Publishing Resources xxviii Linear Model 18
Emax Model 19
Complex Pharmacodynamic Behaviors
PART I: FOUNDATIONS OF PHARMACOLOGY and Limitations 20
AND PRESCRIBING CASE EXEMPLAR: Patient With Syncope 21
CASE EXEMPLAR: Patient With Pulmonary
1. AN INTRODUCTION TO EVIDENCE-BASED Embolism 21
CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINES 3
Adebola Olarewaju and George W. Rodway 4. PHARMACOGENETICS AND
PHARMACOGENOMICS 23
Introduction 3
Kevin C. O’Connor, Xiaodong Feng, and Brent Luu
Background 3
Clinical Guidelines 3 Introduction: Pharmacogenetics Versus
Utilization of Clinical Guidelines 3 Pharmacogenomics 23
Benefits and Limitations Background 23
of Clinical Guidelines 4 Genomic Databases 24
Clinical Guideline Development 4 Variations of Enzymes in Drug Metabolism 25
Conclusion 6 Variations in Transporters 29
Variations in Immune System Function 31
2. PHARMACOKINETICS 9 Drug–Drug Interactions and Genetic Polymorphism 32
Patrick Chan and James Uchizono Cost Effectiveness of Pharmacogenomics 32
Future of Pharmacogenomics 33
Introduction 9 CASE EXEMPLAR: Patient With Post-Concussive
Background 10 Syndrome 39
Pharmacokinetic Processes 10 CASE EXEMPLAR: Patient With Nephrolithiasis 40
Absorption 10
Distribution 11
Drug Metabolism 11
5. PHARMACOLOGY ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN 47
Excretion 12 Cynthia S. Valle-Oseguera, Melanie A. Felmlee, and
Pharmacokinetic Parameters 12 Carly A. Ranson
Bioavailability 12
Clearance 13 Introduction 47
Volume of Distribution 13 Pediatric Population 47
Elimination Rate Constant 13 Overview 47
Half-Life 14 CASE EXEMPLAR: Newly Diagnosed Asthma 50
Conclusion 14 Pregnant and Lactating Population 50
CASE EXEMPLAR: Patient With New-Onset Seizures 15 Overview 50
CASE EXEMPLAR: Female With Suspected CASE EXEMPLAR: Patient With Urinary Retention 82
Pregnancy 53
CASE EXEMPLAR: Patient With Skin Rash 82
Geriatric Population 54
Overview 54
Conclusion 56 8. FOUNDATIONS OF PRESCRIPTION WRITING 87
Brent Luu, Laura Van Auker, and David Grega
CASE EXEMPLAR: Female With Recent Fall
and Dizziness 57 Introduction 87
Federal Drug Law and Regulations 88
6. DRUGTHERAPY PRESCRIBING The Drug Enforcement Administration 88
IN SPECIAL POPULATIONS 61 Requirements of a Valid Prescription 91
Reamer Bushardt and Courtney J. Perry Patient Information 91
Drug Information 91
Introduction 61 Generic Substitution 91
Optimizing Drug Therapy for Renal Function 61 Ethical Aspects of Prescribing 94
Optimizing Drug Therapy for Liver Function 63 Standard of Care for Specialty Populations 95
Drug Therapy in Pediatrics 65 Prescribing for Self, Family, and Nonpatients 95
Drug Therapy in the Elderly 67 Conscience Clause: Personal Belief Versus Professional
Conclusion 70 Responsibility 95
CASE EXEMPLAR: Patient With Altered Mental Off-Label Drug Use 96
Status 70 CASE EXEMPLAR: Patient With Antibiotic Treatment
CASE EXEMPLAR: Patient With Acute Renal Failure 71 Failure 96
CASE EXEMPLAR: Patient With Bronchitis 97
7. DRUG DEVELOPMENT AND APPROVAL 75
Hongbin Wang, Peter Tenerelli, Simeon O. Kotchoni, 9. RESPONSIBLE CONTROLLEDSUBSTANCE
Ahmed El-Shamy, Erika Young, Michael Casner, PRESCRIBING 101
and Catherine F. Yang Vasco Deon Kidd, Andrew Lowe, Brent Luu, and Gerald Kayingo
CASE EXEMPLAR: Calculating IV Fluid Intake 130 14. PHARMACOTHERAPY FOR EYE CONDITIONS 159
CASE EXEMPLAR: Calculating Body Surface Area
Tedi Begaj and Shlomit Schaa
and Sodium Deficit 130
Introduction 159
12. PROMOTING ADHERENCE Ocular Penetrating and Perforating Injuries
WITH PHARMACOTHERAPY 133 (Open Globe) 159
Lisa M. O’Neal and Erin Lyden Eyelids and Orbit 159
Pharmacotherapy for Chalazion and Hordeolum 159
Introduction 133 Pharmacotherapy for Preseptal and Postseptal
Background 133 Cellulitis 160
Intentional Nonadherence 134 Pharmacotherapy for Varicella Zoster 160
The Role of Self-Stigma in Nonadherence 134 Conjunctiva 162
The Role of Side Effects in Nonadherence 134 Pharmacotherapy for Conjunctivitis 162
The Role of Health Literacy in Nonadherence 134 Cornea 163
Unintentional Nonadherence 136 Pharmacotherapy for Corneal Abrasion 163
The Role of Cost in Nonadherence 136 Chemical Exposure 163
The Role of Forgetfulness in Nonadherence 136 Glaucoma 164
The Role of Patient Education in Nonadherence 137 Pharmacotherapy for Reduced Production
Conclusion 137 of Aqueous 164
Enhancement of Outflow of Aqueous 165
CASE EXEMPLAR: Patient With Medication
Nonadherence 138 CASE EXEMPLAR: Patient With Eye Pain 165
CASE EXEMPLAR: Patient With Likely Unintentional CASE EXEMPLAR: Patient With Eye Pain and Blurry
Nonadherence 139 Vision 165
viii Contents
Eric C. Nemec, II, PharmD, MEHP, BCPS Simon Paul, MD, AAHIVS
Director of Research and Assessment Internal Medicine Physician/HIV Specialist
Clinical Associate Professor Health Officer
Master of Physician Assistant Program Department of Public Health
Sacred Heart University Madera County, California
Stamford, Connecticut
Courtney J. Perry, PharmD
Andrew Nevins, MD Assistant Professor
Clinical Associate Professor Department of PA Studies
Stanford University School of Medicine Wake Forest School of Medicine
Stanford, California Pediatric Pharmacist
Department of Pharmacy
Kwan L. Ng, MD, PhD Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center
Associate Professor Winston-Salem, North Carolina
Director of Comprehensive Stroke Center Amir Ramezani, PhD
Department of Neurology
Psychologist, Associate Clinical Professor
University of California–Davis Medical Center
Director of Neuropsychology and Health Psychology
Sacramento, California
Training Program
University of California–Davis
Kathleen Nowak, PharmD, BCACP, AAHIVP Sacramento, California
Clinical Pharmacist
Medical Group of the Carolinas Carly A. Ranson, PharmD, MS, BCGP
Spartanburg, South Carolina
Assistant Professor and Director of Pharmacy
Co-Curricular Programming
Kevin C. O’Connor, DO, FAAFP Department of Pharmacy Practice
Associate Professor of Medicine Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy
Senior Medical Advisor, Health Sciences Programs University of the Pacific
The George Washington University School Stockton, California
of Medicine & Health Sciences
Washington, District of Columbia Kristi Isaac Rapp, PharmD, BCACP
Clinical Professor and Associate Dean
Kevin Michael O’Hara, MMSc, MS, PA-C College of Pharmacy
Assistant Professor Xavier University of Louisiana
School of Medicine New Orleans, Louisiana
Yale University
New Haven, Connecticut Angela Richard-Eaglin, DNP, MSN, FNP-BC, CNE,
FAANP
Lisa M. O’Neal, NP-C
Assistant Clinical Professor
Nurse Practitioner Duke University School of Nursing
Surgical Intensive Care Unit Co-Director of the VA Nursing Academic Partnership
Charlotte, North Carolina in Graduate Education (VANAP-GE)
Adult Gerontology Primary Care Residency Program
Adebola Olarewaju, PhD (Candidate), MS, Durham, North Carolina
CPNP, BSN
Nurse Practitioner Joanne Rolls, MPAS, PA-C, MEHP
Betty Irene Moore School of Nursing Clinical Assistant Professor
University of California–Davis University of Utah School of Medicine
Sacramento, California Division of Physician Assistant
University of Utah Hospitals and Clinics
Katherine Park, MD Salt Lake City, UT
Assistant Professor
Associate Program Director–Neurology Residency
Department of Neurology
University of California–Davis Medical Center
Sacramento, California
Contributors xix
Nicole B. Burwell, PhD, MSHS, PA-C David Grega, PA-C, MPAS, DFAAPA
Director of Pre-Clerkship Education Assistant Clinical Professor
Clinical Associate Professor of Medicine Betty Irene Moore School of Nursing
Stanford School of Medicine University of California–Davis
Stanford, California Sacramento, California
Charles De Mesa, DO, MPH Kimberly A. Hoffmann, PharmD, APh, BCPP, BCGP
Director of Pain Medicine Fellowship Clinical Professor, Regional Coordinator—Bakersfield
Director of Musculoskeletal Pain Medicine University of the Pacific School of Pharmacy
Assistant Professor Stockton, California
Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine
University of California–Davis Susan LeLacheur, DrPH, PA-C
Sacramento, California Associate Professor of Physician Assistant Studies
School of Medicine and Health Scences
Dale Cai Dong, PharmD The George Washington University
Pain Management and Palliative Care Resident Washington, DC
Pharmacist
Department of Pharmacy Services Han Duong Lund, PharmD, BCPS, BCIDP
University of California–Davis Inpatient Clinical Pharmacist
Sacramento, California San Diego County, California
Susan M. Fernandes, LPD, PA-C Ricky Norwood, DNP, MSN, RN, FNP-BC
Associate Dean for PA Education and Clinical Assistant Clinical Professor
Professor of Pediatrics and Medicine Betty Irene Moore School of Nursing, UC Davis
Stanford University School of Medicine Sacramento, California
Stanford, California
xxi
xxii Reviewers
Elaine D. Kauschinger, PhD, MSN, APRN, FNP-C, training in Cardiovascular Diseases at Rush Medical
is an assistant professor of clinical nursing at the Duke Center in Chicago. She received her master’s degree
University School of Nursing (DUSON). She is a board- in Health Professions Education through Massachu-
certified family nurse practitioner (FNP) and DUSON setts General Hospital Institute of Health Professions.
course coordinator for the primary care adolescent and Since joining the faculty of UC Davis Health in 2006,
adult courses. Previously, she was the program direc- Dr. Venugopal has held major roles at all levels of edu-
tor for the FNP program at the University of Miami. cational programs, from MS1 to 4, NP/PA training pro-
Her area of research is in virtual simulation in nurse gram and with residents, fellows, and CME functions.
practitioner education. Dr. Kauschinger has presented In her role as associate dean, Dr. Venugopal oversees
on a variety of primary care topics and nursing edu- the design, development, delivery, evaluation, and cer-
cation at national and international conferences. She tification of continuing medical education curriculum.
has authored several book chapters on primary care, She has a proven track record of being an innovative
nursing education, and board review preparation for educator, having served as a Master Clinical Educator
nurse practitioners. Her diverse experience in teaching in the School of Medicine from 2012 to 2016, and as
includes clinical and nonclinical courses in Master’s the codirector of the Health Professions Education
and Doctorate of Nursing Practice (DNP) programs program at Massachusetts General Hospital Institute
and serving as chairperson of numerous DNP schol- of Health Professions from 2016 to 2017. She is a suc-
arly projects. Her clinical experience includes family cessful team leader and is advancing continuing edu-
practice, HIV/AIDS, substance abuse, retail health, and cation to address pressing health issues for changes
occupational health. Additionally, she has international in clinical care outcomes. Dr. Venugopal has authored
experience working in Mexico in association with vari- numerous publications in the field of cardiology and
ous embassies and multinational companies. Dr. Kaus- on topics in medical education. Her passion lies in im-
chinger is a member of the National Organization of parting optimal medical education to the adult learner
Nurse Practitioner Faculties (NONPF) Simulation in and reshaping the role of clinical educator. Dr. Venugo-
Nurse Practitioner Committee and is the chair of the pal’s scholarly interests are focused on health profes-
Simulation Special Interest Group. Dr. Kauschinger has sions, educational program evaluation, and curriculum
been appointed as a National League for Nursing (NLN) development.
onsite evaluator and has served as a Sigma Theta Tau
International Honor Society in Nursing (STTI) and Xiaodong Feng, PhD, PharmD, is a professor of both
NONPF conference abstract reviewer. oncology and pharmacology at the College of Medicine
and College of Pharmacy at Northstate University, Elk
Sandhya Venugopal, MD, MS-HPEd, is a clinical Grove, California. He also serves as dean of the College
professor in the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, of Pharmacy and university vice president for Admis-
School of Medicine at the University of California sions and Student Services. Previously, he served as
Davis Health, and associate dean for Continuing Med- the associate dean of Admissions and Student Affairs
ical Education. She is a noninvasive cardiologist and and Outreach for 5 years. Dr. Feng received his Doctor
specialist in the use of frontline assessments to deter- of Philosophy degree in cellular and molecular physi-
mine cardiac health. She received her medical degree ology from the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
from the University of Kentucky and completed her and Doctor of Pharmacy degree from Albany College of
Internal Medicine residency training at Oregon Health Pharmacy and Health Sciences. He completed his fel-
and Science University Medical Center and fellowship lowship at the Department of Dermatology, State Uni-
xxiii
xxiv Section Editor Biographies
versity of New York at Stony Brook. Dr. Feng has more pital and an Oncology Pharmacy Specialist at Dignity
than 20 years of clinical and biomedical research ex- Health Medical Foundation. Dr. Feng has recently been
perience in cancer, wound healing, and cardiovascular issued two U.S. patents on strategies for antiangiogen-
disease. He also has extensive experience in cancer ed- esis and cancer treatments and has edited a textbook
ucation, clinical practice, community service activities, on pharmacogenomics, Applying Pharmacogenomics
and cancer research to effectively deliver high-quality in Therapeutics. This textbook was selected as a ref-
patient care and medical education. He previously erence for the pharmacy board exam by the American
practiced as a clinical pharmacist at Sutter Davis Hos- Association of Colleges of Pharmacy.
Preface
Pharmacotherapy is a significant piece of a puzzle in med- 2. evidence-based prescribing across the life span,
icine that can impact the outcomes of virtually all health- including patient populations such as pediatrics,
related conditions. While it may bring relief of symptoms, geriatrics, and pregnancy and lactation
improve quality of life, and cure diseases, it may also 3. alterations in prescribing based upon comorbid
cause unwanted adverse reactions. Pharmacology is an disease
area of “rich, fertile soil” filled with a variety of unex-
pected outcomes. Many drug responses or mechanisms
of action related to pharmacotherapy are not fully under- CONTENT AND ORGANIZATION
stood or well characterized. The current understanding of
pharmacology can be likened to a drop of water within an Advanced Pharmacology for Prescribers provides an
ocean because the human body is a hidden universe. The applied therapeutic approach to major disorders and
interactions of therapeutic agents and pharmacologic re- their pharmacologic treatment. With a focus on how
sponses within the body could be compared to the billions medications act on the body and vice versa, readers
of stars and galaxies that have been discovered, or are yet will learn the rationale for utilizing specific therapeu-
to be discovered, within deep space. tic agents or drug classes. Chapters include learning
To utilize pharmacotherapy to create impactful re- objectives, relevant diagnostic studies, applicable
sults and benefits for patients, prescribers must not only guidelines, genomics, and important life span consider-
understand the principles of pharmacology, but also be ations, as well as case studies that apply the concepts
able to effectively apply these principles to individual discussed with questions to promote critical thinking,
therapeutic agents. There are many textbooks on the clinical pearls, and key takeaways. Chapters focus on
market, created by experts in various medical special- the most evidence-based and effective pharmacologic
ties, that provide necessary foundational knowledge— treatments and, therefore, may not necessarily be in-
often with a tremendous level of detail and exhaustive clusive of all drug treatments.
coverage of the core principles of pharmacology—but It is a multidisciplinary textbook, featuring contri-
lack guidance on how to apply these principles in clin- butions from authors in a wide range of disciplines,
ical practice. Alternatively, there are references that including nurse practitioners, pharmacists, physician
provide too little coverage of pharmacology principles, assistants, and physicians. Each chapter is a product
condensing key information into “pocket guides” that of true collaboration between authors of various dis-
require prerequisite background knowledge. ciplines because we believe that in clinical practice, a
As educators and clinicians, we recognized that collaborative model is required to achieve optimal pa-
what is needed is a textbook that falls between those tient outcomes and medication safety.
two ends of the spectrum, a “bridge” between the stan- Our goal is to provide students and prescribers a
dard, lengthy pharmacology texts and quick pocket concise, well-balanced perspective of various princi-
references. Advanced Pharmacology for Prescribers is ples of pharmacology and therapeutics while managing
designed to be that bridge. The major themes for this diseases. The information presented in each chapter is
textbook include: evidence-based and relevant to daily clinical practice.
We designed the textbook with a patient-centered ap-
1. general principles of pharmacotherapeutics, proach, organizing the chapters in a manner designed to
including guideline analysis, pharmacokinetics, enhance patient outcomes and benefits. The textbook
pharmacodynamics, pharmacogenomics, and is divided into three parts: Part I, “Foundations of Phar-
promoting adherence to therapy macology and Prescribing”; Part II, “System-Specific
xxv
xxvi Preface
and Patient-Focused Prescribing”; and Part III, “Health PART II: SYSTEMSPECIFIC AND
Promotion and Maintenance.” PATIENTFOCUSED PRESCRIBING
On behalf of the Editorial Team, I would like to express throughout the project. I am grateful for your efforts in
our sincere appreciation to the authors and reviewers bringing the text to production and publication. I would
from across the country and disciplines for your con- like to thank my deceased parents and my eight dear
tributions. Your willingness to share your expertise and siblings for instilling a strong perseverance personality
the spirit of professionalism as well as collaboration within me to complete the project. In addition, I would
have touched us deeply. Your insights of evidence-based like to thank my parents-in-law for their many years of
clinical practice will serve new practitioners in a very relentless support in caring for our two children and
meaningful way. We are humbly grateful to work with cooking for us many delicious meals. I would also like
all of you on various levels during the project. We hope to thank my brother-in-law for reminding me of what a
you have enjoyed the project as much as we have. high level of professionalism and a strong work ethic
On a personal note, I would like to thank each mem- are. Finally, many thanks to my immediate family, my
ber of the Editorial Team—Virginia, Gerald, Sandhya, wife, SangSang, and my two teenagers, Leianna and
Elaine, and Xiaodong—for your commitment. Thank Jess, for their love and laughter. They are the primary
you for your valuable ideas and suggestions to move source of my motivation and energy to thrive because:
the project along. Thanks to my colleagues who pro-
vided words of encouragement and checked on me reg- “Being deeply loved by someone gives you
ularly to make sure I was on track. I also would like to strength, while loving someone deeply gives you
thank the team at Springer Publishing Company, partic- courage.” —Lao Tzu
ularly Adrianne Brigido, Jaclyn Koshofer, Kris Parrish,
and Margaret Zuccarini (retired), for sharing our vision
—Brent Luu
and providing feedback and invaluable suggestions
xxvii
Springer Publishing Resources
A robust set of instructor resources designed to supplement this text is available. Qualifying instructors
may request access by emailing textbook@springerpub.com.
AVAILABLE RESOURCES:
• Instructor Manual
• Test Bank
• Image Bank
• PowerPoints
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
de junho de 49, é o presidente do conselho cabralista, embora em
dezembro de 47 queira impedir a volta ao reino do eminente chefe
do seu partido. Cedendo-lhe em 49 o governo, virou-se logo contra
elle, e d’ahi começou a guerra declarada que veiu a acabar na
Regeneração.
Mas que podia regenerar quem, depois de tantas aventuras, devia
achar-se dorido, e mais ou menos enlameiado depois de tão largas
viagens?
É vaidoso e cheio de si. Demasiado abatido na má fortuna,
enfunado e boiante na prosperidade, e pouco agradecido aos
amigos do infortunio. É mudavel e contradictorio. Está muito
velho e russo, e como signaes de edade temos notado n’elle
um pendor e turno decidido para a mystica, onde parece que
acabará como todos os bourbons, nos braços de uma
supersticiosa devoção; e tambem pensamos que se hoje
houvesse frades iria, por imitação do grande condestavel,
vestir a roupeta do Carmello. Montalembert e Valdegamas
converteram-no em Paris. Estuda theologia. (Rocha, Rev. de
Port. 1851)
O retratista perspicaz, que tão a proposito notava a physionomia
de Saldanha, esboçando-o como um typo medieval, entre barão e
monge, não esquecia, porém, um traço que é commum aos heroes
da Edade-media, aos modernos, e aos de todos os tempos: a
necessidade de dinheiro. «Allega que não póde passar sem vinte
contos por anno», (Ibid.) e as cousas tinham-no forçado a demittir-
se de todos os seus rendosos cargos. Como viveria sem os vinte
contos? Não foi Saldanha o primeiro dos barões rebellados por
dinheiro; mas em caracteres taes, de si confusos, sem lucidez nos
planos e designios, não se póde dizer que o dinheiro seja o estimulo
immediato e directo, como é nos genios frios, politicos, em que a
habilidade predomina.
Com effeito, erraria quem suppozesse o marechal avarento ou
sybarita. Pelo contrario: no fundo tinha uma bondade ingenua e
simples que, misturada com o orgulho balofo, lhe impedia de vêr a
realidade das cousas. Se nem quando o compravam o percebia! Se
ingenuamente o confessava! Ouçamos as suas proprias palavras:
Sou pobre de fortuna, mas rico de amigos. Em dezembro
de 49, o conde de Thomar declarou-me guerra de morte, e
dois mezes depois era eu demittido de todos os meus cargos.
Alguns dias passados, procuraram-me os srs. Silva Ferrão e
Tavares d’Almeida dizendo-me que segundo estava
encarregado por alguns amigos de me pagar mensalmente o
equivalente dos meus vencimentos. Uma condição havia
n’esta generosa offerta a que eu me submetti com
reluctancia. Era que eu não indagaria os nomes de quem tão
nobremente contribuia. Desde então no primeiro de cada mez
e cebo oitenta e duas libras. (Disc. 26 de março de 51)
Esta simplicidade, esta ingenuidade, esta sinceridade, espantam-
nos. Orgulhava-se de ser pobre, de ter amigos: mas não é verdade
que só se pede para pão? e que, por grande que fosse o clientela
de Saldanha, nunca o pão importaria em tanto? Elle não o percebia:
por isso o confessava; e se a uma compra habil chamava amisade,
continuava a suppôr-se arbitro, quando era cada vez mais aquelle
tronco em que falara José Liberato. Satisfeito, simples, bom,
irresponsavel como uma creança, esfregando as mãos contente, ou
quebrando os joguetes, militares, politicos, nos seus despeitos
infantis, o marechal, entrado na velhice, ia, com a sua
espectaculosa espontaneidade, seduzir um grupo de homens ainda
não desilludidos.
A sua vida tinha sido já tão longa e cheia de aventuras e
descreditos, que eram raros os que não tinham tido occasião de o
vêr e avaliar por dentro.
Os antigos ordeiros, com Rodrigo á frente, estavam promptos a
seguil-o para confiscar a victoria, fazendo do vencedor a unica
cousa para que servia: um rotulo brilhante de bordaduras e crachás,
um pseudo-chefe de parada, á sombra do qual viveriam,
lisongeando-o e pagando-lhe. Mas teriam os ordeiros, por si sós,
força bastante para mover o paiz contra o tyranno que rematara a
sua obra amordaçando a imprensa? Seria mistér acceitar as offertas
dos velhos companheiros de Paris, a quem Saldanha voltara as
costas desde 35, contra quem combatera: esses setembristas em
cujo seio a influencia de José-Estevão creava um grupo novo, filho
da velha-guarda dos Passos, neto da quasi extincta geração dos
vintistas? Porque não? Saldanha confundia o seu despeito com o
interesse publico, da mesma maneira que confundia o seu orgulho
com a sua falta de meios.
Tendo-se recusado a acceitar a embaixada de Paris, com que em
49 Thomar pretendia evital-o, (como Rodrigo o evitara em 40,
mandando-o para Vienna) Saldanha, que n’um breve intervallo de
ocio se occupara em Cintra da creação das vaccas de leite
(Carnota, Mem.), depois de em Vienna se ter occupado da
existencia de Deus e da immortalidade da alma: Saldanha
desmascarou breve as suas baterias, pedindo á rainha a queda do
ministerio. Reconheceria elle agora o seu erro de 46? lembrar-se-hia
dos conselhos de Howard: be cautious? Veria o papel de janisaro
que desempenhara? Talvez. Arrependia-se, pois; e voltava-se contra
o partido de que fôra a espada. Não se tornava, porém, um chefe da
democracia como até 34, embora tivesse feito as pazes com os
seus inimigos da Maria-da-Fonte. Antas visitava-o; mas quando lhe
propoz o plano de uma sedição setembrista, o marechal,
affavelmente, rindo, senhor de si, respondeu que não. Tambem elle
tinha a sua revolução, uma boa, afortunada revolução a fazer: veria!
(Carnota, Mem.)
Que esperanças novas eram essas?
Conquistar um grupo de homens, mais pensadores do que
politicos, liberaes sem serem democratas, cartistas sem serem
cabralistas, homens como Ferrer, Soure, Pestana, no meio dos
quaes se destacava o talento já consagrado de Herculano, com um
pensamento de pura liberdade doutrinaria.
Herculano emigrára, e ouvimol-o chorar na solidão do exilio.
Emquanto, porém, a sua musa lyrica lhe inspirava poesias selladas
com um profundo cunho de sinceridade e belleza, o poeta, homem
vigoroso no temperamento intellectual, portuguez de lei, affirmativo
e duro, o inverso do artista Garrett: o poeta aprendia na mocidade,
como Mousinho já quasi na velhice, os dogmas e principios da
crença liberal. A critica de Kant mostrava-lhe no Individuo um rei, na
Consciencia um deus; ao mesmo tempo que os sabios, com a nova
direcção dos seus estudos, lhe mostravam na tradição e na historia
as raizes das sociedades deploravelmente abaladas pelo
jacobinismo. As contradicções que produziu esta dupla concepção,
individualista e social, nunca em Portugal se manifestaram tanto
como no espirito do homem eminente que, talvez unico, media o
valor das doutrinas.
As tendencias eruditas e litterarias do seu genio philosophico
fizeram-no metter mãos á obra do renascimento das lettras
portuguezas, assim que no Porto houve lugar para pôr de lado a
espingarda. Assistira, combatera em todo o cêrco; e, terminado elle,
entrou como bibliothecario da livraria municipal. N’um paiz
revolucionado, a politica é absorvente, e por isso Herculano, ao
mesmo tempo que iniciava os seus trabalhos historicos,
acompanhava a agitação dos partidos. Setembro, isto é, a
acclamação do jacobinismo que o philosopho suppunha para
sempre refutado e condemnado, provocou-lhe uma ira portugueza
que se vasou nos threnos biblicos da Voz-do-Propheta. Demittiu-se
em 37 para não jurar a constituição de 20; mas dois annos depois,
apaziguada a procella, retirado Passos, restaurada a ordem,
reconhece a constituição de 38 e abraça a fusão. Em 40 vae
deputado ás camaras, confiado em que o liberalismo tal como elle o
concebia ia afinal enraizar-se; mas breve se desenganou e sumiu-
se. Foi então que o rei D. Fernando o convidou para bibliothecario
da Ajuda, e d’ahi, afastado, vivendo com os documentos da historia,
entregue aos estudos com uma energia ardente, conquistava a
passo e passo o primeiro lugar entre os escriptores nacionaes do
nosso seculo, ao mesmo tempo que lá por fóra seguia, desorientada
e ferina, a procissão das revoltas e o desvario dos governos.
Em tal estado o veiu encontrar Saldanha, convidando-o a prestar
a authoridade do seu nome e do seu conselho á empreza em que ia
lançar-se.[33] Herculano, como todos os que lidam mais com idéas
do que com homens, era quasi infantilmente ingenuo. Intelligencia
fomalista, não era tampouco dotado da perspicacia que adivinha os
caracteres, deslindando as confusões da inconsciencia alheia, e
definindo com clareza as situações. A sua imaginação poetica viu no
marechal um penitente de antigos erros, a sua nobreza ingenita viu
uma dedicação nobre; e o seu patriotismo e a sua doutrina viram
tambem chegado o momento da paz, da ordem, da organisação
definitiva do liberalismo. Entregou-se todo, de corpo e alma, e abriu
as portas da sua casa da Ajuda ás reuniões dos conjurados. Alli se
pactuaram as reformas urgentes que o marechal realisaria assim
que tornasse vencedor: as eleições directas, a abolição da
hereditariedade nos pares, a dos vinculos gradualmente convertidos
em pequena propriedade emphytheotica. Herculano exigiu que tudo
se fizesse com gente nova, excluindo os velhos todos, «de outra
fórma seria o mesmo que d’antes»; exigindo para si que o não
fizessem ministro. Trabalharia, ajudaria com o seu conselho, mas
para governar «não tinha queda». Saldanha, provavelmente sincero,
applaudia, enthusiasmava-se, obedecia, promettia.