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Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems 178

Kai-Uwe Sattler · Duy Cuong Nguyen ·

Ngoc Pi Vu · Banh Tien Long ·
Horst Puta Editors

Advances in
Engineering
Research and
Application
Proceedings of the International
Conference on Engineering Research
and Applications, ICERA 2020
Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems

Volume 178

Series Editor
Janusz Kacprzyk, Systems Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences,
Warsaw, Poland

Advisory Editors
Fernando Gomide, Department of Computer Engineering and Automation—DCA,
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering—FEEC, University of Campinas—
UNICAMP, São Paulo, Brazil
Okyay Kaynak, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering,
Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey
Derong Liu, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University
of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA; Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Beijing, China
Witold Pedrycz, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada; Systems Research Institute,
Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
Marios M. Polycarpou, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
KIOS Research Center for Intelligent Systems and Networks, University of Cyprus,
Nicosia, Cyprus
Imre J. Rudas, Óbuda University, Budapest, Hungary
Jun Wang, Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong,
Kowloon, Hong Kong
The series “Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems” publishes the latest
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Kai-Uwe Sattler Duy Cuong Nguyen
• •

Ngoc Pi Vu Banh Tien Long

• •

Horst Puta
Editors

Advances in Engineering
Research and Application
Proceedings of the International Conference
on Engineering Research and Applications,
ICERA 2020

123
Editors
Kai-Uwe Sattler Duy Cuong Nguyen
Department of Computer Science Faculty of Electronic Engineering
and Automation Thai Nguyen University of Technology
Ilmenau University of Technology (IUT) Thai Nguyen, Vietnam
Ilmenau, Germany
Banh Tien Long
Ngoc Pi Vu Hanoi University of Science and Technology
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Hanoi, Vietnam
Thai Nguyen University of Technology
Thai Nguyen, Vietnam

Horst Puta
Institute for Automation and Systems
Engineering
Ilmenau University of Technology (IUT)
Ilmenau, Germany

ISSN 2367-3370 ISSN 2367-3389 (electronic)

Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems
ISBN 978-3-030-64718-6 ISBN 978-3-030-64719-3 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64719-3
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Contents

Keynote Addresses
Hardware Acceleration of Modern Data Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Kai-Uwe Sattler
Electric Vehicle Development and Low-Carbon Transport
in Vietnam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Le Anh Tuan

ICERA 2020 Main Track

A Common-Ground Single-Phase Boost Inverter with Suppressed
Double-Frequency Ripple for Photovoltaic Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Minh-Duc Ngo, Quynh-Van Nong, Thuy-Ngan Ngo,
Hong-Quang Nguyen, Tan-Tai Tran, and Seon-Ju Ahn
A High Step-up DC-DC Converter with Semiconductor Voltage
Stress Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Hong-Quang Nguyen, Ngoc-Anh Tran, Van-Nghiep Dinh,
Vinh-Thuy Nguyen, Minh-Duc Ngo, and Joon-Ho Choi
A Method to Partition Accuracy in Workspace for Robot Arms . . . . . . 20
Huu-Thang Nguyen, Long Pham Thanh, and Jen-Tzong Jeng
A Novel Method for Shielding Problems with Taking Robust
Correction Procedure into Account . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Vuong Dang Quoc and Dinh Bui Minh
A Review on Ultrasonic Stack Modelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Ngo Nhu Khoa, Nguyen Thi Bich Ngoc, and Tran Duc Tai
A Solution to Power Load Distribution Based on Enhancing
Swarm Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Truong-Giang Ngo, Thi-Thanh Tan Nguyen, Thi-Xuan Huong Nguyen,
Trinh-Dong Nguyen, Van-Chieu Do, and Trong-The Nguyen

v
vi Contents

A Study for Determination of the Pressure Ratio of the V12 Diesel

Engine Based on the Heat Flow Density to Cooling Water . . . . . . . . . . 64
Kien.Nguyen Trung
A Study of Scissor Lifts Using Parameter Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Anh-Tuan Dang, Dinh-Ngoc Nguyen, and Dang-Hao Nguyen
A Study on Prediction of Milling Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Do Duc Trung, Tran Ngoc Giang, Tran Thi Hong, Bui Thanh Danh,
Vu Van Khoa, Nguyen Dinh Ngoc, Nguyen Thanh Tu, and Vu Ngoc Pi
A Study on Qualitative and Quantitative Characterization
of Machining Quality of Aerospace Composite Structures . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Nguyen Dinh Ngoc and Nguyen Thi Hue
A Study on Prediction of Grinding Surface Roughness . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Do Duc Trung, Nhu Tung Nguyen, Hoang Tien Dung, Nguyen Van Thien,
Tran Thi Hong, Tran Ngoc Giang, Nguyen Thanh Tu, and Le Xuan Hung
A Vision-Based Measurement and Classification System for Robot
Arm Under Controlled Lighting Condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Quang-Cherng Hsu, Ngoc-Vu Ngo, Thanh-Long Pham,
Quoc-Khanh Duong, and Duc-Vuong Vu
About a Viewpoint of Calculating Spatial Dimensional Tolerance
Chains According to Structure Group of a Parallel Robot . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Thuy Le Thi Thu, Trung Trang Thanh, Huu-Thang Nguyen,
and Long Pham Thanh
Adaptive Algorithm for Servo System Using Linear Electric Motor . . . 133
V. E. Kuznetsov, Phan Thanh Chung, Nguyen Thi Ha,
and Nguyen Hoang Ha
Adaptive Sliding Mode Control for a 2-DOF Robot Arm in Case
of Actuator Faults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Le Ngoc Truc and Nguyen Phung Quang
An Energy-Efficient Combination of Sleeping Schedule and Cognitive
Radio in Wireless Sensor Networks Utilizing Compressed Sensing . . . . 154
Minh T. Nguyen, Thuong T. K. Nguyen, and Keith A. Teague
An Enhancing Grasshopper Optimization for Efficient Feature
Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Trong-The Nguyen, Shi-Jie Jiang, Thi-Kien Dao, Truong-Giang Ngo,
Thi-Thanh-Tan Nguyen, and The-Vinh Do
An Evaluation of B-Spline for Synthesis of Cam Motion with a Large
Number of Output Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Nguyen Thi Thanh Nga, Nguyen Van-Sy, Nguyen Thi Bich Ngoc,
and Vu Thi Lien
Contents vii

An Experimental Study on Vibration-Driven Locomotion Systems

Under Different Levels of Isotropic Friction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Ngoc-Tuan La, Quoc-Huy Ngo, Ky-Thanh Ho, and Khac-Tuan Nguyen
Analysis of Milling Chatter Vibration Based on Force Signal
in Time Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
Minh-Quang Tran, Meng-Kun Liu, and Quoc-Viet Tran
Analytical Study of the Power Parameters of Electric Traction Drive
for Modern Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Aleksey Kolbasov, Kirill Karpukhin, Dmitry Sheptunov,
Povalyaev Andrey, Nguyen Khac Tuan, and Nguyen Khac Minh
Automatic Extraction and Welding Feature Recognition
from STEP Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Lan Phung Xuan and Linh Tao Ngoc
Characterization of Gelatin and PVA Nanofibers Fabricated Using
Electrospinning Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
Cuong Nguyen Nhu, Nhung Vu Thi, Nam Nguyen Hoang,
Thao Pham Ngoc, Trinh Chu Duc, Van Thanh Dau, and Tung Bui Thanh
Choice of Selection Methods in Genetic Algorithms for Power System
State Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Thanh-Son Tran and Thi-Thanh-Hoa Kieu
Collision-Free Path Following of an Autonomous Vehicle Using
NMPC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
Ngo-Quoc-Huy Tran, Ionela Prodan, and Nguyen-Duy-Minh Phan
Compare the Efficiency of the Active Filter and Active Rectifier
to Reduce Harmonics and Compensate the Reactive Power
in Frequency Controlled Electric Drive Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
Le Van Tung, Pham Thanh Long, Ngo Van An, and Bogdan Vasilev
Comparing the Application of Gas Sensor Fabrication
of Nanomaterials ZnO Fabricated by Hydrothermal and Chemical
Vapor Deposition Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
Hoang Van Han, Dao Huy Du, and Do Anh Tuan
Convergence Parameters for D-Type Learning Function . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
Cao Thanh Trung, Nguyen Thu Ha, Tran Kim Quyen,
and Nguyen Doan Phuoc
Current Harmonic Eliminations for Seven-Phase Non-sinusoidal
PMSM Drives applying Artificial Neurons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
Duc Tan Vu, Ngac Ky Nguyen, Eric Semail, and Thi Thanh Nga Nguyen
viii Contents

Design and Some Experimental Results of the Robust Current

Controller of Doubly-Fed Induction Generator in Wind Power Plant
with the Backstepping Technique Based Disturbance Observer . . . . . . . 280
C. X. Tuyen and N. T. Huong
Design and Some Experimental Results of the U-Type Permanent
Magnet Three-Phase Linear Motor Based Position Control System
with the Backstepping Technique Based Disturbance Observer . . . . . . . 291
C. X. Tuyen and N. T. Huong
Detail Design of IPM Motor for Electric Power
Traction Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
Bui Minh Dinh and Dang Quoc Vuong
Detecting Common Web Attacks Based on Machine Learning Using
Web Log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
Xuan Dau Hoang
Determination of Kinematic Control Parameters of Omnidirectional
AGV Robot with Mecanum Wheels Track the Reference Trajectory
and Velocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
Trinh Thi Khanh Ly, Nguyen Hong Thai, Le Quoc Dzung,
and Nguyen Thi Thanh
Development of New Method for Choosing Standard Components
Subject to Minimal Cycle Time and Minimal Sum
of Purchasing Cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Tan Nguyen Dang and Manh Cuong Nguyen
Dust Emission During Machining of CFRP Composite:
A Calculation of the Number and Mass of the Thoracic Particles . . . . . 341
Dinh Nguyen Ngoc, Thi Nguyen Hue, Bui Van Hung, and Vu Duy Duc
Dynamic Surface Control of the Axial-Flux Permanent Magnet Motor
with Speed Sensorless Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
Manh Tung Ngo, Quang Dang Pham, Huy Phuong Nguyen,
and Tung Lam Nguyen
Edge-Based Object Pose Estimation Using Differential
Evolution Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
Ngoc Linh Tao and Lan Phung Xuan
Effect of Changing Grounding Mode to Reduce Power Loss
on Lightning Ground Wire by Induced Current - Northern Vietnam
Overhead Power Transmission Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
Nhat Tung Nguyen and Xuan Phuc Nguyen
Electromagnetic Design of Synchronous Reluctances Motors
for Electric Traction Vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
Bui Minh Dinh, Do Trong Tan, and Dang Quoc Vuong
Contents ix

Enhancing Accuracy of Surface Roughness Model Using Box-Cox

Transformation in Surface Grinding AISI 5120 Alloy Steels . . . . . . . . . 379
Do Duc Trung, Nguyen Dinh Ngoc, Tran Thi Hong, Bui Thanh Danh,
Nguyen Thanh Tu, Tran Ngoc Giang, Nguyen Thi Quoc Dung,
and Vu Ngoc Pi
Ensemble of Deep Learning Models for In-Hospital Mortality
Prediction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
Quang H. Nguyen and Quang V. Le
Evaluating the Impact of Demand Response in Planning Micro-grids
Considering Uncertainties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
V. V. Thang and N. H. Trung
Evolutionary Tuning of PID Controllers for a Spatial Cable-Driven
Parallel Robot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
Sy Nguyen-Van, Diem Thi Thu Thuy, Nga Nguyen Thi Thanh,
and Ngoc Nguyen Dinh
Experimental and Numerical Characterization of Mechanical
Behavior for the Corrugated Cardboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
Duong Pham Tuong Minh, Dao Lien Tien, and Nguyen Quang Hung
Experimental and Numerical Investigations into Evaporation Rates
of Some Fuels Utilized in Aviation Gas Turbine Engines . . . . . . . . . . . . 434
Nam V. T. Pham, Kien T. Nguyen, Thin V. Pham, and Phuong X. Pham
Experimental Evaluation of the Performance of Oil-Based Nanofluids
in the Grinding of Ti-6Al-4V Alloy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
Trung Kien Nguyen, Hung Trong Phi, Got Van Hoang, Tam Ngoc Bui,
and Son Hoanh Truong
Fault Diagnosis for the Short-Circuit Fault of the Single-phase
Five-Level VIENNA Active Rectifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452
Pham Thi Thuy Linh, Nguyen Ngoc Bach, and Doan Van Binh
Feedforward Based Dual Loop PI Controller for 400 Hz Ground
Power Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460
Son Tran Que, Dich Nguyen Quang, Minh Y. Nguyen, Quy Do Ngoc,
and Phu Do Ba
Force-Velocity Relation of Dampers in Horizontal
Washing Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
Nguyen Thi Hoa and Ngo Nhu Khoa
Gear Fault Classification Using the Vibration Signal Decomposition
and Neural Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478
Nguyen Trong Du and Nguyen Phong Dien
x Contents

Genetic Algorithm Based Optimization of Cutting Parameters in CO2

Laser Beam Cutting of Cow Leather . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485
Thangaraj Muthuramalingam, Swaminathan Vasanth, Sanjeev Gupta,
and Vu Ngoc Pi
Influences of Cutting Parameters on Surface Roughness During
Milling and Development of Roughness Model Using Johnson
Transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491
Do Duc Trung, Nguyen Dinh Ngoc, Tran Thi Hong, Vu Van Khoa,
Nguyen Thanh Tu, Tran Ngoc Giang, Nguyen Thi Quoc Dung,
and Vu Ngoc Pi
Influence of Random Fiber Length on Macroscopic Properties
of Short Fiber Reinforced Composites Due to Microscopic Physical
Uncertainty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501
Tien-Dat Hoang, Nhu-Khoa Ngo, Dinh Ngoc-Nguyen,
Van-Truong Nguyen, Tuong Minh Duong Pham, Thi Thanh Nga Nguyen,
and Viet Dung Luong
Kinematic Analysis of the Class 2 Degree-of-Freedom Planar Parallel
Mechanism via GRG2 Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508
ThanhTrung Trang, Yueming Hu, Weiguang Li, ThanhLong Pham,
TuanAnh Nguyen, and ThiThuThuy Le
Material Removal Rate in Electric Discharge Machining with
Aluminum Tool Electrode for Ti-6Al-4V Titanium Alloy . . . . . . . . . . . . 527
Nguyen Huu Phan, Vu Ngoc Pi, Shailesh Shirguppikar, M. S. Patil,
Mohsen Asghari Ilani, Le Xuan Hung, T. Muthuramalingam,
and Tran Quoc Hung
Mathematical Modelling of Thermoacoustic Generator Systems
and Simulation Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534
Trong Tan Do, Duy Tung Le, Phuong Nam Dao, Minh Dinh Bui,
and Huy Du Dao
Measurement Setup for Temperature-Dependent Electrical Property
of ZnO-Based Thermoelectric Thin Films . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541
Trinh Quang Thong, Nguyen Anh Minh, Nguyen Trong Tinh,
Trieu Viet Phuong, and Dao Huy Du
Modified Q-Learning Algorithm with Lifting Method
for Discrete-Time Linear Periodic Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 548
Ngoc Trung Dang, Tien Hoang Nguyen, and Phuong Nam Dao
Multi Response Optimization of Dressing Conditions for Surface
Grinding SKD11 Steel by HaiDuong Grinding Wheel Using Grey
Relational Analysis in Taguchi Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560
Tran Thi Hong, Ngo Ngoc Vu, Nguyen Huu Phan, Tran Ngoc Giang,
Nguyen Thanh Tu, Le Xuan Hung, Bui Thanh Danh, and Luu Anh Tung
Contents xi

Multi-objective Optimization of Process Parameters During Electrical

Discharge Machining of Hardened 90CrSi Steel by Applying Taguchi
Technique with Grey Relational Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572
Tran Thi Hong, Nguyen Manh Cuong, Nguyen Dinh Ngoc,
Luu Anh Tung, Tran Ngoc Giang, Le Thu Quy, Nguyen Thanh Tu,
and Do Thi Tam
Multi-objective Optimization of Surface Roughness and MRR
in Surface Grinding of Hardened SKD11 Using Grey-Based
Taguchi Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584
Tran Thi Hong, Do The Vinh, Tran Vinh Hung, Tran Ngoc Giang,
Nguyen Thanh Tu, Le Xuan Hung, Bui Thanh Danh, and Luu Anh Tung
Multi-response Optimization in PMSEDM Process Using
Taguchi-Grey Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 594
Tran Thi Hong, Nguyen Manh Cuong, Tran Ngoc Giang,
Nguyen Anh Tuan, Le Thu Quy, Thangaraj Muthuramalingam,
Nguyen Thanh Tu, and Do Thi Tam
Numerical Identification of the Mechanical Behaviour
of a Fluoroelastomer (FKM) Using Nanoindentation Test . . . . . . . . . . . 607
Florent Chalon, Julie Pepin, Nathan Le Pennec, Tien-Dung Do,
Stéphane Meo, Clémence Fradet, Gaelle Berton, and Florian Lacroix
On Room-Temperature Electrodeposition of Cobalt from a Deep
Eutectic Solvent: A Study of Electronucleation and Growth
Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613
Thao Dao Vu Phuong, Hoang Thi Thanh Thuy, Phuong Dinh Tam,
and Tu Le Manh
Optimal Design of Cab’s Isolation System for a Single-Drum
Vibratory Roller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619
Le Van Quynh, Nguyen Tien Duy, Nguyen Van Liem, Bui Van Cuong,
and Le Xuan Long
Optimization of Cutting Parameters and Nanoparticle Concentration
in Hard Milling for Surface Roughness of JIS SKD61 Steel Using
Linear Regression and Taguchi Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 628
Thanh-Dat Phan, The-Vinh Do, Thanh-Long Pham,
and Huong-Lam Duong
Optimization of Dressing Parameters in Surface Grinding SKD11
Tool Steel by Using Taguchi Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 636
Tran Thi Hong, Nguyen Thanh Tu, Nguyen Anh Tuan, Tran Ngoc Giang,
Nguyen Thi Quoc Dung, Le Xuan Hung, Bui Thanh Danh,
and Luu Anh Tung
xii Contents

Optimization of PMEDM Parameters for Improving MMR in

Machining 90CrSi Steel - A Taguchi Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 648
Tran Thi Hong, Do Thi Tam, Do The Vinh, Luu Anh Tung, Le Thu Quy,
Thangaraj Muthuramalingam, Vu Ngoc Pi, and Nguyen Manh Cuong
Overshoot and Settling Time Assignment for Second-Order Systems
with Time Delay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 658
Nam Hoai Nguyen and Phuoc Doan Nguyen
Performance Ratio Analysis Using Experimental Combining
Historical Weather Data for Grid-Connected PV Systems . . . . . . . . . . . 665
Ngo Xuan Cuong, Nguyen Thi Hong, Do Anh Tuan, and Do Nhu Y
Power Control of Andronov-Hopf Oscillator Based Distributed
Generation in Grid-Connected Microgrids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675
Tobias Heins, Trung Tran, David Raisz, and Antonello Monti
Prediction of Cutting Force When Surface Milling Using Face
Milling Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 688
Nguyen Van Thien, Do Duc Trung, Vilaivanh Xaixavang, Tran Thi Hong,
Nguyen Thanh Tu, Tran Ngoc Giang, and Le Xuan Hung
Research Method for Calculating Additional Power Losses,
Considering the Asymmetric Loads in the Low-Voltage Power Supply
System Vietnam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 695
Pham Trung Son
Research to Improve the Quality Control for Drive System Tracking
Electromechanical Takes into Account Nonlinear Undetermined
Application in Industrial Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 708
Tran Duc Chuyen, Do Quang Hiep, and Dao Huy Du
Role of Electrolyte Media in the Exfoliation of MoS2 Nanosheets
by Electrolysis Plasma-Induced Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 724
Van-Truong Nguyen, Tien-Dat Hoang, Nguyen Thi Kim Ngan,
Pham Minh Tan, and Dang Van Thanh
Simulated Annealing Algorithm for Modeling Large Deflection
of Flexible Links in Complaint Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 729
Nguyen Thi Thanh Nga, Nguyen Thi Bich Ngoc, Nguyen Van-Sy,
Nguyen Dinh-Ngoc, Nguyen Quang-Hung, and Hoang Tien Dat
Study on Thermal Convective Gas Gyroscope Based on Corona
Discharge Ion Wind and Coriolis Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 741
Hang Nguyen Thu, Ngoc Tran Van, Cuong Nguyen Nhu, Van Thanh Dau,
An Nguyen Ngoc, Trinh Chu Duc, and Tung Thanh Bui
Studying Electron Transport Coefficients in C2H4-SiH4 Mixtures
Using Bolsig+ Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 748
Pham Xuan Hien, Tran Thanh Son, and Do Anh Tuan
Contents xiii

Synthesis of Automatic Motion Control Systems of an AUV Based

on Fuzzy Logic Methods with Neural Network Setting
of Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 755
Van Tuan Pham and Thi Ha Nguyen
Taguchi-DEAR Based MCDM Approach on Machining Titanium
Alloy in AWJM Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 764
T. Muthuramalingam, Vu Ngoc Pi, and Ammar H. Elsheikh
The Characterization of Machined Damage of CFRP Composite:
Comparison of 2D and 3D Surface Roughness Performance . . . . . . . . . 771
Nguyen Dinh Ngoc, Duong Pham Tuong Minh, Nguyen Van Sy,
Luong Viet Dung, Nguyen Thi Thanh Nga, Nguyen Dang Hao,
and Hoang Tien Dat
The Dimensional Synthesis of the Four-Bar Mechanism
with a Symbiotic Organisms Search Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 780
Sy Nguyen-Van, Ngoc Nguyen-Dinh, P. T. M. Duong,
Nguyen Quang Hung, and Thi Thanh Nga Nguyen
The Effect of Bonnet Skin and Bonnet Reinforcement Thickness
on Pedestrian Head Injuries in Collisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 792
Van-Luc Ngo and Minh Khong
The Effect of the Wheel Rotation Angle on the Braking Efficiency
of the Tractor Semi-trailer on the Wet Roundabout Route . . . . . . . . . . 798
Nguyen Thanh Tung and Vo Van Huong
The Effect of Welding Speed on the Mechanical Properties
of the FSW Cu/Al . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 805
Tran Hung Tra, Quach Hoai Nam, Phi Cong Thuyen, Duong Dinh Hao,
Truong Thanh Chung, Pham Trong Hop, Ho Huu Huy, Vu Lai Hoang,
and Chu Hoang Duc Anh
The New Method to Control Twin Rotor MIMO System (TRMS) . . . . . 810
Lai Khac Lai, Trinh Thuy Ha, Vu Nhu Lan, and Nguyen Tien Duy
Theoretical and Experimental Study of Sound Transmission Loss
Across Finite Clamped Composite Sandwich Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 820
Tran Ich Thinh and Pham Ngoc Thanh
Tool Wear Rate Analysis of Uncoated and AlCrNi Coated Aluminum
Electrode in EDM for Ti-6Al-4 V Titanium Alloy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 832
Nguyen Huu Phan, Vu Ngoc Pi, Nguyen Quoc Tuan,
Shailesh Shirguppikar, M. S. Patil, Mohsen Asghari Ilani, Le Xuan Hung,
T. Muthuramalingam, and Tran Quoc Hung
Tracking Control of Directed Acyclic Formation via Target
Point Localization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 839
Dung Van Vu, Trung Thanh Cao, Minh Hoang Trinh, and Hyo-Sung Ahn
xiv Contents

Tracking Control of Rostock Delta Parallel Robot Based

on the Dynamic Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 846
Vu Le Huy, Le Thi Huyen Linh, and Nguyen Dinh Dzung
Trajectory Tracking Control of a Caterpillar Vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 854
Do Trung Hai, Bui Thi Hai Linh, and Tran Ngoc Anh
Truss Optimization Under Frequency Constraints by Using
a Combined Differential Evolution and Jaya Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . 861
Sy Nguyen-Van, Thi Thanh Nga Nguyen, Ngoc Nguyen-Dinh,
and Qui X. Lieu
Web Tension Observer Based Control for Single-Span Roll
to Roll Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 874
Thi Ly Tong, Minh Duc Duong, Danh Huy Nguyen,
and Tung Lam Nguyen

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 883

Keynote Addresses
 Hardware Acceleration of Modern
Data Management

Kai-Uwe Sattler(&)

TU Ilmenau, Ilmenau, Germany

kus@tu-ilmenau.de

Abstract. Over the past thirty years, database management systems have been
established as one of the most successful software concepts. In todays busi-
ness environment they constitute the centerpiece of almost all critical IT sys-
tems. The reasons for this success are manyfold. On the one hand, such
systems provide abstractions hiding the details of underlying hardware or
operating systems layers. On the other hand, database management systems are
ACID compliant, which enables them to represent an accurate picture of a real
world scenario, and ensures correctness of the managed data.
However, the currently used database concepts and systems are not well
prepared to support emerging application domains such as eSciences, Indus-
try 4.0, Internet of Things or Digital Humanities. Furthermore, volume, variety,
veracity as well as velocity of data caused by ubiquitous sensors have to
be mastered by massive scalability and online processing by providing tradi-
tional qualities of database systems like consistency, isolation and descriptive
query languages. At the same time, current and future hardware trends provide
new opportunities such as many-core CPUs, co-processors like GPU and FPGA,
novel storage technologies like NVRAM and SSD as well as high-speed net-
works provide new opportunities.
In this talk we present our research results for the use of modern hardware
architectures for data management. We discuss the design of data structures
for persistent memory and the use of accelerators like GPU and FPGA for
database operations.

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021

K.-U. Sattler et al. (Eds.): ICERA 2020, LNNS 178, pp. 3–3, 2021.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64719-3_1
 Electric Vehicle Development and Low-Carbon
Transport in Vietnam

Le Anh Tuan(&)

Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam

tuan.leanh@hust.edu.vn

Abstract. Vietnam’s social and economic development achievements are

remarkable. However a steep rise in income and economic growth has led to
rapid motorization and high energy demand. The transport sector is a major
consumer of energy in Vietnam and thus it is one of the key sectors which
produces most emissions including green house gas (GHG). As a result,
according the emissions per GDP, Vietnam is ranked the 13th most carbon
intensive economy in the world, and 4th among the low- and middle- income
countries in East Asia. GHG emissions from the transport sector are expected to
triple by 2030, to nearly 90 million tons carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e).
In road transport sector, there are about 40 million vehicles, including about
35 million motorbikes, over around 96 million population. Almost all of road
vehicles use internal combustion engines which emit high GHG and high toxic
emissions. A pathway for low-carbon transport is crucial, consisting the shift
from conventional vehicles to electric ones.
This talk addresses the global electric vehicle outlook, related technologies of
electric vehicles, Vietnam current situation of automotive industry and contri-
bution of low-carbon transport scenarios, in general, and of electric vehicles, in
particular, to GHG reduction for Vietnam.

Keywords: Vehicle outlook
Electric vehicle development
Low-carbon

transport

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021

K.-U. Sattler et al. (Eds.): ICERA 2020, LNNS 178, pp. 4–4, 2021.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64719-3_2
ICERA 2020 Main Track
 A Common-Ground Single-Phase Boost
Inverter with Suppressed Double-Frequency
Ripple for Photovoltaic Applications

Minh-Duc Ngo1(&), Quynh-Van Nong2, Thuy-Ngan Ngo3,

Hong-Quang Nguyen1, Tan-Tai Tran4, and Seon-Ju Ahn4
1
Thai Nguyen University of Technology, Thai Nguyen, Vietnam
ngoduc198-tdh@tnut.edu.vn
2
Thai Nguyen University of Education, Thai Nguyen, Vietnam
3
Ha Noi Metropolitan University, Hanoi, Vietnam
4
Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea

Abstract. A low-frequency current ripple is introduced at the DC side of the

single-phase inverter topology decreasing efficiency in the photovoltaic (PV),
and battery systems and degrading the lifetime of an energy storage device. In
this paper, a common-ground single-phase single-stage boost inverter for PV
applications is presented. The introduced topology consists of three capacitors,
one inductor, five switches, and four diodes. The introduced topology has the
main features as the common ground between the DC input voltage source and
AC output voltage, and voltage boost capability. Furthermore, the low-
frequency input current ripple is significantly limited. Besides, the leakage
current, which is one of the major problems in grid-connected PV applications,
is limited in an introduced inverter. The operating principles, circuit analysis,
Mathematical analysis, and PWM control strategy for the introduced inverter are
discussed. The simulation results based on PSIM simulation are given at the end
of the paper to confirm the feasibility, performance and viability of the intro-
duced topology.

Keywords: DC–AC inverter
Boost inverter
Photovoltaic systems
Double-

frequency ripple

1 Introduction

In the recent period, because of global surface temperature and energy crisis, using
solar energy has been receiving more and more attention from many researchers. The
distributed generation systems combined with solar energy have been rapidly resear-
ched. The single-phase grid-tied transformerless dc–ac inverters in PV applications are
becoming more common worldwide [1]. However, a grid-connected system without a
transformer generates a leakage current. This current flows through the parasitic
capacitance to the ground, causing EMI problems, insecurity, and the low reliability of
the grid-tied transformerless PV inverters [2, 3]. To solve this problem, some research
works have been presented recently to limit the leakage current [4–6]. By clamping the
common-mode voltage during the freewheeling period, the leakage current is reduced

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021

K.-U. Sattler et al. (Eds.): ICERA 2020, LNNS 178, pp. 7–12, 2021.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64719-3_3
8 M.-D. Ngo et al.

as discussed in [5, 6]. Recently, the transformerless PV inverters were introduced in [7–
9] by using common ground configurations. In these topologies, the ground of the PV
array and the utility grid is directly connected, so there is no leakage current. However,
these topologies are a buck power conversion where the peak AC output voltage is
smaller than the dc voltage.
In light of the above, a common-ground single-phase single-stage boost inverter is
presented in this paper. The introduced topology has the main features as the common
ground between DC input voltage source and AC output voltage, and voltage boost
capability. In addition, the low-frequency input current ripple is significantly limited.
The operating principles, circuit analysis, mathematical analysis, and PWM control
strategy for the introduced inverter are given in Sect. 2. The simulation results based on
PSIM simulation are given in Sect. 3.

i LB LB CA io Ll
D1 D2
a
S4 S1
S0 CB VCB CC S2

Vg S3 Rl
v dc

D3 D4

Fig. 1. Proposed common-ground single-phase single-stage boost inverter.

2 Proposed Topology

The proposed common-ground single-phase single-stage boost inverter, which is

indicated as in Fig. 1, consists of five switches, four diodes, a boost inductor, three
capacitors. The same ground between dc input and ac output is an interesting feature of
the introduced topology. From Fig. 1, we can see that the negative polarity of the dc
input is directly connected to the ac output. It is merit, especially for PV applications.
Figure 2 shows operating states of the proposed common-ground single-phase single-
stage boost inverter. Figure 3 indicates the proposed PWM control method for the
introduced topology. As shown in Fig. 3, a control waveform, Vcontrol and a fixed
voltage, VST are compared with a carrier waveform, vtri to generate control signals for
switches from S0 to S4.
 A Common-Ground Single-Phase Boost Inverter 9

Fig. 2. Equivalent circuit of the introduced inverter. (a) Circuit in boost-state, and (b)-(d)
Circuits in non-boost-state.

T Vcontrol vtri
VP
VST

0 DT

S0
S1
S2
S3
S4

vab

: Shoot-through State

Fig. 3. Proposed PWM control method for the introduced topology.

In the boost state as shown in Fig. 2(a), four switches S0, S1, S3, and S4 are turned
on while the switch S2 is turned off. As a result, the boost inductor is charged from the
input dc source, Vg. The time interval in this state is D
T, where D and T represent the
duty cycle and a switching period, respectively.
8
< L diLB ¼ V þ V
B g CB
dt : ð1Þ
:
VCA ¼ VCB
10 M.-D. Ngo et al.

In the non-boost states as shown in Fig. 2(b), (c), and (d), the switch S0 is turned
on. During the positive cycle as shown in Fig. 2(b), two switches S1, S4 are turned on
while two switches S2, S3 are turned off. The output voltage, vab, in this case, equals
VCC. During the negative cycle as shown in Fig. 2(c), two switches S2, S3 are turned on
while two switches S1, S4 are turned off. The output voltage, vab, in this case, equals-
VCC. Following the negative or positive cycle, two switches S2 and S4 are turned ON to
generate a zero voltage. During the non-boost states, the boost inductor is discharged
while the capacitor CB is discharged. The time interval in this state is (1–D)
T

diLB
LB ¼ Vg þ VCB and VCC ¼ VCA þ VCB ð2Þ
dt

From (1) and (2), we get

2
VCC ¼ VCA þ VCB ¼ Vdc : ð3Þ
1  2D

The boost factor of the introduced topology is defined by

Vbus VCC 2
B¼ ¼ ¼ 1 ð4Þ
Vdc Vdc 1  2D

Table 1. Simulation parameters

Parameters Values
Input DC Voltage 96 V
Inverter Output voltage 220 Vrms/50 Hz
Inductor (LB) 1 mH
Capacitors CA and CB 1000 µF
CC 2000 µF
Switching frequency 30 kHz
Inductive Load Ll 30 mH
Rl 50 X

3 Simulation Results

To prove the operating principle of the proposed common-ground single-phase single-

stage boost inverter, simulation results based on PSIM simulation are given. The
simulation parameters for the introduced topology are given as in Table 1.
Figure 4 shows the simulation waveforms of the proposed common-ground single
phase single stage boost inverter when the input voltage is 96 V. As shown in Fig. 4(a)
and Fig. 4(b), we can see that the peak ac output voltage of the introduced topology is
310 V. The peak value of the load current is 6.2 A. As shown in Fig. 4(a), the low-
frequency current ripple is reduced significantly. From Fig. 4(d), the peak-to-peak
inductor ripple current is 4 A. From Fig. 4(c) and Fig. 4(d), the stress voltage across
 A Common-Ground Single-Phase Boost Inverter 11

Fig. 4. Simulation results of the introduced inverter when input dc voltage is 96 V. From top to
bottom, (a) input voltage, input current, output voltage of the inverter, current load; (b) FFT of
output voltage of the inverter, current load; (c)-(d) drain-source voltage of switches and zoom
version of input current.
12 M.-D. Ngo et al.

four switches S1, S2, S3, and S4 are the same as dc bus voltage while the stress voltage
across switch S0 is equal to half of dc bus voltage.

4 Conclusion

This paper proposes the common-ground single-phase single-stage boost inverter for
PV applications. The circuit analysis, and mathematical analysis, operating principles
of the introduced inverter are provided. A simple PWM control method is introduced to
modulate the proposed inverter. The introduced topology has the main features as the
common ground between DC input voltage source and AC output voltage, and the
voltage boost capability. Furthermore, the low-frequency input current ripple is sig-
nificantly limited. Besides, the leakage current, which is one of the major problems in
grid-connected PV applications, is limited in the introduced inverter. Since the pro-
posed common-ground single phase single stage boost inverter has a high reliability,
there is no leakage current and voltage boost capability, it is suitable for PV applica-
tions. The simulation results based on PSIM simulation are given at the end of the
paper to confirm the feasibility, performance and viability of the proposed topology.

Acknowledgment. This research was supported by Research Foundation funded by Thai

Nguyen University of Technology.

References
1. Kjaer, S.B., et al.: A review of single-phase grid-connected inverters for photovoltaic
modules. IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl. 41(5), 1292–1306 (2005)
2. Ribeiro, H., Borges, B., Pinto, A.: Single-stage DC–AC converter for photovoltaic systems.
In: Proceedings IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition, Atlanta, USA, pp. 604–
610. IEEE (2010)
3. Gonzales, R., Lopez, J., Sanchis, P., Marroyo, L.: Transformerless inverter for single-phase
photovoltaic systems. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 22(2), 693–697 (2007)
4. Stalter, O., Wellnitz, P., Burger, B.: Flying capacitor topology for grounding of single-phase
transformerless three-level photovoltaic inverters. In: 16th European Conference on Power
Electronics and Applications, Lappeenranta, Finland, pp. 1–9, IEEE (2014)
5. Ji, B., Wang, J., Zhao, J.: High-efficiency single-phase transformerless PV H6 inverter with
hybrid modulation method. IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 60(5), 2104–2115 (2013)
6. Xiao, H.F., Zhang, L., Li, Y.: An improved zero-current-switching single-phase transformer-
less PV H6 inverter with switching loss-free. IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 64(10), 7896–7905
(2017)
7. Vazquez, N., et al.: Integrating two stages as a common-mode transformerless photovoltaic
converter. IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 64(9), 7498–7507 (2017)
8. Siwakoti, Y.P., Blaabjerg, F.: A novel flying capacitor transformerless inverter for single-
phase grid-connected solar photovoltaic system. In: IEEE 7th International Symposium on
Power Electronics for Distributed Generation Systems (PEDG), Vancouver, Canada, pp. 1–6.
IEEE (2016)
9. Siwakoti, Y.P., Blaabjerg, F.: Common-ground-type transformerless inverters for single-
phase solar photovoltaic systems. IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 65(3), 2100–2111 (2018)
 A High Step-up DC-DC Converter
with Semiconductor Voltage Stress Reduction

Hong-Quang Nguyen1, Ngoc-Anh Tran1, Van-Nghiep Dinh1,

Vinh-Thuy Nguyen1, Minh-Duc Ngo1(&), and Joon-Ho Choi2
1
Thai Nguyen University of Technology, Thai Nguyen, Vietnam
ngoduc198-tdh@tnut.edu.vn
2
Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea

Abstract. Nowadays, switched-inductor and switched-capacitor configurations

are widely used for boost DC-DC converters to improve high boost ability. By
applying the principle operating of charging and discharging of inductor and
capacitor elements in parallel or series connection, it is considered that four
diodes, one high voltage rating switch, two inductors are validated to show as a
conventional switched-inductor boost converter. In this research, a novel high-
boost DC-DC converter based on the switched-inductor technique is introduced.
The introduced converter is transformer-less topology and determined by
changing the configuration of the conventional switched inductor structure and a
semiconductor switch. As a result, the introduced converter can give low voltage
rating active switches. Furthermore, the introduced converter is low in cost and
achieve higher efficiency with simple topology. The operating analysis of the
introduced converter is presented in detail. The simulation results with the
output control are presented to verify the analysis.

Keywords: Boost converter
Voltage stress reduction
Switched-inductor

technique

1 Introduction

In recent years, we are facing pressure from environmental protection, global surface
temperature and the energy sources are depleting. Researchers are paying more attention
to environmental protection, energy conservation and emission reduction. The dis-
tributed generation systems combined with available renewable energy sources have
been rapidly researched. These distributed generation systems are generated by some
sources such as fuel cell and photovoltaic (PV) arrays in the world [1, 2]. Generally, the
available renewable energies are wind, solar, and fuel cells are dependent on the weather
conditions, and their output voltages are low and instability. This problem leads to
develop high boost DC-DC converters, which can generate high voltage DC-bus for the
input terminal of grid-connected DC-AC inverter. Figure 1 presents a typical grid-
connected renewable energy generation system. The high step-up DC-DC converters
have been researched and obtained a high-voltage gain in both isolated and non-isolated
topologies. However, the isolated topologies have to use the high-frequency trans-
former, which leads to the high cost and low efficiency for the converter [3, 4].

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021

K.-U. Sattler et al. (Eds.): ICERA 2020, LNNS 178, pp. 13–19, 2021.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64719-3_4
14 H.-Q. Nguyen et al.

Nowadays, the converters without transformer have more attention with high-voltage
improvement, greater efficiency and low-cost design. The classical DC-DC converter
with simple topology by using one inductor, one capacitor, one diode and one switch has
been widely used for both research field and industrial applications. The research of
classical DC-DC converter has developed in [4]. However, the voltage gain of the
classical DC-DC converter is still low. Moreover, the cascaded [5], switched-capacitor,
switched-inductor, and interleaved [6] techniques are also used for the classical DC-DC
converter to achieve the high voltage boost ability. Most of them, the switched inductor
technique is more effective, thanks to the improvement of the simple topology and the
power density of the converter [7, 8]. The conventional switched-inductor converter
with three-diode and two-inductor is shown in Fig. 2(a). This is modified by replacing
the boost inductor in the classical boost converter. When a high-step-up voltage ability is
required, a larger duty cycle should be used which leads to high voltage stress on the
switches. To reduce the stress, the novel switched-inductor is introduced in this paper,
which can reduce voltage stress on the semiconductor devices and improve the effi-
ciency of the converter.

Renewable DC/DC
Applications
Energy Sources Converter

PV or Fuel Cell Boost Converter Inverter Load/ Utility

Fig. 1. The typical grid-connected renewable energy generation system.

2 Proposed Switched-Inductor DC-DC Converter

2.1 A Configuration of Proposed Switched-Inductor
Figure 2(b) depicts the introduced switched-inductor DC-DC converter. It consists of a
modified switched-inductor cell, two power switches, and the load. When the operating
principle of the proposed circuit is considered in the continuous conduction mode, the
following assumptions were made: i) All components are ideal and no loss; ii) the
capacitance of the capacitors is large enough to maintain the constant capacitor voltage;
and iii) the current of the inductor is changed linearly.

2.2 Circuit Analysis

Figure 3 introduced the key waveforms of the introduced switched-inductor converter
operating in the continuous conduction mode. Both switches S1 and S2 are ON-state
simultaneously with the time interval of DT. The output switch S0 is ON-state with the
time interval of (1-D)T. To analysis the operating principle, the following assumptions
were made all semiconductor devices and passive components are set ideal; the
 A High Step-up DC-DC Converter with Semiconductor Voltage 15

Da L2 Da L2 Io
D0 Io
Db Db S1 S0
L1 L1

Dc Co Vo
Vi S Co R Vo Vi
S2

(a) (b)

Fig. 2. Topology of (a) conventional switched-inductor DC-DC converter; (b) the proposed
switched-inductor DC-DC converter.

S1, S2
VGS1,VGS2
t
VGS0 S0
t
iL1=iL2

vLx, iLx
vL1=vL2 t

0.5(Vo-Vi)
VS1,VS2
0.5(Vo+Vi) t

VS0
0.5(Vo-Vi) t
Vi
VDa,VDb
Vo t

VD0
t
DT

Fig. 3. Typical waveform in continuous conduction mode of the proposed switched-inductor

DC-DC converter.

capacitance is enough to generate the constant voltage; and the inductor current is
linear.
The operation of the introduced switched-inductor converter is divided into two
modes, mode 1 is the circuit in ON-state when both switches S1 and S2 are turned on
and S0 is turned off. Mode 2 is the circuit in OFF-state when both switches S1 and S2
are turned off and S0 is turned on.
Mode 1: Both switches S1 and S2 are turned on and S0 is turned off. The diode Da is
on and two inductors L1, L2 of the switched-inductor cell are connected in parallel.
16 H.-Q. Nguyen et al.

Two inductors are magnetized by an input voltage source, as shown in Fig. 4(a).
The equations can be obtained

Da L2 Io L2 Io

S1 Db S0
L1 L1

Co Vo Co Vo
Vi Vi
S2

(a) (b)

Fig. 4. Equivalent circuit (b) Circuit in ON-state, and (c) Circuit in OFF-state.

8
< L diL1 ¼ L diL2 ¼ V
1 2 i
dt dt ð1Þ
:
iin ¼ 2iL1 ¼ 2iL2 ;

Mode 2: The converter operates in OFF-state. The switches S1 and S2 are turned off
and S0 is turned on. The diode Db is on and two inductors L1, L2 of the switched-
inductor cell are connected in series. The output capacitor is charged by two
inductors and an input voltage source, as shown in Fig. 4(b). The equations can be
given
8
> diL1 diL2
>
> L1 ¼ L2 ¼ Vi
>
< dt dt
diL1 diL2 ð2Þ
>
> L1 þ L2 ¼ Vi  Vo
>
> dt dt
:
iin ¼ iL1 ¼ iL2 ;

From (1)–(2), the voltage gain and input current can be obtained as
8
< G ¼ Vo ¼ 1 þ D
Vi 1  D ð3Þ
:
iin ¼ iL1 ð1 þ DÞ;
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 TO ROAST SIRLOIN, OR RIBS OF BEEF.

Let the joint hang as long as it can possibly be kept perfectly

sweet. When it is first brought in, remove the pipe of marrow which
runs along the back-bone; and cut out the kernels from the fat. Be
very careful in summer to guard it from flies; examine it frequently in
warm or damp weather; and scrape off with a knife, or wipe away
with a dry cloth, any moisture which may appear on the surface:
when this has been done, dust some powdered ginger or pepper
over it. Unless the joint should be very large, its appearance will be
improved by taking off the ends of the bones, which may then be
salted for a few days, and afterwards boiled. Spit the beef firmly;
place it near the fire to render the surface firm, as directed in the
article Roasting, of Chapter IX.; then draw it to a distance and let it
remain so until the heat has well penetrated the interior; and, if from
prejudice the old method be still preferred, heat it very gradually in
the first instance (in either case baste it constantly), and let it be
drawn nearer to the fire for the last half hour or more of roasting,
merely to brown it well. Persons who object to meat being frothed for
table, have it dredged with flour when it is first placed at the fire, and
sprinkled with fine salt when it is nearly done. It is not necessary to
paper the fat of beef, as many cooks direct, if proper attention be
given to it while roasting.
As a general rule, it may be observed, that when the steam from
the meat draws strongly towards the fire, it is nearly or quite ready to
serve. The time required to roast it will depend on the state of the
weather,[75] the size and strength of the fire, the thickness of the
joint, the use or non-use of a meat-screen or reflector, the general
temperature of the kitchen, and other contingencies. A quarter of an
hour for each pound of meat is commonly allowed for solid, heavy
joints, and, if the directions we have given be attended to, this will
not be found too much even for persons who prefer beef somewhat
rare: it must be left longer at the fire if wished very thoroughly
roasted, and quite double the usual time when the plan we have
noticed at page 172, is adopted. When likely to be sent to table
hashed, minced, or dressed a second time in any way, the juices of
the meat should be dried up as little as possible when it is first
cooked.
75. The meat will be much sooner done in hot weather than in cold. If frozen, it
must be thawed very gradually before it is put to the fire, or no length of time
will roast it; this will be effected better by laying it into cold water for some
hours before it is wanted, than by any other means.
 ROAST RUMP OF BEEF.

As this joint is generally too much to serve whole, as much of it as

will form a handsome dish should be cut from the chump end to
roast. It must be managed as the sirloin, to which it is commonly
preferred by connoisseurs. When boned and rolled into the form of a
fillet of veal, as it sometimes is, nearly or quite an additional hour
should be allowed to dress it.
 TO ROAST PART OF A ROUND OF BEEF.

The natural division of the meat will show where the silver side of
the round is to be separated from the upper or tongue side, which is
the proper part for roasting, and which will be found equally good
and profitable for the purpose, if allowed to hang as long as it can be
kept sweet before it is dressed. Care should be taken in dividing the
meat, not to pierce the inner skin. The silver side, with the udder, if
there should be one to the joint, may be pickled, spiced, or simply
salted, and will be excellent either way. The outside fat should be
drawn tightly round the remainder of the beef, which must be firmly
skewered, or bound with tape, to keep it in form. It will require long
roasting at a strong, steady fire, and should be kept constantly
basted.
Beef, 14 lbs.: 4-1/2 to 5 hours.
Obs.—We think that larding the beef quite through with large
lardoons of firm fat, of udder, or of bacon, would be an improvement;
and we ought also to observe, that unless it be delicate and of fine
quality, it will not answer well for roasting.
 TO ROAST A FILLET OF BEEF.

Raise the fillet from the inside of the sirloin, or from part of it, with
a sharp knife; leave the fat on, trim off the skin, lard it through, or all
over, or roast it quite plain; baste it with butter, and send it very hot to
table, with tomata sauce, or sauce piquante, or eschalot sauce, in a
tureen. It is sometimes served with brown gravy and currant jelly; it
should then be garnished with forcemeat-balls, made as for hare. If
not very large, an hour and a quarter will roast it well with a brisk fire.
Obs.—The remainder of the joint may be boned, rolled, and
roasted, or braised; or made into meat cakes; or served as a
miniature round of beef.
1-1/4 hour.
 ROAST BEEF STEAK.

If extremely tender, a large slice from the middle of the rump will
make an excellent small dish of roast meat, when a joint is not easily
to be procured. Let it be smoothly cut, from an inch to an inch and a
half thick, flattened on a table, and the inside sprinkled with a little
fine salt and cayenne, or common pepper. Make a roll of forcemeat,
as No. 1, Chapter VIII., adding, at pleasure, a flavouring of minced
onion or eschalot, and increasing the quantity of spices; place this on
one end of the steak, and roll it up tightly in it; skewer and bind the
meat so that the forcemeat cannot escape; fasten a buttered paper
over it, and roast it an hour and a half, or more, according to its size.
Twenty minutes before it is served, take off the paper and flour the
meat, which should be kept well basted with butter all the time it is
roasting. Send brown gravy to table with it, and pour a little over the
beef.
1-1/2 hour, or more.
 TO BROIL BEEF STEAKS.

The steaks should be from half to three quarters of an inch thick,

equally sliced, and freshly cut from the middle of a well kept, finely
grained, and tender rump of beef. They should be neatly trimmed,
and once or twice divided, if very large. The fire, as we have already
said in the general directions for broiling (page 175), must be strong
and clear. The bars of the gridiron should be thin, and not very close
together. When they are thoroughly heated, without being sufficiently
burning to scorch the meat, wipe and rub them with fresh mutton
suet; next pepper the steaks slightly, but never season them with salt
before they are dressed; lay them on the gridiron, and when done on
one side, turn them on the other, being careful to catch, in the dish in
which they are to be sent to table, any gravy which may threaten to
drain from them when they are moved. Let them be served the
instant they are taken from the fire; and have ready at the moment,
dish, cover, and plates, as hot as they can be. From eight to ten
minutes will be sufficient to broil steaks for the generality of eaters,
and more than enough for those who like them but partially done.
Genuine amateurs seldom take prepared sauce or gravy with their
steaks, as they consider the natural juices of the meat sufficient.
When any accompaniment to them is desired, a small quantity of
choice mushroom catsup may be warmed in the dish that is heated
to receive them; and which, when the not very refined flavour of a
raw eschalot is liked, as it is by some eaters, may previously be
rubbed with one, of which the large end has been cut off. A thin slice
or two of fresh butter is sometimes laid under the steaks, where it
soon melts and mingles with the gravy which flows from them. The
appropriate tureen sauces for broiled beef steaks are onion, tomata,
oyster, eschalot, hot horseradish, and brown cucumber, or
mushroom sauce.
Obs. 1.—We have departed a little in this receipt from our previous
instructions for broiling, by recommending that the steaks should be
turned but once, instead of “often,” as all great authorities on the
subject direct. By trying each method, our readers will be able to
decide for themselves upon the preferable one: we can only say, that
we have never eaten steaks so excellent as those which have been
dressed exactly in accordance with the receipt we have just given,
and we have taken infinite pains to ascertain the really best mode of
preparing this very favourite English dish, which so constantly makes
its appearance both carelessly cooked and ill served, especially at
private tables.
Obs. 2.—It is a good plan to throw a few bits of charcoal on the fire
some minutes before the steaks are laid down, as they give forth a
strong heat without any smoke: a coke fire is also advantageous for
broiling them.
The upright gridirons, by which meat is rather toasted than broiled,
though used in many kitchens, and generally pronounced
exceedingly convenient where they have been tried, do not appear
to as so well adapted for dressing steaks as those of less modern
fashion, which are placed over, instead of before the fire.
 BEEF STEAKS À LA FRANÇAISE.

The inside of the sirloin freed from skin and cut evenly into round
quarter-inch slices, should properly be used for these; but when it
cannot be obtained, part of the rump must be substituted for it.
Season the steaks with fine salt and pepper, brush them with a little
clarified butter, and broil them over a clear brisk fire. Mix a
teaspoonful of parsley minced extremely fine, with a large slice of
fresh butter, a little cayenne, and a small quantity of salt. When the
steaks are done, put the mixture into the dish intended for them, lay
them upon it, and garnish them plentifully with fried potatoes. It is an
improvement to squeeze the juice of half a lemon on the butter
before the meat is heaped over it. The potatoes should be sliced
rather thin, coloured of a fine brown, and placed evenly round the
meat.
 BEEF STEAKS À LA FRANÇAISE (ENTRÉE).

(Another Receipt.)
Cut the beef into small thin steaks as above, season them with
fine salt and pepper, dredge them lightly with flour, and fry them in
butter over a brisk fire; arrange them in a chain round a very hot
dish, and pour into the centre the olive sauce of Chapter V.
 STEWED BEEF STEAK (ENTRÉE).

This may be cut from one to two inches thick, and the time of
stewing it must be proportioned to its size. Dissolve a slice of butter
in a large saucepan or stewpan, and brown the steak on both sides,
moving it often that it may not burn; then shake in a little flour, and
when it is coloured pour in by degrees rather more than sufficient
broth or water to cover the meat. When it boils, season it with salt,
take off the scum, slice in one onion, a carrot or two, and half a
turnip; add a small bunch of sweet herbs, and stew the steak very
softly from two hours and a half to three hours. A quarter of an hour
before it is served, stir well into the gravy three teaspoonsful of rice
flour smoothly mixed with a little cayenne, half a wineglassful of
mushroom catsup, and a slight seasoning of spice. A teaspoonful of
currie powder, in addition, will improve both the flavour and the
appearance of the sauce. The onion is sometimes browned with the
meat; and the quantity is considerably increased. Eschalots may be
used instead, where their strong flavour is approved. A few button-
mushrooms, stewed from twenty to thirty minutes with the meat, will
render the catsup unnecessary. Wine, or any favourite store sauce,
can be added at will.
2-1/2 to 3 hours.
 FRIED BEEF STEAK.

We have little to add here to the directions of Chapter IX., which

are sufficient to enable the cook to send a dish of fried steaks to
table properly dressed. Currie sauce, highly onioned, is frequently
served with them.
 BEEF STEAK STEWED IN ITS OWN GRAVY.

(Good and wholesome.)

Trim all the fat and skin from a rump steak of nearly an inch thick,
and divide it once or twice; just dip it into cold water, let it drain for an
instant, sprinkle it on both sides with pepper, and then flour it rather
thickly; lay it quite flat into a well-tinned iron saucepan or stewpan,
which has been rinsed with cold water, of which three or four
tablespoonsful should be left in it. Place it over (not upon) a very
gentle fire, and keep it just simmering from an hour and a half to an
hour and three quarters, when, if the meat be good, it will have
become perfectly tender. Add salt to it when it first begins to boil, and
turn it when rather more than half done. A couple of spoonsful of
gravy, half as much catsup, and a slight seasoning of spice, would,
to many tastes, improve this dish, of which, however, the great
recommendation is its wholesome simplicity, which renders it
suitable to the most delicate stomach. A thick mutton cutlet from the
middle of the leg is excellent dressed thus.
1-1/2 to 1-3/4 hour.
 BEEF OR MUTTON CAKE.

(Very good.)
Chop two pounds of lean and very tender beef or mutton, with
three quarters of a pound of beef suet; mix them well, and season
them with a dessertspoonful of salt, nearly as much pounded cloves,
a teaspoonful of pounded mace, and half a teaspoonful of cayenne.
Line a round baking dish with thin slices of fat bacon, press the meat
closely into it, smooth the top, and cover it with bacon, set a plate on
it with a weight, and bake it two hours and a quarter. Take off the
bacon, and serve the meat hot, with a little rich brown gravy, or set it
by until cold, when it will be equally good. The fat of the meat which
is used for this dish can be chopped up with it instead of suet, where
it is liked as well; and onion, or eschalot, shred fine, minced savoury
herbs, grated lemon-peel, rasped bacon, or mushrooms cut small,
may in turn be added to vary it in flavour.
Lean beef or mutton, 2 lbs.; suet, 3/4 lb.; salt and cloves in
powder, each a dessertspoonful; mace, 1 teaspoonful; half as much
cayenne: baked 2-1/4 hours.
Obs.—A larger portion of suet or of fat will render these cakes
lighter, but will not otherwise improve them: they may be made of
veal or of venison, but one-third of mutton suet or of fat bacon should
be mixed with this last.
 GERMAN STEW.

Cut into about three-inch squares, two pounds and a half of the
leaner part of the veiny piece of beef, or of any joint which is likely to
be tender, and set it on to stew, with rather less than a quart of cold
broth or water, and one large onion sliced. When these begin to boil,
add a teaspoonful of salt, and a third as much of pepper, and let
them simmer gently for an hour and a half. Have ready some young
white cabbages, parboiled; press the water well from them, lay them
in with the beef, and let the whole stew for another hour. More
onions, and a seasoning of mixed spices, or a few bits of lean bacon,
or of ham, can be added to this stew when a higher flavour is
desired; but it is very good without.
Beef, 2-1/2 lbs.; water, or broth, 1-3/4 pint; onion, 1; salt, 1
teaspoonful; third as much pepper: 1-1/2 hour. Parboiled cabbages,
3 or 4: 1 hour.
 WELSH STEW.

Take the same proportions of beef, and of broth or water, as for

the German Stew. When they have simmered gently for an hour, add
the white part of from twenty to thirty leeks, or two dozens of button
onions, and five or six young mild turnips, cut in slices, a small lump
of white sugar, nearly half a teaspoonful of white pepper and more
than twice as much salt. Stew the whole softly from an hour and a
quarter to an hour and a half, after the vegetables are added.
Beef and water as above: 1 hour. Leeks, 20 to 30: or small onions,
24; young turnips, 6; small lump of sugar; white pepper, nearly 1/2
teaspoonful; salt, twice as much: 1-1/4 to 1-1/2 hour.
 A GOOD ENGLISH STEW.

On three pounds of tender rump of beef, freed from skin and fat,
and cut down into about two-inch squares, pour rather more than a
quart of cold broth or gravy. When it boils add salt if required, and a
little cayenne, and keep it just simmering for a couple of hours; then
put to it the grated rind of a large lemon, or of two small ones, and
half an hour after, stir to it a tablespoonful of rice-flour, smoothly
mixed with a wineglassful of mushroom catsup, a dessertspoonful of
lemon-juice, and a teaspoonful of soy: in fifteen minutes it will be
ready to serve. A glass and a half of port, or of white wine, will
greatly improve this stew, which may likewise be flavoured with the
store-sauce of page 146, or with another, which we find excellent for
the purpose, made with half a pint of port wine, the same of
mushroom-catsup, a quarter pint of walnut pickle, a tablespoonful of
the best soy, and a dessertspoonful of cayenne-vinegar, all well
shaken together and poured into a bottle containing the thin rind of a
lemon and two fine mellow anchovies, of moderate size. A few
delicately fried forcemeat-balls may be slipped into it after it is
dished.
Obs.—The limits of our work will not permit us to devote a further
space to this class of dishes, but an intelligent cook will find it easy to
vary them in numberless ways. Mushrooms, celery, carrots, sweet
herbs, parboiled new potatoes, green peas, rice, and currie-powder
may be advantageously used for that purpose. Ox-tails, just
blanched and cut into joints, will be found excellent substitutes for
the beef: mutton and veal also may be dressed in the same way. The
meat and vegetables can be browned before broth or water is
poured to them; but though, perhaps, more savoury, the stew will
then be much less delicate. Each kind of vegetable should be
allowed something more than sufficient time to render it perfectly
tender, but not so much as would reduce it to pulp.
 TO STEW SHIN OF BEEF.

Wash, and set it on to stew in sufficient cold water to keep it just

covered until it is done. When it boils, take off the scum and put an
ounce and a quarter of salt to the gallon of water. It is usual to add a
few cloves and some black pepper, slightly bruised and tied up
loosely in a fold of muslin, two or more onions, a root of celery, a
bunch of savoury herbs, four or five carrots, and as many turnips,
either whole or sliced: if to be served with the meat, the two last will
require a little more than the ordinary time of boiling, but otherwise
they may be simmered with the meat from the beginning. Give the
beef from four to five hours’ gentle stewing; and serve it with part of
its own liquor thickened and flavoured, or quite plain. An excellent
dish for a family may be made by stewing the thick fleshy part of the
shin or leg, in stock made of the knuckle, with a few bits of lean ham,
or a slice of hung beef from which the smoked edges have been
carefully pared away, and some spice, salt, and vegetables: by frying
these last before they are thrown into the soup-pot the savour of the
stew will be greatly heightened; and a tureen of good soup may be
made of its remains, after it has been served at table.
Ox-cheek, after having been soaked for four or five hours, and
washed with great nicety, may be dressed like the shin; but as it has
little flavour, the gravy should be strained, and quite cleared from fat,
then put into a clean saucepan, and thickened as soon as it boils,
with the following mixture:—three dessertspoonsful of rice-flour,
nearly a wineglassful of catsup, a teaspoonsful of currie-powder, or a
little powdered ginger and cayenne. When these have stewed for ten
minutes, dish the head, pour the sauce over, and serve it.
Shin of beef, 4 to 5 hours. Ox-cheek, 2 to 3 hours.
 FRENCH BEEF À LA MODE.

(A common Receipt.)
Take seven or eight pounds of a rump of beef (or of any other
tender joint), free from bone, and skewer it firmly into a good shape.
Put two ounces of butter into a thick saucepan or stewpan, and when
it boils stir to it a tablespoonful of flour; keep these well shaken over
a gentle fire until they are of a fine amber colour; then lay in the beef,
and brown it on both sides, taking care that it shall not stick to the
pan. Pour to it by slow degrees, letting each portion boil before the
next is added or the butter will float upon the surface and be difficult
to clear off afterwards, three quarters of a pint of hot water or gravy;
add a bunch of savoury herbs, one large or two small carrots cut in
thick slices, two or three moderate-sized onions, two bay-leaves, and
sufficient pepper and salt to season the gravy. Let the meat simmer
gently from four to five hours, and turn it when it is half done. When
ready to serve, lift the beef into a hot dish, lay the vegetables round,
and pour the gravy over it, after having taken out the herbs and
skimmed away the fat. In France, half or the whole of a calf’s foot is
stewed with the beef, which is there generally larded with thick
lardoons of fat bacon. (For larding, see Chapter X.) Veal dressed in
this way is even better than beef. The stewpan used for either should
be as nearly of the size of the meat as possible.
Beef, 7 to 8 lbs.: 4 to 5 hours.
 STEWED SIRLOIN OF BEEF.

As a matter of convenience we have occasionally had this joint

stewed instead of roasted, and have found it excellent. Cut out the
inside or fillet as entire as possible, and reserve it for a separate
dish; then remove the bones with care, or let the butcher do this.
Spread the meat flat on a table and cover the inside with thin slices
of striped bacon, after having first strewed over it a mixed seasoning
of a small teaspoonful of salt, half as much mace or nutmeg, and a
moderate quantity of pepper or cayenne. Roll and bind the meat up
firmly, lay it into a stewpan or thick iron saucepan nearly of its size,
and add the bones and as much good beef broth as will nearly cover
the joint. Should this not be at hand, put a few slices of lean ham or
bacon under the beef, and lay round it three pounds of neck or
knuckle of veal, or of stewing beef divided into several parts; then
pour to it cold water instead of broth. In either case, so soon as it has
boiled a few minutes and been well cleaned from scum, throw in a
large faggot of savoury herbs, three or four carrots, as many leeks,
or a large onion stuck with a dozen cloves; and an hour later two
blades of mace, and half a teaspoonful of peppercorns. Stew the
beef very gently indeed from four to five hours, and longer, should
the joint be large: serve it with a good Espagnole sauce piquante, or
brown caper sauce. Add what salt may be needed before the
vegetables are thrown in; and, after the meat is lifted out, boil down
to soup or gravy the liquor in which it has been stewed. To many
tastes it would be an improvement to flour and brown the outside of
the beef in butter before the broth or water is poured to it: it may also
be stewed (but somewhat longer) half-covered with rich gravy, and
turned when partially done. Minced eschalots may be strewed over
the inside before it is rolled, when their strong savour is relished, or
veal forcemeat may supply their place.