Intelligent Systems in Production

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Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing 835

Anna Burduk · Edward Chlebus

Tomasz Nowakowski · Agnieszka Tubis
Editors

Intelligent
Systems in
Production
Engineering and
Maintenance
Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing

Volume 835

Series editor
Janusz Kacprzyk, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
e-mail: kacprzyk@ibspan.waw.pl
The series “Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing” contains publications on theory,
applications, and design methods of Intelligent Systems and Intelligent Computing. Virtually all
disciplines such as engineering, natural sciences, computer and information science, ICT, economics,
business, e-commerce, environment, healthcare, life science are covered. The list of topics spans all the
areas of modern intelligent systems and computing such as: computational intelligence, soft computing
including neural networks, fuzzy systems, evolutionary computing and the fusion of these paradigms,
social intelligence, ambient intelligence, computational neuroscience, artificial life, virtual worlds and
society, cognitive science and systems, Perception and Vision, DNA and immune based systems,
self-organizing and adaptive systems, e-Learning and teaching, human-centered and human-centric
computing, recommender systems, intelligent control, robotics and mechatronics including
human-machine teaming, knowledge-based paradigms, learning paradigms, machine ethics, intelligent
data analysis, knowledge management, intelligent agents, intelligent decision making and support,
intelligent network security, trust management, interactive entertainment, Web intelligence and multimedia.
The publications within “Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing” are primarily proceedings
of important conferences, symposia and congresses. They cover significant recent developments in the
field, both of a foundational and applicable character. An important characteristic feature of the series is
the short publication time and world-wide distribution. This permits a rapid and broad dissemination of
research results.

Advisory Board
Chairman
Nikhil R. Pal, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India
e-mail: nikhil@isical.ac.in
Members
Rafael Bello Perez, Universidad Central “Marta Abreu” de Las Villas, Santa Clara, Cuba
e-mail: rbellop@uclv.edu.cu
Emilio S. Corchado, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
e-mail: escorchado@usal.es
Hani Hagras, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
e-mail: hani@essex.ac.uk
László T. Kóczy, Széchenyi István University, Győr, Hungary
e-mail: koczy@sze.hu
Vladik Kreinovich, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, USA
e-mail: vladik@utep.edu
Chin-Teng Lin, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
e-mail: ctlin@mail.nctu.edu.tw
Jie Lu, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia
e-mail: Jie.Lu@uts.edu.au
Patricia Melin, Tijuana Institute of Technology, Tijuana, Mexico
e-mail: epmelin@hafsamx.org
Nadia Nedjah, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
e-mail: nadia@eng.uerj.br
Ngoc Thanh Nguyen, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
e-mail: Ngoc-Thanh.Nguyen@pwr.edu.pl
Jun Wang, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
e-mail: jwang@mae.cuhk.edu.hk

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/11156

Anna Burduk Edward Chlebus
•

Tomasz Nowakowski Agnieszka Tubis

•

Editors

Intelligent Systems
in Production Engineering
and Maintenance

123
Editors
Anna Burduk Tomasz Nowakowski
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
Wrocław University of Science Wrocław University of Science
and Technology and Technology
Wrocław, Poland Wrocław, Poland

Edward Chlebus Agnieszka Tubis

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
Wrocław University of Science Wrocław University of Science
and Technology and Technology
Wrocław, Poland Wrocław, Poland

ISSN 2194-5357 ISSN 2194-5365 (electronic)

Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing
ISBN 978-3-319-97489-7 ISBN 978-3-319-97490-3 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97490-3

Library of Congress Control Number: 2018950093

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part
of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission
or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar
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The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
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Preface

The Second International Conference on Intelligent Systems in Production

Engineering and Maintenance ISPEM 2018 was organized by the Faculty of
Mechanical Engineering, Wrocław University of Science and Technology and the
Committee on Production Engineering of the Polish Academy of Sciences. The
high prestige of the conference is confirmed by the honorary patronage of the
Rector of the Wroclaw University of Science and Technology. The conference was
held in Wrocław (Poland) in September 2018.
The ISPEM conference was established as an interdisciplinary forum in the areas
of intelligent systems, methods and techniques, and their applications in production
systems. The importance of these issues attracted both academic and industrial
participants. The exchange of ideas and opinions on research efforts and industry
needs related to intelligent systems in industrial applications was very fruitful. The
primary concerns of the conference attendees were new solutions for innovative
plants, research results, and case studies taking into account advances in production
and maintenance from the point of view of Industry 4.0.
Manuscripts submitted for ISPEM 2018 were accepted for publication in the
Conference Proceedings on the basis of two independent reviews by members
of the Program Committee appointed by the Conference Chairs. The reviewers were
selected according to their competences and the principle of avoiding a conflict of
interest—a personal relationship between a reviewer and an author, occupational
subordination, direct scientific cooperation over the last two years prior to the
review. Each review was concluded with an explicit recommendation to accept or
reject. Minor or major revisions with additional review cycles were also possible—
about 40% of the finally accepted manuscripts were subjected to a revision pro-
cedure. If a negative review was given, the submission was rejected. This situation
happened in the case of 30% of the submitted manuscripts. The names of the
referees for publications were not revealed. On receiving the required number of
reviews and finishing the evaluation phase, the Conference Chairs passed them to
authors. Before the final decision, the authors’ replies to reviewers’ comments were
required. The entire evaluation and acceptance process was carried out electroni-
cally with the use of EasyChair Conference Service.

v
vi Preface

We would like to thank all the authors for presentations and the representatives
of both industry and academia for participating in lively discussions. Special thanks
go to the members of the Program Committee for the reliable process of reviewing
the papers. We are also grateful to the Organizing Committee for the hard work at
the conference preparatory stage.

September 2018 Anna Burduk

Edward Chlebus
Tomasz Nowakowski
Agnieszka Tubis
Organization

ISPEM’2018 is organized by the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wrocław

University of Science and Technology and Production Engineering Committee
of the Polish Academy of Sciences.

Executive Committee
Honorary Chair

Cezary Madryas Rector of Wrocław University of Science

and Technology, Poland

General Chairs

Edward Chlebus Wrocław University of Science and Technology,

Poland
Tomasz Nowakowski Wrocław University of Science and Technology,
Poland

Co-chairs

Anna Burduk Wrocław University of Science and Technology,

Poland
Agnieszka Tubis Wrocław University of Science and Technology,
Poland

vii
viii Organization

Program Committee

Ali Aidy National Defence University of Malaysia,

Malaysia
Akimov Oleg National Technical University, Ukraine
Antosz Katarzyna Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland
Awasthi Anjali Concordia University, Canada
Avila Paulo Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Portugal
Banaszak Zbigniew Koszalin University of Technology, Poland
Baraldi Piero Politecnico di Milano, Italy
Barni Andrea Francesco University of Applied Sciences of Southern,
Switzerland
Basl Josef University of West Bohemia, Czech Republic
Berenguer Christophe Grenoble Institute of Technology, France
Bernard Alain Ecole Centrale de Nantes, France
Bożejko Wojciech Wrocław University of Science and Technology,
Poland
Bracke Stefan University of Wuppertal, Germany
Bučinskas Vytautas Vilnius Gediminas Technical University,
Lithuania
Burduk Anna Wrocław University of Science and Technology,
Poland
Bureika Gintautas Vilnius Gediminas Technical University,
Lithuania
Buscher Udo Technical University of Dresden, Germany
Cambal Milos Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava,
Slovakia
Capaldo Guido University of Naples Federico II, Italy
Cariow Aleksandr West Pomeranian University of Technology in
Szczecin, Poland
Chlebus Edward Wrocław University of Science and Technology,
Poland
Chlebus Tomasz Wrocław University of Science and Technology,
Poland
Cholewa Mariusz Wroclaw University of Science and Technology,
Poland
Chromjaková Felicita Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Czech Republic
Ćwikła Grzegorz Silesian University of Technology, Poland
Davidrajuh Reggie University of Stavanger, Norway
Demichela Micaela Politecnico de Torino, Italy
Despotis Dimitris University of Piraeus, Greece
Deuse Jochen Technical University of Dortmund, Germany
Diakun Jacek Poznan University of Technology, Poland
Donatelli Gustavo Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil
Organization ix

Dossou Paul-Eric ICAM University, France

Dostatni Ewa Poznan University of Technology, Poland
Drevetskyi Volodymyr National University of Water and Environmental
Engineering, Ukraine
Duda Jan Cracow University of Technology, Poland
Dulina Ľuboslav University of Zilina, Slovakia
Dybała Bogdan Wrocław University of Science and Technology,
Poland
Edl Milan University of West Bohemia, Czech Republic
Ferreira Luis University of Porto, Portugal
Filipenko Oleksandr Kharkiv National University of Radio
Electronics, Ukraine
Fomichov Serhii National Technical University of Ukraine,
Ukraine
Fridgeirsson Thordur Reykjavik University, Iceland
Vikingur
Fumagalli Luca Politecnico di Milano, Italy
Furch Jan University of Defence, Czech Republic
Furman Joanna Silesian University of Technology, Poland
Gawlik Józef Cracow University of Technology, Poland
Gierulski Wacław Kielce University of Technology, Poland
Gola Arkadiusz Lublin University of Technology, Poland
Górski Filip Poznan University of Technology, Poland
Grabowik Cezary Silesian University of Technology, Poland
Grajewski Damian Poznan University of Technology, Poland
Grall Antoine University of Technology of Troyes, France
Gregor Milan University of Žilina, Slovakia
Greenwood Allen G. Mississippi State University, USA
Grozav Sorin Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Romania
Grzybowska Katarzyna Poznan University of Technology, Poland
Gwiazda Aleksander Silesian University of Technology, Poland
Gyula Mester Óbuda University, Hungary
Hamrol Adam Poznan University of Technology, Poland
Jodejko-Pietruczuk Anna Wrocław University of Science and Technology,
Poland
Jurdziak Leszek Wrocław University of Science and Technology,
Poland
Jurko Jozef Technical University of Kosice, Slovakia
Kacprzyk Janusz Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland
Kalinowski Krzysztof Silesian University of Technology, Poland
Kantola Jussi University of Vaasa, Finland
Kasprzyk Rafał Military University of Technology, Poland
Kawałek Anna Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland
Kaźmierczak Jan Silesian University of Technology, Poland
Kłos Sławomir University of Zielona Góra, Poland
x Organization
Knapiński Marcin
Knosala Ryszard
Korytkowski Przemysław
Krause-Jüttler Grit
Krenczyk Damian
Kristal Mark
Król Robert
Krykavskyi Yevhen
Kuczmaszewski Józef
Kuric Ivan
Lewandowski Jerzy
Lis Teresa
Loska Andrzej
Ładysz Rafał
Łebkowski Piotr
Majstorovic Vidosav
Malec Małgorzata
Matuszek Józef
Michalak Dariusz
Mikler Jerzy
Milazzo Maria Francesca
Milecki Andrzej
Modrak Vladimir
Nazarko Joanicjusz
Noel Frederic
Nowacki Krzysztof
Nowakowski Tomasz
Pandilov Zoran
Patalas-Maliszewska Justyna
Pasichnyk Vitalii
Pasquier Frederique
Pawlewski Paweł
Peres Francois
Perez Pereales David
Plinta Dariusz
Putnik Goran D.
Reiner Jacek
Rojek Izabela
Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland
Opole University of Technology, Poland
West Pomeranian University of Technology
in Szczecin, Poland
Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
Silesian University of Technology, Poland
Volgograd State Technical University, Rosja
Wrocław University of Science and Technology,
Poland
Lviv Technical University, Ukraine
Lublin University of Technology, Poland
University of Zilina, Słowacja
Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Silesian University of Technology, Poland
Silesian University of Technology, Poland
George Mason University, USA
AGH University of Science and Technology,
Poland
University of Belgrade, Serbia
Instytut Techniki Górniczej (KOMAG), Poland
University of Bielsko-Biala, Poland
Solaris Bus & Coach S.A., Poland
KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden
University of Messina, Italy
Poznan University of Technology, Poland
Technical University of Košice, Slovakia
Bialystok University of Technology, Poland
Grenoble Institute of Technology, France
Silesian University of Technology, Poland
Wrocław University of Science and Technology,
Poland
Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Republic
of Macedonia
University of Zielona Góra, Poland
National Technical University of Ukraine,
Ukraine
ICAM University, France
Poznan University of Technology, Poland
University of Toulouse, France
Universidad Polytechnica de Valencia, Spain
University of Bielsko-Biala, Poland
University of Minho, Portugal
Wrocław University of Science and Technology,
Poland
Kazimierz Wielki University, Poland
Organization xi

Roumpos Christos Technical University of Crete, Greece

Saniuk Anna University of Zielona Góra, Poland
Saniuk Sebastian University of Zielona Góra, Poland
Santarek Krzysztof Warsaw University of Technology, Poland
Sęp Jarosław Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland
Simon Silvio Brandenburg University of Technology
Cottbus-Senftenberg, Germany
Skoczypiec Sebastian Cracow University of Technology, Poland
Skołud Bożena Silesian University of Technology, Poland
Stadnicka Dorota Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland
Świć Antoni Lublin University of Technology, Poland
Terzi Sergio Politecnico di Milano, Italy
Tormos Bernardo Universitat Politècnica de Valencia, Spain
Trebuna Peter Technical University of Kosice, Slovakia
Tuokko Reijo Tampere University of Technology, Finland
Turmanidze Raul Georgian Technical University, Georgia
Ucal Sari Irem Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
Ungureanu Nicolae Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Romania
Valis David Brno University of Defence, Czech Republic
Werbińska-Wojciechowska Wrocław University of Science and Technology,
Sylwia Poland
Więcek Dorota University of Bielsko-Biala, Poland
Wirkus Marek Gdańsk University of Technology, Poland
Wyczółkowski Ryszard Silesian University of Technology, Poland
Xiao-Guang Yue Wuhan University, China
Xie Min City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Zio Enrico Ecole Centrale Paris LGI-Supelec, France

Organizing Committee

Będza Tomasz Wrocław University of Science and Technology,

Poland
Chlebus Tomasz Wrocław University of Science and Technology,
Poland
Górnicka Dagmara Wrocław University of Science and Technology,
Poland
Kotowska Joanna Wrocław University of Science and Technology,
Poland
Krot Kamil Wrocław University of Science and Technology,
Poland
Krowicki Paweł Wrocław University of Science and Technology,
Poland
xii Organization

Musiał Kamil Wrocław University of Science and Technology,

Poland
Rusińska Małgorzata Wrocław University of Science and Technology,
Poland
Werbińska-Wojciechowska Wrocław University of Science and Technology,
Sylwia Poland
Woźna Anna Wrocław University of Science and Technology,
Poland

Organized by
Contents

Intelligent Systems in Production Engineering and Maintenance

3D Geometry Recognition for a PMI-Based Mixed Reality
Assistant System in Prototype Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Matthias Neges, Stefan Adwernat, Mario Wolf, and Michael Abramovici
A Computer Application for Drone Parametrization:
Developing Solution for Drone Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Christopher Nikulin, Marcos Zuñiga, Constanza Cespedes,
Cristopher Rozas, Sebastian Koziolek, Tomás Grubessich,
Pablo Viveros, and Eduardo Piñones
A New Approach to Design of a Cyberphysical System Exemplified
by Its Use in the Electro-Hydraulic Hybrid Drive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Lech Knap, Wiesław Grzesikiewicz, and Michał Makowski
An Analysis of the Efficiency of a Parallel-Serial Manufacturing
System Using Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Sławomir Kłos and Justyna Patalas-Maliszewska
Aperiodic Surface Topographies Based on High Precision Grinding
Processes: Analysis of Cutting Fluid and Cleaning Process
Influences Using Non-parametric Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Stefan Bracke and Max Radetzky
Application of a Multidimensional Scaling Method to Identify
the Factors Influencing on Reliability of Deep Wells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Edward Kozłowski, Dariusz Mazurkiewicz, Beata Kowalska,
and Dariusz Kowalski
Case Study of Production Planning Optimization with Use
of the Greedy and Tabu Search Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Łukasz Łampika, Kamil Musiał, and Anna Burduk

xiii
xiv Contents

Collaborative Network Planning Using Auction Parallel

to Pool-Based Energy Market with Shifting Bids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Izabela Zoltowska
Combination of the Earned Value Method and the Agile
Approach – A Case Study of a Production System Implementation . . . . 87
Dorota Kuchta
Computer Simulation of the Operation of a Longwall Complex
Using the “Process Flow” Concept of FlexSim Software . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Marek Kęsek, Agnieszka Adamczyk, and Monika Klaś
Concept of Power Grid Resiliency to Severe Space Weather . . . . . . . . . 107
Olga Sokolova and Victor Popov
Promoting Cross-Border Cooperation Between Science
and Small Businesses as a Source of Innovation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Grit Krause-Juettler
Definition of Characteristic Values for the Efficient and Safe
Implementation of Electronic Cam Gears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Armin Schleinitz, Holger Schlegel, and Matthias Putz
Design of Performance Indicators Based on Effective Time
and Throughput Variability. Case Study in Mining Industry . . . . . . . . . 139
Tomás Grubessich, Raúl Stegmaier, Pablo Viveros,
Mónica López-Campos, Fredy Kristjanpoller, Christopher Nikulin,
and Sebastian Koziolek
Development of an Intelligent Drainage-Humidifying Control
System Based on Neo-Fuzzy Neural Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Svitlana Matus, Anastasia Stetsenko, Viktor Krylovets, and Vitalii Kutia
Evolution of Technical Systems Maintenance Approaches –
Review and a Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Tomasz Nowakowski, Agnieszka Tubis,
and Sylwia Werbińska-Wojciechowska
Forecasting the Mountability Level of a Robotized Assembly Station . . . 175
Rafał Kluz, Katarzyna Antosz, and Tomasz Trzepiecinski
Identification of Challenges to be Overcome in the Process of
Enhancing Innovativeness Based on Implementation of Central
European Projects Funded from Interreg Programme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Mariusz Cholewa, Joanna Helman, Mateusz Molasy,
and Maria Rosienkiewicz
Improvement of Production Process Scheduling with the Use
of Heuristic Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Kamil Musiał, Dagmara Górnicka, and Anna Burduk
Contents xv

Intuitive Methods of Industrial Robot Programming

in Advanced Manufacturing Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Kamil Krot and Vitalii Kutia
Manufacturing Activities Modelling for the Purpose
of Machining Process Plan Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Jan Duda and Jacek Habel
Model of Application of Cluster Analysis in Storage Area Designing . . . 225
Peter Trebuňa, Jana Kronová, and Miriam Pekarčíková
Module for Prediction of Technological Operation Times
in an Intelligent Job Scheduling System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
Łukasz Sobaszek, Arkadiusz Gola, and Edward Kozłowski
Pricing and Ordering Decisions in a JELS-Model for Items
with Imperfect Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
Ina Bräuer and Udo Buscher
Probabilistic Fuzzy Approach to Assessment of Supplier Based
on Delivery Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
Katarzyna Rudnik and Ryszard Serafin
Processing of Design and Technological Data Due to Requirements
of Computer Aided Process Planning Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Kamil Krot and Jacek Czajka
Rationalization of Decision-Making Process in Selection of Suppliers
with Use of the Greedy and Tabu Search Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
Joanna Kochańska, Kamil Musial, and Anna Burduk
Risk Assessment for Potential Failures During Process
Implementation Using Production Process Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
Robert Błocisz and Lukasz Hadas
Strategy of Improving Skills of Innovation Managers in the Area
of Advanced Manufacturing Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
Kamil Krot, Emilia Mazgajczyk, Małgorzata Rusińska, and Anna Woźna
SYNERGY Project: Open Innovation Platform for Advanced
Manufacturing in Central Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
Maria Rosienkiewicz, Joanna Helman, Mariusz Cholewa,
and Mateusz Molasy
The Application of Augmented Reality Technology
in the Production Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
Andrzej Szajna, Janusz Szajna, Roman Stryjski, Michał Sąsiadek,
and Waldemar Woźniak
xvi Contents

The Application of Software Tecnomatix Jack for Design

the Ergonomics Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Miriam Pekarčíková, Peter Trebuňa, Jana Kronová,
and Gabriela Ižariková
The Concept of an Integrated Company Management System
Combining the Results in Favour of Sustainable Development
with the Company Indicator System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
Piotr Cyplik, Michał Adamczak, Katarzyna Malinowska, and Jerzy Piontek
The Concept of Intelligent Chlorine Dosing System in Water
Supply Distribution Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
Ryszard Wyczółkowski, Mariusz Piechowski, Violetta Gładysiak,
and Małgorzata Jasiulewicz-Kaczmarek
The Framework of IT Tool Supporting Layout Redesign
in a Selected Industrial Company . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
Izabela Kudelska, Agnieszka Stachowiak, and Marta Pawłowska
Virtual Commissioning as the Main Core of Industry 4.0 – Case
Study in the Automotive Paint Shop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
Jolanta Krystek, Sara Alszer, and Szymon Bysko

Computer Aiding in Production Engineering

Computer Aiding Simulation of the Mechatronics Function
of an Intelligent Building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
Aleksander Gwiazda, Krzysztof Herbuś, Piotr Ociepka,
and Małgorzata Sokół
Practical Approach of Flexible Job Shop Scheduling Using Costs
and Finishing Times of Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
Małgorzata Olender, Krzysztof Kalinowski, and Cezary Grabowik
The Evolution of the Robotized Workcell Using the Concept
of Cobot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
Wacław Banaś and Małgorzata Olender
Petri Nets in Modelling and Simulation of the Hierarchical
Structure of Manufacturing Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
Krzysztof Foit
Virtual Activating of a Robotized Production Cell with Use of the
Mechatronics Concept Designer Module of the PLM Siemens
NX System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
Krzysztof Herbuś, Piotr Ociepka, and Aleksander Gwiazda
Contents xvii

Modelling and Simulation of Production Processes

A Declarative Modelling Framework for Routing of Multiple UAVs
in a System with Mobile Battery Swapping Stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
Grzegorz Bocewicz, Peter Nielsen, Zbigniew Banaszak,
and Amila Thibbotuwawa
Competence-Based Workforce Allocation for Manual
Assembly Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442
Bartlomiej Malachowski and Przemyslaw Korytkowski
Development of a Simulation Platform for Robots with Serial
and Parallel Kinematic Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452
Vladimír Bulej, Juraj Uríček, Ján Stanček, Dariusz Więcek, and Ivan Kuric
Interactive Layout in the Redesign of Intralogistics Systems . . . . . . . . . 462
Paweł Pawlewski
Technical Diagnostics at the Department of Automation
and Production Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474
Ivan Kuric, Miroslav Císar, Vladimír Tlach, Ivan Zajačko,
Tomáš Gál, and Dorota Więcek
Use of Dynamic Simulation in Warehouse Designing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485
Monika Bučková, Martin Krajčovič, and Dariusz Plinta
Using Modern Ergonomics Tools to Measure Changes in the Levels
of Stress Placed on the Psychophysiological Functions of a Human
During Load Manipulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499
Luboslav Dulina, Miroslava Kramarova, Ivana Cechova,
and Dorota Wiecek
Yamazumi Analysis in Milk-Run Intralogistics Systems
Using Simulation Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509
Kamila Kluska

Product Design and Product Manufacturing in Industry 4.0

Automation and Digitization of the Material Selection Process
for Ecodesign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523
Izabela Rojek, Ewa Dostatni, and Adam Hamrol
Automation of the Ecodesign Process for Industry 4.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533
Ewa Dostatni, Jacek Diakun, Damian Grajewski, Radosław Wichniarek,
and Anna Karwasz
Efficiency of Automatic Design in the Production Preparation
Process for an Intelligent Factory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543
Przemysław Zawadzki, Krzysztof Żywicki, Damian Grajewski,
and Filip Górski
xviii Contents

Low-Cost 3D Printing in Innovative VR Training

and Prototyping Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553
Paweł Buń, Filip Górski, Radosław Wichniarek, Wiesław Kuczko,
and Magdalena Żukowska
Safety Improvement of Industrial Drives Manual Control
by Application of Haptic Joystick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563
Paweł Bachman and Andrzej Milecki
Scanp - Integration and Adaptation of Scanning and Rapid
Prototyping Device Prepared for Industry 4.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574
Paweł Krowicki, Grzegorz Iskierka, Bartosz Poskart, Maciej Habiniak,
Tomasz Będza, and Bogdan Dybała
The Application of a Vision System to Detect Trajectory Points
for Soldering Robot Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587
Andrzej Milecki and Piotr Owczarek
The Idea of “Industry 4.0” in Car Production Factories . . . . . . . . . . . . 597
Jarosław Kurosz and Andrzej Milecki

Mining 4.0 and Intelligent Mining Transportation

Process-Oriented Approach for Analysis of Sensor Data
from Longwall Monitoring System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611
Edyta Brzychczy and Agnieszka Trzcionkowska
Analysis of Moving Averages of BWEs Actual Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . 622
Leszek Jurdziak
Application of the Discrete Element Method (DEM) for Simulation
of the Ore Flow Inside the Shaft Ore Bunker in the Underground
Copper Ore Mine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633
Piotr Walker, Witold Kawalec, and Robert Król
Conveyor Belt 4.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645
Leszek Jurdziak, Ryszard Blazej, and Miroslaw Bajda
Probabilistic Modeling of Mining Production in an Underground
Coal Mine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655
Edyta Brzychczy
Random Loading of Blasted Ore with Regard to Spatial Variations
of Its Actual Lithological Compound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 668
Piotr J. Bardziński, Robert Król, Leszek Jurdziak, and Witold Kawalec
Contents xix

Multi-faceted Modelling of Networks and Processes

BPMN Update Proposal for Non-expert Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 681
Marek Szelągowski
Envisioning Spread Page Applications: Network-Based Computing
Documents for Decision Support in Operations Management . . . . . . . . 692
Tomasz Tarnawski
Security and Risk as a Primary Feature of the Production Process . . . . 701
Jerzy Stanik, Maciej Kiedrowicz, and Robert Waszkowski
Spread Page Challenges for Accessibility in Business Modeling . . . . . . . 710
Grzegorz Złotowicz and Robert Waszkowski
The Essence of Reflexive Control and Diffusion of Information
in the Context of Information Environment Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 720
Rafał Kasprzyk

The Supply Chain of the Future – Intelligent and Sustainable

Supply Chain Management
Flexibility Strategy in Delayed Differentiation Model
of Steel Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 731
Marzena Kramarz
Key Competencies of Supply Chain Managers – Comparison
of the Expectations of Practitioners and Theoreticians’ Vision . . . . . . . . 742
Katarzyna Grzybowska and Anna Łupicka
Logistical Aspects of Transition from Traditional to Additive
Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 752
Patrycja Szymczyk, Irina Smolina, Małgorzata Rusińska,
Anna Woźna, Andrea Tomassetti, and Edward Chlebus
Reconfiguration to Renovation in a Sustainable Supply Chain . . . . . . . . 761
Katarzyna Grzybowska
The Framework of Logistics 4.0 Maturity Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 771
Joanna Oleśków-Szłapka and Agnieszka Stachowiak
Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783
Intelligent Systems in Production
Engineering and Maintenance
 3D Geometry Recognition for a PMI-Based Mixed
Reality Assistant System in Prototype Construction

Matthias Neges, Stefan Adwernat, Mario Wolf ✉ , and Michael Abramovici

( )

Chair for IT in Mechanical Engineering (ITM), Ruhr-Universität Bochum,

Universitätsstraße 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
mario.wolf@itm.rub.de

Abstract. The purpose of prototypes in an industrial mass production context is

the assessment and validation of desired product characteristics, relating to func‐
tional, geometrical or aesthetical aspects. Therefore, a prototype is an abstracted
model with a subset of selected properties. Before single prototype parts are
assembled, a quality inspection on receiving is mandatory.
Based on a project conducted with the construction facility of an automotive
supplier, the authors propose a concept for the automated quality inspection of
received prototype parts. This inspection is performed by using reference points
and characteristics, defined in a 3D CAD document. As part of the concept, this
paper elaborates a module for the automated object recognition by means of
computer vision, utilizing 3D CAD geometry and images as reference objects.
The authors implemented and validated the module under laboratory conditions.

Keywords: Object recognition · Visual inspection · Prototyping

1 Introduction

In the context of industrial mass production, e.g. the automotive industry, the term
“prototype” describes an abstracted physical or digital model or a mock-up depicting
selected properties of the specific product. The purpose of prototypes comprises the
assessment and validation of the respective product design in terms of functional,
geometrical and aesthetical aspects. The feedback information from testing with proto‐
types helps to adjust the initial product design at an early stage to minimize the risk of
costly design changes after start of mass production. As the properties of the prototype
may differ widely from the sellable product the manufacturing processes and the utilized
materials may vary as well in order to be cost-efficient and rapidly available [1, 2].
Since the emergence of terms like “digital mockup” and “virtual prototyping” [3]
the digitalization of prototype construction became even more important due to recent
technical improvements of virtual or mixed reality technologies (VR, MR) and their
increasing acceptance in both private and professional context. These technologies
visualize digital contents to different extents and allow the user to interact with the
displayed objects [4]. Since the construction and adaption of physical prototypes is
costly and time-consuming numerous applications in academia and industry aim at
reducing the number of physical prototypes by creating virtual prototypes utilizing VR

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019

A. Burduk et al. (Eds.): ISPEM 2018, AISC 835, pp. 3–11, 2019.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97490-3_1
4 M. Neges et al.

and MR technologies. Examples for the proven feasibility for these approaches are
described by Rademacher [5] and Schreiber [6]. However, physical prototypes are still
essential in today’s production facilities and are being regarded as indispensable even
beyond 2040 by Winkelhake [7].
Prototypes are built at different stages of the product development process and for
different purposes, but the prototype construction is usually located before the start of
serial production. It commonly incorporates a small batch production of multiple
versions of the same digital 3D component to build several slightly different pre-produc‐
tion parts or assemblies for assessment and validation. The prototype parts are usually
manufactured either in-house or by an external supplier. In both cases, the parts are spot-
checked in a randomized quality inspection on receiving before further processing.
A critical factor for the quality inspection is the process speed, as the single parts
must be rapidly available for further operations. Based on a project conducted with an
automotive supplier, this paper addresses problems for the quality inspection of received
parts in prototype construction facilities.
An initial step for the quality assessment involves the comparison of the target
geometry (as designed) and the part’s actual geometry (as manufactured), to detect
potential deviations, e.g. a missing drill hole. In the considered scenario, inspection
speed matters more than recognition accuracy. Therefore, an automated visual inspec‐
tion regarding previously defined characteristic points is preferred over a reverse engi‐
neering approach, i.e. scanning and reconstruction of the entirety of the part’s surface,
or using mechanical probes [8].
An essential prerequisite for the visual inspection is the detection of defined charac‐
teristics on the physical prototype. In this context the research field of Computer Vision
(CV) addresses techniques and theoretical approaches including image acquisition,
processing and analysis, with one goal being able to compare a given image with a refer‐
ence image. This is achieved by the recognition of elementary features, such as edges,
corners, circles or straight lines in the given image [9]. Following the detection of the
features within an image, the interest locations are described through a feature descriptor,
for the subsequent comparison, to find a relationship between the given and the reference
image. The detection and description of these salient points rests upon different mathe‐
matical methods, which can be computed by different algorithms, e.g. Features from
Accelerated Segment Test (FAST), Speeded-up Robust Features (SURF), Scale-Invar‐
iant Feature Transform (SIFT) or Oriented FAST and Rotated BRIEF (ORB). The actual
comparison of features in the given image and the reference is performed by feature
matching algorithms, such as Fast Library for Approximate Nearest Neighbors (FLANN)
or Brute Force (BF) [10]. Each of these algorithms has various strengths and weak‐
nesses, which must be considered for the respective application.
With a clear focus on automated visual inspection in prototype construction facilities,
this paper elaborates a concept for the detection of previously defined characteristics by
means of CV. These characteristics may refer to product and manufacturing information
(PMI), stored in the prototype’s 3D CAD document. In general, PMI are attached to a
CAD model, documenting a product in regards to design, manufacturing and inspection,
including data about e.g. dimensions, tolerances, manufacturing information or generic
annotations [11]. As mixed reality is a proven facilitator for the context sensitive
 3D Geometry Recognition for a PMI-Based Mixed Reality 5

visualization and interaction with the displayed information [12], this technology is
being considered as part of the proposed overall concept.

2 Aims and Requirements

The related use case is derived from a project conducted with the prototype construction
facility at Adient Ltd. Co. KG (Burscheid, Germany). Adient’s IT infrastructure supports
and accelerates business processes especially in production, as this is imperative as an
automotive supplier. The project entails investigations to digitalize the prototype part
receiving in the corresponding facility, with the purpose to reduce errors and speed-up
the prototype construction process.
As mentioned above, the received prototype parts require a quality inspection before
further processing, e.g. assembly and testing. In assistance with common image
processing and analysis methods, an automated visual inspection process is able to
recognize objects and their positioning, to check the completeness, shape, geometry and
dimensions, as well as the surface or to detect defects [8].
The visual inspection process within the proposed overall concept is focused on the
recognition of actual received prototype parts. Therefore, the aim of the paper at hand is
to find a way for the automatic identification of the actual part to be inspected to provide
the corresponding quality and inspection information of the specific prototype part.
Since the use case is derived from an industrial project, the general requirement is
the real-world usability. This implies a setup for the prototypical object recognition
comparable to the productive one. Therefore, an installation with cameras mounted over
a conveyer belt is ideal. In addition to this, specific requirements for the part recognition
arise. The first requirement concerns the clear identification of a prototype part by refer‐
ence to a previously defined set of potential parts. The recognition should ideally be
carried out based on 3D CAD geometry or alternatively with reference camera images.
Following a successful identification, the third requirement includes the automatic
retrieval of a part’s respective data, as this is necessary for the subsequent visual quality
inspection. Finally, high detection precision, repeating accuracy and a sufficient level
of efficiency are mandatory, as the detection should offer real-time results.

3 Concept

The overall concept for the PMI-based mixed reality assistant system consists of several
distinct modules. The main goal of the presented approach is an accelerated visual
quality inspection of received parts in a prototype construction facility by means of
computer vision (CV). To enable a quick analysis of the actual shape towards the target
shape, the inspection is carried out based on special previously defined characteristics,
regarding the part’s geometry, instead of scanning and analyzing the entire surface of a
part. As described in the introductory section, existing CV algorithms are able to detect
salient elements within an image to compare them towards a reference image. Therefore,
the geometrical characteristics must be visible, when transferred to the reference image,
or, to the contrary, covered and hidden features are not suitable for a visual inspection.
6 M. Neges et al.

The concluding step of the overall concept is the inspection results visualization to the
prototyping worker for a qualitative assessment.
For a better overview, Fig. 1 illustrates only the major components of the overall
concept. The previously described use case consists of four major process steps or
modules, which, in turn, comprise several activities. This paper focuses on the partial
aspects for the part recognition, labelled as module 1 and module 2 (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1. Concept overview

The first step (Fig. 1) begins with the image acquisition of the specific prototype part.
Therefore, a physical input for this module is the respective part itself. As mentioned in
the requirements section, the part recognition works on an installation, equipped with
cameras and mounted over a conveyer belt for an in-line supply of the prototype parts.
The output of this step is an image of the actual part.
Whereas step 1 can be considered as a preparation, the second module entails the main
activities for the CV-based part recognition. This step requires comparative data, which
means different images, for the evaluation of similarities within these pictures. On the one
hand, there are the previously taken pictures of the actual prototype part from module 1
and on the other hand, 3D geometry models or reference images as an alternative serve
as potential “objects” to be identified (Fig. 1). The desired result of this module is the
successful identification of the actual prototype part, including an exact mapping to the
part-identifying information, e.g. a prototype part identification number (ID).
Based on the identification (step 2), the correlating input documents for the third
module are provided. This novel approach for a visual quality inspection utilizes both
geometric data as well as product and manufacturing information (PMI), derived from
3D CAD documents (Fig. 1). These characteristics serve as reference points, which need
to be detected in the previously acquired images and checked for the purpose of an
automated visual inspection. An example for a geometric reference in this context may
 3D Geometry Recognition for a PMI-Based Mixed Reality 7

be a drill hole feature in the respective 3D CAD model, which must exist in the physical
part as well. Additional reference points can be extracted from the annotations and
inspection information in the model’s PMI data. A precondition for this approach is the
prior accumulation of the 3D CAD models with the required information in a suitable
way, e.g. through a PLM system. A result of this module is the information about devi‐
ations between the physical part and the 3D CAD model, e.g. a missing drill hole.
The fourth module (Fig. 1) addresses an assistant system using mixed reality (MR)
visualization, to support the prototyping worker in the quality assessment and decision-
making in an intuitive and interactive way. The deviation information resulting from
step 3 is therefore used to visualize the delta between the part and CAD model. The
worker can then generate a Deviation Report that bundles all gathered information.
As one requirement for this approach concerns the real-world usability, the integra‐
tion into an existing IT infrastructure is mandatory. Therefore, the necessary data for
the steps 2 to 4 are provided by a central data source, e.g. a PLM system.

4 Prototype Implementation and Validation

4.1 Module 1: Image Acquisition

As mentioned before, the goal of the paper at hand is the creation of a module for the
recognition of three-dimensional objects as part of a holistic concept for automated
visual inspection and measurement data management in prototype construction.
For this purpose, the authors created the following demonstrator hardware configu‐
ration in the laboratory, visible in Fig. 2. The demonstrator consists of four Raspberry
Pi 3, three of those with the Raspberry Camera Modules v2 as autonomous camera
systems and the fourth as host for the calculation and desktop application. The authors
mounted the three camera systems in a tunnel spanning over the conveyer belt, which
transports the prototype parts into the cameras’ field of view. The camera systems

Fig. 2. Demonstrator schematic (left) and construction (right)

8 M. Neges et al.

provide a live video stream to the calculation unit. The prototype parts in this demon‐
strator scenario are randomly picked items from the universities workshops, consisting
of cogwheels, shafts and other mechanical parts or assemblies.

4.2 Module 2: Part Recognition

The physical demonstrator forms the basis for four following use cases, which validate
the concept through implementation and evaluation of the measurements.
1. Recognition by 3D CAD geometry: In each recognition phase, another prototype
part is placed under the camera system. The software compares the found features
in the camera pictures with features found in the stored 3D CAD geometry.
2. Recognition by reference image: In each recognition phase, another prototype part
is placed under the camera system. The software compares the found features in the
camera pictures with features found in the stored reference image.
3. Repetition accuracy: For ten recognition phases, the same prototype part is placed
under the camera system. This procedure repeats for each prototype part with both
reference image and 3D geometry basis.
4. Precision/exactitude: Same procedure as mentioned before but with geometrically
very similar prototype parts, that only differ in size (cogwheels).
The process for the optical part or assembly recognition starts with placing the
concerning prototype parts on the conveyer belt. Then the image capturing process
initializes and the conveyer belt transports the part towards the camera systems. Once
the cameras register a part, the computing unit analyzes the still images of the camera
live streams to identify the part. The GUI then informs the user about the results of the
identification process, providing additional identifying information to the detected part.

Fig. 3. Graphical user interface of the assembly detector

 3D Geometry Recognition for a PMI-Based Mixed Reality 9

The described process was implemented in the demonstrator’s software. As the

demonstrator consists of four Raspberry Pi computers with their Raspbian operating
system, the authors used the following software development tools and libraries. Python
Version 3 as scripting language, PyQt5 for GUI programming, PyAssimp for 3D assembly
importing, PyOpenGL for rendering 3D models, FFmpeg for video streaming and OpenCV
3 with contributed modules for the computer vision aspects of the demonstrator.
Figure 3 shows the graphical user interface of the assembly detector that offers the
option to view the live camera streams to ensure a valid part placement and start or stop
the optical recognition process.

4.3 Evaluation
Following to the hardware installation and the prototypical software implementation,
the authors tested the entire recognition process, i.e. to detect the actual part or assembly.
Beside an accurate part recognition the run time of the recognition process is a significant
value, that should be minimal, to offer real-time results. As mentioned above in the
introductory section, the different detection, description and matching algorithms should
be evaluated against each other within the given use case considering recognition accu‐
racy and speed in particular. Therefore, the recognition of one out of five different
prototype parts with ten reference images each was tested with the following feature
detection and description algorithms regarding their run time:
• Features from Accelerated Segment Test (FAST),
• Speeded-up Robust Features (SURF),
• Scale-Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT),
• Oriented FAST and Rotated BRIEF (ORB).
Based on these algorithms, the authors also tested the following matching algorithms
regarding their run time and the overall detection accuracy:
• Fast Library for Approximate Nearest Neighbors (FLANN),
• Brute Force (BF)
Table 1 summarizes the results of the performed tests including measured run times
and the accuracy of the used feature matching algorithms. As indicated in the table as
well, the FAST algorithm does not support the usage as a feature descriptor. Regarding
the run times for feature detection and description, ORB and SURF are prominent,
though the feature matching and overall accuracy must be considered as well. The lowest
run time of the feature matching algorithms is achieved with ORB, thus the recognition
accuracy declines under 50%, which is inacceptable for this use case. Therefore, the
authors used a combination of both algorithms SURF and SIFT in the prototypical
implementation for the detection and description.
The subsequent step is the evaluation of the four above mentioned use cases based
on the same algorithm combination. Scenario 1 and 2 (Recognition by 3D CAD geom‐
etry and by reference image) do not show significant differences and deliver nearly the
same detection accuracy. In Scenario 3 (Repetition accuracy), the same part was placed
under the camera ten times. Each time, the part was successfully detected. In the last
10 M. Neges et al.

scenario regarding precision and exactitude, cogwheels of different sizes were placed
under the camera. Due to the utilized edge detection, the particular cogwheel was
detected correctly.

Table 1. Feature detection, description, matching run times and accuracy

SURF SIFT ORB FAST
Feature detection and description run time [s] 5,31 23,30 1,84 9,58
Run time BF [s] 9,59 3,92 2,23 n/a
Run time FLANN [s] 35,53 11,12 2,27 n/a
Overall accuracy [%] 60 89 40 n/a

5 Conclusion

The authors have shown that the approach at hand enables the three-dimensional object
recognition by means of existing computer vision algorithms, utilizing both 3D CAD
geometry and camera images as reference objects. The presented approach is only the
foundational part of a holistic concept for automated visual inspection and the measure‐
ment data management in prototype construction. Future work will consider the extrac‐
tion of product and manufacturing information (PMI) and geometrical characteristics from
a 3D CAD model as reference points for an automated visual quality inspection within the
prototype construction. Requirements and interfaces for the viability of the concept, such
as a suitable information accumulation, will be considered in the future work.
Furthermore, the authors seek to implement a mixed reality based assistant system
for the interactive visualization of the inspection results, such as deviations, to enable
the prototyping shop worker a qualitative assessment of the prototype parts.

References

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84628-319-2
3. Spur, G., Krause, F.-L.: Das virtuelle Produkt: Management der CAD-Technik. Hanser,
München (1997). ISBN 3-446-19176-3
4. Dörner, R., Broll, W., Grimm, P., et al. (eds.): Virtual und Augmented Reality (VR/AR)
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Teaspoon, Catching Large Fish with, 401
Tee, Golf, Made of a Shotgun Shell, 430
Telegraph Recorder with Spool-and-Pencil Indicator, 171
Telegraph, Signal, with Green and Red Lights, 176
Telegraph Sounder, Battery Buzzer Converted into, 141
Telephone Cord, Rubber Band Prevents Tangling of, 367
Telescope, Interesting Water, 228
Temperature of a Room, Raising, 356
Temperature, Proper, Heater Keeps Developer at, 190
Temperature Readings, Transposing, 376
Temporary Binder for Magazines, 370
Tender, Bicycle Carried on Automobile, 190
Tennis-Court Backstop, Knock-Down, 189
Tennis-Court Marker, Wheelbarrow as, 397
Tennis Court, Removable Posts for, 415
Tennis Court, Scraper for, 311
Tennis Courts, To Keep Grass and Weeds Out of, 149
Tennis Nets, Tightening Lever for, 158
Tennis-Racket Clamp, Opening Springs for, 393
Tenpins, Home, Pin Setter for, 61
Tension Weight, Emergency, Used on Typewriter, 457
Tent, Hammock Sleeping, 242
Tent, Homemade Shoulder-Pack, 131
Tent, Portable, Made from an Umbrella and Paper Muslin, 364
Test Exposures for Bromide Enlargements, 411
Test-Tube Flower Vase, Stand for, 21
Test Tube, Mucilage Brush and Container Made of, 335
Testing and Caring for Files, 400
Testing Direct Current Polarity with Litmus Paper, 369
Testing Dry Cells with Light Bulb, 267
Theft, Guarding Camp Chest Against, 362
Thermometer, Joining Broken Liquid Column, 366
Thread and Dental Floss, Sanitary Holder for, 46
Thread Fabric, Electric Counting Glass for, 321
Thread, Sewing-Machine, Preventing from Tangling, 382
Threader, Needle, for Sewing Machine, 134
Threading a Darning Needle, 153
Three-Caster Truck for Moving Crates and Furniture, 419
Thresher, Small, of Practical Use, 444
Ticket Holder, Revolving Card or, 369
Ticking of a Watch or Clock, Muffling, 223
Tightening Lever for Tennis Nets, 158
Tightening Wire Spokes in Wheels, Handy Tool for, 450
Tile Trap for Rabbits, 184
Tilting Top for Camera Tripod, 242
Time, Blotter Attached to Wrist Saves, 295
Timing Pointer on Watch Crystal, 364
Tin Can, Camp Lantern Made of, 406
Tin Can, Case for Fishhooks Made of, 267
Tin Can, Cheese Grater and Ash Tray Made from, 225
Tin Can on Rod for Picking Fruit, 54
Tin Cover, Frying Pan Made of, 298
Tin Pail, Safety Flue Stopper, 328
Tinned Staples for Bell-Circuit Wiring, 420
Tinware, Cleaning with Milk, 44
Tire, Motor-Car, Changing Without a Jack, 210
Tire Patch, 400
Tire Pump, Detachable Motor-Driven, Made of Foot Pump, 454
Tire Pump Made of Gas Piping, 419
Tire Tubes, Checking a Rip in, 354
Tires, Baby-Cab, Changing Wheels Equalizes Wear on, 446
Tires, Economy in Motorcycle, 188
Toboggan and Slide, Water-Coasting, 183
Toboggan, Coasting, Making a, 11
Toboggan Made of Old Buggy Shafts, 410
Toboggan, Rudder for, 323
Toe Clips, Homemade Snowshoe, 418
Toilet Articles, Sundries and, Soldier’s or Traveler’s Kit for, 452
Toilet Outfit, Compact, for the Soldier, 9
Tool-Chest Slide Tray, Nonbinding, 371
Tool Drawer, Convenient, Under Chair Seat, 169
Tool Handles, Ferrules for, 157
Tool, Handy, for Tightening Wire Spokes in Wheels, 450
Tool, Oiling, for Clocks, 107
Tool Rack, Yardstick on, 417
Tool Sockets in Edge of Drawing Board, 435
Tool, Weeding, 248
Tools, Keeping Bright and Free from Rust, 212
Toothbrush, Uses for Old, 428
Tooth Powder Used on Tracing Cloth, 346
Top of Drawer, Desk Slide in, 356
Top, Split-Bamboo Tray for, Folding Table with, 424
Top, Tilting, for Camera Tripod, 242
Tossing Card at Mark Accurately, 69
Towel, Disappearing, 154
Tower, Diving, for the Summer Camp, 274
Toy Alligator of Wood, Mechanical, 460
Toy Electric Motor, Quickly Made, 252
Toy Horse That Walks, 363
Toy Machine Gun Fires Wooden Bullets, 408
Toy Paper Glider Carefully Designed, 324
Toy Paper Warships, 293
Toy Pigeon, Mechanical, Made of Wood, 433
Toy Rubber Balloons, Filling with Hydrogen, 30
Toy Submarine Made of Shade Roller, 441
Toy Tractor Built with Dry Cell and Motor, 9
Toy, Wire-Walking, 180
Toys and Boxes Made at Home, Decorative, 299
Tracing-Cloth Drawings, Mounting on Muslin, 418
Tracing Cloth, Tooth Powder Used on, 346
Track System, Homemade Electric Locomotive Model and:
 Part I.—The Motor, 231
Part II.—Construction of the Locomotive Truck and Cab, 237
Part III.—Construction of the Track System, 243
Tractor, Toy, Built with Dry Cell and Motor, 9
Train Berth, Improvised Trousers Hanger in, 367
Train, Writing on Moving, 228
Trammels, How to Make a Pair of, 166
Transfer Drawings, How to, 138
Transferring Pictures to Glass, 443
Transmitting Writing, Simple Machine for, 442
Transplanting, Device for Packing Earth in, 211
Transposing Temperature Readings, 376
Trap for Coyotes, 306
Trap for Rabbits, Tile, 184
Trap Nest for the Poultry House, 455
Trap, Self-Setting Rat, 31
Trapdoor, Floor, Fuel Box in Seat Filled from, 332
Traveler’s Kit, Soldier’s or, for Sundries and Toilet Articles, 453
Tray Attachment for Developing Films, 280
Tray, Developing, Cooler for, 149
Tray for Top, Split-Bamboo, Folding Table with, 424
Tray, Handy, for Pencils and Penholders, 430
Tray, Liquid-Filled, Carried Safely, 439
Tray, Nonbinding Tool-Chest Slide, 371
Trays, Cocoanut-Shell, 414
Trays, Index, Novel Covered Box for, 414
Trays, Making Photographic, 406
Trays, Muffin-Pan, Nail Cabinet with, 230
Tree Stump, Ornamenting Old, 123
Tree Stumps, Lawn Seats Built on, 141
Trellis, Rustic, to Shade Door or Window, 175
Trenches, Miniature Fighting Tank That Hurdles, 202
Trick Blotter, 354
Trick, Diminishing Card, 396
Trick, Disappearing-Coin, 144
Trick, Finger-Trap, 377
Trick, Glass-and-Hat, 342
Trick, Match-Box, 230
Trick, Ring-and-Egg, 84
Trick, Vanishing-Cuff Parlor, 127
Tricks of Camping Out:
Part I.—The Camping Outfit, 109
Part II.—Cooking in the Woods, 117
Trim Magazines for Binding, Knife to, 286
Trimmer, Photo and Paper, Homemade Guide for, 366
Trimming Board with Foot Control and Counterweight, 308
Trinket Case for the Bookshelf, Secret, 296
Tripod, Camera, Tilting Top for, 242
Trips, Memorandum List for Camping and Outing, 365
Trophy Cup, Onlaying Script on, 188
Trouble Lamp, Homemade, 365
Trouser Hanger, 350
Trousers Hanger, Improvised, in Train Berth, 367
Truck, Gravity-Feed Coal Hopper on, 140
Truck, Three-Caster, for Moving Crates and Furniture, 419
Trunk Bookcase for Convenient Shipment, 217
Tub, Combination Laundry and Dishwashing Sink, 218
Tuberculosis Cottage, A, 385
Tubes, Cardboard, for Electrical Coils, Making, 438
Tubes, Old Inner, Rubber Bands Made from, 268
Tubes, Paste, Wall Pocket for, 16
Tubes, Squeezing Paste from, 391
Tubing, Cane Made of, Contains Cigars, 430
Tug-of-War Game, Device for Finger, 319
Turbine, Small Hydraulic, 427
Turned Cane with Snakes Inlaid, 325
Turning Long Wood Rods, 349
Turning Sheet Music Quickly, Tabs for, 368
Turning, To Prevent Wire Coat Hook from, 235
Turntable Stand for Potted Flowers, 308
Twine Hammock, How to Make, 277
Twisting Thriller Merry-Go-Round, 179
Two Colors, Writing, on Plain-Ribbon Typewriter, 168
Type Cases, Cleaning with Bicycle Pump, 451
Typewriter Desk, Improvised, 225
Typewriter, Emergency Tension Weight Used on, 457
Typewriter, Feeding Cards into, 437
Typewriter, Kinks in Cleaning, 6
Typewriter, Plain-Ribbon, Writing Two Colors on, 168
Typewriter, Roll-Paper Feed for, 207
Typewriter Space and Shift Keys, Pedals for Increase Speed, 364
Typewriter, Wire Clips Weight Paper in, 409
Typewritten Bound Sheets, Inserting or Correcting on, 419
Ukulele, Homemade Hawaiian, 358
Umbrella and Paper Muslin, Portable Tent Made from, 364
Umbrella Handle, Making Detachable, 439
Umbrella Used as a Clothes Drier, 366
Umbrellas, Kinks on Care of, 422
Uncork a Bottle with a String, To, 402
Unsealed Envelopes, Safeguarding Contents of, 363
Use for Old Magazines, 399
Uses for an Old Toothbrush, 428
Uses for Worn Talking-Machine Needles, 329
Utensil Rack for Camp Fire, 397
Utensils, Kitchen, Cupboard for, 396
Utilizing an Empty Paste Pot, 306
Vacuum Pail, How to Make, 315
Valve-Bottom Pail for Dipping Water, 344
Valve, Radiator, Ship’s-Wheel Device for, 259
Valves on Gas Stove, Safety Cover for, 298
Vanishing-Cuff Parlor Trick, 127
Vaporizer, Homemade, 346
Variable Condenser, Small, 334
Vase, Test-Tube Flower, Stand for, 21
Vaulting Pole, Scale on, Indicates Points of Grip, 411
Vehicle, Child’s Play, Auto Horn for, 16
Ventilation, Thorough, Bedroom Shade and Curtains Arranged for,
128
Ventilator, Window, 312
Veranda, Summer, Taborets and Small Tables for, 269
Vest, Guard Saves Wear on, 413
Vibrator, Double-Contact, 140
View Finder, Camera, Rectangular Opening to Use Over, 125
View Finder, Direct, for Box Camera, 353
Views, Fireside Dissolving, 351
Vise, Jig-Saw Table for, 93
Vise, Quick-Acting Bench, 85
Vises for the Home Workbench, Two Simple, 197
Vulcanizer, Homemade, 323
Wagon-Wheel Felly and Spoke, Mallet Made from, 157
Wagon Pole, Support for, Aids in Hooking Up Team, 5
Wagon Seat, Homemade Spring, 440
Wall Back of Range or Sink, Protecting, 354
Wall Desk, Folding, 292
Wall Fastening, Ironing-Board, 318
Wall Paper, Kink for Removal of, 295
Wall, Plaster of Paris to Set Screws into, 266
Wall Pocket for Paste Tubes, 16
Wall Shelves, Easily Constructed, 108
Wall Workbench, Old Table Used as, 440
Walls, Damp, Shielding Pictures from, 338
Walks, Toy Horse That, 363
Warships, Toy Paper, 293
Washing Bromide Enlargements, 336
Washing Device, Automatic Photo-Print, 329
Washing Machine Equipped with Churn Attachment, 208
Washing Machine, Photographic-Print, 327
Washing Photographic Negatives and Prints, Kinks in, 181
Washstand for the Baby, 328
Wastebasket, False Bottom for Emptying, 344
Watch Bezel, Screw, Rubber Pads for Opening, 448
Watch Crystal, Timing Pointer on, 364
Watch Holder, Desk, 158
Watch, Mysterious, 70
Watch or Clock, Muffling the Ticking of, 223
Water Bag Camp, 122
Water Basin for Poultry, Concrete, 236
Water-Coasting Toboggan and Slide, 183
Water Heater, Carbon Electric, 356
Water, Irrigation, Current of Canal Raises, 411
Water-Jacket Outlet, Bilge Water Siphoned Through, 413
Water Pipe, Broken Spade Handle Repaired with, 242
Water Rheostat for Small Electrical Devices, 196
Water Telescope, Interesting, 228
Water, Valve-Bottom Pail for Dipping, 344
Water Wheel Turns Spit Over Campfire, 429
Watering Window-Box Flowers, 144
Waterproof Dry-Battery Case, 265
Waterproofing for Fish Lines, 94
Waterproofing Matches, 230
Wear on Baby-Cab Tires, Changing Wheels Equalizes, 446
Wear on Drafting Board, Cork Plugs Save, 21
Wear on Vest, Guard Saves, 413
Webfoot Attachments for Swimmers, 381
Weeding Garden, Forceps for, 338
Weeding Tool, 248
Weeds, Grass and, To Keep Out of Tennis Courts, 149
Weight, Emergency Tension, Used on Typewriter, 457
Weighted Rope Holds Flag Upright, 451
Weighting a Metal Base, 217
Well, Rustic, for Bazaar or Fair Booth, 182
Wheel, China Banding, Disk Talking Machine as, 10
Wheelbarrow as Tennis-Court Marker, 397
Wheelbarrow for Large Cans, 330
Wheels, Changing, Equalizes Wear on Baby-Cab Tires, 446
Wheels, Handy Tool for Tightening Wire Spokes in, 450
Wheels, Model Gear, Gauge for Laying Out, 384
Whipping of Flag, Chain Weight Prevents, 409
Whirligig, Perpetual, 400
Whirling Fan, Hand-Operated, 398
Whirling Fan, Lighted, Used as Radiator Ornament, 260
Whistle, Hand-Operated Motorboat, 178
Whistle Warns of Fish Catch, 275
White Blotting Paper Improves Light Reflectors, 196
Wick, Feeding, Stove Lighter with, Guards Against Burns, 459
Wick, Lighting Candle Without Touching, 334
Wicks, Lamp, Cheaply Made, 236
Wind, Lighting a Match in, 382
Wind Motor, Sail Rigged, 172
Wind Wire on Electrical Apparatus, How to, 136
Winder, Egg Beater Made into for Model Aeroplanes, 459
Winding Coiled Springs, 134
Window-Advertising Novelty, Moth-Ball Puzzle as, 444
Window-Box Flowers, Watering, 144
Window Box, Hinged, 413
Window Closer, Automatic, 280
Window Display, Revolving, 229
Window Frame and Table for Dark Room, 320
Window Refrigerator, 323
Window, Rustic Trellis to Shade Door or, 175
Window Sash, Locking, 62
Window Ventilator, 312
Windows, Horizontal Sliding, Hinge Lock for, 372
Windows, To Stop Rattling of, 417
Wings, Covering Hinge, 276
Winter, Making Use of Refrigerator in, 344
Winter, Summer Radiator Cover Serves as Cupboard in, 297
Winter Use, Bee Feeder for, 192
Winter Use, Bicycle Runner for, 418
Wire Clips Weight Paper in Typewriter, 409
Wire Coat Hook, To Prevent from Turning, 235
Wire Compacts Bristles in Polish or Stencil Brushes, 439
Wire Holders Keep Cabinet Doors Open, 127
Wire, How to Wind on Electrical Apparatus, 136
Wire-Mesh Cage, Fisherman’s Pail with, 454
Wire Mesh, Preventing from Rising Between Fence Posts, 93
Wire-Mesh Support for Flower Centerpiece, 344
Wire Netting, Asbestos Table Mats Reinforced with, 421
Wire-Screen Pincushion, 456
Wire Spokes in Wheels, Handy Tool for Tightening, 450
Wire Trellis Fastened Neatly to Brick Walls, 8
Wire-Walking Toy, 180
Wireless Aerials, Lightning Switch for, 415
Wireless Detector, Simple, 456
Wiring, Bell-Circuit, Tinned Staples for, 420
Wishbone-Mast Ice Yacht, 17
Wood Alcohol, Economical Use of in Small Cooking Stove, 210
Wood Box with a Refuse-Catching Drawer, 144
Wood, Driving Thin Metal into, 247
Wood for Cabinetwork, Storage of, 389
Wood, Groove Cutter for, 45
Wood, Hard, Driving Screws in, 94
Wood, Mechanical Toy Alligator of, 460
Wood, Mechanical Toy Pigeon Made of, 433
Wood Rods, Turning Long, 349
Wood Turning on an Emery Grinder, 402
Wood-Wind Instruments, Repairing, 174
Wood, Working by Application of Heat, 150
Wooden Bullet, Toy Machine Gun Fires, 408
Wooden Disks, Cutting Thin, 16
Wooden Strips, Enameled Armchair Made of, 129
Woods, Birch-Bark Leggings Made of, 421
Woods, Cooking in the, 117
Woodsman’s Log Raft, 185
Woodwork, Gauge for, 252
Workbag in Top, Sewing Stand with, 293
Workbench, Home, Two Simple Vises for, 197
Workbench, Pencil Holder for, 236
Workbench, Placing Miter Box on, 294
Workbench, Wall, Old Table Used as, 440
Working Pile Driver, Small, 215
Working Wood by Application of Heat, 150
Workshop Seat, Combination, 370
Worn Talking-Machine Needles, Uses for, 329
Woven-Reed Footstool, 255
Woven Reed Furniture, 261, 269
Wrap Papers, Proper Way for Mailing, 44
Wrench, Fountain-Pen, 273
Wrist, Blotter Attached to Saves Time, 295
Writing and Drawing Pad, Cardboard, 130
Writing Desk, Combination Bookcase and, 316
Writing, Homemade Device Aids Blind Person, 438
Writing on a Moving Train, 228
Writing, Simple Machine for Transmitting, 442
X-Ray Lens, Feather as, 412
Yardstick on Tool Rack, 417
 Transcriber’s Notes

The language used in this text is that of the sourcce

document; changes to the text are listed below.
Depending on the hard- and software and their
settings used to read this text not all elements
may display as intended; many images may be
enlarged by opening them in a new window or tab.
Page 32, ... an angle of about 2°: possibly an error
for ... an angle of about 20° (which is the angle in
the illustration).
Page 113, illustration top right (Food Bags): Fut and
Ergswurst may be errors for Fat and Erbswurst
(pea sausage).
Page 262, ... in Fig. 9, illustrating an article on
“Taborets and Small Tables for the Summer
Veranda,” page 155, July, 1916 ...: an article with
this title (presumably the one referred to) is
present in this book on page 269.
Changes made
Illustrations have been moved out of text
paragraphs.
Minor obvious typographical errors have been
corrected silently.
Text in a dotted box has been transcribed from the
accompanying illustration, and does not appear as
part of the text in the source document.
Some entries in the table of contents have been
corrected to conform to the spelling used in the
text.
In some of the illustrations feet or misprinted inch
symbols (′) have been changed to inch symbols (″)
when necessary.
On several pages the first letter of the main article
has been replaced with a large capital, as in
similar articles in the book.
Page 29: Fig 7 has been rotated 90°.
Page 89: ... directly from the canoe, or part, to be
fitted, whenever convenient ... changed to ...
directly from the canoe, or part to be fitted,
whenever convenient ....
Page 94: illustration Ice Creeper turned upside-
down.
Page 213: ... a wear and noise-proof bearing ...
changed to ... a wear- and noise-proof bearing ....
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