1.

Cloud Computing: It's the delivery of computing services over

the internet, allowing users to access and store data online rather
than on a physical hard drive.
2. Cloud Computing: It's a technology that uses remote servers on
the internet to manage, store and process data, providing flexibility
and scalability for computing needs.
3. Cloud Composition: It combines virtualization, distributed
computing, and automated management, utilizing networks of large
groups of servers typically running low-cost consumer PC
technology.
4. Vision of Cloud Computing: It aims to provide ubiquitous access
to shared pools of configurable resources that can be rapidly
provisioned with minimal management effort or service provider
interaction.
5. Criteria for Cloud Services: On-demand self-service, broad
network access, and rapid elasticity are three key criteria. Services
should also have a pay-as-you-go pricing model.
6. IaaS: Infrastructure as a Service provides virtualized physical
computing resources over the Internet. An example is Amazon EC2,
which offers storage solutions on a cloud platform.
7. PaaS: Platform as a Service provides platforms allowing
customers to develop applications. An example is Heroku, which
enables developers without the complexity of buying and managing
underlying hardware or software layers.
8. SaaS: Software as a Service delivers software applications over the
internet. An example is Google Apps, which users can access
through web browsers without installations or downloads.
9. Cloud Computing Challenges: Some challenges include security
concerns due to data being hosted externally and downtime &
availability issues.
10. Web 2.0 and Web 3.0: Web 2.0 refers to websites that
emphasize user-generated content. Web 3.0 is about intelligent web
applications using machine learning, offering a personalized web
experience.
11. Grid Computing: It uses multiple computers connected in
grid patterns to perform complex computations by parallel
processing.
12. Cluster Computing: This involves grouping networked
computers together. An example is render farms used for graphics
rendering.
13. Virtualization: This is the creation of a virtual version of
something like a server or storage device. An example is VMware,
which allows running multiple operating systems on a single
physical system.
14. Desirable Features of Cloud: Some desirable features
include cost reduction by paying only for used resources and
flexibility & scalability in resource usage.
15. Cloud-Based Deployment Models: These include public
cloud (open use), private cloud (restricted use), hybrid cloud
(combination), and community cloud (shared among
organizations).
16. Cloud Service Models: These include IaaS (Infrastructure),
PaaS (Platform), and SaaS (Software).
17. Community Cloud: This is a cloud service model where the
services are shared among several organizations and support a
specific community.
18. Cluster Computing: This is a type of computing where a
group of computers are linked together so that they can work
together on a task.
19. Applications of Cloud Computing: Cloud computing can
be used for various applications such as data storage, data analysis,
and hosting websites.
20. Characteristics of Private Cloud: A private cloud is
characterized by its exclusive use by a single organization, greater
control over data, and improved security.
21. Difference Between Private and Public Cloud: A private
cloud is used by a single organization while a public cloud is open
for public use. Private clouds offer more control and security but at
a higher cost.
22. Essential Characteristics of Cloud Computing: On-
demand self-service, broad network access, resource pooling, rapid
elasticity, and measured service are some essential characteristics.
23. Technologies Cloud Computing Relies On: Cloud
computing relies on technologies such as virtualization, broad
network access, and on-demand self-service.
24. Benefits of Cloud Computing for a Company: A company
can benefit from cloud computing through cost savings, scalability,
and flexibility. It also allows for easy access to data from anywhere.
25. Hypervisor: A hypervisor, also known as a virtual machine
monitor, is software that creates and runs virtual machines.
 26. Virtualization and Its Difference From Cloud:
Virtualization is the technology that allows the creation of a virtual
version of something like a server or a network. While cloud
computing often uses virtualization, it also involves delivering
computing services over the internet.
27. Pros and Cons of Virtualization: Pros include cost savings
and increased productivity. Cons include potential security risks and
the need for resources to manage the virtual environment.
28. Basic Technologies Used in Virtualization: These include
a hypervisor to create and manage virtual machines, virtual machine
disk format for storing virtual machines, and live migration for
moving running virtual machines from one physical server to
another.
29. VMM: A Virtual Machine Monitor (VMM) is software that
creates and manages virtual machines. It provides an environment
for running multiple operating systems simultaneously on a single
physical machine.
30. Xen Hypervisor: The Xen Hypervisor is a type of open-
source hypervisor that allows several guest operating systems to run
on the same computer hardware concurrently.
31. Difference Between Ring 0 and Ring 1: Ring 0 has the
highest level of privilege and is where the kernel of an operating
system runs. Ring 1 has a lower level of privilege and is often used
for less critical parts of the operating system.
32. Machine Reference Model Structure: The structure of a
machine reference model includes various components such as the
processor, memory, and input/output devices. It also includes the
operating system and application software.
5 MARKS:

Trends Towards Distributed Systems:

o Increasing use of microservices architecture.
o Rise in big data processing needs.
o Growing popularity of decentralization for enhanced security.
o Advances in networking technology enabling faster data transfer.
o Increasing need for scalability and resource optimization.
o Emergence of edge computing to reduce latency.
o IoT Integration: Distributed systems are playing a key role in Internet of Things
(IoT) where numerous devices are interconnected.
Popular Software-as-a-Service Solutions:
o Google Workspace: Suite of cloud computing, productivity and collaboration
tools.
o Salesforce: Customer relationship management solution.
 o Microsoft 365: Productivity tools including Word, Excel, PowerPoint, and
Teams.
o Zoom: Video conferencing software.
o Slack: Business communication platform.
o Dropbox: Cloud storage service for syncing and sharing files in the cloud.
o Shopify: E-commerce platform that allows businesses to start, grow, and
manage a retail business of any size.
Challenges in Cloud Computing:
o Data Security: Ensuring data is protected from breaches and unauthorized
access.
o Compliance: Meeting regulatory requirements, especially in sensitive industries
like healthcare and finance.
o Vendor Lock-in: Difficulty in migrating services from one provider to another due
to compatibility issues.
o Downtime: Service interruptions can impact business operations and cause
loss of productivity.
o Managing Costs: Keeping track of usage to prevent overspending and optimizing
resources to avoid waste.
o Data Privacy: Protecting sensitive information and maintaining user privacy is a
major concern.
o Technical Issues: Problems such as data loss, application bugs, and
operational failures can pose challenges.
Difference Between Public and Private Cloud:
o Public Cloud: Services are delivered over the internet and shared among
multiple users. It is cost-effective and highly scalable but may offer less control over
data and security.
o Private Cloud: Services are dedicated to a single organization, offering more
control and security but at a higher cost. It is ideal for businesses with dynamic or
unpredictable computing needs.
o Hybrid Cloud: A combination of public and private clouds, designed to allow
data and applications to be shared between them. It offers businesses greater
flexibility by moving workloads between cloud solutions as needs and costs
fluctuate.
o Community Cloud: A collaborative effort in which infrastructure is shared
between several organizations from a specific community with common concerns
(security, compliance, jurisdiction, etc.), whether managed internally or by a third-
party and hosted internally or externally.
Web2.0 vs Web 1.0:
o Web 1.0: Also known as the "Static web". Information available is static and only
the webmaster could alter or update the content.
o Web 2.0: Known as the "Participative Social Web". It is not just a platform for
receiving information but users can provide or contribute to the information. It
allows greater user interaction and collaboration.
o Web 3.0: Known as the "Semantic Web". It allows computers to understand and
interpret information. The goal of Web 3.0 is to create a more connected and open
web where data can be shared and reused across different applications.
Grid Computing vs Cloud Computing:
o Grid Computing: Involves connecting geographically dispersed computers into
a single network to create a 'virtual supercomputer'. Grid computing is ideal for
tasks that can be broken down into smaller parts and processed in parallel.
o Cloud Computing: Involves delivering hosted services over the internet. These
services are broadly divided into three categories: Infrastructure-as-a-Service
(IaaS), Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS), and Software-as-a-Service (SaaS).
o Comparison: While both grid and cloud computing involve networked
computers, the key difference lies in the architecture and the applications they are
 suited for. Grid computing is ideal for applications that require massive
computational power while cloud computing is more suited for applications that
require either a scalable database or a mobile application that requires an on-
demand server.
IaaS with Advantages and Disadvantages:
o IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service) provides virtualized computing resources over
the internet. IaaS platforms offer highly scalable resources that can be adjusted on-
demand. This makes IaaS well-suited for workloads that are temporary,
experimental, or change unexpectedly.
o Advantages: High scalability; cost-effective; no need to manage physical
servers; multiple users on a single piece of hardware; clients retain complete
control of their infrastructure.
o Disadvantages: Security issues; network and service delays; if the IaaS platform
fails, the consequences can be significant; IaaS user must have substantial
knowledge to be able to operate it.
Features of PaaS with Advantages and Disadvantages:
o PaaS (Platform as a Service) provides a platform allowing customers to develop,
run, and manage applications without the complexity of building and maintaining
the infrastructure typically associated with developing and launching an app.
o Advantages: Cost-effective; scalable; allows focus on development; no need to
worry about underlying infrastructure; allows for collaborative work even for remote
teams.
o Disadvantages: Limited flexibility; potential for vendor lock-in; developers must
be aware of the underlying technologies to handle issues and bugs; not suitable for
all business models.
SaaS with Advantages and Disadvantages:
o SaaS (Software as a Service) delivers software applications over the internet on
a subscription basis. SaaS providers host and maintain the servers, databases, and
the code that constitutes an application.
o Advantages: Accessible from anywhere; easy to use; scalable; no need to worry
about underlying infrastructure; automatic updates and patch management.
o Disadvantages: Limited control; data security concerns; internet performance
may dictate overall performance; if the SaaS provider goes out of business, so does
your ability to use the software.
Characteristics and Benefits of Cloud:
o Characteristics: On-demand self-service, broad network access, resource
pooling, rapid elasticity, measured service.
o Benefits: Cost savings, scalability, accessibility, disaster recovery, automatic
software updates, increased collaboration, and document control.
On-Demand and Dynamic Scaling Solution Using Cloud:
o On-Demand: Cloud services can be used as needed, reducing the need for high
initial investments and allowing for flexibility.
o Dynamic Scaling: Cloud services can be scaled up or down to match the level of
operation. This helps in managing costs and improving efficiency.
o Solution: Cloud providers offer solutions that automatically adjust capacity as
per changing workload levels. This ensures performance is maintained but costs are
kept under control.
Comparison of Cluster, Grid, and Cloud Computing:
o Cluster Computing: Involves connecting a group of computers through a local
area network (LAN). The computers in a cluster operate together to perform high-
level computation.
o Grid Computing: Involves connecting geographically dispersed computers into
a single network to create a 'virtual supercomputer'.
 o Cloud Computing: Involves delivering hosted services over the internet. These
services are broadly divided into three categories: Infrastructure-as-a-Service
(IaaS), Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS), and Software-as-a-Service (SaaS).
Differences Between Hardware Abstraction Level and OS Level:
o Hardware Abstraction Level: This is a layer of software that allows the operating
system to interact with the hardware. It provides a consistent interface to the
hardware, regardless of the actual hardware used.
o OS Level: This refers to the level at which the operating system operates. It
includes tasks such as managing hardware resources, scheduling tasks, and
providing a user interface.
o Comparison: The main difference between the two is their function. The
hardware abstraction level interacts directly with the hardware, while the OS level
interacts with the user and applications.
Virtualization and Para vs Full Virtualization Architectures:
o Virtualization: This is the process of creating a virtual version of something,
such as a hardware platform, operating system, storage device, or network
resources.
o Para-Virtualization: This is a virtualization technique that presents a software
interface to virtual machines that is similar but not identical to that of the underlying
hardware. This requires the guest operating system to be modified to run.
o Full Virtualization: This is a virtualization technique that provides a complete
simulation of the underlying hardware. This allows an unmodified guest operating
system to be run.
o Comparison: The main difference between para-virtualization and full
virtualization lies in the degree of abstraction from the underlying hardware. Para-
virtualization provides a similar but not identical interface, requiring modifications
to the guest OS, while full virtualization provides a complete simulation of the
hardware, allowing an unmodified guest OS to be run.
Different Types of Virtualization:
o Hardware Virtualization: The creation of a virtual version of a device or resource,
such as a server, storage device, network or even an operating system.
o Software Virtualization: The use of software to allow a piece of hardware to run
multiple operating system images at the same time.
o Memory Virtualization: Pooling of physical memory from networked systems
into a virtualized memory pool available to any networked system.
o Storage Virtualization: Pooling physical storage from multiple network storage
devices into what appears to be a single storage device that is managed from a
central console.
o Data Virtualization: An approach to data management that allows an
application to retrieve and manipulate data without requiring technical details
about the data.
Hardware Virtualization Techniques:
o Full Virtualization: A complete simulation of the actual hardware to allow
software to run unmodified.
o Partial Virtualization: The virtual machine simulates enough hardware to allow
an unmodified

What is Hypervisor? Explain Types of Hypervisor:

o Hypervisor: Also known as a virtual machine monitor, it is a software that
creates and runs virtual machines. It provides a platform to run multiple operating
systems and applications on the same physical hardware simultaneously.
o Type 1 Hypervisor: Also known as a native or bare-metal hypervisor, it runs
directly on the host's hardware to control the hardware and to manage guest
operating systems.
 o Type 2 Hypervisor: Also known as a hosted hypervisor, it runs within a
conventional operating system environment. Despite being slower than a Type 1
hypervisor, it has a broader hardware compatibility range.
Various Types of Virtualization:
o Server Virtualization: Dividing a physical server into multiple unique and
isolated virtual servers by using a software application.
o Network Virtualization: Creating a simulated, programmable network that can
be managed independently of the physical network.
o Storage Virtualization: Pooling physical storage from multiple network storage
devices into a single storage device that is managed from a central console.
o Desktop Virtualization: Virtualizing a workstation load, rather than a server
load. The workstation OS and software run inside a virtual machine resident on a
server.
o Data Virtualization: An approach to data management that allows an
application to retrieve and manipulate data without requiring technical details
about the data.
Benefits of Virtualization in the Context of Cloud Computing:
o Cost Savings: Virtualization reduces the need for physical hardware systems.
Fewer hardware systems mean reduced maintenance and therefore lower costs.
o Quick Provisioning and Deployment: Virtualization enables rapid deployment
of resources and quick provisioning of new servers or desktops.
o Improved Disaster Recovery: Virtualization can make an organization's
infrastructure more secure and greatly reduce downtime with advanced disaster
recovery solutions.
o Increased IT Productivity, Efficiency, Agility and Responsiveness:
Virtualization allows IT departments to simplify deployment and management of
software and hardware.
Need of Virtualization for Multi-Core Processor:
o Efficient Use of Resources: Virtualization allows for more efficient utilization of
resources in a multi-core processor environment. Multiple operating systems can
run on a single physical system and share the underlying hardware resources.
o Cost Savings: By consolidating multiple workloads onto fewer systems,
virtualization can reduce costs.
o Improved System Reliability and Security: By isolating each virtual machine
from others, it prevents one VM's vulnerabilities from being passed on to others.
Data Storage Classification in Virtual Environment:
o Direct Attached Storage (DAS): This is the most basic level of storage, in which
storage devices are directly connected to the PC or server.
o Network Attached Storage (NAS): In this type of storage, the hard disk storage
is set up with its own network address and provides file-based storage services to
other devices on the network.
o Storage Area Network (SAN): A SAN is a network designed to attach storage
devices. SANs are often used to enhance storage devices, such as disk arrays, tape
libraries, and optical jukeboxes, accessible to servers so that they appear as locally
attached devices to the operating system.
Virtual Machine Monitor (VMM):
o A VMM, also known as a hypervisor, is a software that creates and manages
virtual machines. It provides a platform to run multiple operating systems and
applications on the same physical hardware simultaneously.
o The VMM acts as a control platform for virtualization, managing the system's
resources and ensuring each operating system has sufficient resources to run
correctly.
Binary Translation with Full Virtualization:
 o Binary Translation: A technique used in virtualization to improve performance
in a system running non-native code. It involves converting binary code from the
guest system into native code for the host system at runtime.
o Full Virtualization: A virtualization technique that provides a complete
simulation of the underlying hardware. This allows an unmodified guest operating
system to be run.
Virtualization Limits:
o While virtualization has many benefits, it also has its limits. For instance, not all
hardware or software can be virtualized.
o Additionally, virtualization can introduce additional complexity and overhead,
which can lead to decreased performance.
o Security can also be a concern, as if a virtual environment is compromised, all
systems on the virtualized platform could potentially be affected.
Technology Used in Virtualization:
o Hypervisor: This is the most critical technology in virtualization. It is the
software, firmware, or hardware that creates and runs virtual machines.
o Virtual Machine: This is the software implementation of a physical machine.
o Host Machine: This is the physical machine on which the virtualization takes
place.
o Guest Machine: This is the virtual machine that runs on the host machine.

10 MARKS :

Certainly, let's expand on each topic with 12-15 points:

1. **Evolution of Cloud Computing:**

- Mainframe Era: Early centralized computing systems like mainframes
dominated.
- Client-Server Computing: Emergence of client-server architecture with
distributed computing.
- Internet Boom: Rapid expansion of the internet in the 1990s led to the
concept of web hosting.
- Utility Computing: Early 2000s saw the idea of utility computing, where
computing resources were provided like a utility.
- Virtualization: Virtualization technologies became popular, allowing better
resource utilization.
- AWS Launch: Amazon Web Services (AWS) launched in 2006, marking the
beginning of modern cloud computing.
- Google App Engine & Microsoft Azure: Launch of PaaS offerings by Google
and Microsoft further accelerated cloud adoption.
- SaaS Proliferation: Software as a Service (SaaS) offerings like Salesforce
gained popularity.
- Hybrid Cloud: Adoption of hybrid cloud models combining public and
private clouds became common.
 - Edge Computing: Recent trend towards edge computing to bring
computing closer to data sources.
- Serverless Computing: Rise of serverless architectures with platforms like
AWS Lambda and Azure Functions.
- Multi-Cloud Strategy: Many organizations adopt multi-cloud strategies for
better resilience and flexibility.

2. **Characteristics and Deployment Models of Cloud:**

- On-demand Self-service: Users can provision resources as needed without
human intervention.
- Broad Network Access: Services are accessible over the network and can be
accessed via various devices.
- Resource Pooling: Resources are pooled to serve multiple consumers,
allowing for efficient utilization.
- Rapid Elasticity: Services can be rapidly scaled up or down to meet demand
changes.
- Measured Service: Usage of resources is monitored, controlled, and billed
accordingly.
- Public Cloud: Services are provided over the internet and shared among
multiple users.
- Private Cloud: Cloud infrastructure is dedicated to a single organization
and may be managed internally or by a third party.
- Hybrid Cloud: Combination of public and private clouds, allowing data and
applications to be shared between them.
- Community Cloud: Infrastructure shared between several organizations
with common concerns like security or compliance.

3. **Cloud Services - IaaS, PaaS, SaaS:**

- IaaS: Provides virtualized computing resources like virtual machines,
storage, and networking.
- PaaS: Offers a platform allowing developers to build, deploy, and manage
applications without worrying about infrastructure.
- SaaS: Delivers software applications over the internet on a subscription
basis, eliminating the need for installation and maintenance.

4. **Cluster, Grid, and Cloud Computing:**

- Similarities:
- Distributed Computing Models: All three involve distributed computing
resources.
 - Resource Sharing: Resources are shared among multiple users or
applications.
- Scalability: Ability to scale resources based on demand.
- Differences:
- Focus: Cluster computing focuses on task-oriented parallel computing,
grid computing on data-oriented distributed computing, and cloud computing
on providing scalable and on-demand computing resources.
- Architecture: Clusters typically have homogeneous architecture, grids can
be heterogeneous, and clouds are built on virtualized and abstracted
resources.
- Management: Cluster computing often has centralized management,
while grid and cloud computing can have decentralized management models.

5. **Cloud Computing Services:**

- IaaS: Examples include AWS EC2 (Elastic Compute Cloud) and Microsoft
Azure Virtual Machines.
- PaaS: Examples include Google App Engine and Heroku.
- SaaS: Examples include Salesforce (CRM), Google Workspace (formerly G
Suite), and Microsoft Office 365.

6. **Core Technologies of Cloud Computing:**

- Virtualization: Enables multiple virtual instances on a single physical
machine, improving resource utilization.
- Distributed Computing: Allows for distributed processing and storage
across multiple nodes or data centers.
- Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA): Facilitates the creation of loosely
coupled and interoperable software services.

7. **Virtualization Aspects:**
- Server Virtualization: Consolidates multiple physical servers into virtual
machines, increasing resource utilization but may impact performance.
- Storage Virtualization: Abstracts physical storage resources into a
virtualized layer, simplifying management and supporting features like
replication.
- Hardware Virtualization: Provides an abstraction layer between physical
hardware and operating systems, allowing for flexibility and resource
isolation.
- Network Virtualization: Abstracts network resources into virtual networks,
improving scalability and isolation.
 - Application Virtualization: Allows applications to run in isolated
environments, improving portability and security but may incur performance
overhead.

8. **Classification of Virtualization:**
- Hardware Virtualization: Involves the virtualization of physical hardware
resources like CPU, memory, and storage.
- OS Virtualization: Virtualization at the operating system level, enabling
multiple isolated environments (containers) to run on a single OS kernel.
- Application Virtualization: Virtualization of individual applications, allowing
them to run in isolated environments without affecting other applications or
the underlying OS.

9. **Levels of Virtualization:**
- Hardware Virtualization: Uses a hypervisor to create and manage virtual
machines, providing full isolation between guest OSes.
- OS-Level Virtualization: Also known as containerization, allows multiple
isolated user-space instances (containers) to run on a single OS kernel.
- Application Virtualization: Virtualizes individual applications, encapsulating
them with their dependencies and runtime environment for portability and
isolation.

10. **Full Virtualization vs. Paravirtualization:**

- Full Virtualization: Emulates complete hardware to guest OS, allowing
unmodified OS to run.
- Paravirtualization: Requires guest OS to be modified for better
performance, offering improved efficiency compared to full virtualization.

11. **Implementation Level of Virtualization:**

- Hypervisor-Based Virtualization: Uses a hypervisor to create and manage
virtual machines, providing hardware abstraction and resource isolation.
- Container-Based Virtualization: Utilizes OS-level virtualization to run
isolated containers on a single host OS kernel, offering lightweight and fast
provisioning of application environments.

12. **Virtualization Architecture:**

- Hypervisor: Software layer that abstracts physical hardware resources and
manages virtual machines.
 - Xen Architecture: Open-source hypervisor supporting both
paravirtualization and hardware-assisted virtualization, with a hypervisor layer
directly controlling hardware resources.

13. **Comparison of IaaS, PaaS, SaaS:**

- Infrastructure Layer: IaaS provides virtualized computing resources, PaaS
offers a platform for application development and deployment, and SaaS
delivers ready-to-use software applications over the internet.
- Development Layer: IaaS focuses on infrastructure provisioning, PaaS
facilitates application development and deployment, and SaaS provides pre-
built software applications.
- User Layer: IaaS targets IT professionals for infrastructure management,
PaaS caters to developers for application development, and SaaS serves end-
users who consume software applications.

14. **Cloud Deployment Models:**

- Public Cloud: Services are offered over the internet and shared among
multiple users, providing scalability and cost-efficiency.
- Private Cloud: Dedicated cloud infrastructure for a single organization,
offering greater control and security but requiring higher initial investment.
- Hybrid Cloud: Combination of public and private clouds, allowing data and
applications to move between them, providing flexibility and scalability.
- Community Cloud: Shared cloud infrastructure among several
organizations with common concerns, such as compliance or industry
regulations

15. **Developing Cloud Applications (AWS, Google AppEngine, Microsoft

Azure):**
- AWS: Provides a wide range of cloud services like EC2 for compute, S3 for
storage, and Lambda for serverless computing, with extensive documentation
and SDKs for various programming languages.
- Google App Engine: Offers a fully managed platform for building and
deploying web applications, providing auto-scaling and built-in services like
datastore and authentication.
- Microsoft Azure: Supports multiple programming languages and
frameworks, offering services like Azure App Service for web app deployment
and Azure Functions for serverless computing.
16. **Developing Cloud Applications (Hadoop, Force.com,
Salesforce.com, Manjrasoft, Aneka):**
- Hadoop: Framework for distributed storage and processing of large
datasets, enabling big data analytics and processing.
- Force.com & Salesforce.com: Platforms for building and deploying
enterprise applications and CRM solutions, with built-in tools and services for
customization and integration.
- Manjrasoft & Aneka: Platforms for developing and deploying parallel and
distributed applications, providing support for resource provisioning and
scheduling.

17. **Cloud Computing Service Reference Model:**

- SaaS: Example scenario - Gmail providing email services over the internet,
where users access the application via web browsers or mobile apps.
- PaaS: Example scenario - Heroku allowing developers to deploy and
manage applications without worrying about underlying infrastructure,
providing scalability and flexibility.
- IaaS: Example scenario - AWS EC2 providing virtual servers for hosting
applications and services, allowing users to have full control over the
operating system and applications.