Arithmetic series

General (kth) term, ua+ (k- 1)d

last (nth) term, / = =a+ (n- l)d
Sum to n terms, S,=nla +)=n[2at (n- 1)]
Geometric series
General (kth) term,
Sum ton terms, a(1 -") a"-1)
S, = 1-r r-1

S.= L l < r < |

a
Sum to infinity

Binomial expansions
When n is a positive integer

(a+ by =at ) b + a 2B2+..(+... ",ne N

where
=
n!
r!(n-)! ()-6)-(:})
General case

2+.. + n(n1)... (n-r+1) xt ... , x <1,

n(n-1)
(1 +x=1 + nx+ 2! 1.2 ... r
ne R

Logarithms and exponentials

erlha = log, x= log
log,a
Numerical solution of equations
Newton-Raphson iterative formula for solving fr) = 0, x,tl=X,- f(«)
Complex Numbers
f()
{ncos 0 +jsin )}" =(cos no+j sin n)
el = cos +jsin 0
The roots of z" =1 are given by z= exp(j)
n for k = 0, 1, 2, .., n-1
Finite series
1
}P=n(n
6 + 1)(2n + 1) }P-nn +1
Infinite series
f(x) = f(0) +xf(0) + f(0) + ... + fO(0) +...
2! r!

f(r) = f(a) + (x-a)f(a) + (-a? f(a) +... + -ayfa) +

2! r!

f(a + x) = f(a) + xf(a) + f(a) +.. + f(a) +...

2!

e= exp(x) =1 +x+ + ..., all x

2!

In(1 + x) 3
-. +(-1y'+l * + ..., -1<I<1
2
+
sinx x2rt1
3! 5!
-... +(-1y' + ... ,all x
(2r+ 1)!
COS X =1 +
+.. , all x
2! 4! (2r)!
arctan x + - ... +(-ly' + ... ,-l<x<|
3 5 2r+1
+
x2r+1
sinhx =x+ +...+ F.. , all x
3! 5! (2r+ 1)!
coshx =1+ t... t +... ,all x
2! 4!
*(2r)!
artanh x x2r+l
3 5
+... + +... ,- 1 <x<|
(2r+ 1)
Hyperbolic functions
cosh'x - sinh'x = 1, sinh2x = 2sinhx coshx, cosh2x = cosh'x + sinhx
arsinhx = In(x + vx+1), arcoshx = ln(x +vx'-1),x> 1
artanh x =
In(1-* ki<1
Matrices
(cos -sin
Anticlockwise rotation through angle , centre O: sin cos

cos 20 sin 20
Reflection in the line y =xtan : sin 20 -cos 20
 Cos A =
A
Cosine rule (etc.)
2bc b
=b2+ '-2bc cos A(etc.)
B
Trigonometry
sin (0± ) = sin cos ±COs sin ¢
cos (0± ) = cos 0cos F sin sin ¢
tan ±tan ¢
tan (0± ) = tan Atan d [(O± ) z (k + )z]
For t= tan 0: sin = 2t cos = (l
2 (1+) (1 +)
sin + sin =2 sin (0+ ) cos
sin - sin ¢=2 cos (0+ ) sin ;(0- )
1
cos + cos ¢=2 cos (0+ 0) cos (0-0)
cos - cos ¢ =2 sin (0+ ) sin (0- 0)
Vectors and 3-D coordinate geometry
(The position vectors of points A, B, C are a, b, c.)
The position vector of the point dividing AB in the ratio :u
ua + Ab
is
(4+ )
Line: Cartesian equation of line through A in direction u is
=

a.u
The resolved part of a in the direction u is
u
Plane: Cartesian equation of plane through A with normal n is
n x+n,y + n,z +d= 0 where d= -a. n
The plane through non-collinear points A, B and C has vector equation
r=ats(b - a) + t(c- a) = (1 -s- 1) a + sb + tc
The plane through A parallel to u and v has equation
r=a t su +ty
 Perpendicular distance of a pointfrom a line and a plane
Line: (*,') from ax+ by +c=0-,toy, t va'+b?
Plane: (a,B,) from n,x + n,y+ nztd=0: In,atn,ß+ n,y+ dl
N(n?+ n,? tn,)
Vector product i a
axb= a |b sinn
a,b,-a,b,
b azb -a,b,
k a, b, \a,by-a,b,
bË C
a. (b x c) =a, b, C =b. (c x a) = c. (a x b)
b, C3
a x (b x c) = (c . a) b- (a. b) c
Conics

Ellipse Parabola Hyperbola Rectangular

hyperbola
Standard
form a
+
y= 4ax =1

Parametric form (acose, bsin) (at, 2at) (aseco, btan6) (ct.)

e<l e>1
Eccentricity b= a (1-e) e=1 e=v2
b²= (e-1)
Foci (# ae, 0) (a, 0) (# ae, 0) (tev2, tcv2)
Directrices X=-a xty= tcv2
e

Asymptotes none none x=0, y =0

Any of these conics can be expressed in polar

coordinates (with the focus as the origin) as: =1+e cos
where l is the length of the semi-latus rectum.

Mensuration
Sphere: Surface area =42
Cone : Curved surface area = Tr Xslant height
 Differentiation f(x) f()
tan k ksec² kx
sec x sec x tanx
Cotx -cosecx
COsec X -cosecx cotx
1
arcsinx

-1
arccosSx

arctanX
1+?
sinhx cosh x
coshx sinhx
tanhx sechx
arsinhx
N(1 + x)
arcoshx

1
artanh x
(1-)
du dy
dx d
Quotient rule y =; dy
dr
b-a
Trapezium rule ydx =sh{00+y,) +2(0; +y,+.*ty,-)}, where h=
a

du
Integration by parts dx
dx
Area ofa sector de (polar coordinates)

A
= ( j -y) d° (parametric form)
Arc length s=N+ý) d! (parametric form)
2
s-JNaþa (cartesian coordinates)
dr 12
)de (polar coordinates)
Moments of inertia (uniform bodies, mass M) 1
Thin rod, length 2/, about perpendicular axis through centre:
Rectangular lamina about axis in plane bisecting edges of length 2/: MP
4
Thin rod, length 2/, about perpendicular axis through end:
Rectangular lamina about edge perpendicular to edges of length 2/: M
Rectangular lamina, sides 2a and 2b, about perpendicular
axis through centre: M(G + b²)
3
Hoop or cylindrical shell of radius r about perpendicular
M2
axis through centre:
1 M2
Hoop of radius r about a diameter: 2
Disc or solid cylinder of radius r about axis:
Disc of radius r about a diameter:

Solid sphere of radius r about a diameter: M

Spherical shell of radius r about a diameter: 3 M
Parallel axes theorem: IA=Gt M(AG)?
Perpendicular axes theorem: I,=1,+ I, (for alamina in the (r, y) plane)
Probability P(AUB) P(A) + P(B) P(AB)
P(AB) = P(4). P(BA)
P(BA)P(A)
P(A|B) =
P(B|4)P (A) + P(B4)P(4')
P(4)P(B|4)
Bayes' Theorem: P(A B) = ZP(4) P(B|4)
Populations
Discrete distributions

X is a random variable taking values x, in a discrete distribution with

P(X= x) =P;
Expectation: u= E(X) =}x,p,
Variance: o- Var(X) - E«,-pp,- xP,
For a function g(X): E[g()] =Zgr)p,
Continuous distributions

X is a continuous variable with probability density function (p.d.f.) f(r)

Expectation: E() = Ixf(r)dr
Variance: G² = Var (X)
J(r- f)dr - f(r)dr -
For a function g(): E(g(X)] =lg(r)f(r)dr
Cumulative
distribution function F(r) = P(X< x) = f()dt
Correlation and regression For a sample of n pairs of observations (, y)

(Ex?
(EEy)

Covariance Syy
n
}(x, -),-)_2}
 Product-moment correlation: Pearson's coefficient

r=
Sy E(x,-F)(y, -)
-',-9)
Rank correlation: Spearman's coefficient
64?
n(n'- 1)
Regression
Least squares regression line of yon x: y-y = b(r- )

.= Z«,-) (y;- )

Estimates
Unbiased estimates from a single sample
X for population mean ; Var X =

S for population variance g² where S =

Probability generating functions

For a discrete distribution
G() = E()
E() = G(1); Var(X) = G"(1) + u
Gy+) = G, () Gy() for independent X, Y
Moment generating functions:
M{Ø) = E(eery
E(X) = M(0) = u; E(X) = M(0)
Var(X) M"(0) (M(0)}2
My+ )= M(0) M,(e) for independent X, Y
Markov Chains
Pn+|P,P
Long run proportion ppP

Bivariate distributions
Covariance Cov(X, )= E(X- )(Y- u)]= E(X)- Hty
Product-moment correlation coefficient Cov(X, Y
Sum and difference
Var(aX +bY) = aVar(X) + b²Var(Y) + 2ab Cov (X,Y)
IfX, Yare independent: Var(aX t bY) = aVar(X) + b²Var(Y)
E(X) = E(X) E(Y)
Coding
X= aX' + b
Y= cY +d
’Cov(X, ) = ac Cov(X, Y)

Analysis of variance

One-factor model: x,=ut a,+ Ej where e, N(0,6

n
ij ij
Regression
Y RSS No. of parameters, p
Ey;-a-bx)? 2

at Bfx,) + e Z(y, -a- bfx))? 2

a+ Bx, t ,te, 20;-a- bx,- cz) 3

RSS
e,~ N(0, o) a, b, care estimates for , B, Y. n-p
For the model Y, = a+ Bx, + E
b= S b-B
S.XX ~I-2
a= ù - b+ ,a~ Na, n Sx 2
1
at bx ~ N(a+ Br o t
S
RSS = S,y - =
-S,,(1 -
S
Randomised response technique

E() =
-(l- 9) [(20- 1) p + (1- 0)][e- (20 - 1)p]
(20-1)
Var(p) = n(20- 1)?

Factorial design
Interaction between 1st and 2nd of 3 treatments

[(Abe- abc) + (AbC- abC) (ABc - aBc) + (ABC -aBC)

2 2

Exponential smoothing

+ (1- a''o

Y+10), +(1 - ) y,
 Deseription Test statistic Distribution

Pearson's product
Imoment
r=
correlation test

Spearman rank
correlation test 624?
n(n - 1)

Normal test for

N(0, 1)
a mean oln

(-test for a mean 'n-1

s/n

xtest

t-test for
(,-4) t with (n - 1)
degrees of
paircd samplc s/n freedom

Normal tcst for thc

difference in the (7-)-(u, -u)
means of 2 samples N(0, 1)
with different
variances
 Description Test statistic Distribution

(7-)-(4 - )
(-test for the 'n, + n, -2
S
difference in the
means of
2 samples
where s2 = (n, -1)s +(n,- l)s,
n tn, -2

Wilcoxon single A statistic T is calculated See tables

sample test from the ranked data.

Samples size m, n: m <n

Wilcoxon Rank-sum Wilcoxon
W= sum of ranks of
(or Mann-Whitney) See tables
sample size m
2-Sample test
Mann-Whitney
T= W-m(m +1)

p-0
Normal test on
O(1-6) N(0, 1)
binomial proportion

2 test for variance (n-1)s?

F-test on ratio of Tn,-1, n,-1

two variances
 P.g.f. G(0 (discrete)
Name Function Mean Variance
m.g.f. M(6) (continuous)
Binomial B(n, p) PX- r)- "C,p.
Discrele np npq G) - (q t py"
for r - 0, I,..n,0<p<I,q=l-p

Poisson (à) PX-r)-e . G() = et- )

Discrele for r=0, 1, ... , A>0

Normal N(4, ß)
Contimuous M() = exp(ue +soe)

Uniform (Rectangular) on M(O) =

[a, b] Continuous (6- a) (b- a)e

Exponential
Contimuous
x>0, A>0
M(Ø) -e
Geometric P(X= r)= g-'p . r= 1,2, .. , G) =
Discrete p q
0<p<l

Negative binomial P(X= r) =r-C,-1-"p". na

r=1, n+1,....
Discrete p G)
0<p<1 q=l-p