QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGNS

 PHENOMENOLOGY - It is the study of how people give meaning to their experiences, like the death of loved ones, care for the
people, and the friendliness of the people.
 ETHNOGRAPHY - It involves an investigation of a person, group, organization, or situation for a long period of time to explain
why such things occur to the subject under study.
 CASE STUDY - It involves an investigation of a person, group, organization, or situation for a long period of time to explain why
such things occur to the subject under study.
 CONTENT AND DISCOURSE ANALYSIS - It requires the examination or analysis of the substance or content of the
communication that takes place through letters, books, journals, photos, video recordings, SMS, online messages, emails, audio
visual materials.
 HISTORICAL STUDY - It is the study of primary documents to explain the connection of past events to the present time.

Sampling Techniques and Sample

Definition of Terms
POPULATION - Refers to the totality of objects, elements, person and characteristics under a given condition. In other words,
population refers to the entire group that you want to draw conclusions about
SAMPLE - The specific group that you will collect data from which also refers as the subset in a population.
SAMPLING - The process of technique of choosing a sample from a population to participate in the study

Probability Sampling - Every member of the population has a probability of being selected or included in the sample. All members in
the sampling frame representing a certain population focused on by your study.

Probability Sampling Methods

SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING - All members of the population have an equal chance at being chosen as part of the sampl
STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING - The population is split into different groups. People from each group will be randomly chosen to
represent the whole population.
SYSTEMATIC RANDOM SAMPLING - The sample is drawn by randomly selecting a starting number and then selecting every nth unit
in arbitrary order until the desired sample size is reached.
CLUSTER/AREA SAMPLING - Districts or blocks of a municipality or a city which are part of the cluster are randomly selected.

Non-Probability Sampling - Participants are intentionally selected based on certain identified factors. Reliant on a researcher’s
ability to select members at random.

Non-Probability Sampling Methods

 CONVENIENCE SAMPLING - The population for sampling is selected by the researcher based on specific characteristics and
traits of the members of the population
 PURPOSIVE SAMPLING - Researcher relies on his or her own judgment when choosing members of population to participate in
the study.
 QUOTA SAMPLING - Participants are selected based on pre-defined quotas to represent specific characteristics or subgroups.
 SNOWBALL SAMPLING -Participants are chosen based on referrals or recommendations from existing participants.
There are two classifications of data based on their use and source.
 PRIMARY DATA - refers to first-hand information based on actual experiences or observations. This kind of data is more reliable
to use because it is gathered by the actual researchers. Say you want to ask people in the community if they agree to a certain
law that is being implemented by the local government. Their answers can be considered as primary data.
- Examples of primary data includes: data taken personally through interview, personally observing people to get visual data.

 SECONDARY DATA - are data that are gathered from secondary sources, meaning it is not you that have obtained the
information but rather, it comes from previous research, audio recordings or books. One advantage of secondary data is that it
is readily available to use, comparing it to primary data where you have to gather the information yourself.
- Examples of secondary data includes: information from your barangay census on the number of population in the area

DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENTS - These are the tools that you need to use so that you can gather your primary data when you
conduct your research. You can even choose one or more instruments to use.
1. INTERVIEW - In qualitative research, doing interviews is the most common type of instrument that is being used. Interviews are
done by having a set of questions to your respondents and letting them answer as truthfully as possible.
There are mainly three types of interview:
 Structured Interview - this type of interview has a set of predetermined questions that are ready to use. If you are using a
structured interview as your instrument to gather data, take note that you should not ask beyond what is written in your
interview questions.
 Unstructured Interview - this type of interview is the opposite of structured interview. You are not required to make a set of
pre-made questions, but rather make an OUTLINE or what kind of questions you want to ask your respondents.
 Semi-structured Interview - this type of interview is a mix of structured and unstructured interview. It may be one of the most
common types of interviews. You have to prepare a set of questions; however, you are also free to ask to follow up questions
to your respondents

2. Observations - Another data gathering instrument that is being used most in ethnography is observations. This happens when a
researcher observes and takes notes of the behavior of people that they want to be a part of their research.
There are three types of observations:
 Naturalistic Observation - this happens when a researcher observes the behavior of a group of people in their natural setting.
For example, you want to observe the behavior of students inside a classroom without putting any external disturbances on
them then you are using naturalistic observation.
 Participative Observation - this observation happens when a researcher takes part on the activities of the group of people that
they are observing. Say for example you want to study the daily routine of a Lumad community. To have a better understanding
of what their everyday activities are, you as a researcher decided to join a community so that you can immerse yourself in their
daily life. This is utilizing participative observation.
 Non-naturalistic Observation - this type of observation happens when you take your respondents out of their natural
environment and put them in an environment of your choice. You observe how people behave when they are not in their usual
settings. One situation for this is taking a group of high school students and letting them attend one or two college classes
where you must observe their learning behaviors. Non-naturalistic observation is where you as a researcher decides what is the
“ideal” environment for you to complete your research.

3. Questionnaires - Questionnaires are also one of the most common types of instruments that is being used by qualitative
researchers. This is somewhat similar to interviews based on the format of questions that is being used.
There are three types of questionnaires:
 Closed-ended questionnaires - (check box)this type of questionnaire is similar to a structured interview. This is mostly used
when you want to conduct surveys on your respondents. This is mostly for statistical purposes and the questions are already
prepared for your respondents to answer. These types of questionnaires usually have boxes for the respondents to put a check
mark.
 Open-ended questionnaires - (parang identification) unlike close-ended questionnaires, this type of questionnaire leaves a
blank space for the respondents to give their point of view about a specific question.
 Combination of both - (yes or no tapos why)this type of questionnaire combines both the close-ended and open-ended
questionnaires. For example, you may want to ask a yes or no question to your respondents and also want them to explain why
they have answered yes or no

4. Focus Group Discussion - This type of data gathering instrument focuses on groups of people being interviewed at the same time.
This relies on the respondents to give a discussion amongst themselves on the questions that you, the researcher, give. You will
serve as the moderator or facilitator. Put three or more people around a table and give them guide questions for them to discuss
among themselves. Your role as the researcher and facilitator is to take note of their discussions.
DATA ANALYSIS IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Inference - It refers to the use of observation and background to reach a logical conclusion.

What are the patterns and Themes in research?

Pattern - It is something that happens in a regular and repeated way.
Theme - It is generated when similar issues and ideas expressed by participants within qualitative data are brought together by the
researcher into a single category or cluster

Techniques to identify Themes in Qualitative Data

 Word repetition
 Compare and contrast

Strategies on how to infer data

 Thematic analysis
 Qualitative Data analysis

DESCRIPTIVE CODING VS. IN VIVO CODING

 DESCRIPTIVE CODING - Our class section are full of students who habitually abuse their own classmates that must be punished!
- Bullying Issues
 IN VIVO CODING - Our class section are full of students who habitually abuse their own classmates that must be punished!
- Student Abuse

Research Methodology
1. Research Design - Research design is the framework of research methods and techniques chosen by a researcher. The design
allows researchers to hone in on research methods that are suitable for the subject matter and set up their studies up for success.
The design of a research topic explains the type of research (experimental, survey, correlational, semi-experimental, review) and
also its sub-type (experimental design, research problem, descriptive case-study).
2. Population and Sampling - In this part, determine the population where the study will be conducted. Further, you have to identify
the unit of analysis whether it is individual or group. Also, you are going to determine the sampling method to be used and design
the sampling framework.
3. Research Instrument - In a research study, the instrument used to collect data may be created by the researcher or based on an
existing instrument. If the instrument is the researcher created, the process used to select the questions should be described and
justified
4. Validation of the Instruments - In this part, you are going to write the series of steps that the instrument has to gone through in
terms of validation. Include here who will serve as the pool of examiners of the instrument to be used and what criteria should be
considered in validating the tool
5. Research Procedure - Research procedure discloses the plans of the researcher by which the data will be collected and who will
collect it. Also, in this part, the researcher has to discuss all the procedure that he has to undergone while conducting the research
as to the gathering and collection of necessary data
6. Statistical Treatment/Analysis - In this part of the research, the researcher has to discuss the statistical techniques that he has
to use in answering the research problem. The researcher has to go back to the statements of the problem and identify the most
appropriate statistical tool to be used to answer each problem.