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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Petersen, Nils O., author.

Title: Foundations for nanoscience and nanotechnology / Nils O. Petersen.
Description: Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, [2017] |
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016049574| ISBN 9781482259070 (pbk. ; alk. paper) | ISBN
1482259079 (pbk. ; alk. paper) | ISBN 9781482259100 (e-book) | ISBN
1482259109 (e-book) | ISBN 9781315321370 (e-book) | ISBN 1315321378
(e-book) | ISBN 9781482259087 (e-book) | ISBN 1482259087 (e-book)
Subjects: LCSH: Nanoscience. | Nanotechnology.
Classification: LCC QC176.8.N35 P47 2017 | DDC 500--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016049574

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This book is dedicated to all those brave souls who seek to understand the
fascinating world of the really small.
Contents

Part I Introduction

Chapter 1  Why study the foundations for nanoscience and

nanotechnology? 3
1.1 NANOSCIENCE VERSUS NANOTECHNOLOGY 3
1.2 THE IMPORTANCE OF NANOSCALE PHENOMENA 6
1.3 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY FUTURE 7
1.3.1 Pervasiveness 7
1.3.2 Persistence 8
1.3.3 Power 8
1.4 MOVING FORWARD 10

Part II Understanding quantum confinement

Chapter 2  The postulates of quantum mechanics 17

2.1 THE SIX POSTULATES OF QUANTUM MECHANICS 18
2.2 COMMUTATORS AND THE PRINCIPLE OF SHARED
EIGENFUNCTIONS 22

Chapter 3  Time-dependent and time-independent Schrödinger

equations 25
3.1 CONSERVATIVE FORCES 25

Chapter 4  Solving the time-independent Schrödinger

equation 27
4.1 THE FREE PARTICLE 27
4.1.1 The uncertainty principle at work 29
4.1.2 The concept of wave packets 30
4.2 PARTICLES CONSTRAINED BY INFINITE POTENTIALS 33

vii
viii  Contents

4.2.1 One-dimensional box bounded by infinite

potentials 33
4.2.2 Two- and three-dimensional boxes bounded by
infinite potentials 37
4.2.3 Rings, disks, shells, and spheres bounded by
infinite potentials 41
4.2.3.1 Confinement to a ring bounded by an
infinite potential 42
4.2.3.2 Confinement to a disk bounded by an
infinite potential 45
4.2.3.3 Confinement to spherically symmetric
systems: Spherical harmonics 49
4.2.3.4 Confinement to a spherical shell by an
infinite potential 51
4.2.3.5 Confinement to a sphere bounded by an
infinite potential 52
4.3 PARTICLES CONSTRAINED BY FINITE POTENTIALS 52
4.3.1 Influences of barriers: Tunneling 52
4.3.2 One-dimensional boxes bounded by finite
potentials 55
4.3.3 Other systems bounded by finite potentials 58
4.3.3.1 The Hydrogen Atom 61
4.3.3.2 The Harmonic Oscillator 63
4.3.3.3 The Rigid Rotator 65

Chapter 5  Applications to systems with many electrons 67

5.1 FILLING MULTIPLE LEVELS WITH NON-INTERACTING
ELECTRONS 68
5.1.1 Conjugated electronic systems 68
5.1.2 Free electron gas model of metals 70
5.1.3 Electrons in a lattice of atoms 74
5.1.3.1 Effect of crystal size 74
5.1.3.2 Effect of the lattice structure 75
5.1.3.3 An alternative approach 78
5.1.4 Band structure of semiconductors and insulators 79
5.1.5 Junctions between materials 81
5.1.6 Excitons 83
5.2 SELECTED EXAMPLES 85
 Contents  ix

5.3 PHOTOLUMINESCENCE IN SEMICONDUCTORS 88

5.4 APPLICATION TO BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS 93

Part III Understanding surface thermodynamics

Chapter 6  The basics of thermodynamics 99

6.1 SOME BASIC CONCEPTS 99
6.2 THE LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS 102
6.2.1 The First Law 104
6.2.1.1 Some consequences of the First Law 104
6.2.2 The Second Law 107
6.2.2.1 The concept of spontaneous change and
entropy 107
6.2.3 The Third Law 112
6.3 GENERAL CRITERIA FOR SPONTANEOUS CHANGE 112
6.4 THE MAXWELL RELATIONS 114
6.5 OPEN SYSTEMS AND THE CHEMICAL POTENTIAL 115

Chapter 7  Surface thermodynamics 119

7.1 PHASE EQUILIBRIA 119
7.2 SURFACE TENSION 124
7.2.1 The Laplace equation 124
7.2.2 The Kelvin equation 124
7.2.3 A molecular view of surface tension 129
7.2.4 Adhesion versus cohesion: Interfacial tension 129
7.2.4.1 Superhydrophobicity 134
7.2.5 Examples 136
7.2.5.1 Properties of semiconductor nanoparticles 136
7.2.5.2 Chemical equilibria are dependent on size 138
7.2.5.3 Catalysis 142

Chapter 8  The work function 145

8.1 THE PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT 145

Chapter 9  Understanding interactions between surfaces 149

9.1 BASIC TERMINOLOGY 149
9.2 FORCES BETWEEN SURFACES 150
x  Contents

9.3 ATTRACTIVE FORCES 152

9.4 REPULSIVE FORCES BETWEEN CHARGED SURFACES 156
9.4.1 Electric potentials and surface potentials 156
9.4.2 Boltzmann distributions of charge around
nanoparticles 157
9.4.2.1 1:1 Electrolyte solutions 158
9.4.2.2 Debye–Huckel approximation 159
9.4.2.3 Gouy–Chapman theory 161
9.4.3 The zeta-potential and its significance 161
9.4.4 The repulsive interaction potential 162
9.5 FINAL STEPS TOWARDS THE DLVO THEORY 163
9.6 LIMITATIONS AND APPLICATIONS 166

Part IV Understanding fluctuations in small systems

Chapter 10  Basic statistical concepts 175

10.1 DISTRIBUTIONS AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS 175
10.1.1 Measured distributions and distribution functions 175
10.1.2 Characteristics of a distribution 178
10.1.3 Some important distributions 180
10.1.3.1 The binomial distribution 180
10.1.3.2 The Poisson distribution 181
10.1.3.3 The normal distribution 183
10.1.3.4 The log-normal distribution 184
10.1.3.5 The Boltzmann distribution 185
10.1.4 Limits of the binomial distribution 186
10.2 INHERENT VARIABILITY 187

Chapter 11  Partition functions 189

11.1 ISOLATED SYSTEMS 189
11.2 CLOSED SYSTEMS 191
11.3 OPEN SYSTEMS 192
11.4 RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN PARTITION FUNCTIONS
AND THERMODYNAMIC FUNCTIONS 193

Chapter 12  Fluctuations in closed and open systems 197

12.1 THE CONCEPT OF FLUCTUATIONS 197
 Contents  xi

12.2 FLUCTUATIONS OF ENERGY IN CLOSED SYSTEMS 198

12.3 DISTRIBUTION OF ENERGY AMONG INDIVIDUAL
MOLECULES 199
12.4 FLUCTUATIONS OF ENERGY AND NUMBERS IN OPEN
SYSTEMS 200

Chapter 13  Measuring concentration changes 203

13.1 THE CHALLENGE OF MEASURING DYNAMIC
PROCESSES 203
13.1.1 Transport phenomena 204
13.1.1.1 Fick’s Laws and the diffusion coefficient 205
13.1.2 Reaction kinetics 206
13.1.3 Measuring concentrations 209
13.2 FLUCTUATIONS AND CHEMICAL KINETICS 211
13.2.1 Concentration correlation spectroscopy 212
13.2.1.1 Correlation functions and their
interpretation 214
13.2.1.2 Measures of concentration 218
13.3 PHOTON CORRELATION SPECTROSCOPY 220
13.4 FLUORESCENCE CORRELATION SPECTROSCOPY 221

Part V Understanding light-matter interactions

Chapter 14  The principles of absorption and emission of light 227

14.1 THE QUANTUM MECHANICAL DESCRIPTION OF
ABSORPTION AND EMISSION OF ENERGY 228
14.1.1 The transition dipole moment for electronic
transitions 230
14.1.2 Selection rules for electronic transitions 231
14.1.3 The Einstein coefficients 232
14.1.4 Absorption and emission line shapes 235
14.1.4.1 Homogeneous and heterogeneous line
broadening 236
14.1.5 Black-body radiation 238

Chapter 15  Molecular spectroscopy 239

15.1 THE OPTICAL TRANSITIONS 239
15.1.1 The Frank–Condon Principle 241
xii  Contents

15.1.2 Intersystem crossing 242

15.1.3 The Jablonski diagram 244
15.2 FLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY 245
15.2.1 Absorption and emission kinetics 247
15.2.1.1 Preparing the excited state 247
15.2.1.2 Decay of the excited state 248
15.2.1.3 Quantum yield of fluorescence 250
15.2.2 Förster or fluorescence resonance energy transfer 252
15.2.2.1 Mechanisms of energy transfer 252
15.2.2.2 Kinetics of energy transfer 254
15.2.2.3 Measurements of energy transfer 258

Chapter 16  Application of fluorescence microscopy 261

16.1 FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY 261
16.1.1 Microscope optics 261
16.1.2 Confocal microscopy 264
16.1.2.1 The shape of the confocal volume 265
16.1.2.2 The size of the confocal volume 267
16.1.3 Super-resolution microscopy 269
16.1.3.1 Optical techniques 269
16.1.3.2 Stimulated emission or saturation
techniques 271
16.1.3.3 Localization techniques 273
16.1.3.4 Multi-photon techniques 275
16.1.4 Single molecule FRET 276
16.2 FLUORESCENCE CORRELATION SPECTROSCOPY 278
16.2.1 Sources of fluorescence fluctuations 279
16.2.2 FCS of a single species 280
16.2.3 FCS of multiple species 283
16.3 IMAGE CORRELATION SPECTROSCOPY 285
16.3.1 Image correlation spectroscopy: ICS 285
16.3.2 Image cross-correlation spectroscopy: ICCS 288
16.3.3 Capturing dynamics 290

Chapter 17  Optical properties of relevance to nanomaterials 293

17.1 THE WAVE EQUATION 293
 Contents  xiii

17.2 ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION 294

17.2.1 The Maxwell equations 294
17.2.2 Light is a transverse wave 296
17.2.3 The energy in the electromagnetic radiation 297
17.2.4 Photons 298
17.2.5 Light entering a medium 299
17.3 REFLECTION AND REFRACTION 303
17.3.1 Snell’s Law 304
17.3.2 The s- and p-polarization 306
17.3.3 Fresnel equations 307
17.3.4 Reflectance and transmittance 310
17.3.5 Evanescent waves 311
17.4 SURFACE PLASMONS 313
17.4.1 Dielectric behavior of metals 313
17.4.1.1 Interface waves 313
17.4.2 Surface plasmon resonance 315
17.4.3 Plasmon resonance in nanoparticles 315

Chapter 18  Epilog and acknowledgments 317

18.1 FINAL THOUGHTS 317
18.2 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 318

Part VI Problems and references

Chapter 19  Problems 323

19.1 CHAPTER 1 PROBLEMS 323
19.2 CHAPTER 2 PROBLEMS 323
19.3 CHAPTER 3 PROBLEMS 324
19.4 CHAPTER 4 PROBLEMS 324
19.5 CHAPTER 5 PROBLEMS 326
19.6 CHAPTER 6 PROBLEMS 327
19.7 CHAPTER 7 PROBLEMS 328
19.8 CHAPTER 8 PROBLEMS 329
19.9 CHAPTER 9 PROBLEMS 330
19.10 CHAPTER 10 PROBLEMS 330
19.11 CHAPTER 11 PROBLEMS 331
19.12 CHAPTER 12 PROBLEMS 331
xiv  Contents

19.13 CHAPTER 13 PROBLEMS 332

19.14 CHAPTER 14 PROBLEMS 333
19.15 CHAPTER 15 PROBLEMS 333
19.16 CHAPTER 16 PROBLEMS 334
19.17 CHAPTER 17 PROBLEMS 334

Chapter 20  References 337

20.1 CHAPTER 1 337
20.2 CHAPTER 2 337
20.3 CHAPTER 4 337
20.4 CHAPTER 5 338
20.5 CHAPTER 6 338
20.6 CHAPTER 7 338
20.7 CHAPTER 8 339
20.8 CHAPTER 9 339
20.9 CHAPTER 10 339
20.10 CHAPTER 13 339
20.11 CHAPTER 16 339
20.12 CHAPTER 17 340

Index 341
Preface

This books title emphasizes Foundations for since it is not intended to be

a book about nanoscience or nanotechnology and the numerous applications
arising from the rapid research and development in these very exciting fields.
Rather, it is a book aimed at providing some of the principles of physics and
chemistry that are needed to understand why the science of small systems are
different than those of bulk systems.
This book is written primarily as a textbook for senior undergraduate stu-
dents and beginning graduate students interested in understanding how the
unique properties of nanoscale materials and systems arise. The book aims
to have enough detail to be useful for courses that introduce students to the
basics of physical chemistry but is not specifically targeted at students from
chemistry or physics who already have advanced courses at the undergraduate
or graduate levels in quantum mechanics, thermodynamics, statistical mechan-
ics, or spectroscopy. These students may, however, find that parts of this book
provide useful reference material for their work. The primary target au-
dience includes those students who are introduced to or work in the fields
of nanoscience and nanotechnology but come at it from diverse backgrounds
such as material sciences, biology, or engineering.
The philosophy of the book is to provide a fairly rigorous treatment of the
topics at the simplest level in order to provide the reader with the essential
principles and a general understanding of the foundations for key observations,
such as the effect of the dimension of the nanoscale system. The book then
draws on that foundation to illustrate how these principles can be applied
to more complex systems that may better approximate real systems without
necessarily providing the detailed solutions. The book finally provides selected
examples from the literature that illustrate how the foundational knowledge
can be used to understand, at least in principle, experimental observations
and that introduces the readers to some recent applications of nanoscience
and nanotechnology. With this approach, some of the early parts of every
section of each chapter may be too introductory for some readers, and they
may be easily skipped or serve as a reminder.
While it is not the intent of this book to provide the detailed or rigorous
approach to solving the physical chemical properties in complex systems, those
students or researchers who need to go to that next level, should find this book
a useful first step toward that objective.
The topics covered in this textbook have been selected to, on the one

xv
xvi  Preface

hand, cover the most important foundations for understanding nanoscience

and nanotechnology, such as the effect of quantum confinement (Part II, Chap-
ters 2-5) and the impact on surface properties (Part III, Chapters 6-9); and
on the other hand, to introduce topics that are not usually covered in depth,
such as the importance of fluctuations in small systems at the nanoscale (Part
IV, Chapters 10-13) and the interaction of light with matter (Part V Chapter
14-17). On completion of this book, students should be able to read much of
the modern literature in nanoscience and nanotechnology with a good under-
standing of the topics and their importance. The book is, I believe, unique by
bringing together in one place a number of topics that frequently are covered
separately.
At the end of the book, I have included a number of problems that hope-
fully will help students better understand the material. Some problems are
simply aimed to assist in remembering key observations or conclusions, others
are designed to expand on the subject, and yet others are created for the more
advanced student who is interested in working through the details of some of
the derivations of key equations.
It should be noted that the book is restricted to subjects with which I have
some experience or some understanding. There are a number of topics which
are deliberately not covered because I don’t feel I have the expertise to cover
them in sufficient detail to make them useful. These topics include magnetic
and mechanical properties at the nanoscale as well as nanoelectronics beyond
the very basics. These are clearly topics of great importance and if this text
proves valuable, future versions may include such sections written by other
contributing authors.
 I
Introduction

1
 CHAPTER 1

Why study the

foundations for
nanoscience and
nanotechnology?

1.1 NANOSCIENCE VERSUS NANOTECHNOLOGY

So what are we talking about when we talk about nanoscience, nanotechnology,
nanomaterials, nano-objects or anything else with the prefix nano (other than
a unit)? It turns out to be hard to define in a way that captures all aspects
of this world of the nanoscale.
At first glance, it seems simple: objects or materials that are on a scale
measured by the unit of a nanometer (say 1-100 nm). And this is indeed
one component of almost all definitions. However, that turns out not to be
sufficiently precise to communicate either scientifically or in legal terms what
exactly we are working with. In fact, since the emergence of the concepts of
nanoscience and nanotechnology, numerous definitions have been developed
in different jurisdictions across the world and as of this writing there is no
universally accepted definition. Why is this important? The exact definition
may affect how nanoscale materials or object are subjected to regulations
of manufacture or use, whether they can be traded, or how they may be
incorporated into products many things.
It may be that a unique definition is impossible, but it seems that a good
definition needs to refer to the scale (1-100 nm); to the fact that it has unique
properties as a consequence of the scale; and whether it is natural or man-
made.

3
4  Foundations for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology

Some definitions of nanomaterials:

• A material with any external dimension in the nanoscale (the length

ranging from approximately 1 nm to 100 nm) or having internal
structure or surface structure in the nanoscale — International Or-
ganization for Standarization (ISO)
• A chemical that is either a nano-object (a material confined in one,
two, or three dimensions at the nanoscale (the size typically range
between 1 nm and 100 nm)) or is nano-structured (having an inter-
nal or surface structure at the nano scale) — OECD
• Nanomaterials can exhibit unique optical, mechanical, magnetic,
conductive, and sorptive properties different than the same chemical
substances in a large size — US Environmental Protection Agency
• Both materials that have at least one dimension in the size range of
approximately 1 nanometers (nm) to 100 nm and certain materials
that otherwise exhibit related dimension-dependent properties and
phenomena — US Food and Drug Administration
• Materials at or within the nanoscale (meaning 1 to 100 nanome-
ters, inclusive) in at least one dimension, or has internal or sur-
face structures at the nanoscale; or it is smaller or larger than the
nanoscale in all dimensions and exhibits one or more nanoscale prop-
erties/phenomena — Health Canada
• A natural, incidental, or manufactured material containing particles,
in an unbound state or as an aggregate or as an agglomerate and
where, for 50% or more of the particles in the number size distri-
bution, one or more external dimensions is in the size range 1 nm -
100 nm — European Union

For the purpose of this text, I will argue that nanoscience refers to explor-
ing the properties of materials at small scales while nanotechnology refers to
exploiting our understanding of the properties of materials at the small scale.
This to me is a useful distinction from the point of view of thinking about the
evolution of research into innovation: the prerequisite for developing useful
products or processes that are based on nanoscale phenomena is our under-
standing of the fundamental science underlying these phenomena.
The United States National Nanotechnology Initiative argues that the
concept of nanotechnology encompasses nanoscale science, engineering, and
technology where nanoscience is seeking to understand the fundamental prop-
erties and nanoengineering is seeking to effectively use these properties. In
this context, they state that “nanotechnology is the understanding and con-
 Why study the foundations for nanoscience and nanotechnology?  5

trol of matter at dimensions between approximately 1 and 100 nanometers

where unique properties enable novel applications not feasible when working
with bulk materials or even single atoms or molecules.” Nanotechnology there-
fore includes visualizing, measuring, modeling, designing, and manipulating
chemical matter at this small scale.
Whatever the exact use of the terminology, it is evident that for us to
exploit nanoscale phenomena, we need to understand what is so different about
matter at this scale.
One foundation for understanding the nanoscale work was created more
than a century ago with the development of quantum mechanics. This is the
theoretical framework that replaces classical Newtonian mechanics when the
scale is small. Thus we have had a theoretical machinery to describe behaviors
of atoms and electrons in molecules to explain concepts such as bonds to form
molecules. This machinery is now able to explain many of the key properties
of nanomaterials that arise from confining electrons and molecules to small
spaces as we explore in Part II of this book.
A second foundation for understanding the properties of nanomaterials
was established a few centuries ago when the field of thermodynamics emerged.
While thermodynamics primarily provides the means of understanding the
flow of energy through systems, it also provides insight into the energetics of
surfaces, which become very important as the surface to volume ratio increases
for small particles. The energetics of interactions between surfaces has also
been explored for a long time in the field known as colloid science and this can
be extended to the nanoscale as well. These well-known theoretical frameworks
will be developed in Part III of this book.
A third foundation for understanding some peculiarities of small systems
was also developed more than a century ago as Statistical Mechanics created
a bridge between quantum mechanics and thermodynamics. The importance
of understanding the statistical nature of properties in small systems is inves-
tigated in Part IV.
While not a foundation, in the same sense as those listed above, electro-
magnetic radiation (light) and its interaction with matter has proven a critical
tool for studying nanoscale systems. Part V therefore explores various aspects
of interaction of light with matter with particular emphasis on absorption and
emission processes, which are easily observed even for very small systems or
systems with only a few nanoscale materials.
So what is new about nanotechnology? It appears that we have known a
lot about small systems for a long time and indeed we have. However, there
are new developments that have emerged in two areas: visualizing and manip-
ulating at a small scale. The ability to visualize matter at a small scale has
steadily improved as tools such as x-ray diffraction and electron microscopy
has developed to the point where we can determine structural properties of
pieces of material as small as a few nanometers across. In some cases it is
now even possible to study the structure and behavior of individual molecules.
Most importantly, however, the last several decades has seen invention of new
6  Foundations for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology

tools that in addition to visualizing individual atoms and molecules, have

allowed us to manipulate these almost at will. This new element of control
has fed the excitement around nanoscience and nanotechnology and laid the
foundation for new design principles.
Furthermore, our understanding of biological processes has developed
rapidly in this century and has revealed that much of life is based on sys-
tems that operate at the nanoscale, such as membranes, catalytic protein
complexes, and synthetic and repair mechanisms. This new insight has pro-
vided inspiration for development of nanotechnologies that mimic biological
processes in a number of ways.
Thus the emergence of nanotechnology as a topic of great interest arises
from the convergence of long standing understanding of material properties,
of new tools to visualize and manipulate individual atoms or molecules, and
of new ways to design new structures or materials based on understanding
of molecular biological systems. In addition, growth of the power to compute
has enabled modeling and calculations of systems on larger and larger scales
from atoms up to assemblies of molecules in nanoscale structures.

1.2 THE IMPORTANCE OF NANOSCALE PHENOMENA

This section will provide a brief overview of some of the phenomena that
distinguish nanoscale properties from bulk properties and hence provides the
motivation for the reader to want to understand the fundamental principles
that form the foundation for nanoscience and nanotechnology
So why do nanoscale systems behave differently than bulk systems, on the
one hand, and individual atoms or molecules, on the other hand? We know now
that there are two fundamentally important phenomena that underlie these
differences: The first is the effect of confining electrons to small dimensions,
this is called quantum confinement. This leads to a host of changes in
properties that depend on the size of the nano-object. The second is the effect
of increasing surface area relative to the bulk meaning that the properties
of atoms at the interface become more important than those in the interior
of the material. In the extreme there is virtually no bulk material. Yet, for
both effects, the assembly of atoms or molecules into small clusters or particles
impart properties of the assembly that differ from the individual, constituent
parts.
The consequence of both of these effects — quantum confinement and
surface-to-volume ratio — is that size matters. And this understanding is
key to the exploitation of the material properties of nanoscale objects. If we
can control the size and shape of the objects, we can control the properties.
We have the basis for design of objects with predictable, known properties, so
we can create new materials to fulfill particular, desirable functions that solve
specific problems of interest.
We can create nanoparticles with desirable catalytic properties for use in
catalytic converters. We can create nanoporous materials that will exclusively
 Why study the foundations for nanoscience and nanotechnology?  7

bind specific molecules to, for example, capture noxious gases emitted at a
power plant. We can create structured assemblies that facilitate the absorp-
tion of light and capture and transfer electrons into a circuit to enhance the
efficiency of solar cells. The possibilities are only limited by our imagination,
and that is what makes this such an exciting field for science, engineering, and
technology development.
The rapidly evolving understanding of biological systems has inspired the
design principles of nanotechnology researchers and the intersection of molec-
ular biology and nanotechnology has been critical for the rapid development
of the field. In addition, it turns out that the tools and techniques of nano-
technology has been instrumental in unraveling biological phenomena and the
products of the nanotechnology revolution promise to have applications in the
life sciences, particularly in the areas of diagnostics, therapeutics, and studies
of biological structures, dynamics, and interactions. Some of these tools at the
interface between biology and nanotechnology are explored in Part V of the
book.

1.3 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY FUTURE

In the initial phases of the discovery of the nanotechnology world, the ex-
citement created great expectations that nanotechnology was the next phase
of economic development, following the path of information technology and
biotechnology. These expectations are slowly being met, but perhaps not at
the rate hoped for in the early days. Still, there is strong evidence that the
impact and applications of nanotechnology will be pervasive, persistent,
and powerful.
Starting in 2005, the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars
and the Pew Charitable Trust started the project on Emerging Nanotechnolo-
gies to keep track of the development of nanotechnologies and to help ensure
that the potential benefits of these technologies can be developed with an
eye to continual public engagement to minimize potential risks of their intro-
duction. Their web-site (http://www.nanotechproject.org/) has been and will
remain a valuable resource for both the public and specialist.
One component of the project is creation of an ongoing inventory of con-
sumer goods and other applications that use nanotechnology as a key compo-
nent. During the first decade or so, this inventory has grown to nearly two
thousand products across a large number of domains, supporting the notion
of nanotechnology applications being pervasive, persistent, and powerful.

1.3.1 Pervasiveness
Because nanotechnology is first and foremost about creating and applying
new materials with new properties from, for the most part, known chemical
matter, it may be viewed as a special branch of material science. This means
that we expect nanomaterials to become integral parts of products in just
8  Foundations for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology

about every discipline or area that affects consumers and society, ranging
from energy, transportation, manufacturing, and climate change to agriculture,
health, communications, and food.
The Project of Emerging Nanotechnologies consumer products inventory
lists the nanotechnology enabled products in a number of broad categories
such as appliances, including those for kitchens and laundry; automotive; elec-
tronic and computers; food and beverage; health and fitness; and home and
garden. In addition, they feature applications in agriculture, environmental re-
mediation, and medicine. There are very few domains in which nanotechnology
will not be or become an important component.
As an example, the areas of agriculture and food currently support research
and development projects in areas as diverse as veterinary medicine, sustain-
able agriculture, bio-sensors, bio-processing for foods, pathogen detection, and
environmental processing.

1.3.2 Persistence
The success of nanotechnology to date is based on the convergence of dis-
ciplines ranging from chemistry, biology, and physics to various branches of
engineering, mathematics, computational sciences and business. As a conse-
quence of the meeting of different minds, the approach to the nanosciences
more often than not involve multidisciplinary teams that have changed how
we think about conducting research in this domain. We now exploit our abil-
ity to visualize structure, function, and dynamics at the nanoscale with ever
increasing precision; to integrate this information to design structures and
materials with predictable and desirable properties; and to control the as-
sembly of the parts or the machining of components at the molecular level.
This holistic approach is broadening the scope of possible areas of application
of nanoscience and means that the applications of nanotechnology will persist
and evolve just as applications of electronics and computational paradigms
persist and evolve. Once unearthed, nanoscience and nanotechnology will be
with us forever as platforms for research and technology development.
That said, it is important to recognize that nanoscience and nano-
technology provide us with enabling technologies that will most likely be
critical or integral components of other technologies, that are improved or
are made to exist as a result of their presence. In some cases, the nanotech-
nologies will make products that are smaller or faster, in other cases that are
easier to produce or cheaper, and in yet other cases that break new ground.

1.3.3 Power
The National Nanotechnology Initiative reported in 2010 on the first decade of
evolution of nanotechnology with focus on the United States, but with global
information included. This report, titled Nanotechnology Research Directions
for Societal Needs in 2020. Retrospective and Outlook provided a thorough
 Why study the foundations for nanoscience and nanotechnology?  9

review of the progress in research as well as on the economic impact and

provided projections and predictions about how the next decade would unfold.
There were a number of exciting findings which demonstrated how nano-
technology had the potential to become a powerful economic driver for the fu-
ture. During nearly a decade, research investments, publications, patent appli-
cations, products market, and the workforce associated with nanotechnology
grew by an astounding rate of about 25% per year and by 2009, the global
value of nanotechnology enabled products had reached about U S$250B. The
report predicted that during the next decade, this growth would continue and
reach a total value of U S$3T .
Equally interesting was the analysis of how the nanotechnology products
and processes were anticipated to evolve. Starting with applications of pas-
sive nanostructures, moving through active nanostructures to nanosystems to
converging technologies, the field was projected to become more and more
sophisticated in its application of the unique properties of materials and sys-
tems that operate at the nanoscale and taking advantage of our abilities to
visualize, design, and control.
To date, many of the commercial products are based on passive nanostruc-
tures incorporated into coatings, polymers, or ceramics where they provide
desirable properties to the product. For example, the presence of nanoparti-
cles in a thin film can improve on the permeability properties of the film by
simply creating barriers to simple diffusion across the film.
A number of other products take advantage of the unique properties to
create active nanomaterials. For example, one of the most commonly used
nanomaterials is silver nanoparticles which have been shown to have great
anti-bacterial properties, most arising from the enhanced surface reactivity
of the small silver nanoparticles. As a result, silver nanoparticles now appear
in products as diverse as socks, cutting boards, refrigerators, and washing
machines.
The following generation of products will depend on nanosystems that are
responsive to their environment to achieve desirable objectives. For example,
nanoparticles may be assembled to contain drugs in structures from which
they cannot escape unless the particles are subjected to a specific environment
which causes a structural change that releases the drug. Such nanosystems are
yet to be commercially developed to a great extent, but the research is rapidly
moving forward.
Ultimately, the report predicts, nanotechnologies will merge with biotech-
nologies, information technologies, and cognitive sciences to create large com-
plex, multifunctional technologies that have the power to transform our soci-
eties and existence in profound ways — perhaps for the better and perhaps
for the worse.
It is important to recognize that in many cases the economic impact may
not arise from the nanomaterials themselves, but rather from the products
they enable. The value chain will start with the nanomaterials and end with
the nano-enabled products as illustrated in Figure 1.1
10  Foundations for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology

Figure 1.1: Illustration of the value chain of nanotechnology based products.

The nanomaterials will be nanoparticles, nanofibers, nanowires, den-

drimers or other similar nano-objects. They may have to be produced in large
quantities and therefore will become commodity products where the lowest
price is most important. Examples include the use of nanoparticles such as
nanoscale zerovalent iron (nZVI) for environmental remediation. Alternatively,
they may be produced in small quantities for highly specialized purposes, such
as quantum dots that are used in medical diagnostic applications.
The nanointermediates are components that contain nano-objects inte-
grated into a functional unit, such as coatings and printer toners, that can
be used as final products, or optical components, memory chips, and sensors
that generally are incorporated into the final products. In these intermediates,
the nanomaterial may constitute only a very small part, but they are critical
for imparting new or better properties. For example, nanoparticles constitute
only a few percent by mass in plastic films that are used as permeability bar-
riers, but they improve the permeability properties of the film significantly.
The nano-enabled products are the final products that consumers will pur-
chase and use and include anything from beer bottles to automobiles, from
sunscreens to clothing, and from cell phones to robots. The cost of the nano-
materials or nanostructures may only be a small fraction of the total, but the
value of the final product depends critically on the performance of the nano-
materials. For example, there are devices that can test for the presence of spe-
cific proteins, such as the human chorionic gonadotrophin protein, which is a
marker for pregnancy in the early stages. When the protein is present it causes
aggregation of nanoparticles coated with antibodies to the protein, which in
turn causes a change in color. In the pregnancy tests, the gold nanoparticles
act as a specific biosensor, even though they constitute only a fraction of the
material or the cost of the test device.

1.4 MOVING FORWARD

The promises of nanoscience and nanotechnology are vast and appear almost
unlimited. Just as communications and information technology applications
have changed and will continue to change the way we operate as a society
in most profound ways — think the internet of things — we may expect
nanotechnologies not only to support that ongoing change, but to introduce
 Why study the foundations for nanoscience and nanotechnology?  11

new paradigms that will have equally surprising and unpredictable impact.
To be part of this change in the future, we need be educated and understand
better how the nanoscale world works so that we may understand both the
positive impact and the potential for negative impact, for there is seldom
progress in technology without new ancillary challenges.
There are cautionary tales to learn from the way other technologies
emerged in the recent past. For example, biotechnology applications were
hampered significantly by public reluctance to accept genetically modified
agricultural products. This was in part because some companies were seen to
exploit the technology in such a way as to cause exclusive uses and effectively
preventing normal agricultural practices. There were therefore significant eth-
ical issues raised in the commercialization processes. Moreover, the ability to
sequence entire genomes has created interesting privacy issues — who has the
right to know? Likewise, the ability to modify the genome of individuals raises
significant questions about whether such technologies should be applied at all.
Correspondingly, in the domain of information technology, the applications
have become so pervasive that it is difficult to see how we can live without
them. However, the emergence of the cloud and the presence of the internet
have exposed weaknesses in terms of security and privacy of information.
It is inevitable that the development of new nanotechnology based applica-
tions will raise similar questions of the possible health, environmental, ethical,
and legal impact of these applications. For example, one of the keys to the
use of nanomaterials is that we can impart new properties to these materi-
als, but that begs the question whether we understand all of the effects of
these new properties. Will these materials create unintended consequences for
health or environment? These are issues that need to be addressed as the field
of nanotechnology matures.
Meanwhile, the excitement is there and I believe that the information in
this textbook will allow the reader to prepare for participating in the nano-
technology revolution either as an active creator of new science or new nan-
otechnologies or as a participant in the incorporation of these into new prod-
ucts.
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
erehdyksessä oli karhuttu väärää Haverista, kun kaupungissa oli
kaksi Heikki Haverista.

— Siinä on erehdys, joka korjataan; kyllä te olette maksaneet,

sanoi toimittaja ja rupesi jatkamaan kirjoittamistaan.

— Sitähän minä jo pojalle sanoin, ettei meillä pitäisi tänne olla

mitään velkaa, ja meistä oli niin ihmettä että maksettua asiaa
käydään velkomassa.

— Ei sitä enää velota, sanoi toimittaja ja siirtyi toiseen

huoneeseen kirjoittamaan, kun tunsi että eukko ei ole kiireinen
lähtemään pois. Vaan eukko tuli kohta hänen jälestään sinne ja alkoi
puhua:

— Ei suinkaan herra toimittajan pidä luulla, että meissä mitään

vilppiä olisi, me emme ole mistään ottaneet velaksi…

— Niin, niin, menkäähän nyt pois, kyllä se asia on jo selvä, virkkoi

toimittaja työstään vähän kiukkuisesta.

Mutta eukko vaan jatkoi:

— Niitä kyllä saattaa olla semmoisia, jotka väittävät maksaneensa,

vaikka eivät olekaan maksaneet, vaan ei herra toimittaja tarvitse
luulla, että me olisimme semmoisia.

— Uskonhan minä sen. Mutta olkaa hyvä ja menkää nyt pois, sillä
minulla on kiirettä työtä tässä.

Kun vaimo yhä jatkoi samaan suuntaan, meni toimittaja mitään

virkkamatta huoneesta etuhuoneen kautta kirjapainoon. Vaimo, joka
ei tahtonut yksin jäädä perähuoneeseen, siirtyi hänen jälestään
etuhuoneeseen odottamaan. Toimittaja teki vaan pienen kierroksen
kirjapainossa, palasi toista tietä perähuoneeseen ja lukkosi välioven
etuhuoneeseen, johon hän arvasi vaimon menneen. Nyt hän pääsi
rauhassa jatkamaan työtään.

Odotukseen pitkästyneenä aikoi eukko viimein mennä toiseen

huoneeseen, vaan ovesta ei päässyt. Hän alkoi arvata, että toimittaja
oli lukonnut oven ja oli siellä sisässä. Minkähän tähden toimittaja ei
tahtonut päästää häntä puheelleen? Toimittaja oli näyttänyt jo vähän
vihaiselta hänelle, vaan pitihän hänen toki saada asiansa toimittaa.
Sillä sitä ei ollut vielä milloinkaan ennen tapahtunut, että heiltä olisi
tultu mitään velkomaan, enemmän ryöstöherrat kuin muutkaan. Jos
kaikki olisivat niin velattomia kuin he! Mutta hänpä ei asiaansa jätä.
Kun ei ollut ketään käskemässä, istuutui hän omin lupinsa
konttoorissa tuolille odottamaan. Hän on se eukko, joka tekee
asiasta selvän!

Jonkun ajan päästä tuli toimittaja toisesta huoneesta, kädessään

papereita. Eukko nousi ylös ja rupesi hänelle puhumaan, vaan
toimittaja ei kuunnellut, kiirehti vaan tiehensä.

— Hyvä jumala, ajatteli vaimo taas yksin jäätyään, kuinka ylpeä se

herra on! Pitäisi sitä toki kuulla köyhänkin puhetta, vaikka eipä sillä,
että he niin köyhiäkään olisivat, harvat ne ovat niin velattomia kuin
he. Hän istuutui jälleen ja päätti odottaa konttoorineitiä.

Neiti tuli jonkun puolen tunnin kuluttua. Hänelle kertoi eukko taas
pojan käynnin ja näytti tilauslipun. Neiti katseli kirjoja, huomasi
saman erehdyksen kuin toimittajakin ja selitti eukolle sen pariin
kolmeen kertaan, päästäkseen hänestä erilleen. Mutta eukko ei
heittänyt; hän kertoi:
 — Täällä oli äsken herra toimittaja ja hän katseli myös kirjoja, vaan
ei hän puhunut mitään toisesta Heikki Haverisesta. Niinpähän se oli
erehdys niin kuin Heikki jo arveli. Me emme ole milloinkaan jättäneet
maksamatta. Sepä nyt on paha, että on toinen Heikki Haverinen;
nehän voivat meidän nimiin tehdä velkaa ympäriinsä, ja sitte tullaan
meiltä velkomaan.

— Ei saa toki niin pahaa uskoa lähimäisestään, muistutti neiti.

— Ei niitä tiedä. Me on saatu paljo kärsiä toisten tähden.

Eukko alkoi luetella, kuinka paljo heillä oli saamisia, joista saa
vetää ristin perään, ja paljo muita petoksia kaupoissa j.n.e.

Kun konttooriin tuli muita asiamiehiä, ei neiti kuunnellut eukkoa

ollenkaan. Vaan eukko odotti vielä kahdenkeskistä hetkeä, ja sen
tultua alkoi hän valituksensa toimittajasta, miten se oli ollut hänelle
vihainen ja ylpeä ja kuinka asian selvitys oli sen vuoksi keskeytynyt.

Vihdoinkin sai neiti eukon lähtemään kehoittamalla häntä

menemään toimittajan luokse hänen kotiinsa, jos luuli olevan jotakin
asiaa, kun eukon puhe toimittajasta ei loppunut.

Vaan toimittajalla oli vielä kiirettä kirjoittamista kotonaan, ja

nähdessään eukon tulevan rappusissa hyppäsi hän panemaan oven
lukkoon aivan hänen nenänsä edessä.

Mutta eukko kiersi kyökin puolelle rouvan puheille, jolle hän selitti
juurta jaksain pojan käynnin, käyntinsä lehden konttoorissa neidin
luona, jutun tuosta toisesta Heikki Haverisesta y.m. ja että hän nyt
tahtoisi tehdä asian selväksi myöskin toimittajan kanssa. Rouva
kuunteli hartaalla osanotolla, käski vaimon odottaa ja lupasi sanoa
miehelleen, sitte kun hän viimeinkin joutuu päivällispöytään, johon
häntä on jo kauvan odotettu.

Istuuduttuaan päivällispöytään kuunteli toimittaja hetken

hajamielisenä rouvansa kertomusta eräästä Heikki Haverisen
vaimosta, joka on tullut valittamaan sitä ja sitä, ennen kuin hän
havahtui ja teki epätoivoisen liikkeen.

— Eikö siitä akasta pääse milloinkaan erilleen! Johan minä

konttoorissa selvitin hänelle sen asian. Menköön tiehensä!

Rouva ei tiennytkään että eukko oli jo ollut toimittajan puheella.

Niin kohteliaasti kuin suinkin toimitti hän eukolle, että toimittaja on
väsyksissä kovasta työstä ja että kun emäntä on jo toimittajaa
tavannut, niin toimittaja ei voi ottaa häntä puheelleen.

Eukko, joka oli kuullut kaikua toimittajan äkäisestä "menköön

tiehensä!" oli hyvin pahoillaan, pyysi rouvan selittämään toimittajalle
heidän syyttömyytensä ja lupasi ottaa selon tuosta toisesta Heikki
Haverisesta, joka ei maksa asioitaan ja siten syyttömiltä tullaan
velkomaan.

— Nyt siitä asiasta alkaa jo tulla selvä, sanoi Haverisen vaimo

miehelleen, kun mies iltasella palasi työstään. Hän kertoi
käynnistään sanomalehden konttoorissa ja tuosta toisesta Heikki
Haverisesta, joka oli syypää koko rettelöön. Hän oli niin
tuohuksissaan kuin olisi hän aikonut rumpun kanssa lähteä koko
kaupungille kuuluttamaan, että se on toinen Heikki Haverinen, joka
on jättänyt maksamatta sanomalehtensä.

— No, selvähän se on nyt koko asia, sanoi mies.

 — Ei se vielä ole selvä, väitti eukko. Minun pitää etsiä käsiini se
toinen Haverinen.

— Mikäs syy siinä on, syytönhän se on.

— Niinhän sinä aina sanot ja sen tähden me onkin niin paljo

vahinkoa saatu kärsiä. Mistä sen tietää, kuinka paljo se on meidän
nimiin tehnyt velkaa.

— Ole nyt hupsimatta! Ne tekevät velkaa omiin nimiinsä.

— Se on ihmeellistä että sinä aina tahdot puolustaa semmoisia,

jotka meille vahinkoa tekevät. Tuskin me saisimme omaa
palastamme syödä, jos minä en olisi vähä pitämässä kiini. Sinä olet
semmoinen helppoluontoinen ja sinua saa pettää kuin pientä lasta.

Haverinen ei enää jatkanut puhetta, sillä hän oli rauhallinen mies.

Seuraavana päivänä liikkui Haverisen vaimo kummallisessa

vimmassa, kysellen kaikilta erästä Heikki Haverista, joka heidän
nimiinsä tekee velkaa kaikkialla. Vihdoin hän pääsi miehen perille.
Se oli eräs työmies kaupungin laidassa. Siellä kävi Haverisen vaimo
vieraisilla, ja saivat ne nimensä kuulla. Ensin oli koko perhe
hämmästyksissään ja häpeissään maksamattomasta asiastaan,
mutta lopulta tuntui Haverisesta haukkuminen jo liijemmoiselta, hän
kierteli ja houkutteli vierasta hyvällä, vaan kun siitä ei ollut mitään
apua, sieppasi hän sopelta halon ja sanoi:

— Emäntä on hyvä ja menee nyt paikalla ulos!

Haverisen emäntä oli oikeastaan luonteeltaan hyvin pelkuri;

hänelle pakkautui veri päähän, jos hän luki Kuopion Uutisista
suurempata tappelujuttua. Niin raivossa ja voiton puolella kuin hän
oli tässä ensin ollutkin, oli hän pyörtyä nähdessään tuon väärän
Haverisen uhkaavan häntä halolla. Hän ei tiennyt itse, mitenkä hän
tuli ulos, vaan koko matkan kotiinsa piteli hän sydänalaansa ja luuli
kaatuvansa joka askeleella. Hän sairastui vuoteen omaksi
muutamaksi päiväksi, jolloin hän kiivaasti vaati miehensä nostamaan
kanteen tuota toista Haverista vastaan. Mutta mies kartteli ja odotti,
että puuska menisi ohi.

Oikeusjutun jätti vaimokin puolestaan sikseen, sillä hän pelkäsi

kovasti kulunkeja, vaan sen sijaan keksi hän mielestään vielä
paremman keinon. Asiahan oli vielä selvittämättä toimittajalle, ja nyt
hän pyytää samalla toimittajaa kirjoittamaan lehteen tuosta
petturista, joka toisen nimiin tekee velkaa, ja kun menee siitä hänelle
puhumaan, uhkaa tappaa. Semmoisia roistomaisia ihmisiä! Siitä
tulee hyvä kirjoitus sanomalehteen.

Parattuaan meni hän toimittajan asuntoon. Toimittaja oli taas

kiireessä työssä, vaan otti eukon kohteliaasti puheelleen. Kun eukko
rupesi kertomaan entistä juttua tilausrahasta, keskeytti hänet
toimittaja, huomauttaen että se asia oli jo selvitetty.

— Ei, hyvä herra, nyt siinä vasta selvittämistä onkin. Herra

toimittaja ei tiedäkään, että täällä on eräs toinen Heikki Haverinen,
joka on tehnyt meidän nimiin velkaa.

— Teidän nimiin?

— Niin. Se se on jättänyt uutisetkin maksamatta, jota sitte tultiin

meiltä perimään, ja kun minä menin sinne siitä sanomaan, uhkasi
minut tappaa ja halon jo kohotti lyödäkseen, vaan pääsin toki
pakoon.
 Toimittaja käsitti heti asian oikean laidan ja päätti uhalla tehdä
eukolle asian selväksi. Mutta niin selvästi hän ei osannut selittää,
että se olisi eukon päähän mennyt. Haveriska vaan nauroi ja sanoi:

— Herra toimittaja on aivan kuin minun mieheni. Hänkin tahtoo

uskoa kaikista vaan hyvää, vaikka on saatu kyllä paljo petosta ja
vahinkoa kärsiä. Herra toimittaja on vaan hyvä ja kirjoittaa tästä
uutisiin, kyllä minä maksankin, jos se tulisi jotakin tekemään.

Toimittaja katseli pitkään eukon yksinkertaiseen muotoon, jossa

kuitenkin oli paljo ahnetta ja itsekästä. Eukko koetti olla hyvin
makeana, kun näki että toimittaja oli niin hyvällä tuulella. Mutta
toimittaja katseli häneen oikeastaan keksiäkseen hänessä paikkaa,
mihin valonsäde olisi heijastutettava. Toimittajan kuvaannollinen
selitys näet oli, että ihmisen ymmärrys riippuu siitä, minkä laisessa
kulmassa valon säde hänen aivoihinsa heijastetaan, ja että
yksityisten ihmisten ja koko ihmiskunnan sivistämistyö on
valonsäteitten heijastuttamista peilin asettelemisen kautta. Kun hän
toimittaa lehteään, asettelee hän vaan heijastuspeiliään, valaisten
pimeitä paikkoja ja herättäen eloon niitä, jotka tiedottomuudessa
nukkuvat. Tulilasia hän käyttää myös. Mutta tämän ihmisen edessä
hän seisoi neuvotonna, hän ei löytänyt siitä sitä pistettä, mihin
hänessä säde pystyisi; häneen ei olisi pystynyt polttolasikaan.

— Minä nyt en jouda teidän kanssanne enempää, minulla on hyvin

kiirettä: menkäähän nyt pois.

Näin hän sai eukon vihdoinkin pois.

Mutta seuraavana päivänä näki toimittaja hänen tulevan taas, ja

hän pani oven lukkoon aivan nenän edessä, jääden lasioven taakse
katsomaan vaimoa.
 Vaimo nykäsi ovea, vaikka näki ja kuuli sen lukkoamisen, ja oli sen
näköinen kuin jostakin myöhästynyt. Aivan varmaan hän olisi
lähtenyt kyökin puolelle rouvan kautta pyrkimään, vaan hän älysi
toimittajan kasvot lasioven takana. Se teki vaimoon kummallisen
vaikutuksen. He katsoivat hetken vastakkain, vaan vaimo joutui heti
hämilleen ja neuvottomaksi, hän punehtui ja vaaleni eikä osannut
mitään. Ensimäisellä käynnillään hän oli myös nähnyt toimittajan
lukkoavan oven hänen edessään, vaan siitä hän ei ollut mitään
välittänyt, hän oli kiertänyt kyökin kautta. Mutta miksi toimittaja jäi
häntä nyt noin katselemaan? Se teki häneen kummallisen
masentavan vaikutuksen, niin että hän häpesi omaa itseään,
tietämättä kuitenkaan minkä tähden. Hän meni häpeissään pois, eikä
voinut kertoa miehelleenkään tästä, vaikka hän tavallisesti kertoi
kaikki.

Tämän jälkeen Haverisen vaimo vähemmän puhui väärin velotusta

tilausrahasta, vaan asia oli hänelle kuitenkin salaisena sydämen
ahdistuksena yhä eteen päin. Vuoden lopussa hän epäili, tilaisiko
hän enää koko Kuopion Uutisia, vaan ei hän voinut niitä
tilaamattakaan olla; hän kuitenkin vei vieraan miehen mukanaan
maksaessaan tilausrahan. Alituinen pelko oli hänellä, että
ryöstöherra voi tulla minä päivänä tahansa kirjoittamaan heidän
tavaroitaan tuon toisen Haverisen tekemistä veloista.

Mutta Uutisten toimittajaa hän oli ruvennut pelkäämään; nuo

tarkastelevat kasvot lasioven takana tulivat hänen painajaisekseen,
jota hän ei voinut karkoittaa pois. Kun hän näki toimittajan tulevan
samaa katua vastaan, piti hänen päästä toiselle kadulle, ja hän kiitti
luojaansa, kun pääsi pakoon. Miksi hän pelkäsi häntä? Siitä hän ei
päässyt selville, mutta hän pelkäsi ja häpesi.
 Monen vuoden kuluttua Kuopion Uutisten toimittaja kuoli ja
haudattiin. Haverisen vaimolla oli tapana käydä melkein jokaista
hautaan laskemista katsomassa, ja hän tuli toimittajankin haudalle.
Nähtyään erään tuttavansa vaimon haudalla, meni hän hänen
luokseen ja kertoi hänelle tuon vanhan jutun väärästä sanomalehden
tilausrahan velkomisesta. Se oli kuin kuuluva sen miehen
elämäkertaan, joka nyt laskettiin maan poveen.

— En minä kuitenkaan voi siitä toimittajavainaata ollenkaan

syyttää, sanoi Haverisen vaimo, syytönhän hän oli. Vaan sanopas
sinä, oliko hän milloinkaan ylpeä? kysyi hän hiljaa ja ikään kuin
arvoitusta, jota hän on kauvan miettinyt.

— Ei suinkaan, kaikki kiittelivät toimittajaa kohteliaaksi ja mainioksi

mieheksi.

— Niin, ei suinkaan hän ollut ylpeä, en minä tahdo sitä toki

sanoakaan, vakuutti Haveriska, jääden miettiväisenä tuijottamaan
eteensä.
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