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International Handbooks of Quality-of-Life

Rhonda Phillips
Cecilia Wong Editors

Handbook of
Community
Well-Being
Research
International Handbooks
of Quality-of-Life

Chair of the Editorial Board

Graciela Tonon. Universidad Nacional de Lomas de Zamora and
Universidad de Palermo, Argentina

Editorial Board
Alex Michalos, University of Northern British Columbia, Canada
Rhonda Phillips, Purdue University, USA
Don Rahtz, College of William & Mary, USA
Dave Webb, University of Western Australia, Australia
Wolfgang Glatzer, Goethe University, Germany
Dong Jin Lee, Yonsei University, Korea
Laura Camfield, University of East Anglia, UK
Aims and Scope
The International Handbooks of Quality-of-Life Research offer extensive
bibliographic resources. They present literature reviews of the many sub-­
disciplines and areas of study within the growing field of quality of life
research. Handbooks in the series focus on capturing and reviewing the
quality of life research literature in specific life domains, on specific
populations, or in relation to specific disciplines or sectors of industry. In
addition, the Handbooks cover measures of quality of life and well-being,
providing annotated bibliographies of well-established measures, methods,
and scales.

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8365

Rhonda Phillips • Cecilia Wong
Editors

Handbook
of Community
Well-Being Research
Editors
Rhonda Phillips Cecilia Wong
Honors College and Agricultural School of Environment, Education and
Economics Development
Purdue University The University of Manchester
West Lafayette, IN, USA Manchester, UK

ISSN 2468-7227     ISSN 2468-7235 (electronic)

International Handbooks of Quality-of-Life
ISBN 978-94-024-0876-8    ISBN 978-94-024-0878-2 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-024-0878-2

Library of Congress Control Number: 2016959203

© Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2017

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or
part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of
illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way,
and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software,
or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are
exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in
this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor
the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material
contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made.

Printed on acid-free paper

This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature

The registered company is Springer Science+Business Media B.V. Dordrecht
Acknowledgements

We wish to thank our contributors to this volume. Their work is inspiring, and
we are eager to share it with others.

v
Contents

Part I Foundations
1 Community Functioning That Fosters Sustainable
Social Well-Being����������������������������������������������������������������������������    3
Ronald E. Anderson
2 Punk Rock Wisdom: An Emancipative Psychological Social
Capital Approach to Community Well-Being������������������������������   11
Craig A. Talmage, C. Bjørn Peterson, and Richard C. Knopf
3 The ART of Hope: Healing the Wounded City����������������������������   39
Derek Cook
4 Multi-dimensional Model of Community Well-Being
from a Public Service Delivery Perspective ��������������������������������   69
Youngwha Kee
5 Happiness: An Alternative Objective for Sustainable
Community Development��������������������������������������������������������������   85
Scott Cloutier and Deirdre Pfeiffer

Part II Engaging and Participating for Well-Being

6 Debriefs as Process Evaluation for Community
Well-Being: Community-based Participatory
Research with Métis Settlements in Alberta, Canada����������������   99
Fay Fletcher, Alicia Hibbert, and Brent Hammer
7 Achieving Community Well-Being Through
Community Participatory Governance:
The Case of Saemaul Undong ������������������������������������������������������ 115
Seung Jong Lee and Yunji Kim
8 A Citizen-Led Approach to Enhancing
Community Well-Being ���������������������������������������������������������������� 129
Sylvia Cheuy, Leesa Fawcett, Karen Hutchinson,
and Tracey Robertson
9 Community Well-Being and Information Technology���������������� 169
Claire Wallace and Kathryn Vincent

vii
viii Contents

10 Festivity, Play, Well-Being … Historical and Rhetorical

Relationships: Implications for Communities���������������������������� 189
Vern Biaett

Part III The “Health” of Well-Being

11 What We Can Learn from America’s Highest
Well-Being Communities�������������������������������������������������������������� 201
Dan Witters
12 Public Health and Urban Planning: Challenging
Options for Well-­Being: Experiences from Germany���������������� 221
Sabine Baumgart
13 Community-Driven Health Impact Assessment
and Asset-Based Community Development:
An Innovate Path to Community Well-Being������������������������������ 239
Colleen Cameron and Tanya Wasacase
14 The Human Development Approach: Stimulating
a Fact-­Based Conversation About Improving
the Human Condition in Sonoma County, California���������������� 261
Sarah Burd-Sharps, Patrick Nolan Guyer, and Kristen Lewis
15 Community Capacity in End of Life Care:
Can a Community Development Model
Address Suffering and Enhance Well-Being?������������������������������ 275
Kyle Y. Whitfield and Martin LaBrie

Part IV Planning, Design, and Measuring

16 From National to Local: Measuring Well-Being
at the Community Level���������������������������������������������������������������� 293
Bryan Smale and Margo Hilbrecht
17 Building Well-Being: Neighbourhood Flourishing
and Approaches for Participatory Urban
Design Intervention������������������������������������������������������������������������ 313
Jamie Anderson and Cathy Baldwin
18 Stakeholder Preferences on a Working Waterfront:
Quality of Life, Land Uses and Planning
Processes in Chelsea, Massachusetts�������������������������������������������� 339
Justin B. Hollander and Jessica Soule
19 LISADEMAS: A Life Satisfaction Decision-Making System
for Integrated Community Development Planning�������������������� 355
Vaios Kotsios
20 A Geographic and Mixed Methods Approach
to Capture Unequal Quality-of-Life Conditions ������������������������ 385
Javier Martinez, Jeroen Verplanke, and Gianluca Miscione
Contents ix

21 Distinguishing Flourishing from Distressed

Communities: Vulnerability, Resilience
and a Systemic Framework to Facilitate Well-Being������������������ 403
Clifford J. Shultz II, Don R. Rahtz, and M. Joseph Sirgy
22 Measuring Community Well-Being and Individual
Well-Being for Public Policy: The Case
of the Community Well-Being Atlas �������������������������������������������� 423
Yunji Kim and Kai Ludwigs
23 Delivering Community Well-Being from the Happy
City Concept: A Practical Approach to Urban Planning
and Design�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 435
Tzu-Yuan Stessa Chao, Shao-Kuan Liu,
Balint Kalman, Hsin-Chieh Cindy Lu, and Miaoqi Cai

Part V Community Concepts and Applications

24 The Role of Community-Based Organizations:
The Case of the Saemaul Undong Women’s Club���������������������� 455
Oe-Chool Choi
25 Rural Poverty and Well-Being: Material
and Sociocultural Disconnections������������������������������������������������ 473
Paul Milbourne and Brian Webb
26 The Role of Spirituality in Building Capacity
for Women’s Leadership in Crisis Conditions:
A Community Level Analysis of Burma�������������������������������������� 487
Phyusin Myint
27 The Decisive Contribution of Youth
to Community Well-Being ������������������������������������������������������������ 505
Ilya Shodjaee-Zrudlo and Hoda Farahmandpour
28 Community Well-Being and National Well-Being:
The Opinion of Young People�������������������������������������������������������� 523
Graciela Tonon
29 Understanding the Impact of Alberta’s Early
Child Development Community Coalitions
on Community Well-Being������������������������������������������������������������ 531
Samantha Berger, Launa Clark, and Line Marie Perron
30 The Green Machine Mobile Market:
An Innovative Response to Food Insecurity
in the Bluff City������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 547
Antonio Raciti and Kenneth M. Reardon
31 Can Living Wage Be a Win-Win Policy? A Study
of Living Wage Effects on Employer and Employee
Performance in Hamilton, Canada���������������������������������������������� 575
Zhaocheng Zeng and Benson Honig

Erratum���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� E1
About the Editors and Contributors

Editors

Rhonda Phillips, Ph.D., FAICP Rhonda’s research and outreach efforts

focus on quality of life and well-­being related to community and economic
development. At Purdue, she serves as dean of the Honors College and a
professor in the Agricultural Economics Department. Rhonda is author or
editor of over 20 books, including Sustainable Communities: Creating a
Durable Local Economy; Community Development Indicators Measuring
Systems; and Introduction to Community Development. She is editor of the
series Community Quality of Life and Well-Being (http://www.springer.com/
series/13761). Formerly a senior sustainability scientist with the Global
Institute of Sustainability, Rhonda also served as director and professor in the
School of Community Resources and Development at Arizona State
University and founding director of the University of Florida’s Center for
Building Better Communities. She is a member of the College of Fellows of
the American Institute of Certified Planners (FAICP). She is currently
president of the International Society for Quality-of-Life Studies (www.
isqols.org) and a co-researcher with the Community Wellbeing Institute, a
Social Science Korea project (www.communitywellbeing.org).

Cecilia Wong, Ph.D., FAcSS, MRTPI Cecilia is professor of spatial planning

and director of the Spatial Policy and Analysis Laboratory of the Manchester
Urban Institute at the University of Manchester. She is a fellow of the UK
Academy of Social Sciences, co-editor of Town Planning Review, and member
of the UK Economic and Social Research Council’s grant assessment panel.
She is a chartered town planner and received degrees from the Chinese
University of Hong Kong, the University of Liverpool, and the University of
Manchester. Her research interests include quantitative indicators, spatial
policy monitoring and analysis, urban and regional development, and housing
and infrastructure planning. She has conducted major research projects for the
UK central government departments, Economic and Social Research Council,
Joseph Rowntree Foundation, Royal Town Planning Institute, and regional and
local bodies. She was a commissioner of the UK Labour Party’s Lyons Housing
Review and expert panel member of the Department for Community and Local
Government’s planning and housing panel, the European Commission’s Urban
Audit II, and the UN-Habitat City Prosperity Index (Middle East).

xi
xii About the Editors and Contributors

Contributors

Jamie Anderson Jamie is a knowledge transfer fellow at BuroHappold

Engineers and the University of Cambridge. Jamie’s Ph.D. was funded by an
interdisciplinary EPSRC studentship and jointly supervised by the Department
of Architecture and the Well-Being Institute of Cambridge University. His
research interests focus on the relationship between urban design, public
space, health, and well-being. He has 11 years of urban design experience,
including 6 as a practitioner and 5 in a research capacity. As a practitioner, he
worked with private sector investors and public authorities to frame and
implement policy on social sustainability and city design. He spent five years
working at URBED as a cooperative director and project manager and has
worked on over 50 projects. His research skill set comprises action-oriented
research with qualitative and quantitative methods. Jamie is a member of the
International Association of People-Environment Studies and the Cambridge
Neuroscience group. He is advisor to Bristol’s Happy City Index and co-­
investigator of a health and well-being study funded by the National Institute
for Health Research.

Ronald E. Anderson Ron is emeritus professor of sociology at the University

of Minnesota. For two decades, he coordinated research on information
technology in K-12 education in over 25 countries. As the US national
research coordinator for the IEA Computers in Education study from 1990 to
2005, he secured several large grants from the National Science Foundation
to conduct a variety of research projects. After retiring from the University of
Minnesota in 2005, he continues to serve on the editorial boards of several
professional journals, and he currently is co-editor of Social Science Computer
Review. Since 2014, he has been on the board of directors for the International
Society for Quality-­of-­Life Studies. In 2014, Springer published his single-
authored book, Human Suffering and Quality of Life: Conceptualizing Stories
and Statistics. In 2015, his edited, 32-chapter book, World Suffering and
Quality of Life, was also published by Springer. Currently he is compiling
chapters for a companion volume, Alleviating World Suffering.

Cathy Baldwin Cathy is a postdoctoral associate in anthropology at the

University of Oxford and works internationally as an applied social science
consultant. She gained her DPhil in social and cultural anthropology and
MSc from the University of Oxford and M.A. and B.A. from the University
of Sussex. She specializes in the social, cultural, and health impacts of
urban planning, environmental management, and climate change. She was a
visiting research fellow at the World Resources Institute, an environmental
NGO in Washington, DC. Cathy has also worked as a social and health
impact assessment consultant in the UK at Atkins and Ben Cave Associates.
She has provided social input to HIAs on high-speed rail and within the
energy industry and completed short-­ term assignments in Australia.
Other consultancy covered NGO projects to use ICTs to create
socioeconomic development opportunities for communities in the developing
world, participant observation of the UK’s National Health Service
About the Editors and Contributors xiii

management, and employee perceptions of a company. She was formerly a

broadcast journalist with BBC World Service and has worked in NGO
media relations.

Sabine Baumgart Sabine is chair of urban and regional planning in the

School of Spatial Planning at TU Dortmund. She holds a Dipl.-Ing. in
architecture at the University of Hannover and a doctorate in urban planning
at the University of Stuttgart. She has worked as a research assistant at the
University of Hannover and at the Technical University of Hamburg. She was
trained for an administrative leadership position and passed the state exam
and then headed an urban and regional planning consultancy for many years.
She worked as a part-time lecturer at several faculties in Germany and has
been a visiting professor at the Faculty of Architecture, University of
Hannover, before taking the chair at TU Dortmund. The research focus of her
department is on urban property development in existing quarters, integrated
settlement and infrastructure development, climate change adaptation and
renewable energies, public urban health promotion, small- and medium-sized
towns, as well as spatially significant processes of development in mega
urban regions.

Samantha Berger Samantha contributed to this work in her role as the

community development researcher for the Early Child Development
Mapping Project (ECMap) out of the University of Alberta. Her research with
ECMap focused on the intricacies of coalition development, sustainability,
and impact on local communities. Berger has a masters in social anthropology
from the London School of Economics and currently works as a developmental
evaluator and qualitative researcher with a number of not-for-profit initiatives
and organizations including the First 2000 Days Network, the Café Institute
and Calgary Reads, in Calgary, Canada. Prior to this work, she worked as the
EDI coordinator at the Human Early Learning Partnership at the University
of British Columbia and as a research assistant at the Institute for Health and
Social Policy at McGill University.

Vern Biaett Vern is assistant professor of event management in the Nido

R. Qubein School of Communications at High Point University where he
recently brought to fruition a new bachelor of arts major track in event
management. He received his Ph.D. from Arizona State in community
resources and development in 2013. Prior to his current appointment at High
Point University, Vern served for eight years as a faculty associate at Arizona
State University teaching event management courses in a special event
certificate program he co-created following a 30 year career in leisure
services primarily producing festivals and events for the cities of Phoenix
and Glendale, Arizona, for purposes of downtown revitalization. His doctoral
research examined the behavior of attendees at community festivals with
implications for social capital using an ethnographic grounded theory
method. His latest writing and research has focused on both the optimal
experience of festivity as well as issues surrounding the estimation of
attendance at major events.
xiv About the Editors and Contributors

Sarah Burd-Sharps Sarah is co-director of Measure of America of the

Social Science Research Council and co-author of two volumes of The
Measure of America (Columbia University Press, 2008, and NYU Press,
2010) as well as well-being reports for California, Louisiana, Mississippi,
and Marin and Sonoma Counties. Sarah has presented this research on
national television and in academic and public fora across the USA and
contributes opinion pieces regularly to media outlets. Prior to this position,
Sarah worked for the United Nations for over two decades, with a focus on
economic empowerment, democratic governance, and gender equity. Her last
UN position was as deputy director of the UN Development Program’s
Human Development Report Office, where she worked on three global
Human Development Reports (Oxford University Press) and led the UN’s
work on national human development reports on every continent. Sarah has
worked in 14 African countries and in China. She received a master’s degree
in international affairs from Columbia University.

Colleen Cameron Colleen is a senior program staff and interim associate

director of education at the Coady International Institute, St. Francis Xavier
University. She has more than 40 years of experience in the area of community
health and development, adult education, and social justice initiatives. She
has a bachelor’s degree of nursing from Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS,
and master’s degree of adult education from St. Francis Xavier University,
Antigonish, NS. She has practiced and taught nursing and community health
in Canada, Africa, and the Middle East. Her areas of teaching, research, and
writing have been focused on the social determinants of health, community
development, gender, building resilient communities, and community-driven
health impact assessments. Since 1997, Colleen has been involved in the
People Assessing Their Health network and consequently has been involved
in assisting communities in developing and using a Community Health
Impact Assessment Tool to assist in decision making in Canada, India, Ghana,
and Sierra Leone.

Tzu-Yuan Stessa Chao Tzu-Yuan is assistant professor in the Department

of Urban Planning and research fellow of Healthy City Research Center at
National Cheng Kung University of Taiwan. She holds a master’s degree of
city planning from the University of Pennsylvania and a doctorate of urban
planning from the University of Nottingham. Her research mainly focuses on
demographic change and urban planning system in terms of planning and
design practices and planning regulatory system. She has been actively
involved in age-­friendly cities research since 2010 and was the first project
leader of Taiwan’s National Age-Friendly Cities Program in 2010–2011. She
has been a visiting scholar at the University of West of England WHO
Collaborating Centre in 2012. She has published a number of journal articles
and book chapters, including the Routledge Handbook of Planning for Health
and Well-Being, on the age-friendly cities and communities from planning
and design perspectives.
About the Editors and Contributors xv

Sylvia Cheuy Sylvia is director of Tamarack Institute for Community

Engagement, which develops and supports learning communities that help
people to collaborate, co-generate knowledge, and achieve collective impact
on complex community issues. She provides coaching, leadership, and
support in the fields of collaborative leadership, collective impact, and
community engagement. She is an internationally recognized trainer and
community builder. She is also editor of Engage!, Tamarack’s award-winning
e-magazine. Sylvia was formerly the director of Headwaters Communities in
Action, a grassroots citizen group that fosters collaborative leadership and
action in support of a long-­term vision of well-being for Ontario’s Headwaters
region. She is a skilled facilitator and has a proven track record in finding and
securing grant funding, both project and capital, to support innovative
community projects. She recently completed her masters diploma in social
innovation at the University of Waterloo where she explored opportunities to
create change within regional food systems.

Oe-Chool Choi Oe-Chool is the executive vice president and professor of

Saemaul studies and international development at Yeungnam University. He
currently serves as the president of the Global Saemaul Undong Forum and
Global Saemaul Development Network. He also serves as an advisor to the
prime minister of Cambodia and to the Amhara National Regional State of
Ethiopia. He also advises the president of the Korea International Cooperation
Agency. His research interests include Saemaulogy, regional planning,
community development, community building, and governance.

Launa Clark Launa has been involved in the field of early childhood
development for more than 20 years. She began as a preschool assistant and
has gone on to teach in the early childhood education program at Lethbridge
College, to run a family day home for 6 years, and to be a professional
development and training administrator for the Alberta Resource Centre for
Quality Enhancement. Launa has presented workshops at national and
international conferences, including the National Association for Education
of Young Children Conference in Washington, DC. She completed a B.A. in
human services and labor relations at Athabasca University in 2010 with
great distinction while working full-time and raising her children.

Scott Cloutier Scott is assistant professor, Walton sustainability fellow, and

senior sustainability scholar within the Julie Ann Wrigley Global Institute of
Sustainability at Arizona State University. He is focused on charting a new
course for sustainability to maximize opportunities for happiness. Scott’s
experience and expanding research agenda revolve around three key elements:
(1) sustainable urban/neighborhood development research designed to
integrate community development subsystems (e.g., water, waste, energy,
transportation, business and economic development) to maximize community
well-being through sustainable interventions, (2) qualitative and quantitative
mixed method research designed to explore and reflect human/built-and-
natural-­
environment/sustainability connections from both subjective and
objective perspectives, and (3) theoretical processes research around
xvi About the Editors and Contributors

constructs of quality of life, community well-being, subjective well-being

(happiness), hedonia, eudaimonia, and biological underpinnings.

Derek Cook Derek Cook currently serves as the director of the Canadian
Poverty Institute at Ambrose University in Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Previously, Derek served as the executive director of the Calgary Poverty
Reduction Initiative, leading the mayor’s task force on poverty reduction.
Derek’s experience also includes work in social research and policy
development with the city of Calgary and as a community development
worker with marginalized populations in diverse organizations across Canada.
Currently Derek is a member of the board of Canada Without Poverty, a
national anti-poverty organization. Derek’s research interests and expertise
lie in issues around income and poverty, diversity, and the labor force. Derek
holds an MSc in rural planning development from the University of Guelph
and a B.A. in political studies from McGill University and is a registered
social worker in the province of Alberta.

Hoda Farahmandpour Hoda is completing a Ph.D. in adult education and

community development at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education of
the University of Toronto after earning an M.A. in the same department. She
has spent the last 10 years involved in the development and implementation
of youth programming in the greater Toronto area. She co-founded Wordswell
Association for Community Learning, a nonprofit organization offering
educational programs for the empowerment of young people in Toronto so
that youth are accompanied to plan, execute, and analyze social action
projects within their neighborhoods. She currently serves as a director of a
regional office on behalf of the Office of Social and Economic Development
at the Bahá’í World Centre, focused on the implementation and development
of educational programs for youth in North America and the Caribbean. Her
research interests include youth empowerment, experiential education, moral
education, service learning, organizational change and development,
community development, volunteerism, program development, and critical
pedagogy.

Leesa Fawcett Leesa is associate professor in the Faculty of Environmental

Studies at York University. Her interdisciplinary, feminist research on human-
animal relationships crosses over between environmental and sustainability
education and ethics, human ecology, and biological conservation. She has
co-authored two books and numerous articles and is a member of WWF’s
scientific advisory committee on the Endangered Species Recovery Fund.
Leesa was a co-­chair of Headwaters Communities in Action (HCIA) between
2008 and 2012 and was instrumental in the creation of the Headwaters
Community Well-­Being Report. She is dedicated to proactive community
involvement that honors social and environmental justice issues and was
drawn to HCIA because of their interest in the flourishing of all members of
the Headwaters communities and their dynamic leadership model based on
trust and responsibility.
About the Editors and Contributors xvii

Fay Fletcher Fay is associate dean in the Faculty of Extension at the

University of Alberta. She has focused on the integration of research and
teaching with the intent of making adult education more accessible, relevant,
and meaningful for indigenous learners. Community-based research with
First Nations communities and Metis Settlement colleagues and communities
has informed the development and delivery of local and international adult
continuing education programs as well as aboriginal youth life skills
programs. She is an associate professor with the Faculty of Extension and
academic lead on adult continuing education programs including aboriginal
health promotion, indigenous community engagement, and aboriginal
community-industry relations.

Patrick Nolan Guyer Patrick is director of research and evaluation for the
Energy Project, a management consulting firm, and principal consultant at
Chiffrephile Consulting. Previously, he was chief statistician and assistant
director of Measure of America, a project of the Social Science Research
Council, and has worked as a consultant to a variety of United Nations
agencies and nonprofit organizations and the private sector. Patrick’s work
focuses on designing innovative measures of well-being particularly for
populations such as children and youth and using these metrics to inform
better policymaking. Patrick has authored and co-authored ten journal
articles, book chapters, and working papers on the measurement of well-
being, development, and human rights and has presented his research on
national television and in academic and public fora across the USA as well as
in Canada and Japan. He holds an M.A. in international affairs from New
School University.

Brent Hammer Brent is Ph.D. (ABD) candidate and instructor in cultural

anthropology at the University of Alberta. He has worked as a qualitative
research coordinator at the Faculty of Extension with the Métis Settlements
Life Skills Journey program since 2013. Brent’s research focus was on
conducting participant observation at the summer youth camps and facilitating
evaluation data and analysis with the research team. Brent’s research interests
include the intersection where people, place, and practice engage to shape
cultural identity.

Alicia Hibbert Alicia has worked as an applied researcher since 2010 at the
Faculty of Extension, University of Alberta, working with First Nations and
Métis communities to build resiliency among their children and youth. She
led a community needs and readiness assessment with Métis Settlements,
which informed the development of the Métis Settlements Life Skills Journey
program – a summer camp that focuses on building individual and community
resiliency. She collaborated with a local advisory committee and community
staff at Buffalo Lake Métis Settlement to design Life Skills Journey program
resources as well as the framework for program delivery. She now
administrates and provides evaluation leadership for summer implementation
of Life Skills Journey with four Métis Settlements. With a background in
anthropology and humanities computing, she has an interest in adapting
xviii About the Editors and Contributors

research and knowledge translation methods to the local context to improve

program outcomes.

Margo Hilbrecht Margo is the associate director of research for the

Canadian Index of Wellbeing (CIW) and a research assistant professor in the
Faculty of Applied Health Sciences at the University of Waterloo where she
is cross-appointed to the Department of Recreation and Leisure Studies. She
received her Ph.D. from the University of Waterloo. Prior to joining the CIW,
she was a senior research associate and postdoctoral fellow at the Centre for
Families, Work and Well-Being of the University of Guelph. Her research
focuses on time use and the intersection of work, family, and leisure. She is
particularly ­interested in changing employment trends and practices and the
implications of these and other social changes for quality of life. In her role
at the CIW, she is engaged extensively in social indicators research both at the
national level and in partnership with communities across Canada.

Justin B. Hollander Justin B. Hollander is an associate professor of urban

and environmental policy and planning at Tufts University. He has a Ph.D. in
planning and public policy from the Edward J. Bloustein School of Planning
and Public Policy at Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey. He is a
member of the American Institute of Certified Planners. His research and
teaching is in the areas of shrinking cities, big data, brownfields, and the
intersection between cognitive science and the design of cities. He directs the
Urban Attitudes Lab, where researchers use advanced qualitative and
quantitative methods to mine social media data for clues to community well-
being. Most recently, he co-­authored Cognitive Architecture: Designing for
How We Respond to the Built Environment (Routledge, 2015) and is the
author of three other books on urban design and planning.

Benson Honig Benson received his Ph.D. from Stanford University and is
the Teresa Cascioli chair in entrepreneurial leadership at the DeGroote School
of Business of McMaster University. His research interests include business
planning, nascent entrepreneurship, transnational entrepreneurship, ethics in
scholarship, social entrepreneurship, social capital, and entrepreneurship in
environments of transition. He has published widely in leading academic
journals and the media and serves on six editorial boards. He was past chair
of the Academy of Management Ethics Education Committee, past president
of the Canadian Council for Small Business and Entrepreneurship, and past
chair of the International Theme Committee of the Academy of Management.
He served for seven years as a decision editor for Entrepreneurship Theory
and Practice and is the 2009 winner (with Per Davidsson) of the Greif
Research Impact Award from the University of Southern California for the
most cited entrepreneurship article in the previous five years, as well as the
winner of the most cited article for the Journal of Business Venturing in 2009.

Karen Hutchinson Karen currently works as a project consultant to

Headwaters Communities in Action (HCIA) where she supports the work of
the Headwaters Food and Farming Alliance. Karen’s career has straddled the
About the Editors and Contributors xix

private and nonprofit sectors, but she has spent much of the last decade
actively working for food system change. Prior to her work with HCIA,
Karen was the director of the Caledon Countryside Alliance (CCA), a
nonprofit organization that delivered local community-based programs
promoting sustainable living and countryside prosperity. Karen has a graduate
diploma in social innovation and a bachelor of environmental studies (urban
and regional planning) from the University of Waterloo. An active volunteer,
Karen served as the co-chair of Sustain Ontario from 2010 to 2013 and is a
founder and current board member with the Albion Hills Community Farm, a
farm and learning center focused on food provision, education, community
gardens, and near-urban agriculture.

Youngwha Kee Youngwha Kee is professor in the Department of Lifelong

Education at Soongsil University and the president of the National Institute of
Lifelong Education. She has served as the president of the Association of
Adult and Continuing Education of Korea and director of the Korea Institute
of Local Development Education. Currently, she serves on the editorial board
of Springer’s Community Quality-of-Life and Well-Being book series, the
International Journal of Continuing Education and Lifelong Learning (Hong
Kong), the Lifelong Education Magazine (Taiwan), and Lifelong Education
(China). Her research interests include educational gerontology, community
and civic education, community well-being, community development, and
governance.

Yunji Kim Yunji is a doctoral student in the Department of City and Regional
Planning at Cornell University. Her research focuses on local government
service delivery, community development, community well-being, and local
finance. Yunji is also part of an international research project on community
well-­
being funded by the National Research Foundation of Korea. She
received her master’s degree from the Graduate School of Public
Administration, Seoul National University, and her bachelor’s degree in
government from Georgetown University.

Richard C. Knopf Richard is professor of community resources and

development at Arizona State University and serves as director of ASU’s
Partnership for Community Development. He carries an MSc in urban and
regional planning and Ph.D. in natural resources and environmental policy
from the University of Michigan and has served on the faculty of Colorado
State University, Pennsylvania State University, and the University of
Minnesota. He also served for eight years as a principal research social scientist
with the US Department of Agriculture focusing on issues in community life
quality development. His research and teaching expertise includes community
development theory and practice, community needs and assets assessment,
social enterprise, life quality enhancement, NGO and public sector capacity
building, sustainable communities, sustainable economic growth, and social
challenges such as poverty and hunger. He has authored over 140 publications
in community quality of life. Richard’s passion rests in working with graduate
students who focus on creating transformative social change.
xx About the Editors and Contributors

Vaios Kotsios Vaios is now completing a Ph.D. in integrated development

planning, focusing on quality of life. He is currently working as a research
associate to the Metsovion Interdisciplinary Research Center of the National
Technical University of Athens (NTUA). He has completed a B.A. in
environmental science from Aegean University and an MSc in environment
and development science, specializing in the investigation of social
representations of environment and development concepts, from NTUA and
another MSc in environmental education, specializing in the nonformal
education and environmental ethics, from Aegean University. For over six
years, he has been involved in researching factors that improve the quality of
life in mountain communities. Since 2009, he has been teaching as a fellow
and coordinator of the annual collective interdisciplinary research on the
integrated development of prefectures and regions in Greece, as part of the
interdisciplinary program of postgraduate studies “Environment and
Development” of the NTUA.

Martin LaBrie Martin is a palliative consulting physician with Alberta

Health Services, Calgary Zone. He is a clinical assistant professor in the
Department of Family Medicine and the Division of Palliative Medicine of
the Department of Oncology at the University of Calgary where he is involved
in undergraduate and postgraduate medical education, as well as continuing
professional development for other health professionals. His current interests
include the development of capacity for provision of palliative care services
for homeless and marginalized individuals and the development of community
capacity for palliative care. He has been involved in community development
activities for palliative care in Southern Alberta, British Columbia, and
Burkina Faso in Western Africa.

Seung Jong Lee Seung Jong is professor in the Graduate School of Public
Administration at Seoul National University. He received his B.A. and MPA
from Seoul National University and Ph.D. from Northwestern University. His
research interests include local governance, citizen participation, and
community well-being. He served as president of the Korea Association for
Public Administration and as editor in chief of several journals, including
Korean Public Administration, Journal of Local Autonomy Studies (Korea),
Journal of Local Administration (Korea), and Korean Policy Studies. He has
actively participated in various governmental advisory positions, such as
president of the Korea Research Institute of Local Administration, member of
the 2013 Presidential Transition Committee, vice chair of the Presidential
Committee for Local Administration System Reform, and chairperson of the
National Evaluation Committee for Local Performance.

Kristen Lewis Kristen Lewis is co-director of Measure of America of the

Social Science Research Council and co-author of two volumes of The
Measure of America (Columbia University Press, 2008 and NYU Press,
2010) as well as well-­being reports for California, Louisiana, Mississippi,
and Marin and Sonoma Counties. Before founding Measure of America in
2007, Kristen was senior policy advisor to the water and sanitation task force
About the Editors and Contributors xxi

of the UN Millennium Project and was co-author of the task force report,
Health, Dignity, and Development: What Will It Take? (Earthscan, 2005).
She previously worked at the United Nations for many years, first with
UNIFEM and then in UNDP’s policy bureau, and has served as a consultant
on gender equality issues for numerous international development
organizations, including UNICEF and UNFPA. Kristen contributes regularly
to media outlets, with articles published in the The Nation, Huffington Post,
and Stanford Social Innovation Review, among others. She received a master’s
degree in international affairs from Columbia University.

Shao-Kuan Liu, Balint Kalman, Hsin-Chieh Cindy Lu, Miaoqi Cai were
graduate students of the 2015 graduation studio of the Department of Urban
Planning at National Cheng-Kung University, Taiwan.

Kai Ludwigs Kai is founder and director of the Happiness Research

Organisation (HRO). The HRO, an independent research institute based at
Dusseldorf, Germany, specializes in measuring subjective well-being,
happiness, and quality of life. As a studied psychologist (Heinrich Heine
University, Düsseldorf, Germany) and economist (Distance University,
Hagen, Germany), he is known internationally in the areas of happiness,
quality of life, positive psychology, and time-use research. He is also on the
organization committee of the International Society for Quality-of-Life
Studies, co-investigator of the Community Well-­Being Institute in Seoul, and
fellow of the Erasmus Happiness Economics Research Organization. He has
given lectures at many different conferences and universities, presenting the
“Happiness-Time-Use-Approach” and the “Happiness Analyser.”

Javier Martinez Javier is assistant professor in the Department of Urban

and Regional Planning and Geo-Information Management at ITC, University
of Twente, the Netherlands. He graduated as an architect from the Faculty of
Architecture, Planning and Design (UNR), Rosario, Argentina, and obtained
his MSc degree in geo-information for urban planning from ITC, University
of Twente. He received his Ph.D. from the Faculty of Geographical Sciences,
Utrecht University, with a thesis entitled “Monitoring Intra-urban Inequalities
with GIS-Based Indicators: With a Case Study in Rosario, Argentina.”
Between 1999 and 2001, he worked in Argentina in the Strategic Plan Rosario
Office (PER) designing its urban indicators system. His research areas,
publications, and training experience are in the application of GIS, mixed
methods, and indicators for policymaking, urban poverty, quality of life, and
intra-urban inequalities. Between 2010 and 2014, he was co-coordinator of
the Network-­Association of European Researchers on Urbanisation in the
South (N-AERUS).

Paul Milbourne Paul Milbourne is professor of human geography in the

School of Geography and Planning at Cardiff University. He has long-
standing research interests in the geographies of welfare, particularly the
relations between poverty, homelessness and place, and the scalar politics of
welfare reform. Much of Paul’s research has explored these themes in the
xxii About the Editors and Contributors

context of rural regions and places. He has published widely on the rural
dimensions of welfare, poverty, and homelessness, including Welfare Reform
in Rural Places (Emerald, 2010), International Perspectives on Rural
Homelessness (Routledge, 2006, with Paul Cloke), and Rural Poverty:
Marginalisation and Exclusion in Britain and the United States (Routledge,
2004). Paul is also interested in the relations between nature, society, and
space, with recent and ongoing research focused on environmental and food
(in)justice in both rural and urban contexts.

Gianluca Miscione Gianluca joined the Management Information Systems

group at the School of Business of University College Dublin in 2012. He
was previously an assistant professor at the Department of Urban and
Regional Planning and Geo-­Information Management at the University of
Twente, the Netherlands. He received his Ph.D. in information systems and
organization from the Sociology Department of the University of Trento. As
a postdoc researcher, he joined the Department of Informatics of the
University of Oslo, where he developed his research on information
infrastructures at the global scale. He conducted and contributed to research
in Europe, Latin America, India, and East Africa and on the Internet. The
focus remained on the interplay between technologies and organizing
processes with a specific interest on innovation, development, organizational
change, social networks, and trust. His approach is informed by qualitative
and mixed methodologies.

Phyusin Myint Phyusin is the senior research and evaluation analyst for
Multnomah County, Department of County Human Services, Community
Services Division, Portland, Oregon. Her research at the county involves
assessment and analysis of homelessness, housing services, anti-poverty
programs, and poverty services. Myint is also concurrently an adjunct
instructor at the Mark O. Hatfield School of Government at Portland State
University. She received her Ph.D. in public affairs and policy from Portland
State University where she was the recipient of the Sasakawa Young Leaders
Fellowship for International Research. Her research focuses on sustainable
development, developing nations, the leadership roles of women, the role of
spirituality in sustainable development, and the implementation of sustainable
development in crisis conditions. Prior to her work at Portland State
University, Myint served as the Crisis Services coordinator for the Sexual
Assault Recovery and Prevention Center for San Luis Obispo, coordinating a
comprehensive and effective response for survivors of sexual violence.

Line Marie Perron Line is the founder and executive director for Early
Childhood Development Support Services, a capacity building agency that
supports the professional development of practitioners working with children
and families. She holds a master’s degree of science in family ecology and
practice as well as an indigenous early childhood leadership and management
certification. Line has focused her areas of research and practice on building
social and emotional skills in young children, trauma informed practice, and
building leadership in the early childhood sector. She also spent five years
About the Editors and Contributors xxiii

working as the community development and mobilization manager on the

Early Childhood Development Mapping Project in Alberta.

C. Bjørn Peterson Bjørn is associate director and senior research associate

at the Partnership for Community Development in Arizona State University’s
College of Public Service and Community Solutions. His research includes
leadership development and grassroots responses to climate change in the
Himalayas and the Western USA using interpretive research design. His
expertise lies in inclusive community development and sustainability, and he
teaches nonprofit leadership and management as a faculty associate and Ph.D.
candidate at Arizona State University. He further specializes in dialogical
community development and transformational leadership, drawing on more
than 15 years as a practitioner and consultant.

Deirdre Pfeiffer Deirdre Pfeiffer is assistant professor in the School of

Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning at Arizona State University. Her
research focuses on housing strategies in the USA relevant to an aging and
diversifying society, the outcomes of the foreclosure crisis, and the relationship
between suburban growth and racial equity. Her current research appears in
Urban Geography, Urban Studies, and Housing Policy Debate.

Antonio Raciti Antonio is assistant professor in the City and Regional

Planning (CRP) Department at the University of Memphis. He is currently
teaching and working in the CRP Department in collaboration with several
communities in d­ istressed urban and rural regions. His research interests
include long-term community-university partnerships, ecological planning,
community development, and urban design. Antonio received his Ph.D. from
the University of Catania (Sicily, Italy) and has been working with residents
and community groups in various action research projects in Eastern Sicily.
More recently, he has been part of community-university coalitions carrying
out research in Memphis inner-city neighborhoods and generating community-
based plans and implementing projects such as the Green Machine presented
in this book.

Don R. Rahtz Don is the J.S. Mack professor of marketing at the College of
William and Mary in Virginia. He received his Ph.D. from Virginia Tech in
1984. His expertise is in integrated marketing communication programs,
international competitive intelligence, marketing research, survey
methodology, analysis, and market assessment. He has served as the editor of
The Marketing Educator and on the editorial review boards of the Journal of
Health Care Marketing and the Journal of Business Psychology. Presently he
serves on the editorial review board of the Journal of Macromarketing and
the Journal of Applied Research in Quality of Life. He is a founding member
of the International Society for Quality-of-Life Studies (ISQOLS) where he
has served on the executive board in a number of positions and as the vice
president of programs for over a decade. He currently serves as the vice
president of programs for the Macromarketing Society.
xxiv About the Editors and Contributors

Kenneth M. Reardon Kenneth is professor and director of the newly

launched graduate program in urban planning and community development
in the School for the Environment at the University of Massachusetts Boston
where he is engaged in research, teaching, and outreach in the areas of
neighborhood planning, community development, municipal government
reform, and community/university development partnerships. Prior to joining
the University of Massachusetts, Ken served as professor and director of the
graduate program in city and regional planning at the University of Memphis,
associate professor and chair of the Department of City and Regional Planning
at Cornell University, and assistant and associate professor in the Department
of Urban and Regional Planning at the University of Illinois at Urbana-
Champaign. Temple University Press published Ken’s most recent publication,
a co-edited volume with John Forester of Cornell University entitled
Rebuilding Community After Katrina: Transformative Education in the New
Orleans Planning Initiate, in 2016.

Tracey Robertson Tracey is the strategic lead for Prosperous People with
the Ontario Trillium Foundation, one of Canada’s leading grant-making
foundations. She has a graduate diploma in social innovation, a masters in
social work from Wilfrid Laurier University, and a B.A. from the University
of Western Ontario. She has 25 years’ experience in system change processes,
strategic philanthropy locally and nationally, and community development in
the voluntary and public sectors. She also led a major provincial research
project for the foundation, analyzing the impact of its 100 million dollar
investments in building organizational capacity in nonprofit organizations
across Ontario. Prior to joining the Ontario Trillium Foundation, Tracey was
the national director of programs for the Canadian Living Foundation, where
she worked with corporations, education boards, and health and social service
organizations to establish community partnership networks for nutrition
programs nationwide.

Ilya Shodjaee-Zrudlo Ilya earned an M.A. in educational psychology and

adult education at the University of Montreal. He has long been involved in
youth programming as youth worker, trainer, and program coordinator in the
Montreal region. He currently serves as a program officer in the Office of
Social and Economic Development (OSED) at the Bahá’í World Centre.
OSED facilitates learning about development by fostering and supporting
action, reflection on action, study, consultation, the gathering and
systematization of experience, conceptualization, and training among a
network of collaborators and organizations in every continent, many of which
are involved in the promotion and coordination of educational program for
young people. His research interests include youth empowerment and
organizing for social change, moral education, service learning, the
philosophy of science, methodology in the social sciences, and the generation,
application, and dissemination of knowledge within and among organizations
and social movements.
About the Editors and Contributors xxv

Clifford J. Shultz II Clifford is professor and Kellstadt chair of marketing

at the Loyola University Chicago, Quinlan School of Business, and serves as
an international fellow of the Harvard-Fulbright Economics Teaching
Program. He holds a Ph.D. from Columbia University. He has expertise on
marketing and socioeconomic development in devastated, recovering, and
transforming economies. He works with governments, NGOs, businesses,
universities, and other organizations to study war recovery, reconstruction
and institution building, and sustainable peace, prosperity, and societal well-
being. Cliff served two terms as editor for the Journal of Macromarketing,
served as president of the International Society of Markets and Development,
and currently serves on several editorial and policy boards. He has over 200
publications in various scholarly outlets and has received several distinctions,
including Fulbright appointments in Vietnam and Croatia, research grants,
recognitions for best paper and article, awards for outstanding research and
teaching, etc. He has been invited to lecture, to present, and to conduct
research at universities, government agencies, NGOs, and research institutes
on six continents.

M. Joseph Sirgy Joseph is the Virginia Tech real estate professor of

marketing at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. He
co-founded the International Society for Quality-of-Life Studies (ISQOLS)
in 1995, and in 2010 ISQOLS honored him for excellence and lifetime service
to the society. He was the president of the Academy of Marketing Science
from which he received the Distinguished Fellow Award in the early 1990s
and the Harold Berkman Service Award in 2007. He co-founded the Journal
of Applied Research in Quality of Life in 2005 and has served as editor since
1995. He was also the editor of the QOL section in the Journal of
Macromarketing since 1995. In 2010 he won the Best Paper Award in the
Journal of Happiness Studies for his theory of the balanced life, and in 2011
he won the Best Paper Award in the Journal of Travel Research for his goal
theory of leisure travel satisfaction. In 2012 he was awarded the EuroMed
Management Research Award for outstanding achievements and
groundbreaking contributions to well-being and quality-of-life research.

Bryan Smale Bryan is director of the Canadian Index of Wellbeing (CIW)

housed in the Faculty of Applied Health Sciences at the University of Waterloo
(UW). He is also professor in the Department of Recreation and Leisure
Studies at UW and a research faculty associate in the Waterloo Institute for
Social Innovation and Resilience. He has bachelor’s and master’s degrees in
leisure studies from the University of Waterloo and a Ph.D. in geography
from the University of Western Ontario. His research focuses on the role of
leisure in the health and well-being of individuals and communities, the
spatial distribution and analysis of leisure in communities, time-use allocation,
and social indicators research. He is currently a member of Statistics Canada’s
Advisory Committee on Social Conditions, on the Steering Committee of
Research Data Canada, and editor in chief of Leisure/Loisir. He was elected
as a fellow to the Academy of Leisure Sciences in 2012.
xxvi About the Editors and Contributors

Jessica Soule Jessica Soule is the director of the EnvironMentors program,

an environmental science mentoring program for high school students, at the
National Council for Science and the Environment. Her work is at the
intersection of environmental justice, education, and place. Jessica obtained
an M.A. in urban and environmental policy and planning from Tufts University
and a B.S. in biology from Boston College.

Craig A. Talmage Craig is a visiting assistant professor of entrepreneurial

studies at Hobart and William Smith Colleges (HWS) of Geneva, New York,
USA. He has a Ph.D. in community resources and development at Arizona
State University and an M.A. in industrial-organizational psychology at
Minnesota State University, Mankato. Craig instructs students regarding the
economics of entrepreneurship, entrepreneurial tools and methods, and social
entrepreneurship and innovation. At HWS, he focuses on empowering
students and community members to apply entrepreneurial knowledge and
skills to solve complex social problems. He formerly served as a postdoctoral
research fellow and faculty associate at Arizona State University (ASU) in
the School of Community Resources and Development and the College of
Public Service and Community Solutions. His studies focused on the
psychosocial development of individuals, associations/organizations, and
communities to help them improve overall community engagement, health,
and well-being. He continues this line of research at HWS.

Graciela Tonon Graciela is professor of community social work and social

sciences research methodology. She has a Ph.D. in political science and did
her postdoctoral studies at CIMESS-Universitá degli studi di Firenze. She is
magister in political sciences and social worker. She is the director of the
Quality of Life Research Program and UNI-COM (university and community)
relationships at the Faculty of Social Sciences of Universidad Nacional de
Lomas de Zamora, Argentina. She is the director of the Research Center in
Social Sciences in Universidad de Palermo, Argentina. She was information
officer of the Human Development and Capability Association and member
of the executive committee of Childwatch International Research Network
between 2013 and 2016. She has been a member of ISQOLS since 2001 and
the board of directors of ISQOLS since 2005, vice president of professional
affairs in ISQOLS from 2007 to 2008, chair of Latin America ISQOLS from
2009 to 2010, vice president of membership and publicity of ISQOLs from
2011 to 2012, and vice president of external affairs of ISQOLS from 2013 to
2016. She has been the chair of the editorial board of the International
Handbooks of Quality of Life (Springer) since 2014. Her fieldwork expertise
covers quality of life, qualitative research methodology, community, young
people, and children.

Jeroen Verplanke Jeroen is lecturer/researcher at the Faculty of Geo-

Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC) of the University of Twente
in the Netherlands. Since graduating as a physical geographer from Utrecht
University, he has been working on the intersection of social science and
physical spatial planning, where stakeholder interests and land-use conflicts
are at play. His work-­related interests are in PGIS (participatory mapping and
About the Editors and Contributors xxvii

GIS) and VGI (volunteered geographic information) and the role this plays in
the interaction between policymakers, planners, and citizens. He has main
international experience in sub-Saharan Africa as since 2001 he has worked
there on education and research projects on an annual basis. He also has
research expertise in Latin America and Asia.

Kathryn Vincent Kathryn did her postgraduate studies in sociology at the

University of Aberdeen and received her Ph.D. in 2014. Her research interests
and projects can be understood under the umbrella of well-being studies and
include youth and generation, gender, migration, and use of information
technology. The geographical area of her research includes Scotland,
Ukraine, Moldova, Belarus, and recently the MENA region.

Claire Wallace Claire is professor of sociology at the University of

Aberdeen, UK. She was elected president of the European Sociological
Association between 2007 and 2009 and was editor in chief of the journal
European Societies. She has been working for the last five years at the Digital
Economy Research Hub “dot.rural” at the University of Aberdeen concerned
with how digital technology can be used to help transform rural areas. She
has published a variety of papers on quality of life and well-being in Social
Indicators Research, the Journal of Happiness Studies, and other journals.
She has just completed a co-authored book The Decent Society (Routledge
2016) which looks at social quality and well-being on a global scale. Claire
has participated in a number of reports for the European Foundation for the
Improvement of Living and Working Conditions to look at quality of life in a
range of European countries. Most recently, she has been working with the
city of Aberdeen to improve the quality of life in regeneration (deprived)
areas with the help of digital technology and other mechanisms.

Tanya Wasacase Tanya is currently a program specialist at Coady

International Institute and supports indigenous communities across Canada
in the area of community-­driven development. She designs and delivers
training in the areas of asset-­based community development and community-
driven health impact assessment for promoting sustainable, practical, and
culturally respectful approaches to development. Prior to her current position
at Coady, Tanya taught for eight years at St. Thomas University in the Native
Studies Department. Tanya is a CGS SSHRC award holder and is working
toward the completion of her Ph.D. in interdisciplinary studies (indigenous
public health) at the University of New Brunswick. Her area of study focuses
on how addiction research on alcohol abuse in some First Nations communities
in Canada can shape alcohol prevention policy agendas. Tanya’s broader
research agenda is concerned with indigenous health policies and how best to
produce policies and practices that supports the well-being of indigenous
communities.

Brian Webb Brian is a lecturer in spatial planning in the School of Planning

and Geography at Cardiff University. He obtained his Ph.D. in planning and
landscape from the University of Manchester where he was previously a
researcher in the Centre for Urban Policy Studies. His current research
xxviii About the Editors and Contributors

interests involve the use of spatial analysis of urban and regional environments
and comparative intergovernmental policy analysis to evaluate policy and
explore issues of equity within society. This has included research on indicator
methodology refinement, the use of secondary data to examine and target
investment in disadvantaged communities, the use of urban climatology in
policy and practice, and the use of GIS as a public participation tool. He has
undertaken research projects for the Economic and Social Research Council,
Joseph Rowntree Foundation, Royal Town Planning Institute, and the Welsh
government.

Kyle Y. Whitfield Kyle is associate professor in the Faculty of Extension at

the University of Alberta in Alberta, Canada. She has a Ph.D. in planning
from the University of Waterloo in Ontario, Canada, and is a registered
professional planner. She believes in, practices, and explores capacity
building in communities. Her program of research explores community
planning as one way to improve health and healthcare. She is most interested
in understanding the many factors that influence citizens to lead and plan
their own approaches to enhancing their community’s health and well-being.
She teaches community planning and engagement at the senior undergraduate
level in the School of Urban and Regional Planning at the University of
Alberta as well as health, community, and development at the graduate level
in the School of Public Health. How communities engage in and plan their
own individual-level, organizational, and interorganizational capacities to
address social and health problems keep Kyle curious in both her research
and her teaching.

Dan Witters Dan Witters is research director of the Gallup-Healthways

Well-Being Index. Dan frequently presents at major conferences and summits,
and his insights from the well-being index research appear regularly on
Gallup.com and in the media, including appearances on CBS Sunday
Morning, CNBC, HuffPost Live, WSJ Live, and NPR. As a consultant and
analyst for Gallup, Dan has used his expertise in survey design, methodology,
analysis, business outcomes modeling, report writing, and presenting results
to help leaders better understand their company’s marketplace, customers,
and employees. He has played an important role as an advisor and researcher
to Gallup clients, creating effective strategies that enhance a business’ overall
health and strength through enhanced engagement and well-being. Since
1993, he has directed more than $100 million in research for some of the
world’s best-managed companies in the financial services, healthcare,
telecommunications, hospitality, consulting, and pharmaceutical industries.

Zhaocheng Zeng Zhaocheng is a Ph.D. candidate in business administration

at DeGroote School of Business of McMaster University in Canada. Her
research interests include living wage and firm performance, entrepreneurship
education, entrepreneurship support, technology start-ups, and immigrant
entrepreneurship. She has presented papers at the Administrative Sciences
Association of Canada (ASAC) Conference, On New Shores Conference,
and the United States Association for Small Business and Entrepreneurship
(USASBE) Conference.
Introduction

Community well-being is a wide-ranging concept encompassing multiple

dimensions related to people and their communities. In this volume, we focus
on “communities of place” situated within geographic spaces. In this context,
community well-being includes “comprehensive and integrated concepts
developed by synthesizing research constructs related to residents’ percep-
tions of the community, residents’ needs fulfillment, observable community
conditions, and the social and cultural context of the community” (Sung and
Phillips 2016: 2).
Community well-being is embedded with multidimensional values includ-
ing the economic, social, and environmental aspects that impact people.
While each of these values or aspects has a vital role in influencing commu-
nity well-being outcomes and perceptions, there are also many different ways
these can combine, depending on the particular characteristics of place. For
example, the type of governance structure, the physical environment, and cer-
tainly the needs and desires of a community’s residents impact well-being.
Community well-being can also be thought of as an overarching concept
with related conceptions such as happiness, quality of life, and community
development often being mentioned jointly or interchangeably. These con-
cepts are highly related yet different, given the scale or context. For example,
happiness is often thought of as an individual state of being, although there
are attempts of finding the collective happiness of communities, regions, or
even countries. Quality of life is most often associated with individuals, and
the World Health Organization Quality of Life (2002: 1) defines it as:
Individuals’ perceptions of their position in life in the context of the culture and
value systems in which they live and in relation to their goals, expectations, stan-
dards and concerns.

Community development is both a practice and a discipline, focusing on

improvement of people’s conditions in the built, social, environmental, and
economic dimensions of communities of place. It is about social capacity
building as well as process and outcomes. It is often part of public policy as
well as urban and regional planning practice of which community develop-
ment is a substantial component. The difference between community well-­
being and community development is that the latter seeks to take action in the
public, social, and private sectors to achieve desirable goals (Sung and
Phillips 2016). Given the complexity and interaction of community well-­
being with other dimensions such as quality of life, community satisfaction,

xxix
xxx Introduction

community development, sustainability, welfare, and personal well-being

(e.g., life satisfaction and happiness), there are many points of intersection to
consider (Christakopoulou et al. 2001; Maybery et al. 2009; Sirgy et al. 2010;
Theodori 2001; White 2010; Wills 2001).
It is clear to see that defining community well-being is no easy task.
Wiseman and Brasher (2008) define it as “the combination of social, eco-
nomic, environmental, cultural, and political conditions identified by indi-
viduals and their communities as essential for them to flourish and fulfill their
potential” (p. 358). Others focus on factors arising from interaction among
different dimensions of society such as social, political, cultural, and even
psychological; for example, McGregor stresses that well-being arises “in the
context of society and social collectivity” (2007, 318).
As mentioned, the holistic nature of the concept of community well-being
means that it is subject to different interpretations and is often used inter-
changeability with other related concepts. Community well-being falls neatly
into which Rittel and Webber (1973) coined as “wicked problem,” as it exists
in an evolving set of interlocking issues and constraints and embedded in a
dynamic social context. The complexity of different aspects of well-being
means that it is difficult to achieve a definitive definition. Nonetheless, it is
precisely these challenges that make this handbook a valuable platform for
researchers from different disciplinary areas and perspectives to share their
knowledge, experience, and skills of researching community well-being
under different socioeconomic contexts across the world. The richness of the
content, in methodological approaches, theoretical arguments, and empirical
findings, demonstrates that there is not a simple linear pathway to understand
the problems, competing interests, priorities, and constraints of community
well-being. As demonstrated by different contributors, the appropriate way to
address these challenges is to develop shared understanding and shared com-
mitment with our academic colleagues, with practitioners and policymakers,
and, most importantly, with residents and communities.
It is interesting to note that the UN Habitat (2012) published the Cities
Prosperity Index (CPI) and argues for the need to move toward measuring the
broader conception of human and societal well-being. The CPI consists of
five key dimensions: productivity, infrastructure (and amenities), quality of
life, equity and social inclusion, and environmental sustainability (see Wong
2015). Of the 31 chapters in this handbook, the discussion of community
well-being does cover all these five areas. It is clear that there is a common
purpose across the international community to pursue a progressive agenda
of new forms of prosperity across different spatial levels. In our case, the
focus is at the community level of well-being and the research constructs
used to help foster understanding.
This volume is presented in five parts, covering a range of topics, frame-
works, and applications presented by scholars across a wide range of disci-
plines and practice. The work includes both qualitative and quantitative
research approaches, and most include an illustrative community case. In the
31 chapters, 62 authors share their experiences and viewpoints on community
well-being in the context of their work, research, and areas. We sought to
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 THEIR DRIVERS WERE UNABLE TO RESTRAIN THEM.

The old trail ran along up the valley of the Cimarron several
days’ drive. A singular stream was the Cimarron; for the most part of
the bed of the stream was sand, perfectly dry, but now and then,
every mile or two, we found a hole of clear good water, except that it
was slightly tinctured with alkali, a brackish, but not unpleasant taste.
There were three fairly good springs along the road near the
Cimarron, designated as the lower, middle and upper spring, and we
camped near each of them as we passed. As we traveled up the
valley squads of antelope could be seen viewing the train from the
heights on either side of the valley.
Captain Chiles had along with him two shotguns, the smaller he
had been using on buffalo, the other, an unusually large, double
barrel, number 8 bore, very long in barrel and heavy, carrying easily
twenty buck shot in each barrel. Armed with that big gun I would ride
in the direction of the antelope, but at an angle indicating that I would
pass them. Usually when I had gotten within three or four hundred
yards of them they would quietly withdraw from view behind the
ridge, whereat, I would turn the course of my horse and gallop as
fast as I could, keeping the ridge between them and me until I had
gotten within a short distance of the point of their disappearance.
Then dismounting, I hastily followed them on foot. Often they would
be found to have moved not out of the range of that big gun, and
with it I killed many of them. That was the only plan of killing
antelope by which I gained success. During this part of the journey
we saw many wolves, and of many varieties, from the little coyote to
the great gray wolf. They were all very shy, however, and difficult to
approach within gun shot.
On the Cimarron we were overtaken by the mail coach, one of
the monthly lines then operated by Waldo & Co. of Independence,
Mo. The coach had left Westport five days later than our train. The
driver, guards and passengers were all “loaded to the guards” (to
use a steamboat phrase) with guns and pistols.
While the train was under headway one morning Captain Chiles
rode along the length of the train inquiring for “Skeesicks,” but
“Skeesicks” did not answer, and no one could tell anything about
him. The captain ordered the train stopped and a search to be made
of each wagon, but the searchers failed to find any sign of
“Skeesicks.” Further inquiry developed the fact that he had started
out as one of the guards at midnight to protect the herd of cattle,
they being off a mile or more from the corral, where grass was found,
and no one had seen him since. Captain Chiles declared that he
could not afford to stop for so worthless a fellow as “Skeesicks,” and
thereupon the orders were given for the train to proceed.
 Having traveled ten or twelve miles, a camp was located at the
foot of a mound which overlooked the road we had been traveling for
nearly the whole distance of the morning’s drive.
At dinner, the propriety of laying by for a day or two, or long
enough to make a proper search for our lost comrade, was
discussed; but the teamsters all realized that no captain of a ship at
sea ever wielded more absolute authority than Captain Chiles. He
could brook no opposition, and little criticism of his course or
conduct. Any disobedience of his orders he regarded as equal to
mutiny and was punished accordingly. About the entire camp a
sullen silence prevailed. Suddenly some one cried out that an object
could be seen away down the road that might be “Skeesicks,” but
just then, no one could discern whether a man or a horse or an
Indian.
The entire party assembled outside the corral to watch the
approaching object, and after a while our lost “Skeesicks” walked up,
covered with dust and worn out with fatigue of constant walking for
over twelve hours, without food or water.
 “SKEESICKS” WALKED UP.

He was soon revived by a comforting dinner. He said he had

been aroused at midnight from a sound sleep to assume his turn as
cattle guard, and on his way from the corral to the herd, he had
wandered apart from his companion guard, soon becoming
bewildered and completely lost. He wandered about during the entire
night, not knowing in what direction he was going, and was all the
while afraid to stop for fear of the wolves that were howling around
him continually. After daylight he accidentally found the road, and
although bewildered, he had sense enough remaining to follow it to
the west, whence he had overtaken us.
As the cattle were being yoked, Captain Chiles called up “Little
Breech” and directed him to get the large cow bell he had brought
along to put on the black steer that was in the habit of wandering
from the herd at night. The wagonmaster, with the bell in hand,
walked up to “Skeesicks,” who was sitting on a wagon tongue resting
his weary legs, and said, “‘Skeesicks,’ I am determined not to lose
you again, and am going to take no chances.” Then he buckled the
strap attached to the bell around “Skeesick’s” neck. Turning to “Little
Breech” he gave him particular orders to drive “Skeesicks” in the
cavayard and in no event to allow him to wander away again.
All that afternoon “Skeesicks” plodded along with the lame cattle
in the cavayard, at the rear of the train, the bell ringing at every step.
In the evening, after we had corralled, he went to Captain Chiles and
plaintively beseeched him to remove the bell. The captain gently
unbuckled the strap, but again charged “Little Breech” to keep his
eye on “Skeesicks” and not permit him to wander from the train.
HE PLODDED ALONG WITH THE LAME CATTLE.
 IX.
A Kicking Gun and a Bucking Mule.

Here for some days we were traversing a continuous level plain,

treeless and trackless, except for the road we traveled, covered with
buffalo grass, then turned a beautiful straw color by the sun and dry
weather, but still affording excellent pasturage. Not a tree had we
seen, none since we crossed the Arkansas.
We were slowly but regularly leaving behind us the monotonous
plain, to enter upon a region of great natural beauty and
attractiveness. On a beautiful morning after the train had been
moving for a short time, the Rabbit Ear mounds were seen, peering
up in the distance, through the hazy atmosphere. Yet we were a
day’s journey from them. These twin diminutive sentinels of the
Rockies, stationed here to the left of our road, could not have been
more appropriately named, their resemblance to the ears of a jack-
rabbit being strikingly obvious.
A day or two after passing the Rabbit Ears we were fortunate in
the beauty and attractiveness of the location of our corral.
Immediately west of us the view was limited to a mile or two, shut off
by the bluff rim of a stretch of table-land, rising perhaps a hundred
feet above our level, the face of the elevation extending north and
south, the road we were traveling passing around the base of its
southern extremity. About midway of the rim of this plateau of table-
land there was a small mound of regular sugar-loaf shape, rising to
perhaps the height of twenty feet, on the top pinnacle of which stood
a single buck antelope looking at the train as it was starting out just
at sunrise. There he stood for some time stock still gazing at us. The
morning was absolutely glorious, the perfect weather of New Mexico.
I determined to give this solitary buck antelope a trial.
 Procuring the big double-barreled shotgun belonging to Captain
Chiles, I mounted my horse, riding in almost the opposite direction to
that in which the train was moving. The buck held his position until I
had ridden nearly opposite him, my course, leaving him nearly half a
mile to the left, when he suddenly retired behind the mound.
Immediately turning my horse I galloped over the ascending ground
until I got within a hundred yards of the base of the mound,
dismounted quickly, walked rapidly up to it; then I crawled as quietly
as possible nearly to the top. Peeping around so as to get a view of
the opposite side, I beheld, forty yards from me, that fine buck,
looking intently toward me, with four or five of his companions lying
down near him, so close together that I could almost have covered
them all with the big shotgun.
Holding the gun in the right hand—it was so heavy that I could
scarcely handle it—cocking both barrels, I pushed it out in front of
me, and just as I was in the act of placing the breech of the gun
against my shoulder, but before I had gotten it fairly in place, off it
went, both barrels simultaneously, sounding like a cannon, and
kicking me with such force as to turn me over and over, rolling me
down nearly to the foot of the mound. The gun struck my face,
bruising it badly, making my nose bleed profusely and stunning me,
but not so badly but that I noticed the bunch of fine antelope
scampering off, frightened, but untouched. My horse stood quietly
where I had left him picketed.
Our real character, “Little Breeches,” antedated the poetical child
of the fancy of Colonel John Hay, introduced to the public some thirty
years ago. Whether this distinguished gentleman had any knowledge
of our cavayard driver, I do not know, but in truth the two “Little
Breeches” had similar characteristics, both “chawing tebacker” at an
early age, and our “Little Breeches” had the additional
accomplishment of swearing with emphasis, and articulation
unexcelled or unequaled by any of the older and more hardened
“bull-whackers” of our train.
 HE JUMPED AND KICKED.

“Little Breech” rode a pony mule, a small animal of most perfect

shape, with activity to correspond. The noon day camp was breaking
up, the cattle were all yoked and hitched to the wagons. “Little
Breech” had mounted his mule, preparing to round up his cavayard.
At the moment the reins were lying loose on the mule’s neck, while
“Little Breech” had both hands employed in adjusting his belt.
Impulse dictated so, walking towards him unobserved, I picked up a
stick, raised the mule’s tail and gently placed the stick under it. The
mule instantly clasped it tight with his tail, commencing, before “Little
Breech” could seize the bridle reins, the worst spell of bucking I had
witnessed on the journey. He jumped and kicked and kicked and
jumped for a hundred yards, describing a semi-circle in his gyrations.
I was alarmed, fearing the boy’s neck would surely be broken. But
failing to get hold of the bridle reins, he clamped the horn of the
Spanish saddle, and, retaining his seat to the end, all the while
swearing at me with as great force as he could command, his
volubility being very much restricted by the prolonged bucking.
 X.
A Gray Wolf.

It is difficult, if not impossible, to find the derivation of some of

the Spanish or Mexican words and phrases then in use by the Santa
Fé traders. For instance, the word “cavayard,” I have used and
spelled as it was pronounced by these unlettered plainsmen and as
applied by them to the bunch of loose cattle and horses driven
behind the train. The pure Castilian has undoubtedly suffered many
changes in New Mexico, among the lower classes particularly. The
Spanish words used by these plainsmen had been both Mexicanized
and then Missourianized until so changed and corrupted as to be
hardly recognizable at all. This word “cavayard,” they declared, was
of Spanish origin; if so it must have been a corruption of “caballar”—
pronounced “cavallyar,” meaning an attendant on horses. The
derivation of the word “hornada,” which we found given to the dry
stretch between the Arkansas and Cimarron is equally obscure.
Among the teamsters was a Mexican, whose name I have
forgotten. One morning Captain Chiles got up earlier than usual, at
break of day, in fact, and, while waking up the men he discovered
this Mexican beating one of his oxen severely with bow of the ox
yoke. This was a gross violation of the rules, but when Captain
Chiles censured him in pretty strong language he talked back to him
in a threatening manner. Thereupon the captain, drawing one of the
two navy pistols swinging to a belt around his waist, holding it in one
hand, and with a heavy blacksnake whip in the other, advanced upon
him and proceeded to give him a severe flogging with the whip. The
Mexican was held fast by the threatening aspects of the navy pistol
pointed at him all the while until he had received a very severe
flogging. The following night the Mexican “skipped out,” and was
never seen by us afterwards, but no doubt made his way to the
settlements of New Mexico, then not more than 200 miles distant.
Hunting game, other than buffalo, along the Santa Fé trail at that
date was, to one attached to a train and dependent upon its
movements, necessarily confined to a narrow scope of country on
either side of the road, within a mile or two. It was impossible to
know at what moment one might meet with Indians and be attacked
by them. At that time of the year the game was kept back from the
highway by the frequent passage of trains, while a few miles off from
the road there was no trouble to find antelope and white-tail deer. I
was compelled to hunt alone or not at all. My friend Reece had
become too much worn out by the travel and his continued ill health
to take much interest in hunting, while Captain Chiles was kept busy
with his duties about the train. But I was continually on the lookout
for game; I rarely traveled the road, but would ride a mile or so from
it on one side or the other, always carrying my holster pistols, and
usually, in addition the big shotgun belonging to Captain Chiles.
My buffalo horse seemed to have a very clear understanding of
travel over the plains, having, as before stated, the experience of a
journey from California to Missouri the previous year. He seemed to
have an instinctive idea of the locality of the train, even when it was
traveling, and often when riding him a mile or more from the road
and completely out of sight, when given the rein he would instantly
change his course in the proper direction to intercept the train.
Riding thus alone on one occasion, some distance ahead of the
train, I saw a large gray wolf galloping across my course, going
towards the road. I determined to give him a chase, and after him I
went. The wolf increased his speed, and, urging my horse to his
best, we went flying across the road 100 yards in front of the train
and in full view of it. As we flew by, the entire company of teamsters
gave us an encouraging whoop, but whether designed for me or the
wolf I was not able to determine. I had followed the big fellow closely
for a mile, emptying at him, if not in him, the entire twelve chambers
of my revolvers. At one time I got within twenty feet of him, but not
having any ammunition for reloading with me, nor time for recharging
my pistols if I had, he disappeared over the ridge and I saw nothing
more of him.
Many days passed and many weary miles were traveled of
which I have no remembrance whatever and I am only attempting to
relate such adventures as were indelibly impressed upon my
memory, the frosts of forty-three winters having passed over my
head since this journey was made. I cannot recollect what I thought
of the probability of those vast plains ever being occupied or
cultivated as homes for white people.
Whetstone creek, which the road crossed near the boundary of
New Mexico, was one of the localities of special interest to me. Back
on my father’s farm in Missouri I had often whetted my pocketknife
on a stone belonging to my old overseer friend who said he had
obtained it on this creek. But none of our trainmen were familiar with
the route or the locality, or could tell me where the whetstone quarry
was to be found, and I was disappointed in not being able to
discover it after making a diligent search for it. And now the spurs of
the Raton mountains loomed up in the distance ahead of us, a novel
and interesting sight to many of the company, some of whom had
never seen any greater elevation than the big hills of Western
Missouri, and the drivers swore and cracked their whips with
renewed vigor and animation.
 XI.
Arrival at Las Vegas.

Crossing the Ocata on the dry bed of it we were approaching

Apache hill, on the branch of the road leading to Fort Union, the
ascent of which was quite difficult to heavily loaded wagons. The hill
was barely visible in the distance and the hour nearly noon when we
first came in sight of it. It was quite hot under the noonday sun and
we could see the white sheets of a train of wagons descending the
hill. Soon afterwards Captain Chiles and I, riding ahead of our train,
met the wagonmaster of this train, a sandy-haired, red-faced fellow,
sullen, morose and non-communicative. He seemed inclined to pass
us without speaking, but Captain Chiles saluted him, and he halted
for a few moments. The man appeared to be sick, and as Captain
Chiles afterwards said he could scarcely “pull a word out of him with
a log chain.”
The captain asked him, “How is the grass about the foot of
Apache hill?” when he answered, “Well, sir, it’s damned scase.”
Ten miles before reaching Fort Union we stopped at a ranch,
where we found an abundance of good milk and butter, kept in a well
arranged spring house, supplied with water by a cold and bold spring
running out of the foot of the mountain. The milk was kept in large
open tin pans, set in a ditch extending around the room, constructed
so as to allow a continual flow of cool water about the pans. The
spring house was built of adobe or sod bricks. This ranch supplied
the fort with milk and butter.
Fort Union had no appearance of a fortified place then; there
was nothing more than substantial and comfortable barracks, stores
and warehouses. But the place had a look of military precision,
neatness and cleanliness about it not seen elsewhere in New
Mexico.
At this place our train was cut in twain; one-half of it, under the
command of Captain Chiles, went on to Mora, the other half was
sent to Las Vegas, in charge of the assistant wagonmaster, Rice.
Reece and I decided to accompany that part going to Las Vegas.
On the route to Las Vegas we found a large adobe ranch house,
probably a hundred feet square and sixteen feet high, the solid walls
being without openings on the outside, except two large doors. The
ventilation and light were secured through the openings inside the
hollow square. There was an extensive buckskin tailoring
establishment there, where they were manufacturing quantities of
buckskin clothes of various patterns, and I was surprised at the skill
displayed in making the garments. The clothes were made to fit with
tailor-like precision and exactness. Clothes of buckskin were
generally worn at that time by the inhabitants of New Mexico, by the
natives especially.
As we drew near Las Vegas we noted that the “bottoms” of the
little creek running near the town were cultivated in corn, with
occasional patches of vegetables, the land uninclosed by fences, but
flanked by irrigating ditches supplying the necessary water, and the
crops were looking remarkably well, although the weather had been
dry for some weeks. We found it necessary to have a close watch
kept on our cattle while we were near these cultivated and unfenced
fields. Las Vegas was a compactly built little town of probably two or
three hundred inhabitants, the houses for the most part built of
adobe bricks or tufts of sod, with a corral in the rear. The herds of
sheep, goats and burros were driven in about sunset and fastened
up for the night in these corrals, from which they were driven out
early in the morning to graze during the day, under the constant eye
of the herder, who accompanied each band.
We remained one day only at Las Vegas. The wagons were
unloaded, the freight being delivered to the consignees, and we
turned about and started on our homeward journey.
 While at Las Vegas Reece purchased three goats, thinking that
their milk would be beneficial to him. They furnished a bountiful
supply of milk, and very rich milk it was, too, though of a rather
strong and disagreeable taste and odor. He failed, however, to
realize any great benefit from its use, so far as I remember.
Our first noonday camp after we left Las Vegas was near a
ranch, and as we were resting under the shade of the wagons after
dinner, the owner of the ranch, a native New Mexican, visited us,
with a good looking shepherd dog following him. Reece expressed
admiration for this dog, which, the Mexican declared, was excellently
well trained for herding, easily controlled and a valuable animal in
other respects. After considerable negotiation, the Mexican agreed
to sell the dog to Reece for two plugs of tobacco. Reece procured a
rope, and the Mexican tied the dog to the rear axle of one of the
freight wagons, soon afterward taking his departure for his ranch a
mile or more distant. Shortly the dog became restless and made
efforts to get loose.
The teamsters began to laugh at Reece about the uncertain
character of his newly acquired property, saying that the Mexican
well knew that he could not keep the dog, and that he would soon
make his escape to return home. Reece declared that he would
prevent this at least and went to a wagon and brought forth a gun.
Standing the gun against the wagon under which the dog was
fastened, Reece resumed his efforts to enjoy a noonday siesta under
a neighboring wagon. He was aroused by one of the drivers, who
shouted to him that his dog was running off in the direction of his
home. The dog had gotten two or three hundred yards away,
ascending a ridge in a gallop when Reece jumped up, seized the
gun, leveled it at the dog and fired. To his surprise, no less than ours,
the dog fell dead.
We rejoined the other part of the train at a camp near Fort Union,
and here in this camp we remained for several days.
Captain Chiles was desirous of selling a part of the cattle, as the
whole were not needed to convey the empty wagons on the return
journey, and made frequent visits to the fort in his efforts to dispose
of the cattle. One evening he announced that he had made a sale of
about one-half of the cattle. The following morning a prosperous
looking gentleman of consequential air and mien rode up to our
camp and was introduced as the purchaser of our cattle. He was
riding a fine horse, with saddle and other equipment to correspond.
Among his other attractive features, I can recollect a large flask of
brandy which he carried lashed to the front of his saddle, the flask
being protected by a wicker jacket. Generous gentleman, as he
proved, the first thing he said after the usual salutation was an
invitation to sample the contents of this flask, and this invitation the
common politeness of the plains prevented us from declining. We
found his brandy excellent, and its effect produced a lasting
remembrance of the personality of the gentleman himself.
The cattle purchased by him were cut out and separated from
the others. The owner said he intended driving them to some point in
New Mexico, a considerable distance from there. On inquiring for
some hands whom he could employ to drive them to their
destination, one or two were found in the party who would accept the
service offered, and then some one suggested that a job of this sort
would suit “Skeesicks,” who was still hanging to the train.
“Skeesicks,” with apparent reluctance, accepted the service and
wages offered, and in a few moments afterwards left us forever. I
could not avoid feeling sorry for him, as he slowly passed from our
view, trudging along on foot behind the herd of cattle. We never
heard of him afterwards.
While at this camp a Mexican youth, about 16 years of age,
came to the train and asked permission to accompany us to the
“States.” He was a bright, active boy, able to understand and speak
English in some degree, appearing immensely pleased when
Captain Chiles told him that he might come along with us if he
desired.
During the night some of the trainmen ascertained that he was a
“peon,” consequently having no right to leave the territory. When the
train started the next morning, at the suggestion of the men, he
secreted himself in one of the covered wagons. Before noon,
however, two horsemen were seen following us, coming on in a fast
gallop. They were officers of the law, armed with pistols and a writ for
the arrest of the boy. The trainmen pretended to be ignorant of his
presence with the train, but the officers said they knew he was with
the train, demanding of Captain Chiles that he stop the train so they
might search for him. In order to avoid being subjected to the charge
of resisting the officers, the captain ordered a halt. The officers soon
discovered the boy concealed beneath some bedding, dragged him
out and put him on one of their horses. The poor boy protested with
all his might against being taken back, crying all the while in a
distressing manner, arousing the feelings of the trainmen until they
were about to declare war on the officers, but Captain Chiles said it
would not do to resist the civil authorities. So the little fellow was
carried back to his condition of slavery or peonage as it was called
by the officers.
 THE OFFICERS DRAGGED HIM OUT.

At noon that day our camp was near the base of a mound of
broken rock, perhaps a hundred feet high, rounded to a sharp
pinnacle at its apex. The mound supported hardly a bit of vegetation
on its sides, which were nearly inaccessible. The goats purchased
by Reece had been driven along in the cavayard, apparently
reconciled to their new mode of life and daily travel. That day, as the
wagons were moving out of corral, Reece missed his goats. I joined
him in a search for them, riding about over the plain, and we had
about reached the conclusion that they had run away. Just then as
the wagons were moving from the corral one of the teamsters
shouted to Reece, “There are your goats!” pointing to the summit of
the steep mound of rock.
Sure enough, there were the three goats, standing in a row on
the topmost rock, looking at us with the utmost satisfaction and
composure. Nothing but a goat could either ascend or descend the
declivity, so Reece and I remained until they thought proper to come
down. This they did in the course of an hour, when we drove them
on, overtaking the train as it went into camp at nightfall.