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 Hujun Yin · David Camacho
Paulo Novais
Antonio J. Tallón-Ballesteros (Eds.)

Intelligent
Data Engineering and
LNCS 11315

Automated Learning –
IDEAL 2018
19th International Conference
Madrid, Spain, November 21–23, 2018
Proceedings, Part II

123
Lecture Notes in Computer Science 11315
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More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/7409
Hujun Yin David Camacho
•

Paulo Novais Antonio J. Tallón-Ballesteros (Eds.)

•

Intelligent
Data Engineering and
Automated Learning –
IDEAL 2018
19th International Conference
Madrid, Spain, November 21–23, 2018
Proceedings, Part II

123
Editors
Hujun Yin Paulo Novais
University of Manchester Campus of Gualtar
Manchester, UK University of Minho
Braga, Portugal
David Camacho
Autonomous University of Madrid Antonio J. Tallón-Ballesteros
Madrid, Spain University of Seville
Seville, Spain

ISSN 0302-9743 ISSN 1611-3349 (electronic)

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 Preface

This year saw the 19th edition of the International Conference on Intelligent Data
Engineering and Automated Learning (IDEAL), which has been playing an increas-
ingly leading role in the era of big data and deep learning. As an established inter-
national forum, it serves the scientific communities and provides a platform for active,
new, and leading researchers in the world to exchange the latest results and disseminate
new findings. The IDEAL conference has continued to stimulate the communities and
to encourage young researchers for cutting-edge solutions and state-of-the-art tech-
niques on real-world problems in this digital age. The IDEAL conference attracts
international experts, researchers, academics, practitioners, and industrialists from
machine learning, computational intelligence, novel computing paradigms, data min-
ing, knowledge management, biology, neuroscience, bio-inspired systems and agents,
distributed systems, and robotics. It also continues to evolve to embrace emerging
topics and trends.
This year IDEAL was held in one of most beautiful historic cities in Europe,
Madrid. In total 204 submissions were received and subsequently underwent the rig-
orous peer-review process by the Program Committee members and experts. Only the
papers judged to be of the highest quality were accepted and are included in the
proceedings. This volume contains 125 papers (88 for the main rack and 37 for
workshops and special sessions) accepted and presented at IDEAL 2018, held during
November 21–23, 2018, in Madrid, Spain. These papers provided a timely sample
of the latest advances in data engineering and automated learning, from methodologies,
frameworks, and techniques to applications. In addition to various topics such as
evolutionary algorithms, deep learning neural networks, probabilistic modeling, par-
ticle swarm intelligence, big data analytics, and applications in image recognition,
regression, classification, clustering, medical and biological modeling and prediction,
text processing and social media analysis. IDEAL 2018 also enjoyed outstanding
keynotes from leaders in the field, Vincenzo Loia, Xin Yao, Alexander Gammerman,
as well as stimulating tutorials from Xin-She Yang, Alejandro Martin-Garcia, Raul
Lara-Cabrera, and David Camacho.
The 19th edition of the IDEAL conference was hosted by the Polytechnic School at
Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Spain. With more than 30,000 students, and
2,500 professors and researchers and a staff of over 1,000, the UAM offers a com-
prehensive range of studies in its eight faculties (including the Polytechnic School).
UAM is also proud of its strong research commitment that is reinforced by its six
university hospitals and the ten join institutes with CSIC, Spain’s National Research
Council.
We would like to thank all the people who devoted so much time and effort to the
successful running of the conference, in particular the members of the Program
Committee and reviewers, organizers of workshops and special sessions, as well as the
authors who contributed to the conference. We are also very grateful to the hard work
VI Preface

by the local organizing team at Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, especially Victor

Rodríguez, for the local arrangements, as well as the help from Yao Peng at the
University of Manchester for checking through all the camera-ready files. The con-
tinued support and collaboration from Springer LNCS are also greatly appreciated.

September 2018 Hujun Yin

David Camacho
Paulo Novais
Antonio J. Tallón-Ballesteros
 Organization

Honorary Chairs
Hojjat Adeli Ohio State University, USA
Francisco Herrera Granada University, Spain

General Chairs
David Camacho Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
Hujun Yin University of Manchester, UK
Emilio Corchado University of Salamanca, Spain

Programme Co-chairs
Carlos Cotta Universidad de Málaga, Spain
Antonio J. Tallón-Ballesteros University of Seville, Spain
Paulo Novais Universidade do Minho, Portugal

International Advisory Committee

Lei Xu (Chair) Chinese University of Hong Kong and Shanghai
Jiaotong University, China
Yaser Abu-Mostafa CALTECH, USA
Shun-ichi Amari RIKEN, Japan
Michael Dempster University of Cambridge, UK
José R. Dorronsoro Autonomous University of Madrid, Spain
Nick Jennings University of Southampton, UK
Soo-Young Lee KAIST, South Korea
Erkki Oja Helsinki University of Technology, Finland
Latit M. Patnaik Indian Institute of Science, India
Burkhard Rost Columbia University, USA
Xin Yao Southern University of Science and Technology,
China and University of Birmingham, UK

Steering Committee
Hujun Yin (Chair)
Laiwan Chan (Chair)
Guilherme Barreto
Yiu-ming Cheung
University of Manchester, UK
Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong,
SAR China
Federal University of Ceará, Brazil
Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong,
SAR China
VIII Organization

Emilio Corchado University of Salamanca, Spain

Jose A. Costa Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
Marc van Hulle K. U. Leuven, Belgium
Samuel Kaski Aalto University, Finland
John Keane University of Manchester, UK
Jimmy Lee Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong,
SAR China
Malik Magdon-Ismail Rensselaer Polytechnic Inst., USA
Peter Tino University of Birmingham, UK
Zheng Rong Yang University of Exeter, UK
Ning Zhong Maebashi Institute of Technology, Japan

Publicity Co-chairs/Liaisons
Jose A. Costa Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
Bin Li University of Science and Technology of China,
China
Yimin Wen Guilin University of Electronic Technology, China

Local Arrangements Chairs

Antonio González Pardo
Cristian Ramírez Atencia
Víctor Rodríguez Fernández
Alejandro Martín García
Alfonso Ortega de la Puente
Raúl Lara Cabrera
Raquel Menéndez Ferreira
F. Javier Torregrosa López
Ángel Panizo Lledot
Marina de la Cruz

Programme Committee

Paulo Adeodata Zoran Bosnic

Imtiaj Ahmed Vicent Botti
Jesus Alcala-Fdez Edyta Brzychczy
Richardo Aler Andrea Burattin
Davide Anguita Robert Burduk
Ángel Arcos-Vargas José Luis Calvo Rolle
Romis Attux Heloisa Camargo
Martin Atzmueller Josep Carmona
Javier Bajo Pérez Mercedes Carnero
Mahmoud Barhamgi Carlos Carrascosa
Bruno Baruque Andre Carvalho
Carmelo Bastos Filho Pedro Castillo
José Manuel Benitez Luís Cavique
Szymon Bobek Darryl Charles
Lordes Borrajo Francisco Chavez

Richard Chbeir
Songcan Chen
Xiaohong Chen
Sung-Bae Cho
Stelvio Cimato
Manuel Jesus Cobo Martin
Roberto Confalonieri
Rafael Corchuelo
Juan Cordero
Oscar Cordon
Francesco Corona
Luís Correia
Paulo Cortez
Jose Alfredo F. Costa
Carlos Cotta
Raúl Cruz-Barbosa
Ernesto Cuadros-Vargas
Bogusław Cyganek
Ireneusz Czarnowski
Ernesto Damiani
Ajalmar Rêgo Darocha Neto
Javier Del Ser
Boris Delibašić
Fernando Díaz
Juan Manuel Dodero
Bernabe Dorronsoro
Jose Dorronsoro
Gérard Dreyfus
Adrião Duarte
Jochen Einbeck
Florentino Fdez-Riverola
Francisco Fernandez De Vega
Joaquim Filipe
Juan J. Flores
Pawel Forczmanski
Giancarlo Fortino
Felipe M. G. França
Dariusz Frejlichowski
Hamido Fujita
Marcus Gallagher
Ines Galvan
Matiaz Gams
Yang Gao
Jesus Garcia
Salvador Garcia
Pablo García Sánchez
Organization IX
Ana Belén Gil
María José Ginzo Villamayor
Fernando Gomide
Antonio Gonzalez-Pardo
Pedro González Calero
Marcin Gorawski
Juan Manuel Górriz
Manuel Graña
Maciej Grzenda
Jerzy Grzymala-Busse
Juan Manuel Górriz
Barbara Hammer
Richard Hankins
Ioannis Hatzilygeroudis
Francisco Herrera
Álvaro Herrero
J. Michael Herrmann
Ignacio Hidalgo
James Hogan
Jaakko Hollmén
Vasant Honavar
Wei-Chiang Samuelson Hong
Anne Håkansson
Iñaki Inza
Vladimir Ivančević
Dušan Jakovetić
Vahid Jalali
Dariusz Jankowski
Vicente Julian
Rushed Kanawati
Benjamin Klöpper
Mario Koeppen
Ilkka Kosunen
Miklós Krész
Raul Lara-Cabrera
Florin Leon
Bin Li
Clodoaldo Lima
Ivan Lukovic
Wenjian Luo
Mihai Lupu
M. Victoria Luzon
Felix Mannhardt
Alejandro Martin
José F. Martínez-Trinidad
Giancarlo Mauri
X Organization

Raquel Menéndez Ferreira Jaime Salvador

José M. Molina Jose Santos
Mati Mottus Matilde Santos
Valery Naranjo Dragan Simic
Susana Nascimento Anabela Simões
Tim Nattkemper Marcin Szpyrka
Antonio Neme Jesús Sánchez-Oro
Ngoc-Thanh Nguyen Ying Tan
Yusuke Nojima Ricardo Tanscheit
Fernando Nuñez Renato Tinós
Eva Onaindia Stefania Tomasiello
Jose Palma Pawel Trajdos
Ángel Panizo Lledot Stefan Trausan-Matu
Juan Pavón Carlos M. Travieso-González
Yao Peng Milan Tuba
Carlos Pereira Turki Turki
Sarajane M. Peres Eiji Uchino
Costin Pribeanu José Valente de Oliveira
Paulo Quaresma José R. Villar
Juan Rada-Vilela Lipo Wang
Cristian Ramírez-Atencia Tzai-Der Wang
Izabela Rejer Dongqing Wei
Victor Rodriguez Fernandez Michal Wozniak
Zoila Ruiz Xin-She Yang
Luis Rus-Pegalajar Weili Zhang
Yago Saez

Additional Reviewers

Mahmoud Barhamgi César Hervás

Gema Bello Antonio López Herrera
Carlos Camacho José Ricardo López-Robles
Carlos Casanova José Antonio Moral Muñoz
Laura Cornejo Eneko Osaba
Manuel Dorado-Moreno Zhisong Pan
Verónica Duarte Pablo Rozas-Larraondo
Antonio Durán-Rosal Sancho Salcedo
Felix Fuentes Sónia Sousa
Dušan Gajić Radu-Daniel Vatavu
Brunno Goldstein Fion Wong
David Guijo Hui Xue
 Organization XI

Workshop on RiskTrack: Analyzing Radicalization in Online

Social Networks

Organizers
Javier Torregrosa Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
Raúl Lara-Cabrera Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
Antonio González Pardo Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
Mahmoud Barhamgi Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, France

Workshop on Methods for Interpretation of Industrial

Event Logs

Organizers
Grzegorz J. Nalepa AGH University of Science and Technology,
Poland
David Camacho Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
Edyta Brzychczy AGH University of Science and Technology,
Poland
Roberto Confalonieri Smart Data Factory, Free University of
Bozen-Bolzano, Italy
Martin Atzmueller Tilburg University, The Netherlands

Workshop on the Interplay Between Human–Computer

Interaction and Data Science

Organizers
Cristian Mihăescu University of Craiova, Romania
Ilkka Kosunen University of Tallinn, Estonia
Ivan Luković University of Novi Sad, Serbia

Special Session on Intelligent Techniques for the Analysis

of Scientific Articles and Patents

Organizers
Manuel J. Cobo University of Granada, Spain
Pietro Ducange eCampus University, Italy
XII Organization

Antonio Gabriel López-Herrera University of Granada, Spain

Enrique Herrera-Viedma University of Granada, Spain

Special Session on Machine Learning for Renewable Energy

Applications

Organizers
Sancho Salcedo Sanz Universidad de Alcalá, Spain
Pedro Antonio Gutiérrez University of Cordoba, Spain

Special Session on Evolutionary Computing Methods for Data

Mining: Theory and Applications

Organizers
Eneko Osaba TECNALIA Research and Innovaton, Spain
Javier Del Ser University of the Basque Country, Spain
Sancho Salcedo-Sanz University of Alcalá, Spain
Antonio D. Masegosa University of Deusto, Spain

Special Session on Data Selection in Machine Learning

Organizers
Antonio J. Tallón-Ballesteros
Ireneusz Czarnowski
Simon James Fong
Raymond Kwok-Kay Wong
University of Seville, Spain
Gdynia Maritime University, Poland
University of Macau, SAR China
University of New South Wales, Australia

Special Session on Feature Learning and Transformation

in Deep Neural Networks

Organizers
Richard Hankins University of Manchester, UK
Yao Peng University of Manchester, UK
Qing Tian Nanjing University of Information Science
and Technology, China
Hujun Yin University of Manchester, UK
 Organization XIII

Special Session on New Models of Bio-inspired Computation

for Massive Complex Environments

Organizers
Antonio González Pardo Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
Pedro Castillo Universidad de Granada, Spain
Antonio J. Fernández Leiva Universidad de Málaga, Spain
Francisco J. Rodríguez Universidad de Extremadura, Spain
 Contents – Part II

Workshop on RiskTrack: Analyzing Radicalization in Online

Social Networks

Ontology Uses for Radicalisation Detection on Social Networks . . . . . . . . . . 3

Mahmoud Barhamgi, Raúl Lara-Cabrera, Djamal Benslimane,
and David Camacho

Measuring Extremism: Validating an Alt-Right Twitter Accounts Dataset. . . . 9

Joshua Thorburn, Javier Torregrosa, and Ángel Panizo

RiskTrack: Assessing the Risk of Jihadi Radicalization on Twitter

Using Linguistic Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Javier Torregrosa and Ángel Panizo

On Detecting Online Radicalization Using Natural Language Processing . . . . 21

Mourad Oussalah, F. Faroughian, and Panos Kostakos

Workshop on Methods for Interpretation of Industrial Event Logs

Automated, Nomenclature Based Data Point Selection for Industrial

Event Log Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Wolfgang Koehler and Yanguo Jing

Monitoring Equipment Operation Through Model and Event Discovery . . . . . 41

Sławomir Nowaczyk, Anita Sant’Anna, Ece Calikus, and Yuantao Fan

Creation of an Event Log from a Low-Level Machinery Monitoring System

for Process Mining Purposes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Edyta Brzychczy and Agnieszka Trzcionkowska

Causal Rules Detection in Streams of Unlabeled, Mixed Type Values

with Finit Domains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Szymon Bobek and Kamil Jurek

On the Opportunities for Using Mobile Devices for Activity Monitoring

and Understanding in Mining Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Grzegorz J. Nalepa, Edyta Brzychczy, and Szymon Bobek

A Taxonomy for Combining Activity Recognition and Process Discovery

in Industrial Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Felix Mannhardt, Riccardo Bovo, Manuel Fradinho Oliveira,
and Simon Julier
XVI Contents – Part II

Mining Attributed Interaction Networks on Industrial Event Logs . . . . . . . . . 94

Martin Atzmueller and Benjamin Kloepper

Special Session on Intelligent Techniques for the Analysis of Scientific

Articles and Patents

Evidence-Based Systematic Literature Reviews in the Cloud . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

Iván Ruiz-Rube, Tatiana Person, José Miguel Mota,
Juan Manuel Dodero, and Ángel Rafael González-Toro

Bibliometric Network Analysis to Identify the Intellectual Structure

and Evolution of the Big Data Research Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
J. R. López-Robles, J. R. Otegi-Olaso, I. Porto Gomez,
N. K. Gamboa-Rosales, H. Gamboa-Rosales, and H. Robles-Berumen

A New Approach for Implicit Citation Extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

Chaker Jebari, Manuel Jesús Cobo, and Enrique Herrera-Viedma

Constructing Bibliometric Networks from Spanish Doctoral Theses . . . . . . . . 130

V. Duarte-Martínez, A. G. López-Herrera, and M. J. Cobo

Measuring the Impact of the International Relationships of the Andalusian

Universities Using Dimensions Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
P. García-Sánchez and M. J. Cobo

Special Session on Machine Learning for Renewable Energy Applications

Gaussian Process Kernels for Support Vector Regression

in Wind Energy Prediction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Víctor de la Pompa, Alejandro Catalina, and José R. Dorronsoro

Studying the Effect of Measured Solar Power on Evolutionary

Multi-objective Prediction Intervals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
R. Martín-Vázquez, J. Huertas-Tato, R. Aler, and I. M. Galván

Merging ELMs with Satellite Data and Clear-Sky Models for Effective
Solar Radiation Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
L. Cornejo-Bueno, C. Casanova-Mateo, J. Sanz-Justo,
and S. Salcedo-Sanz

Distribution-Based Discretisation and Ordinal Classification Applied

to Wave Height Prediction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
David Guijo-Rubio, Antonio M. Durán-Rosal,
Antonio M. Gómez-Orellana, Pedro A. Gutiérrez,
and César Hervás-Martínez
 Contents – Part II XVII

Wind Power Ramp Events Ordinal Prediction Using Minimum Complexity

Echo State Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
M. Dorado-Moreno, P. A. Gutiérrez, S. Salcedo-Sanz, L. Prieto,
and C. Hervás-Martínez

Special Session on Evolutionary Computing Methods for Data Mining:

Theory and Applications

GELAB - A Matlab Toolbox for Grammatical Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191

Muhammad Adil Raja and Conor Ryan

Bat Algorithm Swarm Robotics Approach for Dual Non-cooperative Search

with Self-centered Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Patricia Suárez, Akemi Gálvez, Iztok Fister, Iztok Fister Jr.,
Eneko Osaba, Javier Del Ser, and Andrés Iglesias

Hospital Admission and Risk Assessment Associated to Exposure

of Fungal Bioaerosols at a Municipal Landfill Using Statistical Models . . . . . 210
W. B. Morgado Gamero, Dayana Agudelo-Castañeda,
Margarita Castillo Ramirez, Martha Mendoza Hernandez,
Heidy Posso Mendoza, Alexander Parody, and Amelec Viloria

Special Session on Data Selection in Machine Learning

Novelty Detection Using Elliptical Fuzzy Clustering in a Reproducing

Kernel Hilbert Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Maria Kazachuk, Mikhail Petrovskiy, Igor Mashechkin,
and Oleg Gorohov

Semi-supervised Learning to Reduce Data Needs of Indoor

Positioning Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Maciej Grzenda

Different Approaches of Data and Attribute Selection

on Headache Disorder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Svetlana Simić, Zorana Banković, Dragan Simić, and Svetislav D. Simić

A Study of Fuzzy Clustering to Archetypal Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250

Gonçalo Sousa Mendes and Susana Nascimento

Bare Bones Fireworks Algorithm for Medical Image Compression . . . . . . . . 262

Eva Tuba, Raka Jovanovic, Marko Beko, Antonio J. Tallón-Ballesteros,
and Milan Tuba

EMnGA: Entropy Measure and Genetic Algorithms Based Method

for Heterogeneous Ensembles Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
Souad Taleb Zouggar and Abdelkader Adla
XVIII Contents – Part II

Feature Selection and Interpretable Feature Transformation: A Preliminary

Study on Feature Engineering for Classification Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
Antonio J. Tallón-Ballesteros, Milan Tuba, Bing Xue,
and Takako Hashimoto

Data Pre-processing to Apply Multiple Imputation Techniques:

A Case Study on Real-World Census Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
Zoila Ruiz-Chavez, Jaime Salvador-Meneses, Jose Garcia-Rodriguez,
and Antonio J. Tallón-Ballesteros

Imbalanced Data Classification Based on Feature Selection Techniques . . . . . 296

Paweł Ksieniewicz and Michał Woźniak

Special Session on New Models of Bio-inspired Computation for Massive

Complex Environments

Design of Japanese Tree Frog Algorithm for Community

Finding Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
Antonio Gonzalez-Pardo and David Camacho

An Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm for Optimizing the Design

of Sensor Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
Ángel Panizo, Gema Bello-Orgaz, Mercedes Carnero, José Hernández,
Mabel Sánchez, and David Camacho

Community Detection in Weighted Directed Networks Using

Nature-Inspired Heuristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Eneko Osaba, Javier Del Ser, David Camacho, Akemi Galvez,
Andres Iglesias, Iztok Fister Jr., and Iztok Fister

A Metaheuristic Approach for the a-separator Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336

Sergio Pérez-Peló, Jesús Sánchez-Oro, and Abraham Duarte

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345

 Contents – Part I

Compound Local Binary Pattern and Enhanced Jaya Optimized

Extreme Learning Machine for Digital Mammogram Classification . . . . . . . . 1
Figlu Mohanty, Suvendu Rup, and Bodhisattva Dash

Support Vector Machine Based Method for High Impedance

Fault Diagnosis in Power Distribution Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
K. Moloi, J. A. Jordaan, and Y. Hamam

Extended Min-Hash Focusing on Intersection Cardinality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Hisashi Koga, Satoshi Suzuki, Taiki Itabashi, Gibran Fuentes Pineda,
and Takahisa Toda

Deep-Learning-Based Classification of Rat OCT Images After

Intravitreal Injection of ET-1 for Glaucoma Understanding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Félix Fuentes-Hurtado, Sandra Morales, Jose M. Mossi,
Valery Naranjo, Vadim Fedulov, David Woldbye, Kristian Klemp,
Marie Torm, and Michael Larsen

Finding the Importance of Facial Features in Social Trait Perception . . . . . . . 35

Félix Fuentes-Hurtado, Jose Antonio Diego-Mas, Valery Naranjo,
and Mariano Alcañiz

Effective Centralized Trust Management Model for Internet of Things. . . . . . 46

Hela Maddar, Wafa Kammoun, and Habib Youssef

Knowledge-Based Solution Construction for Evolutionary Minimization

of Systemic Risk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Krzysztof Michalak

Handwritten Character Recognition Using Active

Semi-supervised Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Papangkorn Inkeaw, Jakramate Bootkrajang, Teresa Gonçalves,
and Jeerayut Chaijaruwanich

Differential Evolution for Association Rule Mining Using Categorical

and Numerical Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Iztok Fister Jr., Andres Iglesias, Akemi Galvez, Javier Del Ser,
Eneko Osaba, and Iztok Fister

Predicting Wind Energy Generation with Recurrent Neural Networks . . . . . . 89

Jaume Manero, Javier Béjar, and Ulises Cortés
XX Contents – Part I

Improved Architectural Redesign of MTree Clusterer in the Context

of Image Segmentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Marius Andrei Ciurez and Marian Cristian Mihaescu

Exploring Online Novelty Detection Using First Story Detection Models . . . . 107
Fei Wang, Robert J. Ross, and John D. Kelleher

A Fast Metropolis-Hastings Method for Generating Random

Correlation Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Irene Córdoba, Gherardo Varando, Concha Bielza,
and Pedro Larrañaga

Novel and Classic Metaheuristics for Tunning a Recommender System

for Predicting Student Performance in Online Campus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Juan A. Gómez-Pulido, Enrique Cortés-Toro, Arturo Durán-Domínguez,
Broderick Crawford, and Ricardo Soto

General Structure Preserving Network Embedding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

Sinan Zhu and Caiyan Jia

Intelligent Rub-Impact Fault Diagnosis Based on Genetic Algorithm-Based

IMF Selection in Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition and Diverse
Features Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Manjurul Islam, Alexander Prosvirin, and Jong-Myon Kim

Anomaly Detection in Spatial Layer Models of Autonomous Agents . . . . . . . 156

Marie Kiermeier, Sebastian Feld, Thomy Phan,
and Claudia Linnhoff-Popien

Deep Learning-Based Approach for the Semantic Segmentation

of Bright Retinal Damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Cristiana Silva, Adrián Colomer, and Valery Naranjo

Comparison of Local Analysis Strategies for Exudate Detection

in Fundus Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
Joana Pereira, Adrián Colomer, and Valery Naranjo

MapReduce Model for Random Forest Algorithm: Experimental Studies . . . . 184

Barbara Bobowska and Dariusz Jankowski

Specifics Analysis of Medical Communities in Social Network Services . . . . 195

Artem Lobantsev, Aleksandra Vatian, Natalia Dobrenko,
Andrei Stankevich, Anna Kaznacheeva, Vladimir Parfenov,
Anatoly Shalyto, and Natalia Gusarova

PostProcessing in Constrained Role Mining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204

Carlo Blundo, Stelvio Cimato, and Luisa Siniscalchi
 Contents – Part I XXI

Linguistic Features to Identify Extreme Opinions: An Empirical Study . . . . . 215

Sattam Almatarneh and Pablo Gamallo

Retinal Image Synthesis for Glaucoma Assessment Using DCGAN

and VAE Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
Andres Diaz-Pinto, Adrián Colomer, Valery Naranjo, Sandra Morales,
Yanwu Xu, and Alejandro F. Frangi

Understanding Learner’s Drop-Out in MOOCs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233

Alya Itani, Laurent Brisson, and Serge Garlatti

Categorical Big Data Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245

Jaime Salvador-Meneses, Zoila Ruiz-Chavez,
and Jose Garcia-Rodriguez

Spatial-Temporal K Nearest Neighbors Model on MapReduce

for Traffic Flow Prediction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
Anton Agafonov and Alexander Yumaganov

Exploring the Perceived Usefulness and Attitude Towards Using Tesys

e-Learning Platform. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
Paul-Stefan Popescu, Costel Ionascu, and Marian Cristian Mihaescu

An ELM Based Regression Model for ECG Artifact Minimization

from Single Channel EEG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Chinmayee Dora and Pradyut Kumar Biswal

Suggesting Cooking Recipes Through Simulation

and Bayesian Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
Eduardo C. Garrido-Merchán and Alejandro Albarca-Molina

Assessment and Adaption of Pattern Discovery Approaches for Time

Series Under the Requirement of Time Warping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
Fabian Kai-Dietrich Noering, Konstantin Jonas, and Frank Klawonn

Machine Learning Methods Based Preprocessing to Improve

Categorical Data Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
Zoila Ruiz-Chavez, Jaime Salvador-Meneses,
and Jose Garcia-Rodriguez

Crossover Operator Using Knowledge Transfer

for the Firefighter Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Krzysztof Michalak

Exploring Coclustering for Serendipity Improvement

in Content-Based Recommendation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
Andrei Martins Silva, Fernando Henrique da Silva Costa,
Alexandra Katiuska Ramos Diaz, and Sarajane Marques Peres
XXII Contents – Part I

Weighted Voting and Meta-Learning for Combining Authorship

Attribution Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
Smiljana Petrovic, Ivan Petrovic, Ileana Palesi, and Anthony Calise

On Application of Learning to Rank for Assets Management:

Warehouses Ranking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
Worapol Alex Pongpech

Single-Class Bankruptcy Prediction Based on the Data from

Annual Reports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
Peter Drotár, Peter Gnip, Martin Zoričak, and Vladimír Gazda

Multi-dimensional Bayesian Network Classifier Trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354

Santiago Gil-Begue, Pedro Larrañaga, and Concha Bielza

Model Selection in Committees of Evolved Convolutional Neural

Networks Using Genetic Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
Alejandro Baldominos, Yago Saez, and Pedro Isasi

Chatbot Theory: A Naïve and Elementary Theory

for Dialogue Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
Francisco S. Marcondes, José João Almeida, and Paulo Novais

An Adaptive Anomaly Detection Algorithm for Periodic Data Streams . . . . . 385

Zirije Hasani, Boro Jakimovski, Goran Velinov,
and Margita Kon-Popovska

Semantic WordRank: Generating Finer Single-Document Summarizations . . . 398

Hao Zhang and Jie Wang

Exploratory Study of the Effects of Cardiac Murmurs on

Electrocardiographic-Signal-Based Biometric Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
M. A. Becerra, C. Duque-Mejía, C. Zapata-Hernández,
D. H. Peluffo-Ordóñez, L. Serna-Guarín, Edilson Delgado-Trejos,
E. J. Revelo-Fuelagán, and X. P. Blanco Valencia

Improving the Decision Support in Diagnostic Systems

Using Classifier Probability Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
Xiaowei Kortum, Lorenz Grigull, Urs Muecke, Werner Lechner,
and Frank Klawonn

Applying Tree Ensemble to Detect Anomalies in Real-World Water

Composition Dataset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
Minh Nguyen and Doina Logofătu
 Contents – Part I XXIII

A First Approach to Face Dimensionality Reduction

Through Denoising Autoencoders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
Francisco J. Pulgar, Francisco Charte, Antonio J. Rivera,
and María J. del Jesus

An Approximation to Deep Learning Touristic-Related Time

Series Forecasting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448
Daniel Trujillo Viedma, Antonio Jesús Rivera Rivas,
Francisco Charte Ojeda, and María José del Jesus Díaz

CCTV Image Sequence Generation and Modeling Method for Video

Anomaly Detection Using Generative Adversarial Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457
Wonsup Shin and Sung-Bae Cho

Learning Optimal Q-Function Using Deep Boltzmann Machine

for Reliable Trading of Cryptocurrency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468
Seok-Jun Bu and Sung-Bae Cho

Predicting the Household Power Consumption Using CNN-LSTM

Hybrid Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481
Tae-Young Kim and Sung-Bae Cho

Thermal Prediction for Immersion Cooling Data Centers Based

on Recurrent Neural Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491
Jaime Pérez, Sergio Pérez, José M. Moya, and Patricia Arroba

Detecting Intrusive Malware with a Hybrid Generative Deep

Learning Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499
Jin-Young Kim and Sung-Bae Cho

Inferring Temporal Structure from Predictability in Bumblebee

Learning Flight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508
Stefan Meyer, Olivier J. N. Bertrand, Martin Egelhaaf,
and Barbara Hammer

Intelligent Wristbands for the Automatic Detection of Emotional States

for the Elderly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520
Jaime A. Rincon, Angelo Costa, Paulo Novais, Vicente Julian,
and Carlos Carrascosa

Applying Cost-Sensitive Classifiers with Reinforcement Learning to IDS . . . . 531

Roberto Blanco, Juan J. Cilla, Samira Briongos, Pedro Malagón,
and José M. Moya

ATM Fraud Detection Using Outlier Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539

Roongtawan Laimek, Natsuda Kaothanthong, and Thepchai Supnithi
XXIV Contents – Part I

Machine Learning for Drugs Prescription . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 548

P. Silva, A. Rivolli, P. Rocha, F. Correia, and C. Soares

Intrusion Detection Using Transfer Learning in Machine Learning

Classifiers Between Non-cloud and Cloud Datasets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556
Roja Ahmadi, Robert D. Macredie, and Allan Tucker

Concatenating or Averaging? Hybrid Sentences Representations

for Sentiment Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567
Carlotta Orsenigo, Carlo Vercellis, and Claudia Volpetti

ALoT: A Time-Series Similarity Measure Based on Alignment of Textures. . . 576

Hasan Oğul

Intelligent Agents in a Blockchain-Based Electronic Voting System . . . . . . . 586

Michał Pawlak, Aneta Poniszewska-Marańda, and Jakub Guziur

Signal Reconstruction Using Evolvable Recurrent Neural Networks. . . . . . . . 594

Nadia Masood Khan and Gul Muhammad Khan

A Cluster-Based Prototype Reduction for Online Classification . . . . . . . . . . . 603

Kemilly Dearo Garcia, André C. P. L. F. de Carvalho,
and João Mendes-Moreira

Reusable Big Data System for Industrial Data Mining - A Case Study
on Anomaly Detection in Chemical Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611
Reuben Borrison, Benjamin Klöpper, Moncef Chioua, Marcel Dix,
and Barbara Sprick

Unsupervised Domain Adaptation for Human Activity Recognition . . . . . . . . 623

Paulo Barbosa, Kemilly Dearo Garcia, João Mendes-Moreira,
and André C. P. L. F. de Carvalho

Data Set Partitioning in Evolutionary Instance Selection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631

Mirosław Kordos, Łukasz Czepielik, and Marcin Blachnik

Identification of Individual Glandular Regions Using LCWT

and Machine Learning Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 642
José Gabriel García, Adrián Colomer, Valery Naranjo,
Francisco Peñaranda, and M. Á. Sales

Improving Time Series Prediction via Modification of Dynamic

Weighted Majority in Ensemble Learning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 651
Marek Lóderer, Peter Pavlík, and Viera Rozinajová
 Contents – Part I XXV

Generalized Low-Computational Cost Laplacian Eigenmaps . . . . . . . . . . . . . 661

J. A. Salazar-Castro, D. F. Peña, C. Basante, C. Ortega, L. Cruz-Cruz,
J. Revelo-Fuelagán, X. P. Blanco-Valencia, G. Castellanos-Domínguez,
and D. H. Peluffo-Ordóñez

Optimally Selected Minimal Learning Machine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 670

Átilla N. Maia, Madson L. D. Dias, João P. P. Gomes,
and Ajalmar R. da Rocha Neto

Neural Collaborative Filtering: Hybrid Recommendation Algorithm with

Content Information and Implicit Feedback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679
Li Ji, Guangyan Lin, and Huobin Tan

Overlap-Based Undersampling for Improving Imbalanced

Data Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 689
Pattaramon Vuttipittayamongkol, Eyad Elyan, Andrei Petrovski,
and Chrisina Jayne

Predicting Online Review Scores Across Reviewer Categories . . . . . . . . . . . 698

Michela Fazzolari, Marinella Petrocchi, and Angelo Spognardi

Improving SeNA-CNN by Automating Task Recognition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711

Abel Zacarias and Luís A. Alexandre

Communication Skills Personal Trainer Based on Viola-Jones Object

Detection Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 722
Álvaro Pardo Pertierra, Ana B. Gil González, Javier Teira Lafuente,
and Ana de Luis Reboredo

Optimizing Meta-heuristics for the Time-Dependent TSP Applied

to Air Travels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 730
Diogo Duque, José Aleixo Cruz, Henrique Lopes Cardoso,
and Eugénio Oliveira

Compositional Stochastic Average Gradient for Machine Learning

and Related Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 740
Tsung-Yu Hsieh, Yasser EL-Manzalawy, Yiwei Sun, and Vasant Honavar

Instance-Based Stacked Generalization for Transfer Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . 753

Yassine Baghoussi and João Mendes-Moreira

Combined Classifier Based on Quantized Subspace Class Distribution . . . . . . 761

Paweł Ksieniewicz

A Framework for Form Applications that Use Machine Learning . . . . . . . . . 773

Guilherme Aguiar and Patrícia Vilain
XXVI Contents – Part I

CGLAD: Using GLAD in Crowdsourced Large Datasets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783

Enrique G. Rodrigo, Juan A. Aledo, and Jose A. Gamez

Extending Independent Component Analysis for Event Detection

on Online Social Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 792
Hoang Long Nguyen and Jason J. Jung

Framework for the Training of Deep Neural Networks in TensorFlow

Using Metaheuristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 801
Julián Muñoz-Ordóñez, Carlos Cobos, Martha Mendoza,
Enrique Herrera-Viedma, Francisco Herrera, and Siham Tabik

New Fuzzy Singleton Distance Measurement by Convolution . . . . . . . . . . . . 812

Rodrigo Naranjo and Matilde Santos

Peak Alpha Based Neurofeedback Training Within Survival Shooter Game. . . 821
Radu AbuRas, Gabriel Turcu, Ilkka Kosunen,
and Marian Cristian Mihaescu

Taking e-Assessment Quizzes - A Case Study with an SVD Based

Recommender System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 829
Oana Maria Teodorescu, Paul Stefan Popescu,
and Marian Cristian Mihaescu

Towards Complex Features: Competitive Receptive Fields

in Unsupervised Deep Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 838
Richard Hankins, Yao Peng, and Hujun Yin

Deep Neural Networks with Markov Random Field Models

for Image Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 849
Yao Peng, Menyu Liu, and Hujun Yin

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 861

 Workshop on RiskTrack: Analyzing
Radicalization in Online Social Networks
 Ontology Uses for Radicalisation Detection
on Social Networks

Mahmoud Barhamgi1(&), Raúl Lara-Cabrera2, Djamal Benslimane1,

and David Camacho2
1
Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, LIRIS lab, Lyon, France
mahmoud.barhamgi@univ-lyon1.fr
2
Universidad Autonoma Madrid, Madrid, Spain
{raul.lara,david.camacho}@uam.es

Abstract. Social networks (SNs) are currently the main medium through which
terrorist organisations reach out to vulnerable people with the objective of
radicalizing and recruiting them to commit violent acts of terrorism. Fortunately,
radicalization on social networks has warning signals and indicators that can be
detected at the early stages of the radicalization process. In this paper, we
explore the use of the semantic web and domain ontologies to automatically
mine the radicalisation indicators from messages and posts on social networks.

Keywords: Semantic web
Ontology
Radicalization
Semantics

Social networks

1 Introduction

Social networks have become one of the key mediums through which people com-
municate, interact, share contents, seek information and socialize. According to recent
studies published by Smart Insight Statistics, the number of active users on social
networks has reached 2.8 billion users, accounting for one-third of the world popula-
tion. Unfortunately, terrorist groups and organisations have also understood the
immense potential of social networks for reaching out to people around the world and
as a consequence, they now rely heavily on such networks to propagate their propa-
gandas and ideologies, radicalise vulnerable individuals and recruit them to commit
violent acts of terror.
Social networks can additionally play an important role in the fight against radi-
calisation and terrorism. In particular, they can be seen as an immense data source that
can be analysed to discover valuable information about terrorist organisations,
including their recruitment procedures and networks, terrorist attacks as well as the
activities and movements of their disciples. They can be also analysed to identify
individuals and populations who are vulnerable to radicalisation in order to carry out
preventive policies and actions (e.g., psychological and medical treatments for indi-
viduals, targeted education plans for communities) before those populations fall into
the radicalisation trap.
Social network data analysis raises important scientific and technical challenges.
Some of the key challenges involve the need to handle a huge volume of data, the high
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2018
H. Yin et al. (Eds.): IDEAL 2018, LNCS 11315, pp. 3–8, 2018.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03496-2_1
4 M. Barhamgi et al.

dynamicity of data (as contents of social networks continue to evolve with the con-
tinuous interactions with users), and the large value of noise present in social network
data which affects the quality of data analysis. These challenges emphasis the need for
automating the data analysis to the most to reduce the human intervention required
from data analysts.
One of the vital research avenues for pushing further the limits of existing data
mining techniques is the use of semantics and domain knowledge [1], which has
resulted into the Semantic Data Mining (SDM) [2]. The SDM refers to the data mining
tasks that systematically incorporate domain knowledge, especially formal semantics,
into the process of data mining [2]. The utility of domain knowledge for data mining
tasks has been demonstrated by the research community. Fayyad et al. [1] pointed out
that domain knowledge can be exploited in all data mining tasks including, data
transformation, feature reduction, algorithm selection, post-processing, data interpre-
tation. For these purposes, domain knowledge should first be captured and represented
using models that can be processed and understood by machines. Formal ontologies
and associated inference mechanisms [2] can be used to specify and model domain
knowledge. An ontology is a formal explicit description of concepts in a domain of
discourse along with their properties and interrelationships. Domain concepts are often
referred to as ontology classes. An ontology along with the instances of its concepts is
often called a knowledge base. The Semantic Web research community has defined
over the last decade several standard ontology specification languages such as the
Ontology Web Language (OWL), RDF and RDFS, as well as effective tools that can be
exploited to create, manage and reason on ontologies. These standard languages can be
exploited to represent and model domain knowledge.
In this paper, we explore the use of domain knowledge and semantics for mining
social data networks. We use online violent radicalization and terrorism as the appli-
cation domain. We explore the use of ontologies to improve the radicalisation detection
process on social media.

2 Ontology Uses for Radicalisation Detection

In this section, we present and explore the different uses of a semantic knowledge-base
to improve the process of identifying violent radicalised individuals on social networks.
Ontologies can be useful in two major phases: (i) Data analysis and (ii) Data explo-
ration. We detail in the following how ontologies can be exploited to enrich these two
phases.

2.1 Ontologies in the Data Analysis Phase

The objective of the data analysis phase is to compute the considered radicalisation
indicators to determine whether an individual is radicalised or not. This computation is
usually carried out for a population of individuals (e.g., the members of an online
group, the inhabitants of a city, district). The indicators themselves are defined by
domain experts (e.g., experts in psychology, criminology). This phase is often super-
vised by a “Data Analyst” who could choose the indicators they desire among the ones
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Title: Robinson Crusoe, Jr

A story for little folks

Author: Oliver Optic

Release date: November 11, 2023 [eBook #72094]

Language: English

Original publication: Boston: Lee and Shepard, 1862

Credits: Aaron Adrignola, David E. Brown, and the Online Distributed

Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was
produced from images generously made available by The
Internet Archive)

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ROBINSON

CRUSOE, JR ***
Escape of Pussy.
RIVERDALE STORY BOOKS
ROBINSON CRUSOE Jr.
Boston, Lee & Shepard.
 The Riverdale Books.

ROBINSON CRUSOE, JR.

A STORY FOR LITTLE FOLKS.

BY
OLIVER OPTIC,
AUTHOR OF “THE BOAT CLUB,” “ALL ABOARD,” “NOW OR
NEVER,” “TRY
AGAIN,” “POOR AND PROUD,” “LITTLE BY LITTLE,” &c.

BOSTON:
LEE AND SHEPARD,
(SUCCESSORS TO PHILLIPS, SAMPSON & CO.)
1866.
Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1862, by
WILLIAM T. ADAMS,
In the Clerk’s Office of the District Court of the District of
Massachusetts.

ELECTROTYPED AT THE
BOSTON STEREOTYPE FOUNDRY.
 ROBINSON CRUSOE, Jr.

I.
Robert Gray was a Riverdale boy, and a very smart one too. Very
likely most of my readers will think he was altogether too smart for
his years, when they have read the story I have to tell about him.
Robert was generally a very good boy, but, like a great many
persons who are older and ought to be wiser than he was, he would
sometimes get very queer notions into his head, which made him act
very strangely.
He was born on the Fourth of July, which may be the reason why he
was so smart, though I do not think it was. He could make boxes and
carts, windmills and water-wheels, and ever so many other things.
Behind his father’s house there was a little brook, flowing into the
river. In this stream Robert had built a dam, and put up a water-
wheel, which kept turning day and night till a freshet came and swept
it into the river.
His father was a carpenter, and Robert spent a great part of his
leisure hours in the shop, inventing or constructing queer machines,
of which no one but himself knew the use; and I am not sure that he
always knew himself.
On his birthday, when Robert was eleven years old, his oldest
brother, who lived in Boston, sent him a copy of Robinson Crusoe as
a birthday present. Almost every child reads this book, and I
suppose there is not another book in the world which children like to
read so well as this.
It is the story of a man who was wrecked on an island, far away from
the main land, and on which no human being lived. The book tells
how Robinson Crusoe lived on the island, what he had to eat, and
how he obtained it; how he built a boat, and could not get it into the
water, and then built another, and did get it into the water; about his
dog and goats, his cat and his parrots, and his Man Friday.
The poor man lived alone for a long time, and most of us would think
he could not have been very happy, away from his country and
friends, with no one to speak to but his cat and goats, and his Man
Friday, and none of them could understand him.
Robert Gray didn’t think so. He read the book through in two or three
days after he received it, and thought Robinson Crusoe must have
had a nice time of it with his cat and his goats, and his Man Friday.
He was even silly enough to wish himself on a lonely island, away
from his father and mother. He thought he should be happy there in
building his house, and roaming over his island in search of food,
and in sailing on the sea, fishing, and hunting for shell fish.
Then he read the book through again, and the more he read the
more he thought Crusoe was a great man, and the more he wished
to be like him, and to live on an island far away from other people.
“Have you read Robinson Crusoe?” said Robert Gray to Frank Lee,
as they were walking home from school one day.
“Yes, three times,” replied Frank; and his eyes sparkled as he
thought of the pleasure which the book had afforded him.
“Well, I’ve read it twice, and I think it is a first-rate book.”
“So do I; and I mean to read it again some time.”
“How should you like to live like Robinson Crusoe, all alone on an
island by yourself?” asked Robert, very gravely.
“Well, I don’t know as I should like it overmuch. I should want some
of Jenny’s doughnuts and apple pies.”
“Pooh! who cares for them?” said Robert, with a sneer.
“I do, for one.”
“Well, I don’t. I would just as lief have oysters and cocoanuts, fish
and grapes, and such things.”
“Without any butter, or sugar, or molasses?”
“I could get along without them.”
“Then there would be great storms, and you would get wet and be
cold.”
“I wouldn’t mind that.”
“Suppose you should be sick—have the measles, the hooping-
cough, or the scarlet fever? Who would take care of you then?”
“I would take care of myself.”
“Perhaps you could; but I think you would wish your mother was on
the island with you in that case,” said Frank, with a laugh.
“I don’t believe I should; at any rate, I should like to try it.”
“It is all very pretty to read about, but I don’t believe I should like to
try it. What would you do, Robert, when the Indians came to the
island?”
“I would do just as Robinson Crusoe did. I would shoot as many of
them as I could. I would catch one of them, and make him be my
Man Friday.”
“Suppose they should happen to shoot you instead; and then broil
you for their supper? Don’t you think you would ‘make a dainty dish
to set before the king’?”
“I am certain that I could get along just as well as Robinson Crusoe
did.”
“Perhaps not; every one don’t get out of a scrape as easily as
Robinson Crusoe did. I know one thing—I shall not go on any
desolate island to live as long as I can help it.”
“I think I should have a first-rate time on one,” said Robert, as he
turned down the street which led to his father’s house.
The next week the long summer vacation began, and Robert read
Robinson Crusoe through again from beginning to end. He spent
almost all his time in thinking about the man alone on the island; and
I dare say he very often dreamed about the goats, the cat, the parrot,
and Man Friday.
He used to lie for hours together under the great elm tree behind the
house fancying what a famous Crusoe he would make; and wishing
he could be cast away upon a lonely island, and there live in a cave,
with a cat and a parrot.
It was certainly very silly of him to spend the greater part of his time
in dreaming about such things, when he ought to have been thankful
for his comfortable and pleasant home, and the company of his
parents, and his brothers and sisters, and for all the good things
which God had given him.
Off for the Island.
 II.
Robert Gray wanted to be a Robinson Crusoe, and he actually
went so far as to form a plan by which he could live on an island,
sleep in a cave, and have no companions but a dog and an old cat.
Of course he did not tell any body about this famous plan, for fear his
friends might find it out, and prevent him from becoming a Crusoe.
But he went to work, and got every thing ready as fast as he could.
He was a smart boy, as I have said before, and his plan was very
well laid for a child.
He meant to be Robinson Crusoe, Jr., but he was not quite willing to
go upon the island without any tools to work with, or any thing to eat,
after he arrived. I think, if he could, he would have made sure of
most of the comforts of life.
Mr. Gray’s shop was only a short distance from the river. The little
brook in which Robert placed his water-wheel, widened into a pretty
large stream near the shop. Here Mr. Crusoe, Jr., intended to build a
raft, which should bear him to the lonely island.
Near the middle of the great pond, which my young friends will find
described in The Young Voyagers, there was a small island, which
Robert had chosen for his future home, and where he was to be
“monarch of all he surveyed.”
After Frank Lee’s unfortunate cruise down the river, Robert had
some doubts about being able to reach the island. But these did not
prevent him from trying to carry out his plan. He might, perhaps, get
wrecked, as Joe Birch had been; but if he did, it would be so much
the more like Robinson Crusoe,—only a rock, with the water knee
deep upon it, was not a very good place to be “monarch of all he
surveyed.”
Robert’s father and mother had gone to visit his uncle in the State of
New York, and were to be absent two weeks. This seemed like a
good time for his great enterprise, as his oldest sister was the only
person at home besides himself, and she was too busy to watch him
very closely.
He worked away on his raft for two days before he finished it, for he
did not mean to go to sea, as he called it to himself, in such a
shabby craft as that in which Joe had been wrecked. He had tools
from the shop, a hammer, and plenty of nails, and he made the raft
very strong and safe.
It was raised above the water, so that the top was dry when he stood
upon it; and to make it more secure, he put a little fence all round it,
to prevent him from slipping off if the craft should strike upon a rock.
Then he made two oars with which he could move and steer the raft.
He also nailed a box upon the platform, upon which he could sit.
When this queer ark was done, he pushed it out into the stream, and
made a trial trip as far as the river, and rowed it back to the place
from which he started.
From the barn he took two horse-blankets, for his bed on the island,
and placed them on the raft. He got a tin cup and a kettle from the
house, as well as several other things which he thought he might
need. A small hatchet and some nails from the shop completed his
outfit. All these articles were secured on the raft, just before dark,
and the next morning he intended to start for the island.
Robert was so tired after the hard work he had done upon the raft,
that he slept like a rock all night, and did not wake up till his sister
called him to breakfast. He had intended to start very early in the
morning, but this part of his plan had failed.
After breakfast, he took twenty cents which he had saved towards
buying a book called The Swiss Family Robinson, which Frank Lee
told him was something like Robinson Crusoe, and went to the
grocery store to buy some provisions.
He bought a sheet of gingerbread, some crackers, and a piece of
cheese, and ran across the fields with them to the brook. He was
very careful to keep away from the house, so that his sister should
not see him. Having placed these things in the box on the raft, so
that they would be safe, he went back to the house once more.
“Puss, puss, puss,” said he; and presently the old black cat came
purring and mewing up to him, and rubbing her head against his
legs.
Poor pussy had not the least idea that she was destined to be the
companion of a Robinson Crusoe; so she let him take her up in his
arms. If she had only known what a scrape she was about to get
into, I am sure she would not have let Mr. Crusoe, Jr., put one of his
fingers upon her.
“Trip, Trip, Trip,—come here, Trip,” said he to the spaniel dog that
was sleeping on the door mat.
Trip had no more idea than pussy of the famous plan in which he
was to play a part; so he waked up and followed his young master. I
don’t believe Trip had any taste for Crusoe life; and he would have
liked to know where his beef and bones were to come from, for he
was not very fond of gingerbread and crackers.
If pussy didn’t “smell a rat” when they reached the raft, it was
because there was no rat for her to smell; but she showed a very
proper spirit, and, by her scratching and snarling, showed that she
did not like the idea of sailing down the river on a raft.
Robert did not heed her objections; and what do you think he did
with poor pussy? Why, he put her in the box with the crackers and
gingerbread and cheese! Trip, having a decided taste for the water,
did not object to going upon the raft. Yet, judging from the way he
looked up into his master’s face, he wondered what was “in the
wind,” and what big thing was going to be done.
“Now, Trip, we are all ready for a start,” said Robert, as he stepped
upon the raft. “You needn’t scratch and cry so, pussy. Nobody is
going to hurt you.”
Trip looked up in his face and wagged his tail, and pussy scratched
and howled, and refused to be comforted. But Trip had the
advantage of pussy very much in one respect, for, when he became
sick of the adventure, he could jump into the water and swim ashore.
Robert, however, gave little thought or heed at this moment to the
wishes or comfort of his two companions, for his mind was wholly
taken up with the preparations for the grand departure.
All was now ready; Robert pushed off the raft, and it floated slowly
down the stream.
The Water-Wheel.
 III.
The river was broad and deep, but Robert was not afraid. He had
been on the water a great deal for a little boy, and he was sure that
his raft was strong enough to bear a pretty hard knock upon the
rocks.
Poor pussy kept up a constant crying, in the box, and once in a while
she scratched, with all her might, against the sides; but she could not
get out.
Trip behaved himself much better, but he gazed up in his young
master’s face all the time, and did not know what to make of this very
singular voyage.
Robert was much pleased with his success thus far, and was
satisfied that he should make a very good Robinson Crusoe, Jr. The
raft worked quite well, and with the great oar at the stern, he could
steer it as easily as though it had been a real boat.
He had not yet reached the dangerous part of the river, which was
called the Rapids. This was the place where Joe Birch had been
wrecked. He had some doubts about being able to pass with safety
between the rocks, which here rose above the surface of the water.
But he was a bold, brave boy, and he was almost sure that, if any
thing happened, he could swim ashore.
As he thought of the raft being dashed to pieces against a rock, he
wondered what would become of poor pussy.
He did not want to drown her; so he decided to give her a fair chance
to save her life in case of any accident. He opened the box, and
pussy was glad enough to get out.
As she jumped from the box, Robert saw that she had made a sad
mess of the provisions he had obtained for use on the island. She
had scratched open the papers, and the gingerbread was broken