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 Masaaki Kurosu (Ed.)

Human-Computer
LNCS 8512

Interaction
Applications and Services
16th International Conference, HCI International 2014
Heraklion, Crete, Greece, June 22–27, 2014
Proceedings, Part III

123
Lecture Notes in Computer Science 8512
Commenced Publication in 1973
Founding and Former Series Editors:
Gerhard Goos, Juris Hartmanis, and Jan van Leeuwen

Editorial Board
David Hutchison
Lancaster University, UK
Takeo Kanade
Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Josef Kittler
University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
Jon M. Kleinberg
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
Alfred Kobsa
University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
Friedemann Mattern
ETH Zurich, Switzerland
John C. Mitchell
Stanford University, CA, USA
Moni Naor
Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
Oscar Nierstrasz
University of Bern, Switzerland
C. Pandu Rangan
Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, India
Bernhard Steffen
TU Dortmund University, Germany
Demetri Terzopoulos
University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Doug Tygar
University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
Gerhard Weikum
Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarbruecken, Germany
Masaaki Kurosu (Ed.)

Human-Computer
Interaction
Applications and Services

16th International Conference

HCI International 2014
Heraklion, Crete, Greece, June 22-27, 2014
Proceedings, Part III

13
Volume Editor
Masaaki Kurosu
The Open University of Japan
2-11 Wakaba, Mihama-ku, Chiba-shi
Chiba 261-8586, Japan
E-mail: masaakikurosu@spa.nifty.com

ISSN 0302-9743 e-ISSN 1611-3349

ISBN 978-3-319-07226-5 e-ISBN 978-3-319-07227-2
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-07227-2
Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London

Library of Congress Control Number: 2014938357

LNCS Sublibrary: SL 3 – Information Systems and Application, incl. Internet/Web

and HCI
© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014
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 Foreword

The 16th International Conference on Human–Computer Interaction, HCI

International 2014, was held in Heraklion, Crete, Greece, during June 22–27,
2014, incorporating 14 conferences/thematic areas:

Thematic areas:

• Human–Computer Interaction
• Human Interface and the Management of Information

Affiliated conferences:

• 11th International Conference on Engineering Psychology and Cognitive

Ergonomics
• 8th International Conference on Universal Access in Human–Computer
Interaction
• 6th International Conference on Virtual, Augmented and Mixed Reality
• 6th International Conference on Cross-Cultural Design
• 6th International Conference on Social Computing and Social Media
• 8th International Conference on Augmented Cognition
• 5th International Conference on Digital Human Modeling and Applications
in Health, Safety, Ergonomics and Risk Management
• Third International Conference on Design, User Experience and Usability
• Second International Conference on Distributed, Ambient and Pervasive
Interactions
• Second International Conference on Human Aspects of Information Security,
Privacy and Trust
• First International Conference on HCI in Business
• First International Conference on Learning and Collaboration Technologies

A total of 4,766 individuals from academia, research institutes, industry, and

governmental agencies from 78 countries submitted contributions, and 1,476 pa-
pers and 225 posters were included in the proceedings. These papers address
the latest research and development efforts and highlight the human aspects of
design and use of computing systems. The papers thoroughly cover the entire
field of human–computer interaction, addressing major advances in knowledge
and effective use of computers in a variety of application areas.
This volume, edited by Masaaki Kurosu, contains papers focusing on the
thematic area of human–computer interaction (HCI), addressing the following
major topics:

• Interacting with the web

• Mobile Interaction
VI Foreword

• HCI for health, well-being and sport

• Mobility, transport and environment
• Interacting with games
• Business, sustainability and technology adoption

The remaining volumes of the HCI International 2014 proceedings are:

• Volume 1, LNCS 8510, Human–Computer Interaction: HCI Theories,

Methods and Tools (Part I), edited by Masaaki Kurosu
• Volume 2, LNCS 8511, Human–Computer Interaction: Advanced Interaction
Modalities and Techniques (Part II), edited by Masaaki Kurosu
• Volume 4, LNCS 8513, Universal Access in Human–Computer Interaction:
Design and Development Methods for Universal Access (Part I), edited by
Constantine Stephanidis and Margherita Antona
• Volume 5, LNCS 8514, Universal Access in Human–Computer Interaction:
Universal Access to Information and Knowledge (Part II), edited by
Constantine Stephanidis and Margherita Antona
• Volume 6, LNCS 8515, Universal Access in Human–Computer Interaction:
Aging and Assistive Environments (Part III), edited by Constantine
Stephanidis and Margherita Antona
• Volume 7, LNCS 8516, Universal Access in Human–Computer Interaction:
Design for All and Accessibility Practice (Part IV), edited by Constantine
Stephanidis and Margherita Antona
• Volume 8, LNCS 8517, Design, User Experience, and Usability: Theories,
Methods and Tools for Designing the User Experience (Part I), edited by
Aaron Marcus
• Volume 9, LNCS 8518, Design, User Experience, and Usability: User Expe-
rience Design for Diverse Interaction Platforms and Environments (Part II),
edited by Aaron Marcus
• Volume 10, LNCS 8519, Design, User Experience, and Usability: User Expe-
rience Design for Everyday Life Applications and Services (Part III), edited
by Aaron Marcus
• Volume 11, LNCS 8520, Design, User Experience, and Usability: User
Experience Design Practice (Part IV), edited by Aaron Marcus
• Volume 12, LNCS 8521, Human Interface and the Management of Informa-
tion: Information and Knowledge Design and Evaluation (Part I), edited by
Sakae Yamamoto
• Volume 13, LNCS 8522, Human Interface and the Management of Infor-
mation: Information and Knowledge in Applications and Services (Part II),
edited by Sakae Yamamoto
• Volume 14, LNCS 8523, Learning and Collaboration Technologies: Designing
and Developing Novel Learning Experiences (Part I), edited by Panayiotis
Zaphiris and Andri Ioannou
• Volume 15, LNCS 8524, Learning and Collaboration Technologies:
Technology-rich Environments for Learning and Collaboration (Part II),
edited by Panayiotis Zaphiris and Andri Ioannou
 Foreword VII

• Volume 16, LNCS 8525, Virtual, Augmented and Mixed Reality: Designing
and Developing Virtual and Augmented Environments (Part I), edited by
Randall Shumaker and Stephanie Lackey
• Volume 17, LNCS 8526, Virtual, Augmented and Mixed Reality: Applica-
tions of Virtual and Augmented Reality (Part II), edited by Randall Shu-
maker and Stephanie Lackey
• Volume 18, LNCS 8527, HCI in Business, edited by Fiona Fui-Hoon Nah
• Volume 19, LNCS 8528, Cross-Cultural Design, edited by P.L. Patrick Rau
• Volume 20, LNCS 8529, Digital Human Modeling and Applications in Health,
Safety, Ergonomics and Risk Management, edited by Vincent G. Duffy
• Volume 21, LNCS 8530, Distributed, Ambient, and Pervasive Interactions,
edited by Norbert Streitz and Panos Markopoulos
• Volume 22, LNCS 8531, Social Computing and Social Media, edited by
Gabriele Meiselwitz
• Volume 23, LNAI 8532, Engineering Psychology and Cognitive Ergonomics,
edited by Don Harris
• Volume 24, LNCS 8533, Human Aspects of Information Security, Privacy
and Trust, edited by Theo Tryfonas and Ioannis Askoxylakis
• Volume 25, LNAI 8534, Foundations of Augmented Cognition, edited by
Dylan D. Schmorrow and Cali M. Fidopiastis
• Volume 26, CCIS 434, HCI International 2014 Posters Proceedings (Part I),
edited by Constantine Stephanidis
• Volume 27, CCIS 435, HCI International 2014 Posters Proceedings (Part II),
edited by Constantine Stephanidis

I would like to thank the Program Chairs and the members of the Program
Boards of all affiliated conferences and thematic areas, listed below, for their
contribution to the highest scientific quality and the overall success of the HCI
International 2014 Conference.
This conference could not have been possible without the continuous support
and advice of the founding chair and conference scientific advisor, Prof. Gavriel
Salvendy, as well as the dedicated work and outstanding efforts of the commu-
nications chair and editor of HCI International News, Dr. Abbas Moallem.
I would also like to thank for their contribution towards the smooth organi-
zation of the HCI International 2014 Conference the members of the Human–
Computer Interaction Laboratory of ICS-FORTH, and in particular
George Paparoulis, Maria Pitsoulaki, Maria Bouhli, and George Kapnas.

April 2014 Constantine Stephanidis

General Chair, HCI International 2014
 Organization

Human–Computer Interaction
Program Chair: Masaaki Kurosu, Japan

Jose Abdelnour-Nocera, UK Heidi Krömker, Germany

Sebastiano Bagnara, Italy
Simone Barbosa, Brazil
Adriana Betiol, Brazil
Simone Borsci, UK
Henry Duh, Australia
Xiaowen Fang, USA
Vicki Hanson, UK
Wonil Hwang, Korea
Minna Isomursu, Finland
Yong Gu Ji, Korea
Anirudha Joshi, India
Esther Jun, USA
Kyungdoh Kim, Korea
Chen Ling, USA
Chang S. Nam, USA
Naoko Okuizumi, Japan
Philippe Palanque, France
Ling Rothrock, USA
Naoki Sakakibara, Japan
Dominique Scapin, France
Guangfeng Song, USA
Sanjay Tripathi, India
Chui Yin Wong, Malaysia
Toshiki Yamaoka, Japan
Kazuhiko Yamazaki, Japan
Ryoji Yoshitake, Japan

Human Interface and the Management of Information

Program Chair: Sakae Yamamoto, Japan

Alan Chan, Hong Kong Hiroyuki Miki, Japan

Denis A. Coelho, Portugal
Linda Elliott, USA
Shin’ichi Fukuzumi, Japan
Michitaka Hirose, Japan
Makoto Itoh, Japan
Yen-Yu Kang, Taiwan
Koji Kimita, Japan
Daiji Kobayashi, Japan
Shogo Nishida, Japan
Robert Proctor, USA
Youngho Rhee, Korea
Ryosuke Saga, Japan
Katsunori Shimohara, Japan
Kim-Phuong Vu, USA
Tomio Watanabe, Japan
X Organization

Engineering Psychology and Cognitive Ergonomics

Program Chair: Don Harris, UK

Guy Andre Boy, USA Axel Schulte, Germany

Shan Fu, P.R. China
Hung-Sying Jing, Taiwan
Wen-Chin Li, Taiwan
Mark Neerincx, The Netherlands
Jan Noyes, UK
Paul Salmon, Australia
Siraj Shaikh, UK
Sarah Sharples, UK
Anthony Smoker, UK
Neville Stanton, UK
Alex Stedmon, UK
Andrew Thatcher, South Africa

Universal Access in Human–Computer Interaction

Program Chairs: Constantine Stephanidis, Greece, and
Margherita Antona, Greece

Julio Abascal, Spain Georgios Kouroupetroglou, Greece

Gisela Susanne Bahr, USA
João Barroso, Portugal
Margrit Betke, USA
Anthony Brooks, Denmark
Christian Bühler, Germany
Stefan Carmien, Spain
Hua Dong, P.R. China
Carlos Duarte, Portugal
Pier Luigi Emiliani, Italy
Qin Gao, P.R. China
Andrina Granić, Croatia
Andreas Holzinger, Austria
Josette Jones, USA
Simeon Keates, UK
Patrick Langdon, UK
Barbara Leporini, Italy
Eugene Loos, The Netherlands
Ana Isabel Paraguay, Brazil
Helen Petrie, UK
Michael Pieper, Germany
Enrico Pontelli, USA
Jaime Sanchez, Chile
Alberto Sanna, Italy
Anthony Savidis, Greece
Christian Stary, Austria
Hirotada Ueda, Japan
Gerhard Weber, Germany
Harald Weber, Germany

Virtual, Augmented and Mixed Reality

Program Chairs: Randall Shumaker, USA, and Stephanie Lackey,
USA

Roland Blach, Germany Hirokazu Kato, Japan

Sheryl Brahnam, USA Denis Laurendeau, Canada
Juan Cendan, USA Fotis Liarokapis, UK
Jessie Chen, USA Michael Macedonia, USA
Panagiotis D. Kaklis, UK Gordon Mair, UK
 Organization XI

Jose San Martin, Spain Christopher Stapleton, USA

Tabitha Peck, USA Gregory Welch, USA
Christian Sandor, Australia

Cross-Cultural Design
Program Chair: P.L. Patrick Rau, P.R. China

Yee-Yin Choong, USA Sheau-Farn Max Liang, Taiwan

Paul Fu, USA
Zhiyong Fu, P.R. China
Pin-Chao Liao, P.R. China
Dyi-Yih Michael Lin, Taiwan
Rungtai Lin, Taiwan
Ta-Ping (Robert) Lu, Taiwan
Liang Ma, P.R. China
Alexander Mädche, Germany
Katsuhiko Ogawa, Japan
Tom Plocher, USA
Huatong Sun, USA
Emil Tso, P.R. China
Hsiu-Ping Yueh, Taiwan
Liang (Leon) Zeng, USA
Jia Zhou, P.R. China

Online Communities and Social Media

Program Chair: Gabriele Meiselwitz, USA

Leonelo Almeida, Brazil Anthony Norcio, USA

Chee Siang Ang, UK
Aneesha Bakharia, Australia
Ania Bobrowicz, UK
James Braman, USA
Farzin Deravi, UK
Carsten Kleiner, Germany
Niki Lambropoulos, Greece
Soo Ling Lim, UK
Portia Pusey, USA
Panote Siriaraya, UK
Stefan Stieglitz, Germany
Giovanni Vincenti, USA
Yuanqiong (Kathy) Wang, USA
June Wei, USA
Brian Wentz, USA

Augmented Cognition
Program Chairs: Dylan D. Schmorrow, USA, and Cali M. Fidopiastis,
USA

Ahmed Abdelkhalek, USA Rosario Cannavò, Italy

Robert Atkinson, USA Joseph Cohn, USA
Monique Beaudoin, USA Andrew J. Cowell, USA
John Blitch, USA Martha Crosby, USA
Alenka Brown, USA Wai-Tat Fu, USA
XII Organization
Rodolphe Gentili, USA
Frederick Gregory, USA
Michael W. Hail, USA
Monte Hancock, USA
Fei Hu, USA
Ion Juvina, USA
Joe Keebler, USA
Philip Mangos, USA
Rao Mannepalli, USA
David Martinez, USA
Yvonne R. Masakowski, USA
Santosh Mathan, USA
Ranjeev Mittu, USA
Digital Human Modeling and Applications in Health,
Safety, Ergonomics and Risk Management
Program Chair: Vincent G. Duffy, USA
Giuseppe Andreoni, Italy
Daniel Carruth, USA
Elsbeth De Korte, The Netherlands
Afzal A. Godil, USA
Ravindra Goonetilleke, Hong Kong
Noriaki Kuwahara, Japan
Kang Li, USA
Zhizhong Li, P.R. China
Design, User Experience, and Usability
Program Chair: Aaron Marcus, USA
Sisira Adikari, Australia
Claire Ancient, USA
Arne Berger, Germany
Jamie Blustein, Canada
Ana Boa-Ventura, USA
Jan Brejcha, Czech Republic
Lorenzo Cantoni, Switzerland
Marc Fabri, UK
Luciane Maria Fadel, Brazil
Tricia Flanagan, Hong Kong
Jorge Frascara, Mexico
Keith Niall, USA
Tatana Olson, USA
Debra Patton, USA
June Pilcher, USA
Robinson Pino, USA
Tiffany Poeppelman, USA
Victoria Romero, USA
Amela Sadagic, USA
Anna Skinner, USA
Ann Speed, USA
Robert Sottilare, USA
Peter Walker, USA
Tim Marler, USA
Jianwei Niu, P.R. China
Michelle Robertson, USA
Matthias Rötting, Germany
Mao-Jiun Wang, Taiwan
Xuguang Wang, France
James Yang, USA
Federico Gobbo, Italy
Emilie Gould, USA
Rüdiger Heimgärtner, Germany
Brigitte Herrmann, Germany
Steffen Hess, Germany
Nouf Khashman, Canada
Fabiola Guillermina Noël, Mexico
Francisco Rebelo, Portugal
Kerem Rızvanoğlu, Turkey
Marcelo Soares, Brazil
Carla Spinillo, Brazil
 Organization XIII

Distributed, Ambient and Pervasive Interactions

Program Chairs: Norbert Streitz, Germany, and Panos Markopoulos,
The Netherlands

Juan Carlos Augusto, UK Ingrid Mulder, The Netherlands

Jose Bravo, Spain
Adrian Cheok, UK
Boris de Ruyter, The Netherlands
Anind Dey, USA
Dimitris Grammenos, Greece
Nuno Guimaraes, Portugal
Achilles Kameas, Greece
Javed Vassilis Khan, The Netherlands
Shin’ichi Konomi, Japan
Carsten Magerkurth, Switzerland
Anton Nijholt, The Netherlands
Fabio Paternó, Italy
Carsten Röcker, Germany
Teresa Romao, Portugal
Albert Ali Salah, Turkey
Manfred Tscheligi, Austria
Reiner Wichert, Germany
Woontack Woo, Korea
Xenophon Zabulis, Greece

Human Aspects of Information Security, Privacy and Trust

Program Chairs: Theo Tryfonas, UK, and Ioannis Askoxylakis,
Greece

Claudio Agostino Ardagna, Italy Gregorio Martinez, Spain

Zinaida Benenson, Germany
Daniele Catteddu, Italy
Raoul Chiesa, Italy
Bryan Cline, USA
Sadie Creese, UK
Jorge Cuellar, Germany
Marc Dacier, USA
Dieter Gollmann, Germany
Kirstie Hawkey, Canada
Jaap-Henk Hoepman, The Netherlands
Cagatay Karabat, Turkey
Angelos Keromytis, USA
Ayako Komatsu, Japan
Ronald Leenes, The Netherlands
Javier Lopez, Spain
Steve Marsh, Canada
Emilio Mordini, Italy
Yuko Murayama, Japan
Masakatsu Nishigaki, Japan
Aljosa Pasic, Spain
Milan Petković, The Netherlands
Joachim Posegga, Germany
Jean-Jacques Quisquater, Belgium
Damien Sauveron, France
George Spanoudakis, UK
Kerry-Lynn Thomson, South Africa
Julien Touzeau, France
Theo Tryfonas, UK
João Vilela, Portugal
Claire Vishik, UK
Melanie Volkamer, Germany
XIV Organization
HCI in Business
Program Chair: Fiona Fui-Hoon Nah, USA
Andreas Auinger, Austria
Michel Avital, Denmark
Traci Carte, USA
Hock Chuan Chan, Singapore
Constantinos Coursaris, USA
Soussan Djamasbi, USA
Brenda Eschenbrenner, USA
Nobuyuki Fukawa, USA
Khaled Hassanein, Canada
Milena Head, Canada
Susanna (Shuk Ying) Ho, Australia
Jack Zhenhui Jiang, Singapore
Jinwoo Kim, Korea
Zoonky Lee, Korea
Honglei Li, UK
Nicholas Lockwood, USA
Eleanor T. Loiacono, USA
Mei Lu, USA
Learning and Collaboration Technologies
Program Chairs: Panayiotis Zaphiris, Cyprus, and Andri Ioannou,
Cyprus
Ruthi Aladjem, Israel
Abdulaziz Aldaej, UK
John M. Carroll, USA
Maka Eradze, Estonia
Mikhail Fominykh, Norway
Denis Gillet, Switzerland
Mustafa Murat Inceoglu, Turkey
Pernilla Josefsson, Sweden
Marie Joubert, UK
Sauli Kiviranta, Finland
Tomaž Klobučar, Slovenia
Elena Kyza, Cyprus
Maarten de Laat, The Netherlands
David Lamas, Estonia
Scott McCoy, USA
Brian Mennecke, USA
Robin Poston, USA
Lingyun Qiu, P.R. China
Rene Riedl, Austria
Matti Rossi, Finland
April Savoy, USA
Shu Schiller, USA
Hong Sheng, USA
Choon Ling Sia, Hong Kong
Chee-Wee Tan, Denmark
Chuan Hoo Tan, Hong Kong
Noam Tractinsky, Israel
Horst Treiblmaier, Austria
Virpi Tuunainen, Finland
Dezhi Wu, USA
I-Chin Wu, Taiwan
Edmund Laugasson, Estonia
Ana Loureiro, Portugal
Katherine Maillet, France
Nadia Pantidi, UK
Antigoni Parmaxi, Cyprus
Borzoo Pourabdollahian, Italy
Janet C. Read, UK
Christophe Reffay, France
Nicos Souleles, Cyprus
Ana Luı́sa Torres, Portugal
Stefan Trausan-Matu, Romania
Aimilia Tzanavari, Cyprus
Johnny Yuen, Hong Kong
Carmen Zahn, Switzerland
 Organization XV

External Reviewers

Ilia Adami, Greece Asterios Leonidis, Greece

Iosif Klironomos, Greece George Margetis, Greece
Maria Korozi, Greece Stavroula Ntoa, Greece
Vassilis Kouroumalis, Greece Nikolaos Partarakis, Greece
 HCI International 2015

The 15th International Conference on Human–Computer Interaction, HCI In-

ternational 2015, will be held jointly with the affiliated conferences in Los An-
geles, CA, USA, in the Westin Bonaventure Hotel, August 2–7, 2015. It will
cover a broad spectrum of themes related to HCI, including theoretical issues,
methods, tools, processes, and case studies in HCI design, as well as novel in-
teraction techniques, interfaces, and applications. The proceedings will be pub-
lished by Springer. More information will be available on the conference website:
http://www.hcii2015.org/

General Chair
Professor Constantine Stephanidis
University of Crete and ICS-FORTH
Heraklion, Crete, Greece
E-mail: cs@ics.forth.gr
 Table of Contents – Part III

Interacting with the Web

CORPUS: Next-Generation Online Platform for Research
Collaborations in Humanities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Yuan Jia, Xi Niu, Reecha Bharali, Davide Bolchini, and
André De Tienne

B2C Websites’ Usability for Chinese Senior Citizens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Liang Kang and Hua Dong

Intelligent Interface for Web Information Retrieval with Document

Understanding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Rahul S. Khokale and Mohammad Atique

Data Preloading Technique using Intention Prediction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Seungyup Lee, Juwan Yoo, and Da Young Ju

Textual Emotion Communication with Non-verbal Symbols in Online

Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Eunice Njeri Mwangi, Stephen Kimani, and Michael Kimwele

A Preliminary Study of Relation Induction between HTML Tag Set

and User Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Azusa Nakano, Asato Tanaka, and Masanori Akiyoshi

Analysis of Demographical Factors’ Influence on Websites’ Credibility

Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Maria Rafalak, Piotr Bilski, and Adam Wierzbicki

Drivers for the Actual Usage of Cloud Services: An Examination of

Influencing Factors for Digital Natives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Mark Stieninger and Dietmar Nedbal

Proposals for an Assessment Method of Accessibility and Usability in

Web Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Edson Corrêa Teracine and Fabı́ola Calixto Matsumoto

The Correlation between Visual Complexity and User Trust in On-line

Shopping: Implications for Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Kai-Ti Tseng and Yuan-Chi Tseng
XX Table of Contents – Part III

Mobile Interaction
Digital Love Letter: A Handwriting Based Interface for Non-instant
Digital Messenger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
So Jung Bang, Yoonji Song, Jae Dong Kim, Kiseul Suh,
Chung-Kon Shi, Graham Wakefield, and Sungju Woo

Evaluation Based Graphical Controls: A Contribution to Mobile User

Interface Early Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Selem Charfi, Houcine Ezzedine, and Christophe Kolski

Smartphone Input Using Its Integrated Projector and Built-In

Camera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Sergiu Dotenco, Timo Götzelmann, and Florian Gallwitz

Touchscreen Mobile Phones Virtual Keyboarding for People with

Visual Disabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Agebson Rocha Façanha, Windson Viana,
Mauro Cavalcante Pequeno, Márcia de Borba Campos, and
Jaime Sánchez

Comparison Test of Website Use with Mobile Phone and Laptop

Computer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Martin Maguire and Min Tang

A Study of Emoticon Use in Instant Messaging from Smartphone . . . . . . 155

Tae Woong Park, Si-Jung Kim, and Gene Lee

Mobile Users Are More Vigilant than Situated Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166

M. Giles Phillips

Heuristic Evaluation of Mobile Usability: A Mapping Study . . . . . . . . . . . 178

André de Lima Salgado and André Pimenta Freire

Where Is Mobile Projection Interaction Going? The Past, Present and

Future of the Mobile Projected Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Yun Zhou, Tao Xu, Bertrand David, and René Chalon

Do Gender and Age Matter? A User Study on Differences in Photo

Collection Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Angelina de C.A. Ziesemer, Francine B. Bergmann,
Isabel H. Manssour, João B.S. de Oliveira, and
Milene S. Silveira

HCI for Health, Well-Being and Sport

Tool to Help the Communication for Autists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Janaina Cintra Abib, Luciana Rodrigues, and Reginaldo Gotardo
 Table of Contents – Part III XXI

An Exergame for Encouraging Martial Arts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221

Connsynn Chye, Mizuki Sakamoto, and Tatsuo Nakajima

Exploring B-Learning Scenarios Using Fuzzy Logic-Based Modeling of

Users’ LMS Quality of Interaction in Ergonomics and Psychomotor
Rehabilitation Academic Courses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Sofia B. Dias, José Alves Diniz, and Leontios J. Hadjileontiadis

User Interfaces of Mobile Exergames . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244

Tim Dutz, Sandro Hardy, Martin Knöll, Stefan Göbel, and
Ralf Steinmetz

AwareCycle: Application for Sports Visualization Using an Afterimage

Display Attached to the Wheel of a Bicycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
Azusa Kadomura, Yoko Ichioka, Koji Tsukada, Jun Rekimoto, and
Itiro Siio

Refreshing Quantification and other Ploys to Give Up the Habit:

A Repertoire of Relations, Identities, and Rhetorical Devices in
Smoking Cessation Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Ştefania Matei, Cosima Rughiniş, and Răzvan Rughiniş

Eliciting Accessibility Requirements for People with Hearing Loss:

A Semantic and Norm Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
Marta Angélica Montiel Ferreira and Rodrigo Bonacin

Can a Theory-Informed Interactive Animation Increase Intentions to

Engage in Physical Activity in Young People with Asthma? . . . . . . . . . . . 289
Jennifer Murray, Brian Williams, Gaylor Hoskins, Silje Skar,
John McGhee, Dylan Gauld, Gordon Brown, Shaun Treweek,
Falko Sniehotta, Linda Cameron, Aziz Sheikh, and Suzanne Hagen

Mapping Graceful Interaction Design from Dance Performance . . . . . . . . . 301

Nor Laila Md. Noor, Wan Norizan Wan Hashim,
Wan Adilah Wan Adnan, and Fauzi Mohd Saman

Understanding the Interaction Support for Mobile Work

in an Emergency Room . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
Sergio F. Ochoa, Alvaro Monares, Nicolás Ochoa,
Ramón Hervás, and José Bravo

Sweat Sensing Technique for Wearable Device Using Infrared

Transparency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
Masa Ogata, Masahiko Inami, and Michita Imai
XXII Table of Contents – Part III

Collaborative Digital Sports Systems that Encourage Exercise . . . . . . . . . 332

Ayaka Sato, Anna Yokokubo, Itiro Siio, and Jun Rekimoto
Design Implications to Systems Supporting Informal Caregivers’ Daily
Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
Susanne Schinkinger and Hilda Tellioğlu
A Multi-disciplinary Approach in the Development of a Stroke
Rehabilitation Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
Marie Sjölinder, Maria Ehn, Inga-Lill Boman, Mia Folke,
Pär Hansson, Disa Sommerfeld, Stina Nylander, and Jörgen Borg
Snappy App: A Mobile Continuous Performance Test with Physical
Activity Measurement for Assessing Attention Deficit Hyperactivity
Disorder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
Zoe Young, Michael P. Craven, Maddie Groom, and John Crowe

Mobility, Transport and Environment

TellEat: Sharing Experiences on the Move . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
Elisa Chiabrando, Roberto Furnari, Silvia Likavec,
Francesco Osborne, Claudia Picardi, and
Daniele Theseider Dupré
The Youth of Today Designing the Smart City of Tomorrow -
Challenges to Future Mobility, Energy, and City Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
Simon Himmel, Barbara S. Zaunbrecher, Wiktoria Wilkowska, and
Martina Ziefle
Evidence-Based Error Analysis: Supporting the Design of Error-Tolerant
Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
Becky L. Hooey, Marco Aurisicchio, Robert Bracewell, and
David C. Foyle
Authority and Level of Automation - Lessons to Be Learned in Design
of In-vehicle Assistance Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
Anders Jansson, Patrik Stensson, Ida Bodin, Anton Axelsson, and
Simon Tschirner
Developing a Location-Aware Mobile Guide System for GLAMs Based
on TAPIR Sound Tag: A Case Study of the Lee Ungno Museum . . . . . . . 425
Jimin Jeon, Gunho Chae, and Woon Seung Yeo
An Adaptive Semantic Mobile Application for Individual Touristic
Exploration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434
Christine Keller, Rico Pöhland, Sören Brunk, and Thomas Schlegel
 Table of Contents – Part III XXIII

Memory-Sharing Support Tool for Improving Local Interaction . . . . . . . . 444

Yusuke Kurosaki, Tomoko Izumi, and Yoshio Nakatani

Finding Directions to a Good GPS System: A Comparative Analysis

and Development of a Predictive Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454
James Landy, Tatiana Lopez, Nkemjika Ndee, Pimpisa Predaswad,
Eyobin Lozano, and Patricia Morreale

A Geo-collaborative Recommendation Tool to Help Urban Mobility . . . . 466

Erick López-Ornelas, Rocı́o Abascal-Mena, and
J. Sergio Zepeda-Hernández

Influence of Cultural, Organizational and Automation Factors on

Human-Automation Trust: A Case Study of Auto-GCAS Engineers
and Developmental History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
David J. Niedober, Nhut T. Ho, Gina Masequesmay,
Kolina Koltai, Mark Skoog, Artemio Cacanindin,
Walter Johnson, and Joseph B. Lyons

Adaptive Warning Strategies from Multiple Systems: A Simulator

Study with Drivers with Different Reaction Times . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485
Evangelia Portouli and Vassilis Papakostopoulos

Tourist Evacuation Guidance Support System for Use in Disasters . . . . . 494

Toshiki Sato, Tomoko Izumi, and Yoshio Nakatani

Evaluating Novel User Interfaces in (Safety Critical) Railway

Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502
Anselmo Stelzer, Isabel Schütz, and Andreas Oetting

Identification of User Requirements for Mobile Applications to Support

Door-to-Door Mobility in Public Transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513
Ulrike Stopka

Fighting Technology Dumb Down: Our Cognitive Capacity for Effortful

AR Navigation Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525
James Wen, Agnes Deneka, William S. Helton,
Andreas Dünser, and Mark Billinghurst

Model of Mobility Oriented Agenda Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537

Tobias Wienken, Cindy Mayas, Stephan Hörold, and Heidi Krömker

The Challenges of Developing an Online Tool to Measure the Quality

of the Passenger Experience in a PanEuropean Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545
Andree Woodcock, Panagiotis Petridis, Fotis Liotopoulos,
Apostolos Georgiadis, and Liam Brady
XXIV Table of Contents – Part III

Interacting with Games

From Screens to Devices and Tangible Objects: A Framework Applied
to Serious Games Characterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559
Julian Alvarez, Sylvain Haudegond, Clémentine Havrez,
Christophe Kolski, Yoann Lebrun, Sophie Lepreux, and
Aurélien Libessart

Assembling the Collective Experience of a Serious Game Mediation as

an Interactional Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571
Alain Bovet and Marc Relieu

Bet without Looking: Studying Eyes-Free Interaction during Live

Sports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581
Pedro Centieiro, Teresa Romão, A. Eduardo Dias, and David Furió

Interface Design Strategies and Disruptions of Gameplay: Notes from a

Qualitative Study with First-Person Gamers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593
Suely Fragoso

Proposal for a New Entertainment System That Connects Real Life

and Net Excitement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 604
Kazuma Hidaka and Katsuhiko Ogawa

Distance Effect: Where You Stand Determines How Promptly You

Interact with Game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 614
Xiaolong Lou, Andol Xiangdong Li, and Ren Peng

Narrative Control and Player Experience in Role Playing Games:

Decision Points and Branching Narrative Feedback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 622
Christopher Moser and Xiaowen Fang

Prototyping for Digital Sports Integrating Game, Simulation

and Visualization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 634
Yasuto Nakanishi

Improving In-game Gesture Learning with Visual Feedback . . . . . . . . . . . . 643

Matthias Schwaller, Jan Kühni, Leonardo Angelini, and
Denis Lalanne

Haptic User Interface Integration for 3D Game Engines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 654

Gokhan Sengul, Nergiz Ercil Çağiltay, Erol Özçelik,
Emre Tuner, and Batuhan Erol
 Table of Contents – Part III XXV

Business, Sustainability and Technology Adoption

Situating a Design Space for Sustainable Software Appropriation . . . . . . . 665
Arman Arakelyan and David Lamas
A Model of Web-Based Follow-Up to Reduce Assistive Technology
Abandonment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 674
Stefano Federici, Maria Laura Mele, Salvatore Agostino Romeo,
Walter Didimo, Giuseppe Liotta, Simone Borsci, and Fabio Meloni
Designing for Online Collaborative Consumption: A Study of
Sociotechnical Gaps and Social Capital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683
Ali Gheitasy, José Abdelnour-Nocera, Bonnie Nardi, and
Dimitrios Rigas
Getting the Most from CRM Systems: Data Mining in SugarCRM,
Finding Important Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 693
Qamir Hussain
Humanization of Work and Environmental Protection in Activity of
Enterprise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 700
Aleksandra Kawecka-Endler and Beata Mrugalska
The Gap between What a Service Provider Shows Off and What Users
Really Watch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 710
Dongjin Kim and Jaehyun Choi
Design Artefacts as Business Decision Prompts: Tackling the Design
and Business Values Gap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 721
Joanna Kwiatkowska, Agnieszka Szóstek, and David Lamas
Home Networking: Smart but Complicated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 731
Abbas Moallem
A Systematic Review of Sustainability and Aspects of Human-Computer
Interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 742
Vânia Paula de Almeida Neris,
Kamila Rios da Hora Rodrigues, and
Renata Firmino Lima
Issues of ERP Upgrade in Public Sectors: A Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 754
Tanja Scheckenbach, Fan Zhao, Erik Allard, Jermaine Burke,
Kevin Chiwaki, and Sean Marlow
The Willingness to Adopt Technologies: A Cross-Sectional Study on
the Influence of Technical Self-efficacy on Acceptance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 764
Barbara S. Zaunbrecher, Sylvia Kowalewski, and Martina Ziefle
XXVI Table of Contents – Part III

The Impact of Culture Differences on Cloud Computing Adoption . . . . . . 776

Fan Zhao, Hans-Jürgen Scheruhn, and Mark von Rosing

Just Rate It! Gamification as Part of Recommendation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 786

Angelina de C.A. Ziesemer, Luana Müller, and Milene S. Silveira

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 797

Interacting with the web
 CORPUS: Next-Generation Online Platform
for Research Collaborations in Humanities

Yuan Jia1, Xi Niu1, Reecha Bharali1, Davide Bolchini1, and André De Tienne2
1
School of Informatics and Computing, Indiana University
2
Institute for American Thought
1535 W. Michigan Street, 2ES 0010 902 W New York Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202
{jiayuan,xiniu,rbharali,dbolchin,adetienn}@iupui.edu

Abstract. Two major research resources for humanities scholars are manuscripts
and scholarly editions (rigorously reconstituted standard texts of seminal writers
and thinkers). However, most of these resources either have not been digitized or
are not easy to access online [1]. Consequently, scholars frequently need to
spend unnecessary time and effort to find and manage different versions of mate-
rials (physical or digital) from different sources. To solve this problem, we pro-
pose an online platform called CORPUS – a Collaborative Online Research
Platform for Users of Scholarly edition – to support scholarly research online in
an efficient manner. CORPUS aims to integrate different types of
research materials in the humanities (manuscripts, scholarly editions, online pub-
lications, and personal notes) and aggregate different versions of the same texts.
In addition, it enhances collaboration among scholars while also providing them
with a peer-review-based incentive to share and publish their research work.

Keywords: Contextual Inquiry, Digital Humanities, User Study, Design, and

Prototype.

1 Introduction
The role of scholarly editions is central to the humanities: they seek to reconstitute and
establish the texts of seminal writers and thinkers with rigorous exactitude in order to
provide researchers with an authoritative standard text they can trust. The majority of
such editions exist only in print and the source manuscripts have either not been
digitized or are hard to access online. This forces scholars to spend unnecessary time
and effort to conduct research on different versions (physical and digital) of materials
from different sources (online, library or other organizations) [1, 5].
To solve this problem, we developed CORPUS (Collaboration Research Platform
for User of Scholar Edition), which is a novel collaborative online platform aiming at
supporting the research process of scholars in humanities in a much more efficient
and effective way. CORPUS has two unique goals:
1. Integration. to integrate different types of research materials in Humanities—
manuscripts, scholarly editions, online publications and personal notes—together to
support scholars’ need for their research work;

M. Kurosu (Ed.): Human-Computer Interaction, Part III, HCII 2014, LNCS 8512, pp. 3–12, 2014.
© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014
4 Y. Jia et al.

2. Collaboration. enhance collaboration among scholars to make their research work

richer and more effective.
The project started with understanding the domain of the digital humanities in gen-
eral. The researchers tried to understand current online projects, present available
literature on the subject and naturalistic interview techniques with editors to under-
stand the available techniques. With this background, the next step was to look into
the requirement gathering stage. The method of contextual inquiry with intensive
interview was used to understand how scholars conduct their research work in their
working environments. There were 10 scholars involved in the early round of inter-
views at the Institute of American Thought (IAT), Indianapolis. The interviews were
transcribed and the qualitative data were collected and analyzed by the Human Com-
puter Interaction Design Technique of Affinity Diagram. As an output, current work-
ing models (Flow Model and Physical Model) were generated. These models helped
in defining the goal of CORPUS, with various design opportunities found from the
breakdowns in the model. Based on the data gathered from interviews and the break-
downs in the model, a conceptual vision of CORPUS was proposed to be used in the
following study. To validate the issues identified and the appropriateness of the con-
ceptual vision, a detailed interview was again conducted with the users. In this stage
of contextual interviews, the users were shown the conceptual vision and asked about
detailed feedback about each feature. After both contextual interviews Stage 1 and 2,
the list of requirements for CORPUS was generated.
In the following stages, we designed an interactive prototype, which showcased the
key elements of CORPUS as an online dissemination platform. Many of the features
were what the contextual inquiry had proposed including the design ideas from the
researchers. At the end of this study, a formal evaluation was conducted, and the
feedback was received and used into the improvement of the platform.

2 Related Works

A few existing projects also support scholars' digital research work in the Humanities.
However, some of them either offer less flexibility for browsing source manuscripts
online [2,3,4], or are limited to transcribing source materials through crowd sourcing
methods [5].
For example, the Mark Twain Project produces scholarly editions, fully annotated
version. The project mainly supports searching and browsing Mark Twain manu-
scripts and productions. All comments are organized in the form of metadata. It only
deals with the manuscripts of Mark Twain and has limited functionalities when it
comes to working with those scholarly editions and manuscripts. The main limit of
the Mark Twain Project is that users are not allowed to store what they have read and
re-find them later. It is a collection that users can only browse. Also, there is no sup-
port for annotating or managing users’ own annotation.
In addition, none of the existing projects helps scholars browse scholarly editions
digitally. Furthermore, some other projects are unable to design their system from a
scholarly perspective, such as the Escidoc project [2]. It encourages scholars from
 CORPUS: Next-Generation Online Platform 5

various organizations to share their unfinished works or preliminary data with one
another. However, it discounts the fact that some scholars may not be willing to share
their own unpublished works with other scholars. In contrast to those existing
projects, CORPUS supports interactive access to and browsing of research materials
(not only manuscripts but also scholarly editions) and all the design features were
generated from scholars’ points of view.

3 Understanding Users

To understand the context of scholars’ research work process in Humanities, a User

Centered Design (UCD) method – contextual inquiry is selected in this study.
Contextual techniques are designed to gather data from customers in the field, where
people are working or living. Contextual Inquiry is a field data-gathering technique
that studies a few carefully selected individuals in depth to arrive at a fuller
understanding of the work practice across all customers. The conversation between a
participant and an interviewer about the participant’s work (rather than about the
system design) creates a shared understanding. The core premise of Contextual
Inquiry is very simple: go where the customer works, observe the customer as he or
she works, and talk to the customer about the work.
In this study, two stages of Contextual (See Table1.) Inquiries were conducted on
10 participants in the Institute for American Thought (IAT) in Indianapolis, IN,
U.S.A.. The aims for both of the stages are listed below:

Stage One. To understand the contexts of the current workflow, and generate the
conceptual vision for CORPUS.
Stage Two. To get feedback for the vision of CORPUS and to generate detail func-
tions of CORPUS.

Table 1. Two stages of User Study

No. of Scholars Mode of Interview

Interview Stage 1 10 On Site
Interview Stage 2 10 On Site/ Skype

3.1 The Results from the First Stage of the Contextual Inquiry
In the first stage, all the contextual interviews were transcribed. A collaborative anal-
ysis method called – Affinity Diagram – was used to analyze the qualitative data ga-
thered from these interviews. Then the current working models were generated to
describe the workflow and physical environments during scholars’ research work
process in Humanities. At the end this stage, a conceptual vision of CORPUS was
created for the next stage in this study.
6 Y. Jia et al.

Affinity Diagram. The affinity process was introduced as one of the “seven quality
processes” from Japan (Brassard, 1989; as known as the K-J method in Kawakita,
1982). Affinity diagram organizes the individual notes captured during interpretation
session into a hierarchy revealing common issues and themes. It shows the scope of
the customer problem: it reveals in one place all the issues, worries, and key elements
of work practice relevant to the team’s focus. It also defines the key quality
requirements on the system. The hierarchical structure groups similar issues so that all
the data relevant to a theme is shown together, creating stories about the customer
relevant to the design problem.
Figure1. shows the hierarchical structure of the 3 main themes found, followed by
the sub-categories, including 1) the types of materials scholars need; 2) the sources of
collecting the materials; 3) How to work on the materials; 4) the ways of storing the
materials, and 5) how to collaborate with other scholars.

Fig. 1. The main themes adapted from the Affinity Diagram

Current Working Models. From the data analysis from the affinity diagram,
scholars’ current working models – flow model and physical model – were generated.
The models helped understand how the users work in their environment and where the
current problems exist. The shock symbol in the models shows the design opportunity
found by researchers in the models; which were further used in defining user
requirements and taking design decisions for building the prototype.
 CORPUS: Next-Generation Online Platform 7

Flow Model. Figure2. shows the flow model of the scholars’ research work in
Humanities. From the model, we can see that scholars in Humanities often spend
unnecessary efforts on collecting the materials they need from four main sources: the
libraries, some specific organizations, websites and other scholars in the related field.
For example, most of them had the experience of traveling to the libra-
ries/organizations in other cities or countries to study materials. The materials usually
contain manuscripts, letters, the authors’ published books/papers, other scholars’ pub-
lications, and other online materials such as news, blog articles. Researchers are
always transcribing those manuscripts or letters to the authors’ intended text at the
beginning of their research process. Then they come up with their own works out of
the process of reading, comparing, and managing those materials. In this whole
process, the communication among scholars is also very important. Researchers seek
to know what happens in their research field by attending research conference, work-
shops or sending emails.

Fig. 2. The Flow Model of Current Research Work in Humanities

Physical Model. Any product or system must live with the constraints of the physical
environment as it exists. If it ignores those constraints, it creates problems for its user.
The studying of users’ workplace ensures that the system accounts for the physical
environment. The physical environment constraints what people can do, but within
those constraints people do have some control over their environment. Studying the
workplace offers important clues to the way people structure and thinks about work.
In this study, two types of physical environments are involved. The first one is the
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 Now, it was our hostess’s turn to entertain. We intimated as
much. She responded, first by much talk, much consultation with
Solange, and finally by going to one of the shelves that held the pans
and taking down some paper-covered books.
There was more consultation, whispered this time, and much
turning of pages. Then, after some preliminary coughing and
humming, the music began—the woman’s rich alto blending with the
child’s shrill but sweet notes. And what they sang was “Tantum ergo
Sacramentum.”
Why she should have thought that an appropriate song to offer
this company of rough soldiers from a distant land I do not know.
And why we found it appropriate it is harder still to say. But it did
seem appropriate to all of us—to Sergeant Reilly, to Jim (who used
to drive a truck), to Larry (who sold cigars), to Frank (who tended a
bar on Fourteenth Street). It seemed, for some reason, eminently
fitting. Not one of us then or later expressed any surprise that this
hymn, familiar to most of us since our mothers first led us to the
Parish Church down the pavements of New York or across the Irish
hills, should be sung to us in this strange land and in these strange
circumstances.
Since the gracious Latin of the Church was in order and since
the season was appropriate, one of us suggested “Adeste Fideles”
for the next item on the evening’s program. Madame and Solange
and our ex-seminarian knew all the words and the rest of us came in
strong with “Venite, adoremus Dominum.”
Then, as if to show that piety and mirth may live together, the
ladies obliged with “Au Clair de la Lune” and other simple ballads of
old France. And after taps had sounded in the street outside our
door, and there was yawning, and wrist-watches were being
scanned, the evening’s entertainment ended, by general consent,
with patriotic selections. We sang—as best we could—the Star
Spangled Banner, Solange and her mother humming the air and
applauding at the conclusion. Then we attempted La Marseillaise. Of
course we did not know the words. Solange came to our rescue with
two little pamphlets containing the song, so we looked over each
other’s shoulders and got to work in earnest. Madame sang with us,
and Solange. But during the final stanza Madame did not sing. She
leaned against the great family bedstead and looked at us. She had
taken one of the babies from under the red comforter and held him to
her breast. One of her red and toil-scarred hands half covered his fat
little back. There was a gentle dignity about that plain, hard-working
woman, that soldier’s widow—we all felt it. And some of us saw the
tears in her eyes.
There are mists, faint and beautiful and unchanging, that hang
over the green slopes of some mountains I know. I have seen them
on the Irish hills and I have seen them on the hills of France. I think
that they are made of the tears of good brave women.
Before I went to sleep that night I exchanged a few words with
Sergeant Reilly. We lay side by side on the floor, now piled with
straw. Blankets, shelter-halves, slickers and overcoats insured warm
sleep. Sergeant Reilly’s hard old face was wrapped round with his
muffler. The final cigarette of the day burned lazily in a corner of his
mouth.
“That was a pretty good evening, Sarge,” I said. “We sure were
in luck when we struck this billet.”
He grunted affirmatively, then puffed in silence for a few minutes.
Then he deftly spat the cigarette into a strawless portion of the floor,
where it glowed for a few seconds before it went out.
“You said it,” he remarked. “We were in luck is right. What do you
know about that lady, anyway?”
“Why,” I answered, “I thought she treated us pretty white.”
“Joe,” said Sergeant Reilly, “do you realize how much trouble
that woman took to make this bunch of roughnecks comfortable?
She didn’t make a damn cent on that feed, you know. The kid spent
all the money we give her. And she’s out about six francs for
firewood, too—I wish to God I had the money to pay her. I bet she’ll
go cold for a week now, and hungry, too.
“And that ain’t all,” he continued, after a pause broken only by an
occasional snore from our blissful neighbours. “Look at the way she
cooked them pomme de terres and fixed things up for us and let us
sit down there with her like we was her family. And look at the way
she and the little Sallie there sung for us.
“I tell you, Joe, it makes me think of old times to hear a woman
sing them Church hymns to me that way. It’s forty years since I heard
a hymn sung in a kitchen, and it was my mother, God rest her, that
sang them. I sort of realize what we’re fighting for now, and I never
did before. It’s for women like that and their kids.
“It gave me a turn to see her a-sitting their singing them hymns. I
remembered when I was a boy in Shangolden. I wonder if there’s
many women like that in France now—telling their beads and singing
the old hymns and treating poor traveling men the way she’s just
after treating us. There used to be lots of women like that in the Old
Country. And I think that’s why it was called ‘Holy Ireland.’”
 THE GENTLE ART OF CHRISTMAS
GIVING
IF A dentist stuck a bit of holly in his cap and went through the
streets on Christmas morning, his buzzing drill over his shoulder and
his forceps in his hand, stopping at the houses of his friends to give
their jaws free treatment, meanwhile trolling out lusty Yuletide staves
—if he were to do this, I say, it would be said of him, among other
things, that he was celebrating Christmas in a highly original manner.
Undoubtedly there would be many other adjectives applied to his
manner of generosity—adjectives applied, for instance, by the
children whom, around their gayly festooned tree, he surprised with
his gift of expert treatment. But the adjective most generally used
(not perhaps in adulation) would be “original.” And the use of this
adjective would be utterly wrong.
The holly bedecked dentist would not be acting in an original
manner. He would not be following the suggestion of his own
philanthropic heart. He would be acting in accordance with tradition,
a particularly annoying tradition, the evil and absurd superstition that
a gift should be representative of the giver rather than of the
recipient.
Now, I am aware that there is high literary authority for the
dentist’s Christmas morning expedition. The dentist himself would be
the first to disclaim having originated the idea; if you were to
question him he would tell you, as he deftly adjusted his rubber dam
in your mouth, that the credit belonged to the late Ralph Waldo
Emerson.
“Emerson,” the dentist would say as he sharpened the point of
his drill, “said that a gift was meaningless unless it was a genuine
expression of the giver; it would be unfitting, for instance, for a poet
to give his friend a house and lot, and a painter, his friend, a
diamond necklace. The poet should give a poem and the painter
should give a painting. Therefore it naturally follows that a minister
should give a sermon and a school teacher should bestow upon his
expectant pupils an extra page of mathematical problems. This,” the
dentist would say, “is the gift most expressive of my personality.” And
the drill would seek its goal.
Now, there is much to be said in favour of the Emersonian theory
of giving. Certainly it has the advantages of cheapness and
convenience. Many a poet could more easily give his friend a whole
ode or a sequence of sonnets or a bale of vers libre than he could
give a box of cigars, or a cigar. Many a painter could more easily
cover his children’s Christmas tree with his own cubist canvases
than with peppermint canes and toy locomotives and dolls and little
trumpets. A storekeeper or a manufacturer of any sort can more
easily select his gifts from his own stock than he can select them
elsewhere. Should a brewer, for instance, desire to help make Mr.
Bryan’s Christmas happy, it would be a simpler matter for him to put
in that gentleman’s stocking a case of beer than a case of grape
juice.
But cheapness and convenience are not the chief reasons for
this sort of giving. A poet who gives a poem when he should give a
pair of fur gauntlets, a painter who gives a painting when he should
give a doll, does so, it often happens, in spite of the fact that he has
thousands of dollars in the bank and lives within a block of a
department store, which he much enjoys visiting. He gives the gifts
that he does give because of his selfishness and conceit. He gives
his own wares because they advertise his talent.
The poet knows that his friend will not say, to inquiring admirers
of his fur gauntlets, “These were given me by Ezra Dusenbury,
author of ‘Babylonian Bleatings’ and other Lyrics: Smith, Parker &
Co., $1 net.” The painter knows that the infant he has enriched will
not say to her young companions: “‘Bettina’ was given me by the
illustrious Gaspar Slifestein whose incomprehensiblist canvases are
now on exhibition at the Microscopic Mania Gallery, 249 Fifth
Avenue, New York City.” These gentlemen take a violent interest in
their own work, and when they give presents of that work they are
trying to force their friends to share that interest and to extend it to all
the world. They are trying to force their friends to become their press
agents.
Of course there are exceptions to the rule that a giver should not
give his own wares. Any man who deals in wares that are universally
delightful may express himself in his gifts to his heart’s content and
no one will criticise him. So let no brewer or cigar-maker or money-
changer of my acquaintance puzzle his head long in the effort to
discover in the marts of the world something appropriate to my
peculiar tastes. These honest citizens may be as Emersonian in their
giving as they wish.
As I said, there is much to recommend the idea that inspired the
hypothetical dentist on his Yuletide denting; there is much to
recommend the gift-expressing-the-giver theory. It is convenient, it is
cheap, it is satisfying to the giver’s conceit. It is in many respects
excellent. But it does not happen to be suited to Christmas Day. It is
suited to the celebration of Emerson’s birthday, if any one knows the
date of that festival.
You see, unselfishness is supposed to be a characteristic of
Christmas giving. And unselfishness, true unselfishness, was known
to the philosophy of the Transcendentalists as little as it is known to
that of the Nietzscheans. He who gives really in accordance with the
spirit of the feast gives not to express his own personality, to call
attention to his own prowess as a painter or a poet or a candlestick-
maker, but to make his friend happy. If his friend remembers him
when he enjoys the gift, so much the better. But the essential thing is
that he shall enjoy the gift.
James Russell Lowell represented the Founder of the Feast of
Christmas as saying: “Who gives himself in his gift feeds three;
himself, his suffering neighbour and me.” But in Lowell’s mind when
he wrote this was no idea of justifying the poet who thrusts poems
into his friends’ Christmas stocking and tips the elevator man with a
villanelle. He was thinking of sacrificial giving, of giving which
necessitates a sacrifice on the part of the giver rather than on that of
the recipient. And it is no sacrifice for a poet to give his poem or his
book of poems. James Russell Lowell’s distinguished kinswoman,
now living in Boston, knows this. If Miss Amy Lowell really loves you
she will give you for Christmas an automobile or one of her Keats
manuscripts, rather than an autographed copy of “Sword Blades and
Poppy Seeds,” or “Men, Women, and Ghosts.”
Few Bishops resemble Mark Twain. But there once was a
Bishop who resembled Mark Twain in this respect (and in no other)
—he is known to many thousands who do not know his real name.
Mark Twain has thousands of friends who never heard of Samuel
Langhorne Clemens. And hundreds of thousands of children yearly
are gladdened by Santa Claus, yet have no association whatever
with the name of Saint Nicholas of Bari.
Yet the amiable Nicholas (who is the patron of sailors, of
prisoners, and of children) is the benefactor of humanity caricatured
during December in every shop window and on every eleemosynary
corner. His mitre has degenerated into a hat trimmed with doubtful
fur; his embroidered cope has become a red jacket. But (except
when he rings a little bell and begs for alms) he has retained his
extra-episcopal function of giving. Saint Nicholas was a master of the
art of giving; and since we have taken him so seriously as to
transmogrify him into Santa Claus, we should profit by his illustrious
example and model our giving upon his.
How and what did Saint Nicholas give? Well, he gave tactfully
and opportunely and appropriately. There was the nobleman of Lucia
whose three daughters were starving to death. Saint Nicholas gave
them marriage portions, throwing purses of gold in at the window at
night. When he was in Myra he gave to the poor people all the wheat
that was in the ships in the harbour, promising the owners that when
they arrived at the port for which they were bound their ships would
still be full of wheat; and so it came about. To a drowned sailor and
to children who had been killed by a cannibal he gave the gift of life.
And to innocent men accused of treason and imprisoned he gave
freedom.
 His first gift, you see, was money, his second life, his third
freedom. And thus he set an example to all the world. Now, it may
not be convenient for us to celebrate Christmas by throwing money
through the windows of apartments wherein repose dowerless young
women. Nor are life and freedom gifts for our bestowal. But it is at
any rate possible for us to imitate Saint Nicholas’s manner of giving;
to give tactfully, opportunely, and appropriately. There was nothing
especially characteristic of his episcopal functions in the gifts that
Saint Nicholas gave. Nor did he worry about whether or not they
reflected his personality. Let us make Santa Claus resemble Saint
Nicholas as closely as we can.
This business of expressing one’s personality by one’s gifts has
been carried to extraordinary lengths of late years. There are people
who actually select for all their friends and relatives things that they
themselves would like. If they consider themselves to be dainty—as
all women do—they give dainty presents, disregarding the fact that
the recipient may suffer acute physical pain at the mere thought of
daintiness.
They wish their beneficiaries to say on Christmas morning, “How
characteristic of Mrs. Slipslop to give me this exquisite Dresden
china chewing-gum holder,” instead of “How generous and
discerning of Mrs. Slipslop to give me this pair of rubber boots or this
jar of tobacco or this hypodermic syringe!” But what every child and
every grown person wants to receive is a gift suited to his tastes and
habits; it is a matter of indifference whether or not it expresses the
personality of the giver. Perhaps it will in his eyes supply the giver
with a new and charming personality.
You have hitherto regarded Mr. Blinker, the notorious efficiency
engineer, with disfavour. You have regarded him as a prosaic
theorist, a curdled mass of statistics. On Christmas morning you find
that he has presented you, not with an illuminated copy of “Rules for
Eliminating Leisure,” or a set of household ledgers or an alarm clock,
but with a cocktail set or a pool table or an angora kitten or some
other inefficient object.
 At once your opinion of Mr. Blinker changes for the better. He
assumes a new and radiant personality. Your Sunday school teacher
has always exhibited to you virtues which you respect but do not
enjoy; she has seemed to you lacking in magnetism. If she gives you
for Christmas a Bible or a tale of juvenile virtue, you will write her a
graceful letter of thanks (at your mother’s dictation), but your
affection for the estimable lady will not be materially increased. But if
your Sunday school teacher gives you a bowie knife or a revolver or
a set of the Deadwood Dick novels! then how suddenly will the
nobility of your Sunday school teacher’s nature be revealed to you!
To elevator men, janitors, domestic servants, newspaper
deliverers, and other necessary evils we always give something
appropriate—money. And money does not express the personalities
of most of us. We—that is, the general public, the common people,
the populace, the average man, the great washed and the rest of us
—do our duty in this matter, following religiously the admirable
tradition of the Christmas box. But our retainers—if they will permit
us thus picturesquely to address them—do not. They serve us during
the year, and are duly paid for it, but they do nothing picturesque and
extraordinary at Christmas time to justify our gifts to them.
As a matter of fact, they are not upholding their part of the
tradition. It is not enough for them to bow, and say, “Thank you,”
while they feverishly count the money. They should revel
romantically, as did their predecessors who established the custom
by which they profit. The elevator boys should sing West Indian
carols under our windows—especially if our apartment is in the
twentieth story. The janitor and his family should enact in the
basement a Christmas miracle play.
It is pleasant to think of the janitor attired as a shepherd or as a
Wise Man, with his children as angels or as sheep, to picture the
Yule log on the janitorial hearth, and to hear in fancy, rising up the
dumbwaiter shaft, the strains of “The Carnal and the Crane,” or of
the excellent carol which begins:

The shepherd upon a hill he sat;

 He had on him his tabard and his hat,
His tarbox, his pipe and his flagat;
His name was called Joly Joly Wat,
For he was a gud herdes boy.
Ut hoy!
For in his pipe he made so much joy!

In some places the newspaper deliverers and the telegraph boys

feebly support this tradition by writing, or causing to be written, a
“carrier’s address” and leaving printed copies of it with their
customers. It would be better, of course, if they were to sing or to
recite these verses, but even the printed address is better than
nothing. It is a pity to see even this slight concession to tradition
disappearing. In bygone days some of the most distinguished of our
poets were glad to write these addresses—the late Richard Watson
Gilder wrote one for the newspaper carriers of Newark.
And then there are the numerous public servants who nowadays
receive from the public no special Christmas benefaction—How
gracefully they might obtain it by infusing into their occupations a
little Yuletide pageantry! As it is, the subway guards celebrate the
golden springtime by donning white raiment. Let them on Christmas
day be wreathed with mingled holly and mistletoe, and let them
chant, in lusty chorus:

God rest you, merry gentlemen!

Let nothing you dismay.
Please slip us some coin, you’ve got money to boin,
And this is Christmas day.

Few subterranean voyagers could resist this appeal.

And the street cleaners, how comes it that they are unrewarded
of the public? Their predecessors, the crossing sweepers of London
fifty years ago, exacted tribute from pedestrians not only at
Christmas time, but on every day of the year. Let our street cleaners
assume holiday garb and manner, let them expect Christmas gifts,
but give in turn a Christmas spectacle. Methods of doing this will
readily suggest themselves—an appropriate thing would be for them
to procure mediæval attire at any theatrical costumer’s, and build
great bonfires at such points of vantage as Columbus Circle, Times
Square, Madison Square, and Union Square. Over these bonfires
boars’ heads should be roasted and great bowls of steaming punch
should hang. From passersby who partook of their hospitality the
street cleaners, through one of their number dressed as an almoner,
should request a golden remembrance. These things may yet come
to pass. They are not so archaic as seemed in nineteen-thirteen a
worldwide war. And the municipal Christmas trees are a good
beginning.
But to return to our muttons, or, rather, to our geese and plum
puddings, the most important thing for us to remember in the
selection of Christmas presents is their suitability to the person for
whom they are intended. We may like books, but let us not therefore
feel obliged to sustain our literary reputation by giving books to our
neighbour who wants a box of cigars or a jumping-jack. We have the
precedent, furnished by Saint Nicholas, and we have a higher
precedent still. For the first great Christmas gift to humanity was
what humanity most needed, and always needs—a child.
 A BOUQUET FOR JENNY
SO FAR as I know, in no other library but mine is to be found a
book illustrated by Jenny Hand. Therefore, more than much vellum
and crushed levant, more than first editions and association copies
bearing famous signatures, do I prize a certain fat volume, a foxed
and dog-eared and battered volume, which was published by Grigg
and Elliot (God rest them!) in Philadelphia at number nine North
Fourth Street in 1847. This is a book of poetry, but it is no slender
little pamphlet of a thing, the shelter of one bardling’s lyrical
ejaculations. Five full-grown poets, two of them men of noble girth,
comfortably share this stately tenement. The book’s solid and
imposing name is “The Poetical Works of Rogers, Campbell, J.
Montgomery, Lamb and Kirk White.”
A detailed consideration of this volume might, to the profit of the
reading public, fill all of one issue of any book-review supplement or
literary, so to speak, section printed in America. But for the moment I
would write, not of the excellencies of the volume in general, but of
the distinguishing feature of my copy—its unique virtue, which gives
me the right to pity all other bibliophiles now rejoicing in this
illustrious Grigg and Elliot imprint. I refer to the illustrations by Jenny
Hand.
Messrs. Grigg and Elliot illustrated, to the best of their ability,
every copy of this work. They illustrated it with what they doubtless
termed “elegant steel engravings.” These steel engravings are
indeed “elegant,” also they are “appropriate,” also they are “chaste.”
Take down from its shelf your copy of “The Poetical Works of, etc.,”
and you will find, facing page ninety-four, a representation of
“Morning among the Alps,” painted, the legend tells you, by T.
Doughty, and engraved by George W. Hatch. The sun is rising, much
as Mr. Belasco might direct, and upon a pleasant little pond in the
foreground are three of those famous Alpine early birds known as
swan. This picture is designed to accompany Samuel Rogers’ “The
Alps at Daybreak,” lines which I may recall to your memory by saying
that they begin, “The sunbeams streak the azure skies.” The picture
was not intended by the artists to be Alpine in character, but it is a
nice picture, very harmonious with the text.
Furthermore, the generous Messrs. Grigg and Elliot, being
greatly moved by those lines of the ingenious Kirke White which
begin: “Behold the shepherd boy, who homeward tends, Finish’d his
daily labour.—O’er his path, Deep overhung with herbage, does he
stroll With pace irregular; by fits he runs, Then sudden stops with
vacant countenance, And picks the pungent herb”—being greatly
moved, I say, by these lines, they determined to give them a
supplementary embellishment. Therefore they caused one O. Pelton
to engrave on steel a picture first “Drawn by Cristall” (as who should
say “Painted by Raphael”). This shows us a plump youth, with the
vacant countenance celebrated by the poet, standing upon the side
of Vesuvius, carrying over his shoulder a large spade, and in his left
hand a basket of potatoes. In their sensational journalistic way,
Messrs. Grigg and Elliot affixed to this picture the caption, “The
Shepherd Boy,” and forthwith the poem was illustrated.
But while you will take pleasure, if you are a worthy possessor of
this volume, in these altogether admirable engravings, you will look
through your copy in vain for expressions of the genius of Jenny
Hand. The Jenny Hand illustrations are two in number, and they are
to be found only in my copy.
One of the advantages of illustrating a book with steel
engravings is that it necessitates the inclusion of blank pages. When
a steel engraving occupies one side of a page, there may be nothing
whatever printed on the reverse.
There may be nothing printed, I said, on the reverse. But on the
reverse anything in the world may be drawn or written. Therein we
see the origin of the entertaining practice of extra-illustration. To the
eager pencil of Jenny Hand, these virginal white pages, oases
among pages of dry verse, offered irresistible opportunities. And my
library is therefore the richer.
This book never belonged to Jenny Hand, except so far as
anything belongs to one who makes it more beautiful and interesting
and useful. The book belonged to Jenny’s sister, Esther. On the fly-
leaf is written “Mifs E. C. Hand, with regards of C. F. Q.” Obviously
E. C. stands for Esther Conway. Obviously, also, Esther did not
herself draw pictures on the beautiful volume of poesy (with gold
scroll work all over the cover) which the amorous and tasteful Mr.
C. F. Q. presented to her. This delightful work was done by Esther’s
younger sister, who in 1847 was aged perhaps thirteen, and should
have been and probably was named Jenny. C. F. Q. stands for
Charles Francis Quigley. This is not a random guess; it is a wholly
logical deduction from the portrait of the gentleman drawn by Jenny,
who knew him well.
It was one summer afternoon in 1847 that Jenny first began to
improve “The Poetical Works of Rogers, Campbell, J. Montgomery,
Lamb and Kirke White.” At three o’clock Jenny had been out playing
—keeping the porch and the front gate well in sight, for she knew
that not for nothing had Esther put on her pearl necklace and her
blue sash and spent three-quarters of an hour over her hair. Jenny’s
suspicions were justified and her vigilance rewarded. At four o’clock
the front gate clicked and the gravel walk resounded under a manly
tread. Charlie Quigley, in a high stock, a flowered waistcoat, a long
black coat, tight blue trousers and a tall silk hat, came to call on
Esther. And he brought a gift. Was it a box of candy? If so Jenny
would, as a dutiful sister, help to entertain the company. She would
wait—Esther was unwrapping the present. No, it was not a box of
candy—it was a book. And it was not even a novel, it was a book of
poetry, of all things in the world! How could that Charlie Quigley be
so silly?
Well, Jenny lost interest in Charlie and his gift for a while. She
rolled her hoop and played with the puppy while Esther and Charlie
sat on the porch and looked at the foolish book. When Jenny came
up on the porch, toward sunset, they had gone into the parlour. They
had left the book open face downward on a bench, open to Thomas
Campbell’s “Song,” beginning “Oh, how hard it is to find The one just
suited to our mind”—certain lines of which Charlie had roguishly
underscored.
Jenny turned the pages of the book, but found therein little
entertainment. At length, however, she came upon “Morning in the
Alps,” with its blank and inviting reverse. Among the jackstones in
her pocket was the stub of a pencil, and soon that pencil was at its
predestined task of depicting the event of the afternoon—for my
edification some threescore years later.
Jenny drew a side view of the broad stone steps, with a little of
the railings and Grecian pillars. She drew the locust tree, and since
she knew that there was a robin’s nest in it, she outlined two little
birds against the skyey background. She drew Esther, grand in her
hoopskirts, necklace, curls and blue sash—no, it wasn’t blue, it was
green plaid, and the fabric was satin, for, as I live, there is a faded
corner of it in this very book, sentimentally cut off and placed there
by Esther herself! Why was Esther so particular about saving a
fragment of that sash? Was this really a momentous afternoon? Was
this the sash that Charlie’s black broadcloth sleeve surrounded when
Esther consented to become Mrs. Quigley? And were they married,
and did Charlie’s friends all make flat jokes about his claiming the
hand of Hand?
And were all these things going on while the artistic Jenny was
busy on the porch? Possibly. Probably. But with such conjectures the
author of this serious essay in art criticism has no concern. To return
to the account of the picture—Jenny drew next the renowned
Charles Francis Quigley. But now her pencil was dipped in a mild
solution of venom—imparted to it, I fear, when she thoughtfully
placed its point between her small lips. For those same lips had
desired chocolates—and the chocolates had turned out to be nothing
but poesy. Therefore she sacrificed realism to satire, and made
Charlie (really a very nice fellow, whom she came to like very much
in later years) something of a fop. She made the cut of his coat too
extreme, his hair too curly, his mustache too obviously waxed. She
deliberately gave his eye a sentimental expression; she smiled
derisively as she padded his pictured sleeve.
 And then she gave her drawing its crowning charm—she put in
the “selbst-portrait.” She drew the little cedar tree that flanked the
porch, and she drew herself kneeling beside it—seeing, but not seen
by, the rapt Esther and Charlie. Far from being ashamed of this act
of sisterly espionage, she gloried in it, and brought all her art to the
task of immortalising it.
So in my book the locust tree is forever in leaf and two little birds
poise always against the summer sky. And always Charlie, hat in
hand, presents to the radiant Esther “The Poetical Works of Rogers,
Campbell, J. Montgomery, Lamb and Kirke White.” And always the
little artist, with long curls hanging over her white frock, laughs at the
lovers from behind her cedar tree.
The light was fading now, but Jenny had found another blank
page—that preceding the section devoted to Kirke White’s verses.
Supper wouldn’t be ready for fifteen minutes, so she started on a
picture more difficult than the simple incident just drawn. She chose
for her scene Riley’s Riding Academy, where she and Esther spent
every Wednesday morning. There was Esther, seated with the
sedateness appropriate to her eighteen years, upon the tamest of
nags. And there was Jenny, in her fetching habit, perilously poised
upon her wildly careering steed. With enthusiastic pencil did Jenny
depict her own brave unconcern, and Esther’s timorousness. How
firmly Esther clutches the reins of her mild beast, how startled is her
face as she looks upon her daring and nonchalant younger sister!
Did the Quigleys and the Hands, I wonder, shed tears over Mr.
Southey’s “Account of the Life of Henry Kirke White”? Did they know
Francis Boott, of Boston, the young American gentleman who
placed, Mr. Southey tells us, a tablet to Henry’s memory in All Saints
Church, Cambridge? Were they moved by James Montgomery’s
“Prison Amusements; Written during nine months confinement in the
Castle of York, in the years of 1795 and 1796”? Mr. Montgomery tells
us in the prefatory advertisement, “they were the transcripts of
melancholy feelings—the warm effusions of a bleeding heart.” Did
they read “Gertrude of Wyoming,” “Theodric; a Domestic Tale,” and
the “Pleasures of Hope”?
 Did they read the memoirs prefaced to the various selections? If
so, I hope they found them as delightful as I do. There is the
inexhaustibly fascinating “Memoirs of Charles Lamb,” in which the
anonymous critic improves the occasion by reproving sternly the
Lake Poets, or the “Lakers,” as he calls them. “The thousand
Songs,” he tells us, “of our writers in verse of past time dwell on all
tongues, with the melodies of Moore. But who learns or repeats the
cumbrous verses of Wordsworth, which require an initiation from
their writer to comprehend?” Later this gentleman has occasion to
refer to “Another School of Poetry,” which “arose in opposition to that
of the Lakers.” “Their talents,” he writes, “are before the world. To
this new school belonged the late poet Shelley, whose lofty powers
are unquestionable; Keats, also now deceased; and Leigh Hunt.”
Keats, also now deceased! What porridge fed the writer of this
memoir?
Well, my concern is not with the poor hack who edited this book
and wrote the memoirs. I hope Messrs. Grigg and Elliot paid him
well. And as for Charlie and Esther and Jenny and the robins in the
locust tree—well, Charlie Quigley’s dust and his good sword’s rust,
and his soul is with the saints, I trust. I hope Esther married him. I’m
glad he brought her “The Poetical Works of Rogers, Campbell, J.
Montgomery, Lamb and Kirke White,” even if Jenny was
disappointed. For if she’d made her drawings on the cover of a
candy box they would not now be in my library.
 THE INEFFICIENT LIBRARY
THERE ARE young gentlemen whose delight it is to tell their
married and established and venerable friends how to form libraries.
Generally, these young gentlemen wear spectacles rimmed with
tortoise shell, and the condensed milk of their alma mater is yet wet
upon their lips. They peer at your laden shelves and say: “It is better
to have one good book than a dozen bad ones. Of any standard
work you should have the definitive edition—not necessarily a rare
imprint or something in fine binding, but the most modern and
comprehensive edition. It is better to have one good anthology than
a shelfful of third-rate poets. Go through your shelves and throw
away all the rubbish; buy sets of the classics, a volume at a time,
and in this way you will gradually build up a useful and really
representative library, something appropriate and coherent.”
When a young gentleman talks to you in this wise, the only thing
to do is to lead him gently away from the bookshelves and make him
sit in a comfortable corner and talk to you about hockey or socialism
or some other of his boyish sports. He knows absolutely nothing
about libraries. Probably he lives in the shadow of Washington Arch,
and his own library—on the bureau—consists of the “Life of General
Ulysses S. Grant,” inscribed “To dearest Teddy, from Aunt Mag.,
Xmas, 1916,” and a copy of the New Republic for last August,
containing a letter in which he took exception to an editorial on the
relation between pragmatism and Freud’s second theory of the semi-
subconscious. To-morrow he will sell General Grant to a second-
hand book dealer for fifteen cents, and thereby diminish his library by
one half. What right has he to tell you what books you shall keep and
what you shall destroy?
Now, it would not be so bad if this raving about a library was
confined to young persons like him I have mentioned. But the trouble
is, there are people of means and reputation for intelligence who are
actually putting into practice the evil theories he advances, who are
deliberately “building up libraries,” instead of surrounding themselves
with books they like. Against this pernicious heresy it is the duty of
every honest bibliophile to protest.
We need waste no words on the purchaser of “subscription sets”
and many-volumed collections of “Kings and Queens of Neo-Cymric
Realism and Romance,” and “The Universalest of All Libraries of
Super-extraordinary Fiction,” in forty-eight volumes, fifteen dollars
down and five dollars a month until the purchaser is summoned to a
Better Land. Either these people want books for mere shelf-furniture,
or else they are the victims of voracious book agents, and deserve a
tear of sympathy rather than a rebuke. Our concern, the concern of
those who have at heart the good name of printed literature and the
liberty of the individual householder of literary tastes, is with the
person who is highly literate and possessed of an account with a
bookseller, and is abusing his talent and privilege by “efficiently”
building up a library.
When efficiency confined itself to the office and the factory, it
was bad enough. When it (loathsome animal that it is!) crawled up a
leg of the table and began to preach to us about our food, babbling
obscenely of proteids and carbohydrates, we felt that the limit of
endurance had been reached. But no sooner do we cuff efficiency
from the dining table than it pops up in the library. And this is not to
be endured. Efficiency must be plucked down, kindly, of course, but
resolutely, from the bookshelves, and put in a covered basket to
await the coming of the wagon which shall convey it to the lethal of
the S. P. C. A.
Except for an efficient family, what could be less interesting than
an efficient library? Think of the sameness of it—every study in a
block of houses containing the “Oxford Dictionary” and “Roget’s
Thesaurus” and the “Collected Essays of Hamilton Wright Mabie”
and similar works of reference, with a few standard fictions such as
Arnold Bennett’s “Your United States,” and Owen Wister’s “The
Pentecost of Calamity”! There would be no adventures among books
possible in such libraries. Indeed, efficiency in the library would soon
reduce it, if logically developed, to a collection of anthologies and
reference books, and possibly some such practical jokes as ex-
President Eliot’s “Five Foot Shelf.”
An advocate of the efficient library, a spectacled young
gentleman of the type already described, once engaged in some
ignoble literary task—book-reviewing I believe it was called—while a
guest at my house. The volume of which he was writing a criticism
had to do with a single-tax experiment in New Zealand, and
therefore he wished to include in his review a quotation from the “Life
of Benvenuto Cellini.” He did not find the “Life of Benvenuto Cellini”
on my shelves, and therefore reproached me, and made my library
the object of his callow disapproval.
I reasoned with him. He had read Benvenuto, I said, and
Benvenuto was waiting for him in the public library if he desired to
renew his acquaintance with him. Here, I said, are many volumes of
biography and autobiography in place of the one for which you cry.
Here is a book entitled “The Life and Labours of Henry W. Grady, his
Speeches, Writings, etc., Being in Addition to a Graphic Sketch of
His Life, a Collection of His Most Remarkable Speeches and Such of
His Writings as Best Illustrate His Character and Show the
Wonderful Brilliancy of His Intellect, also Such Letters, Speeches,
and Newspaper Articles in connection with His Life and Death as Will
Be of General Interest.” Here, I said, is “Colonel Thomas Blood,
Crown Stealer,” by Wilbur Cortez Abbott, a highly entertaining book.
Here, I continued, as a preface to this collection of the “Essays in
Prose and Verse of J. Clarence Mangan,” is an illuminating
biographical essay by Mr. C. P. Meehan, together with Mr. J. Wilson’s
“Phrenological Description of Mangan’s Head,” and “The Poet’s Own
Recipe to Make Tar Water.” Here is—
But my friend rudely interrupted my well-meant remarks, and
went in quest of Cellini to the south-west corner of Fifth Avenue and
Forty-second Street, where he found a library more suited to his
efficient tastes. In doing this he was perfectly justified. Public
Libraries should be efficient. They are places to which you go to get
useful but uninteresting information. But there is no more reason for
your own library to resemble a public library than there is for your