Digital Human Modeling Applications in

Health Safety Ergonomics and Risk

Management 5th International
Conference DHM 2014 Held as Part of
HCI International 2014 Heraklion Crete
Greece June 22 27 2014 Proceedings
1st Edition Vincent G. Duffy
Visit to download the full and correct content document:
https://textbookfull.com/product/digital-human-modeling-applications-in-health-safety-
ergonomics-and-risk-management-5th-international-conference-dhm-2014-held-as-pa
rt-of-hci-international-2014-heraklion-crete-greece-june-22-27-2014/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...

HCI International 2014 Posters Extended Abstracts

International Conference HCI International 2014
Heraklion Crete Greece June 22 27 2014 Proceedings Part
II 1st Edition Constantine Stephanidis (Eds.)
https://textbookfull.com/product/hci-international-2014-posters-
extended-abstracts-international-conference-hci-
international-2014-heraklion-crete-greece-
june-22-27-2014-proceedings-part-ii-1st-edition-constantine-
stephanidis-eds/
Human Computer Interaction Applications and Services
16th International Conference HCI International 2014
Heraklion Crete Greece June 22 27 2014 Proceedings Part
III 1st Edition Masaaki Kurosu (Eds.)
https://textbookfull.com/product/human-computer-interaction-
applications-and-services-16th-international-conference-hci-
international-2014-heraklion-crete-greece-
june-22-27-2014-proceedings-part-iii-1st-edition-masaaki-kurosu-
eds/
Learning and Collaboration Technologies Designing and
Developing Novel Learning Experiences First
International Conference LCT 2014 Held as Part of HCI
International 2014 Heraklion Crete Greece June 22 27
2014 Proceedings Part I 1st Edition Panayiotis Zaphiris
https://textbookfull.com/product/learning-and-collaboration-
technologies-designing-and-developing-novel-learning-experiences-
first-international-conference-lct-2014-held-as-part-of-hci-
international-2014-heraklion-crete-greece-june-2/

Design User Experience and Usability User Experience

Design Practice Third International Conference DUXU
2014 Held as Part of HCI International 2014 Heraklion
Crete Greece June 22 27 2014 Proceedings Part IV 1st
Edition Aaron Marcus (Eds.)
https://textbookfull.com/product/design-user-experience-and-
usability-user-experience-design-practice-third-international-
conference-duxu-2014-held-as-part-of-hci-
Digital Human Modeling Applications in Health Safety
Ergonomics and Risk Management Ergonomics and Health
6th International Conference DHM 2015 Held as Part of
HCI International 2015 Los Angeles CA USA August 2 7
2015 Proceedings Part II 1st Edition Vincent G. Duffy
https://textbookfull.com/product/digital-human-modeling-
applications-in-health-safety-ergonomics-and-risk-management-
ergonomics-and-health-6th-international-conference-dhm-2015-held-
as-part-of-hci-international-2015-los-angeles-ca-us/

Foundations of Augmented Cognition Advancing Human

Performance and Decision Making through Adaptive
Systems 8th International Conference AC 2014 Held as
Part of HCI International 2014 Heraklion Crete Greece
June 22 27 2014 Proceedings 1st Edition Dylan D.
https://textbookfull.com/product/foundations-of-augmented-
cognition-advancing-human-performance-and-decision-making-
Schmorrow
through-adaptive-systems-8th-international-conference-
ac-2014-held-as-part-of-hci-international-2014-heraklion-crete/

Digital Human Modeling and Applications in Health

Safety Ergonomics and Risk Management Human
Communication Organization and Work 11th International
Conference DHM 2020 Held as Part of the 22nd HCI
International Conference HCII 2020 Copenhagen D Vincent
https://textbookfull.com/product/digital-human-modeling-and-
applications-in-health-safety-ergonomics-and-risk-management-
G. Duffy
human-communication-organization-and-work-11th-international-
conference-dhm-2020-held-as-part-of-the-22nd-hci-in/

Human Computer Interaction Advanced Interaction

Modalities and Techniques 16th International Conference
HCI International 2014 Heraklion Crete Greece June 22
27 2014 Proceedings Part II 1st Edition Masaaki Kurosu
(Eds.)
https://textbookfull.com/product/human-computer-interaction-
advanced-interaction-modalities-and-techniques-16th-
international-conference-hci-international-2014-heraklion-crete-
greece-june-22-27-2014-proceedings-part-ii-1st-edition-ma/

Design User Experience and Usability User Experience

Design for Everyday Life Applications and Services
Third International Conference DUXU 2014 Held as Part
of HCI International 2014 Heraklion Crete Greece June
22 27 2014 Proceedings Part II 1st Edition Aaron Marcus
https://textbookfull.com/product/design-user-experience-and-
usability-user-experience-design-for-everyday-life-applications-
(Eds.)
and-services-third-international-conference-duxu-2014-held-as-
 Vincent G. Duffy (Ed.)

Digital Human
Modeling
LNCS 8529

Applications in Health, Safety,

Ergonomics and Risk Management
5th International Conference, DHM 2014
Held as Part of HCI International 2014
Heraklion, Crete, Greece, June 22–27, 2014, Proceedings

123
Lecture Notes in Computer Science 8529
Commenced Publication in 1973
Founding and Former Series Editors:
Gerhard Goos, Juris Hartmanis, and Jan van Leeuwen

Editorial Board
David Hutchison
Lancaster University, UK
Takeo Kanade
Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Josef Kittler
University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
Jon M. Kleinberg
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
Alfred Kobsa
University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
Friedemann Mattern
ETH Zurich, Switzerland
John C. Mitchell
Stanford University, CA, USA
Moni Naor
Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
Oscar Nierstrasz
University of Bern, Switzerland
C. Pandu Rangan
Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, India
Bernhard Steffen
TU Dortmund University, Germany
Demetri Terzopoulos
University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Doug Tygar
University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
Gerhard Weikum
Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarbruecken, Germany
Vincent G. Duffy (Ed.)

Digital Human
Modeling
Applications in Health, Safety,
Ergonomics and Risk Management

5th International Conference, DHM 2014

Held as Part of HCI International 2014
Heraklion, Crete, Greece, June 22-27, 2014
Proceedings

13
Volume Editor
Vincent G. Duffy
Purdue University
School of Industrial Engineering
West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
E-mail: duffy@purdue.edu

ISSN 0302-9743 e-ISSN 1611-3349

ISBN 978-3-319-07724-6 e-ISBN 978-3-319-07725-3
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-07725-3
Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London

Library of Congress Control Number: 2014940291

LNCS Sublibrary: SL 3 – Information Systems and Application, incl. Internet/Web

and HCI
© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of
the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,
broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information
storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology
now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection
with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and
executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication
or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location,
in ist current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use
may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution
under the respective Copyright Law.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication
does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant
protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication,
neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or
omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the
material contained herein.
Typesetting: Camera-ready by author, data conversion by Scientific Publishing Services, Chennai, India
Printed on acid-free paper
Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
 Foreword

The 16th International Conference on Human–Computer Interaction, HCI

International 2014, was held in Heraklion, Crete, Greece, during June 22–27,
2014, incorporating 14 conferences/thematic areas:

Thematic areas:

• Human–Computer Interaction
• Human Interface and the Management of Information

Affiliated conferences:

• 11th International Conference on Engineering Psychology and Cognitive

Ergonomics
• 8th International Conference on Universal Access in Human–Computer
Interaction
• 6th International Conference on Virtual, Augmented and Mixed Reality
• 6th International Conference on Cross-Cultural Design
• 6th International Conference on Social Computing and Social Media
• 8th International Conference on Augmented Cognition
• 5th International Conference on Digital Human Modeling and Applications
in Health, Safety, Ergonomics and Risk Management
• Third International Conference on Design, User Experience and Usability
• Second International Conference on Distributed, Ambient and Pervasive
Interactions
• Second International Conference on Human Aspects of Information Security,
Privacy and Trust
• First International Conference on HCI in Business
• First International Conference on Learning and Collaboration Technologies

A total of 4,766 individuals from academia, research institutes, industry, and

governmental agencies from 78 countries submitted contributions, and 1,476 pa-
pers and 225 posters were included in the proceedings. These papers address
the latest research and development efforts and highlight the human aspects of
design and use of computing systems. The papers thoroughly cover the entire
field of human–computer interaction, addressing major advances in knowledge
and effective use of computers in a variety of application areas.
This volume, edited by Vincent G. Duffy, contains papers focusing on the
thematic area of Digital Human Modeling and Applications in Health, Safety,
Ergonomics and Risk Management, addressing the following major topics:

• Modelling posture and motion

• Anthropometry, design and ergonomics
VI Foreword

• Ergonomics and human modelling in work and everyday life environments

• Advances in Healthcare
• Rehabilitation applications
• Risk, safety and emergency

The remaining volumes of the HCI International 2014 proceedings are:

• Volume 1, LNCS 8510, Human–Computer Interaction: HCI Theories,

Methods and Tools (Part I), edited by Masaaki Kurosu
• Volume 2, LNCS 8511, Human–Computer Interaction: Advanced Interaction
Modalities and Techniques (Part II), edited by Masaaki Kurosu
• Volume 3, LNCS 8512, Human–Computer Interaction: Applications and Ser-
vices (Part III), edited by Masaaki Kurosu
• Volume 4, LNCS 8513, Universal Access in Human–Computer Interaction:
Design and Development Methods for Universal Access (Part I), edited by
Constantine Stephanidis and Margherita Antona
• Volume 5, LNCS 8514, Universal Access in Human–Computer Interaction:
Universal Access to Information and Knowledge (Part II), edited by Con-
stantine Stephanidisand MargheritaAntona
• Volume 6, LNCS 8515, Universal Access in Human–Computer Interaction:
Aging and Assistive Environments (Part III), edited by Constantine Stephani-
dis and Margherita Antona
• Volume 7, LNCS 8516, Universal Access in Human–Computer Interaction:
Design for All and Accessibility Practice (Part IV), edited by Constantine
Stephanidis and Margherita Antona
• Volume 8, LNCS 8517, Design, User Experience, and Usability: Theories,
Methods and Tools for Designing the User Experience (Part I), edited by
Aaron Marcus
• Volume 9, LNCS 8518, Design, User Experience, and Usability: User Expe-
rience Design for Diverse Interaction Platforms and Environments (Part II),
edited by Aaron Marcus
• Volume 10, LNCS 8519, Design, User Experience, and Usability: User Expe-
rience Design for Everyday Life Applications and Services (Part III), edited
by Aaron Marcus
• Volume 11, LNCS 8520, Design, User Experience, and Usability: User
Experience Design Practice (Part IV), edited by Aaron Marcus
• Volume 12, LNCS 8521, Human Interface and the Management of Informa-
tion: Information and Knowledge Design and Evaluation (Part I), edited by
Sakae Yamamoto
• Volume 13, LNCS 8522, Human Interface and the Management of Infor-
mation: Information and Knowledge in Applications and Services (Part II),
edited by Sakae Yamamoto
• Volume 14, LNCS 8523, Learning and Collaboration Technologies: Designing
and Developing Novel Learning Experiences (Part I), edited by Panayiotis
Zaphiris and Andri Ioannou
 Foreword VII

• Volume 15, LNCS 8524, Learning and Collaboration Technologies:

Technology-rich Environments for Learning and Collaboration (Part II),
edited by Panayiotis Zaphiris and Andri Ioannou
• Volume 16, LNCS 8525, Virtual, Augmented and Mixed Reality: Designing
and Developing Virtual and Augmented Environments (Part I), edited by
Randall Shumaker and Stephanie Lackey
• Volume 17, LNCS 8526, Virtual, Augmented and Mixed Reality: Applica-
tions of Virtual and Augmented Reality (Part II), edited by Randall
Shumaker and Stephanie Lackey
• Volume 18, LNCS 8527, HCI in Business, edited by Fiona Fui-Hoon Nah
• Volume 19, LNCS 8528, Cross-Cultural Design, edited by P.L. Patrick Rau
• Volume 21, LNCS 8530, Distributed, Ambient, and Pervasive Interactions,
edited by Norbert Streitz and Panos Markopoulos
• Volume 22, LNCS 8531, Social Computing and Social Media, edited by
Gabriele Meiselwitz
• Volume 23, LNAI 8532, Engineering Psychology and Cognitive Ergonomics,
edited by Don Harris
• Volume 24, LNCS 8533, Human Aspects of Information Security, Privacy
and Trust, edited by Theo Tryfonas and Ioannis Askoxylakis
• Volume 25, LNAI 8534, Foundations of Augmented Cognition, edited by
Dylan D. Schmorrow and Cali M. Fidopiastis
• Volume 26, CCIS 434, HCI International 2014 Posters Proceedings (Part I),
edited by Constantine Stephanidis
• Volume 27, CCIS 435, HCI International 2014 Posters Proceedings (Part II),
edited by Constantine Stephanidis

I would like to thank the Program Chairs and the members of the Program
Boards of all affiliated conferences and thematic areas, listed below, for their
contribution to the highest scientific quality and the overall success of the HCI
International 2014 Conference.
This conference could not have been possible without the continuous support
and advice of the founding chair and conference scientific advisor, Prof. Gavriel
Salvendy, as well as the dedicated work and outstanding efforts of the commu-
nications chair and editor of HCI International News, Dr. Abbas Moallem.
I would also like to thank for their contribution towards the smooth organi-
zation of the HCI International 2014 Conference the members of the Human–
Computer Interaction Laboratory of ICS-FORTH, and in particular
George Paparoulis, Maria Pitsoulaki, Maria Bouhli, and George Kapnas.

April 2014 Constantine Stephanidis

General Chair, HCI International 2014
 Organization

Human–Computer Interaction
Program Chair: Masaaki Kurosu, Japan

Jose Abdelnour-Nocera, UK Heidi Krömker, Germany

Sebastiano Bagnara, Italy
Simone Barbosa, Brazil
Adriana Betiol, Brazil
Simone Borsci, UK
Henry Duh, Australia
Xiaowen Fang, USA
Vicki Hanson, UK
Wonil Hwang, Korea
Minna Isomursu, Finland
Yong Gu Ji, Korea
Anirudha Joshi, India
Esther Jun, USA
Kyungdoh Kim, Korea
Chen Ling, USA
Chang S. Nam, USA
Naoko Okuizumi, Japan
Philippe Palanque, France
Ling Rothrock, USA
Naoki Sakakibara, Japan
Dominique Scapin, France
Guangfeng Song, USA
Sanjay Tripathi, India
Chui Yin Wong, Malaysia
Toshiki Yamaoka, Japan
Kazuhiko Yamazaki, Japan
Ryoji Yoshitake, Japan

Human Interface and the Management of Information

Program Chair: Sakae Yamamoto, Japan

Alan Chan, Hong Kong Hiroyuki Miki, Japan

Denis A. Coelho, Portugal
Linda Elliott, USA
Shin’ichi Fukuzumi, Japan
Michitaka Hirose, Japan
Makoto Itoh, Japan
Yen-Yu Kang, Taiwan
Koji Kimita, Japan
Daiji Kobayashi, Japan
Shogo Nishida, Japan
Robert Proctor, USA
Youngho Rhee, Korea
Ryosuke Saga, Japan
Katsunori Shimohara, Japan
Kim-Phuong Vu, USA
Tomio Watanabe, Japan
X Organization

Engineering Psychology and Cognitive Ergonomics

Program Chair: Don Harris, UK

Guy Andre Boy, USA Axel Schulte, Germany

Shan Fu, P.R. China
Hung-Sying Jing, Taiwan
Wen-Chin Li, Taiwan
Mark Neerincx, The Netherlands
Jan Noyes, UK
Paul Salmon, Australia
Siraj Shaikh, UK
Sarah Sharples, UK
Anthony Smoker, UK
Neville Stanton, UK
Alex Stedmon, UK
Andrew Thatcher, South Africa

Universal Access in Human–Computer Interaction

Program Chairs: Constantine Stephanidis, Greece,
and Margherita Antona, Greece

Julio Abascal, Spain Georgios Kouroupetroglou, Greece

Gisela Susanne Bahr, USA
João Barroso, Portugal
Margrit Betke, USA
Anthony Brooks, Denmark
Christian Bühler, Germany
Stefan Carmien, Spain
Hua Dong, P.R. China
Carlos Duarte, Portugal
Pier Luigi Emiliani, Italy
Qin Gao, P.R. China
Andrina Granić, Croatia
Andreas Holzinger, Austria
Josette Jones, USA
Simeon Keates, UK
Patrick Langdon, UK
Barbara Leporini, Italy
Eugene Loos, The Netherlands
Ana Isabel Paraguay, Brazil
Helen Petrie, UK
Michael Pieper, Germany
Enrico Pontelli, USA
Jaime Sanchez, Chile
Alberto Sanna, Italy
Anthony Savidis, Greece
Christian Stary, Austria
Hirotada Ueda, Japan
Gerhard Weber, Germany
Harald Weber, Germany

Virtual, Augmented and Mixed Reality

Program Chairs: Randall Shumaker, USA,
and Stephanie Lackey, USA

Roland Blach, Germany Hirokazu Kato, Japan

Sheryl Brahnam, USA Denis Laurendeau, Canada
Juan Cendan, USA Fotis Liarokapis, UK
Jessie Chen, USA Michael Macedonia, USA
Panagiotis D. Kaklis, UK Gordon Mair, UK
 Organization XI

Jose San Martin, Spain Christopher Stapleton, USA

Tabitha Peck, USA Gregory Welch, USA
Christian Sandor, Australia

Cross-Cultural Design
Program Chair: P.L. Patrick Rau, P.R. China

Yee-Yin Choong, USA Sheau-Farn Max Liang, Taiwan

Paul Fu, USA
Zhiyong Fu, P.R. China
Pin-Chao Liao, P.R. China
Dyi-Yih Michael Lin, Taiwan
Rungtai Lin, Taiwan
Ta-Ping (Robert) Lu, Taiwan
Liang Ma, P.R. China
Alexander Mädche, Germany
Katsuhiko Ogawa, Japan
Tom Plocher, USA
Huatong Sun, USA
Emil Tso, P.R. China
Hsiu-Ping Yueh, Taiwan
Liang (Leon) Zeng, USA
Jia Zhou, P.R. China

Online Communities and Social Media

Program Chair: Gabriele Meiselwitz, USA

Leonelo Almeida, Brazil Anthony Norcio, USA

Chee Siang Ang, UK
Aneesha Bakharia, Australia
Ania Bobrowicz, UK
James Braman, USA
Farzin Deravi, UK
Carsten Kleiner, Germany
Niki Lambropoulos, Greece
Soo Ling Lim, UK
Portia Pusey, USA
Panote Siriaraya, UK
Stefan Stieglitz, Germany
Giovanni Vincenti, USA
Yuanqiong (Kathy) Wang, USA
June Wei, USA
Brian Wentz, USA

Augmented Cognition
Program Chairs: Dylan D. Schmorrow, USA,
and Cali M. Fidopiastis, USA

Ahmed Abdelkhalek, USA Rosario Cannavò, Italy

Robert Atkinson, USA Joseph Cohn, USA
Monique Beaudoin, USA Andrew J. Cowell, USA
John Blitch, USA Martha Crosby, USA
Alenka Brown, USA Wai-Tat Fu, USA
XII Organization
Rodolphe Gentili, USA
Frederick Gregory, USA
Michael W. Hail, USA
Monte Hancock, USA
Fei Hu, USA
Ion Juvina, USA
Joe Keebler, USA
Philip Mangos, USA
Rao Mannepalli, USA
David Martinez, USA
Yvonne R. Masakowski, USA
Santosh Mathan, USA
Ranjeev Mittu, USA
Digital Human Modeling and Applications in Health,
Safety, Ergonomics and Risk Management
Program Chair: Vincent G. Duffy, USA
Giuseppe Andreoni, Italy
Daniel Carruth, USA
Elsbeth De Korte, The Netherlands
Afzal A. Godil, USA
Ravindra Goonetilleke, Hong Kong
Noriaki Kuwahara, Japan
Kang Li, USA
Zhizhong Li, P.R. China
Design, User Experience, and Usability
Program Chair: Aaron Marcus, USA
Sisira Adikari, Australia
Claire Ancient, USA
Arne Berger, Germany
Jamie Blustein, Canada
Ana Boa-Ventura, USA
Jan Brejcha, Czech Republic
Lorenzo Cantoni, Switzerland
Marc Fabri, UK
Luciane Maria Fadel, Brazil
Tricia Flanagan, Hong Kong
Jorge Frascara, Mexico
Keith Niall, USA
Tatana Olson, USA
Debra Patton, USA
June Pilcher, USA
Robinson Pino, USA
Tiffany Poeppelman, USA
Victoria Romero, USA
Amela Sadagic, USA
Anna Skinner, USA
Ann Speed, USA
Robert Sottilare, USA
Peter Walker, USA
Tim Marler, USA
Jianwei Niu, P.R. China
Michelle Robertson, USA
Matthias Rötting, Germany
Mao-Jiun Wang, Taiwan
Xuguang Wang, France
James Yang, USA
Federico Gobbo, Italy
Emilie Gould, USA
Rüdiger Heimgärtner, Germany
Brigitte Herrmann, Germany
Steffen Hess, Germany
Nouf Khashman, Canada
Fabiola Guillermina Noël, Mexico
Francisco Rebelo, Portugal
Kerem Rızvanoğlu, Turkey
Marcelo Soares, Brazil
Carla Spinillo, Brazil

Distributed, Ambient and Pervasive Interactions
Program Chairs: Norbert Streitz, Germany,
and Panos Markopoulos, The Netherlands
Juan Carlos Augusto, UK
Jose Bravo, Spain
Adrian Cheok, UK
Boris de Ruyter, The Netherlands
Anind Dey, USA
Dimitris Grammenos, Greece
Nuno Guimaraes, Portugal
Achilles Kameas, Greece
Javed Vassilis Khan, The Netherlands
Shin’ichi Konomi, Japan
Carsten Magerkurth, Switzerland
Human Aspects of Information Security, Privacy and Trust
Program Chairs: Theo Tryfonas, UK,
and Ioannis Askoxylakis, Greece
Claudio Agostino Ardagna, Italy
Zinaida Benenson, Germany
Daniele Catteddu, Italy
Raoul Chiesa, Italy
Bryan Cline, USA
Sadie Creese, UK
Jorge Cuellar, Germany
Marc Dacier, USA
Dieter Gollmann, Germany
Kirstie Hawkey, Canada
Jaap-Henk Hoepman, The Netherlands
Cagatay Karabat, Turkey
Angelos Keromytis, USA
Ayako Komatsu, Japan
Ronald Leenes, The Netherlands
Javier Lopez, Spain
Steve Marsh, Canada
Organization XIII
Ingrid Mulder, The Netherlands
Anton Nijholt, The Netherlands
Fabio Paternó, Italy
Carsten Röcker, Germany
Teresa Romao, Portugal
Albert Ali Salah, Turkey
Manfred Tscheligi, Austria
Reiner Wichert, Germany
Woontack Woo, Korea
Xenophon Zabulis, Greece
Gregorio Martinez, Spain
Emilio Mordini, Italy
Yuko Murayama, Japan
Masakatsu Nishigaki, Japan
Aljosa Pasic, Spain
Milan Petković, The Netherlands
Joachim Posegga, Germany
Jean-Jacques Quisquater, Belgium
Damien Sauveron, France
George Spanoudakis, UK
Kerry-Lynn Thomson, South Africa
Julien Touzeau, France
Theo Tryfonas, UK
João Vilela, Portugal
Claire Vishik, UK
Melanie Volkamer, Germany
XIV Organization
HCI in Business
Program Chair: Fiona Fui-Hoon Nah, USA
Andreas Auinger, Austria
Michel Avital, Denmark
Traci Carte, USA
Hock Chuan Chan, Singapore
Constantinos Coursaris, USA
Soussan Djamasbi, USA
Brenda Eschenbrenner, USA
Nobuyuki Fukawa, USA
Khaled Hassanein, Canada
Milena Head, Canada
Susanna (Shuk Ying) Ho, Australia
Jack Zhenhui Jiang, Singapore
Jinwoo Kim, Korea
Zoonky Lee, Korea
Honglei Li, UK
Nicholas Lockwood, USA
Eleanor T. Loiacono, USA
Mei Lu, USA
Learning and Collaboration Technologies
Program Chairs: Panayiotis Zaphiris, Cyprus,
and Andri Ioannou, Cyprus
Ruthi Aladjem, Israel
Abdulaziz Aldaej, UK
John M. Carroll, USA
Maka Eradze, Estonia
Mikhail Fominykh, Norway
Denis Gillet, Switzerland
Mustafa Murat Inceoglu, Turkey
Pernilla Josefsson, Sweden
Marie Joubert, UK
Sauli Kiviranta, Finland
Tomaž Klobučar, Slovenia
Elena Kyza, Cyprus
Maarten de Laat, The Netherlands
David Lamas, Estonia
Scott McCoy, USA
Brian Mennecke, USA
Robin Poston, USA
Lingyun Qiu, P.R. China
Rene Riedl, Austria
Matti Rossi, Finland
April Savoy, USA
Shu Schiller, USA
Hong Sheng, USA
Choon Ling Sia, Hong Kong
Chee-Wee Tan, Denmark
Chuan Hoo Tan, Hong Kong
Noam Tractinsky, Israel
Horst Treiblmaier, Austria
Virpi Tuunainen, Finland
Dezhi Wu, USA
I-Chin Wu, Taiwan
Edmund Laugasson, Estonia
Ana Loureiro, Portugal
Katherine Maillet, France
Nadia Pantidi, UK
Antigoni Parmaxi, Cyprus
Borzoo Pourabdollahian, Italy
Janet C. Read, UK
Christophe Reffay, France
Nicos Souleles, Cyprus
Ana Luı́sa Torres, Portugal
Stefan Trausan-Matu, Romania
Aimilia Tzanavari, Cyprus
Johnny Yuen, Hong Kong
Carmen Zahn, Switzerland
 Organization XV

External Reviewers

Ilia Adami, Greece Asterios Leonidis, Greece

Iosif Klironomos, Greece George Margetis, Greece
Maria Korozi, Greece Stavroula Ntoa, Greece
Vassilis Kouroumalis, Greece Nikolaos Partarakis, Greece
 HCI International 2015

The 15th International Conference on Human–Computer Interaction, HCI In-

ternational 2015, will be held jointly with the affiliated conferences in Los An-
geles, CA, USA, in the Westin Bonaventure Hotel, August 2–7, 2015. It will
cover a broad spectrum of themes related to HCI, including theoretical issues,
methods, tools, processes, and case studies in HCI design, as well as novel in-
teraction techniques, interfaces, and applications. The proceedings will be pub-
lished by Springer. More information will be available on the conference website:
http://www.hcii2015.org/

General Chair
Professor Constantine Stephanidis
University of Crete and ICS-FORTH
Heraklion, Crete, Greece
E-mail: cs@ics.forth.gr
 Table of Contents

Modelling Posture and Motion

Human Energy Expenditure Models: Beyond State-of-the-Art
Commercialized Embedded Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Ricard Delgado-Gonzalo, Philippe Renevey, Enric Muntane Calvo,
Josep Solà, Cees Lanting, Mattia Bertschi, and Mathieu Lemay

Human Skeleton Extraction of Depth Images Using the Polygon

Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Huan Du, Jian Wang, Xue-xia Zhong, Ying He, and Lin Mei

Biomechanics Investigation of Skillful Technician in Spray-Up

Fabrication Method: Converting Tacit Knowledge to Explicit
Knowledge in the Fiber Reinforced Plastics Molding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Tetsuo Kikuchi, Yuichiro Tani, Yuka Takai, Akihiko Goto, and
Hiroyuki Hamada

Study on Three Dimensions Body Reconstruction and Measurement by

Using Kinect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Qi Luo

Comparison of Gait Analysis by the Way of Semi-structured

Interviews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Masaru Ohgiri, Katsuma Yamada, Hisanori Yuminaga,
Noriyuki Kida, and Hiroyuki Hamada

Motion Analysis of the Pounding Technique Used for the Second Lining
in the Fabrication of Traditional Japanese Hanging Scrolls . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Yasuhiro Oka, Akihiko Goto, Yuka Takai, Chieko Narita, and
Hiroyuki Hamada

Analysis of Expert Skills on Handheld Grinding Work for Metallographic

Sample . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Takuya Sugimoto, Hisanori Yuminaga, and Akihiko Goto

Caregiver`s Gaze and Field of View Presumption Method during Bath

Care in the Elderly Facility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Akiyoshi Yamamoto, Noriyuki Kida, Akihiko Goto, Tomoko Ota,
Tatsunori Azuma, Syuji Yamamoto, and Henry Barrameda Jr
XX Table of Contents

Anthropometry, Design and Ergonomics

Research on the Continuous Descent Approach (CDA) Operational

Error of Pilot Base on Cloud Model and Uncertainty Theory . . . . . . . . . . 91
Yang Gao and Yanchen Hou

Study on the Evaluation of Automotive Seat Comfort during Prolonged

Simulated Driving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Xianxue Li, Li Ding, Qianxiang Zhou, Huimin Hu, and Chaoyi Zhao

Simulation on Thermal Control System of the Extravehicular

Spacesuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Tanqiu Li, Jing Zhang, Xiugan Yuan, and Li Ding

Calibration of Online Situation Awareness Assessment Systems Using

Virtual Reality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Sebastien Mamessier, Daniel Dreyer, and Matthias Oberhauser

A Digital Human Model for Performance-Based Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

Tim Marler, Steve Beck, Uday Verma, Ross Johnson,
Victoria Roemig, and Behzad Dariush

Context-Aware Posture Analysis in a Workstation-Oriented Office

Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Konlakorn Wongpatikaseree, Hideaki Kanai, and Yasuo Tan

Comfort Evaluation of Cockpit Based on Dynamic Pilot Posture . . . . . . . 160

Hongjun Xue, Xiaoyan Zhang, Yingchun Chen, and Lin Zhou

Based on Upper Extremity Comfort ROM of Ergonomic Methods for

Household Products Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Fan Yang, Qianxiang Zhou, Aiping Yang, Huimin Hu,
Xin Zhang, and Zhongqi Liu

Measurement and Analysis of Anthropometric Parameters of Young

Male Vehicle Drivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
Qianxiang Zhou, Zhongqi Liu, Fang Xie, Sijuan Zheng, and
Shihua Zhou

Ergonomics and Human Modelling in Work and

Everyday Life Environments

Future Applied Conventional Technology Engineering: New Academic

Fields from Manufacturing Country JAPAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Tomoko Ota, Atsushi Endo, and Hiroyuki Hamada
 Table of Contents XXI

Comparison of Different Tea Whisk Influence on Bubble Form in

Processes of “The Way of Tea” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Tomoko Ota, Wang Zelong, Soutatsu Kanazawa, Yuka Takai,
Akihiko Goto, and Hiroyuki Hamada

Bedroom Temperature and Sleeping Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204

Hui-Chun Chen, Ching-Chung Chen, Fang-Ling Lin, and
Chih-Lin Chang

Comparison of Characteristics Recognition in the “Mitate” of Urushi

Crafts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Atsushi Endo, Chieko Narita, Koji Kuroda, Yuka Takai,
Akihiko Goto, Yutaro Shimode, and Hiroyuki Hamada

Evaluation of Kyo-Yuzen-Zome Fabrics with Different Pastes . . . . . . . . . . 224

Takashi Furukawa, Yuka Takai, Akihiko Goto,
Noriaki Kuwahara, and Noriyuki Kida

A Task Analytic Process to Define Future Concepts in Aviation . . . . . . . . 236

Brian F. Gore and Cynthia Wolter

Application of E-learning System Reality in Kyoto-Style Earthen Wall

Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
Akihiko Goto, Hirofumi Yoshida, Yuka Takai, Wang Zelong, and
Hiroyuki Sato

The Influence of Shift Workers Sleeping Quality Upon Job

Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
Yu-Ching Huang, Fang-Ling Lin, Hui-Chun Chen,
Ching-Chung Chen, and Chih-Lin Chang

The Classification Tendency and Common Denomination of the Points

Paid Attention in Ikebana Instruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Yuki Ikenobo, Noriaki Kuwahara, Noriyuki Kida, Yuka Takai, and
Akihiko Goto

Analysis and Comparison of Ergonomics in Laparoscopic and Open

Surgery – A Pilot Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
Kristian Karlovic, Stefan Pfeffer, Thomas Maier,
Karl-Dietrich Sievert, Ralf Rothmund,
Monika A. Rieger, and Benjamin Steinhilber

Effect of Wall Material of a Room on Performance in Long Monotonous

Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
Hiroki Nishimura, Yuka Takai, Akihiko Goto, Atsushi Endo, and
Noriaki Kuwahara
XXII Table of Contents

Comparative Study on the Feature of Kitchen Knife Sharpening Skill

between Expert and Non-Expert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
Yuka Takai, Masahiko Yamada, Akihiko Goto, Wang Zelong, and
Akira Ii

Visual Behavior in a Japanese Drum Performance of Gion Festival

Music . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
Katsuma Yamada, Masaru Ohgiri, Takashi Furukawa,
Hisanori Yuminaga, Akihiko Goto, Noriyuki Kida, and
Hiroyuki Hamada

Advances in Healthcare

Understanding and Facilitating the Communication Process among

Healthcare Professionals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
Janaica C. Abib, André Bueno, and Junia Anacleto

PEGASO: Towards a Life Companion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325

Stefano Carrino, Maurizio Caon, Omar Abou Khaled,
Giuseppe Andreoni, and Elena Mugellini

Biomechanical Study of Foot Force Pattern in Hallux Valgus (HV)

Patients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
Saba Eshraghi and Ibrahim Esat

An Environment for Domestic Supervised Amblyopia Treatment . . . . . . . 340

Giancarlo Facoetti, Angelo Gargantini, and Andrea Vitali

Active Prevention by Motivating and Engaging Teenagers in Adopting

Healthier Lifestyles: PEGASO Strategy in Designing Future Healthcare
Pillars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
Renata Guarneri and Giuseppe Andreoni

Robot Patient for Nursing Self-training in Transferring Patient from

Bed to Wheel Chair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
Zhifeng Huang, Ayanori Nagata, Masako Kanai-Pak,
Jukai Maeda, Yasuko Kitajima, Mitsuhiro Nakamura, Kyoko Aida,
Noriaki Kuwahara, Taiki Ogata, and Jun Ota

Evaluating the Healthcare Management System by Usability Testing . . . 369

Po-Hsin Huang and Ming-Chuan Chiu
 Table of Contents XXIII

Building a Telemedicine Framework to Improve the Interactions

between Cancer Patients and Oncology Triage Nurses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
Saif Khairat and Venkatesh Rudrapatna

Usability Challenges and Barriers in EHR Training of Primary Care

Resident Physicians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
Min Soon Kim, Martina A. Clarke, Jeffery L. Belden, and
Elaine Hinton

Robotics as a Tool in Fundamental Nursing Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392

Yasuko Kitajima, Mitsuhiro Nakamura, Jukai Maeda,
Masako Kanai-Pak, Kyoko Aida, Zhifeng Huang, Ayanori Nagata,
Taiki Ogata, Noriaki Kuwahara, and Jun Ota

Integrated Architecture for Next-Generation m-Health Services

(Education, Monitoring and Prevention) in Teenagers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
Marco Mazzola, Pelin Arslan, Gabriela Cândea, Ciprian Radu,
Massimiliano Azzolini, Cristiana Degano, and Giuseppe Andreoni

The Semantics of Refinement Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415

Dominique Méry and Neeraj Kumar Singh

Pegaso: A Serious Game to Prevent Obesity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427

Lucia Pannese, Dalia Morosini, Petros Lameras, Sylvester Arnab,
Ian Dunwell, and Till Becker

Virtual Knee Arthroscopy Using Haptic Devices and Real Surgical

Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436
Shahzad Rasool, Alexei Sourin, Vladimir Pestrikov, and
Fareed Kagda

Using Ontologies and Semantic Web Technology on a Clinical Pedigree

Information System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448
João Miguel Santos, Beatriz Sousa Santos, and Leonor Teixeira

Formalizing the Glucose Homeostasis Mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460

Neeraj Kumar Singh, Hao Wang, Mark Lawford,
Thomas S.E. Maibaum, and Alan Wassyng

ENT Disease Diagnosis Using an Expert System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472

Duwaraka Yoganathan and Sangaralingam Kajanan

Application of Bayesian Networks in Consumer Service Industry and

Healthcare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484
Le Zhang, Yuan Gao, Balmatee Bidassie, and Vincent G. Duffy
XXIV Table of Contents

Rehabilitation Applications
Design and Ergonomics of Monitoring System for Elderly . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499
Giuseppe Andreoni, Fiammetta Costa, Alberto Attanasio,
Giuseppe Baroni, Sabrina Muschiato, Paola Nonini,
Andrea Pagni, Roberto Biraghi,
Roberto Pozzi, Maximiliano Romero, and
Paolo Perego

A Low Cost Haptic Mouse for Prosthetic Socket Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508

Giancarlo Facoetti, Andrea Vitali, Giorgio Colombo, and
Caterina Rizzi

Evaluating Work Disability of Lower Limb Handicapped within a

Human Modeling Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516
Yan Fu, Xingsheng Chen, Shiqi Li, Jacob Gwenguo Chen, and
Bohe Zhou

Development of a Tendon-Driven Dexterous Hand for Fine

Manipulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527
Jamie Galiastro, Hao Zhang, David Ribeiro, Anthony Mele,
William Craelius, and Kang Li

Mobile Navigation for Limited Mobility Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535

Bettina Harriehausen-Muhlabauter

Analysis of Luria Memory Tests for Development on Mobile Devices . . . . 546

José A. Hijar Miranda, Erika Hernàndez Rubio, and
Amilcar Meneses Viveros

Research on Senior Response to Transfer Assistance between

Wheelchair and Bed: EEG Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558
Mikako Ito, Yuka Takai, Akihiko Goto, and Noriaki Kuwahara

Effectiveness of Paper Coloring Recreation in an Elderly Persons Care

Home . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567
Shinichiro Kawabata

Risk, Safety and Emergency

Non-financial Factors of Job Satisfaction in the Development of a
Safety Culture Based on Examples from Poland and Romania . . . . . . . . . 577
Marcin Butlewski, Agnieszka Misztal, and Ruxandra Ciulu

Reclaiming Human Machine Nature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588

Didier Fass
 Table of Contents XXV

Evacuation Support System for Everyday Use in the Aftermath of a

Natural Disaster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600
Akari Hamamura, Taku Fukushima, Takashi Yoshino, and
Nobuyuki Egusa

Safe Walker–Shoes That Alert the Wearer to a Danger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612

Motoki Ishida, Hisashi Sato, and Takayuki Kosaka

Using the Critical Path Method in Analyzing the Interdependencies of

Critical Services – Feasibility Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 620
Andro Kull

COMPAss: A Space Cognitive Behavior Modeling and Performance

Assessment Platform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 630
Yanfei Liu, Zhiqiang Tian, Yu Zhang, Qi Sun, Junsong Li,
Jing Sun, and Feng Fu

HCI Challenges for Community-Based Disaster Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 637

Jan Willem Streefkerk, Martijn Neef, Kenny Meesters,
Reinout Pieneman, and Kees van Dongen

Service-Oriented Emergency Management Collaboration System

Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 649
Fang You, Ri-Peng Zhang, Ping-Ting Li, and Jian-Min Wang

Modeling Human Control Strategies in Simulated RVD Tasks through

the Time-Fuel Optimal Control Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 661
Shaoyao Zhang, Yu Tian, Chunhui Wang, Shoupeng Huang,
Yan Fu, and Shanguang Chen

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671

Modelling Posture and Motion
 Human Energy Expenditure Models: Beyond
State-of-the-Art Commercialized Embedded Algorithms

Ricard Delgado-Gonzalo1, Philippe Renevey1, Enric M. Calvo1, Josep Solà1,

Cees Lanting2, Mattia Bertschi1, and Mathieu Lemay1
1
CSEM, Signal Processing, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
{ricard.delgadogonzalo,philippe.renevey,enric.muntanecalvo,
josepsolaicaros,mattia.bertschi,mathieu.lemay}@csem.ch
2
CSEM, Marketing & Business Development, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
cees.lanting@csem.ch

Abstract. In the present study, we propose three new energy expenditure (EE)
methods and evaluate their accuracy against state-of-the-art EE estimation
commercialized devices. To this end, we used several sensors on 8 subjects to
simultaneously record acceleration forces from wrist-located sensors and bio-
potentials estimated from chest-located ECG devices. These subjects followed a
protocol that included a wide range of intensities in a given set of activities,
ranging from sedentary to vigorous. The results of the proposed human EE
models were compared to indirect calorimetry EE estimated values (kcal/kg/h).
The speed-based, heart rate-based and hybrid-based models are characterized
by an RMSE of 1.22 ± 0.34 kcal/min, 1.53 ± 0.48 kcal/min and 1.03 ± 0.35
kcal/min, respectively. Based on the presented results, the proposed models
provide a significant improvement over the state-of-the-art.

Keywords: energy expenditure, walking/running speed, human model, physical

activity monitoring.

1 Introduction

The rapidly increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity is a worldwide health

problem. Due to the associated serious medical conditions, it is estimated that obesity
already accounts for up to 7% of healthcare costs in EU. Moreover, this value
increases when considering the costs to wider economy associated with low produc-
tivity lost output and premature health problems [1]. At the simplest level, obesity
results from a disturbed energy balance that reaches equilibrium only in an obese
state. This situation occurs when energy intake is high and EE (physical activity) is
low. Despite advances in dietary, exercise-based, behavioral, pharmacological and
bariatric surgical approaches, lifestyle intervention remains the cornerstone of the
prevention and treatment of obesity [2]. EE measurements are important indicators to
consider for the estimation of spontaneous physical activity, as well as energy intake
when body weight is stable (i.e., when EE equals energy intake).

V. G. Duffy (Ed.): DHM 2014, LNCS 8529, pp. 3–14, 2014.

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014
4 R. Delgado-Gonzalo et al.

Numerous laboratory methods can be used to estimate whole-body EE at rest and

during exercise such as detailed activity/food diary [3], isotopic measurements [4],
and direct and indirect calorimetry methods [5]. These methods have advantages and
drawbacks that make them more appropriate in one situation or another, but, because
of their cost, technical difficulties, or infrastructure, none of them is suitable for daily-
life EE monitoring. To overcome this issue, other methods, based on approaches such
as pedometry, actigraphy or electrocardiography have been proposed. These methods
use human kinetic models based on diverse parameters; namely step counts, heart rate
(HR), speed, weight, sex, etc. The resulting EE estimation of such models might be
sufficient for several applications. However, most of them are characterized by biased
and inaccurate instantaneous EE values and necessitate specific calibration protocols.
Recent studies have presented new approaches which combined long-term weara-
ble miniaturized sensors and activity-specific EE models [6-7]. These approaches first
classify the physical activity of the subject, and then apply an activity-specific EE
model. However, the evaluation of these models is not clear or is poorly documented.
Moreover, the EE model inputs vary from activity class, through subject’s anthropo-
metric parameters and subject’s fitness indicators, to precise calibration values and
HR [8-9]. A clear overall picture of the accuracy of such EE models is therefore
required.
In the present study, we propose three different human activity-specific EE models
and evaluate their accuracy. These models range from two simple models based on (i)
the subject’s estimated speed and anthropometric parameters (speed-based model),
(ii) instantaneous fitness parameters (HR-based model), or a (iii) multimodal model
using estimated speed, anthropometric parameters and fitness parameters (hybrid-
based model). The performance of these three models is evaluated with respect to
gold standards (treadmill speed and body energy expenditure estimated from indirect
calorimetry) and compared to published human EE models embedded in commercial
devices.

2 Method

The following section describes the database and the protocol used in this study. It
also describes the different proposed human speed and EE models. Finally, it contains
the evaluation procedure and the statistical tools used to quantify the performance of
the proposed models and to compare them against commercialized EE monitors.

2.1 Database and Protocol

In order to develop various human EE models, acceleration forces from CSEM’s pro-
prietary wrist-located sensors and bio-potentials estimated from chest-located dry
electrodes were recorded simultaneously over 8 healthy male subjects. The distribu-
tion of the subjects’ anthropometric parameters is shown in Error! Reference source
not found.. The subjects followed a standardized protocol that included a wide set
of activities, ranging from sedentary to vigorous, recorded in laboratory settings.
 Human Energy Expenditure Models 5

More precisely, it consisted in three 3-minute phases of resting (lying down, standing
up and sitting) and 3-minute walking/running phases (from 0.5 m/s to exhaustion;
with steps of 0.5 m/s).
In order to validate both the human EE models and their human walking/running
speed sub-models, gold standard measurements were simultaneously recorded,
namely the speed values labelled obtained from a treadmill (Technogym’s
Excite® Med), the HR values labelled HR obtained from an ambulatory ECG moni-
toring device, and the EE values labeled PMETAMAX obtained from a Cortex’s
METAMAX® 3B device (accuracy of ±2.1% MET or kcal/kg/h) using an embedded
indirect calorimetry approach. An Actigraph’s GT1M® device is also measuring the
EE simultaneously.
Before recording each subject, the oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2) analyzers
and the atmospheric pressure and air volume sensors were calibrated using a medical
grade calibration gas with known concentrations and known total volume. The air of
the room was also taken into account in the indirect calorimetry computation.

Table 1. Subjects’ anthropometric parameters

Characteristic µ±σ (N = 8) Range

Age [years] 35.95 ± 6.74 27 - 46
Height [m] 1.82 ± 0.07 1.72 - 1.95
Weight [kg] 75.88 ± 6.35 65 - 87

2.2 Activity Classification and Human Speed Estimation

In this study, the 3D accelerometer signals (x-, y- and z-axis) are used for two purpos-
es: classification of activity and estimation of the speed. Firstly, these 3D signals are
used to classify each subject’s physical activity for every sample. In the context of
this study, the considered classes of activities are: resting (subdivided in lying down,
standing and sitting postures), walking, and running. The resulting activity-specific
episodes were used to train an activity-specific human speed model based on common
anthropometric parameters (i.e., weight, height and sex) and biomechanics principles.
The proposed human EE models are finally trained by the resulting speed estimates
(defined as ) and the identified activity-specific episodes.

2.3 Human Energy Expenditure Models

Speed-Based Model: SPE2AR. As previously mentioned, each timestamp (sampling
frequency of 0.9 second) is first classified in one of the following categories: resting,
walking or running. Then, a multi-linear regression is performed for each category
taking into account the speed and anthropomorphic parameters. The resulting model
is denoted as SPE2AR (Speed-based Piece-wise Energy Estimation using AntRopo-
morphics). Formally, the regression model can be written as:
6 R. Delgado-Gonzalo et al.

rest rest rest rest ,

if resting
2
SPE AR walk walk walk walk ,if walking (1)
run run run ,
run if running

where is the speed in km/h, is the weight in kg and is the height in cm.

HR-Based Model: HEET. A multi-linear regression is performed for each category

using instantaneous HR values. These instantaneous HR values are obtained from
applying an embedded R-wave detection algorithm to ECG signals. The resulting
model is denoted as HEET (HR-based Energy EstimaTion). Formally, the regression
model can be written as:
, if resting
, (2)
, if active
where HR is the instantaneous HR in min-1.

Hybrid-Based Model: QI2Hybrid. Our multimodal hybrid model combines both

previous models into a single expression with the addition of two quality indicators
labelled as SPE2AR and HEET (speed and HR values). Once both models have been
properly calibrated, QI2Hybrid (Quality Indicator Hybrid) model can be written as:

QI H SPE AR SPE AR HEET HEET , (3)

where SPE AR is the probability of SPE AR producing a better estimate than HEET
and HEET is the probability of HEET providing a better estimate than SPE AR .
Note that the relation SPE AR 1 HEET always holds. These quality indicators
are defined as
RMSESPE AR
SPE AR 1 HR RMSE (4)
HEET RMSESPE2AR

and

HEET 1 SPE2AR , (5)

where 0 HR 1 is a value that informs about the quality of the current estimation
of the HR value, and RMSEHEET and RMSESPE2AR are the root mean squared errors
of the HEET and SPE2AR models, respectively. Note that in the extreme case, when
HR 0, the estimation of the EE is completely based on SPE2AR model:

H SPE2AR . (6)

Analogously, when HR 1 the estimation of EE is based on the convex combina-

tion of both methods relative to their performance:
RMSEHEET RMSESPE2AR
RMSEHEET RMSESPE2AR SPE2AR RMSEHEET RMSESPE2AR HEET . (7)

Note that all EE models are expressed in MET or in kcal/kg/h.

 Human Energy Expenditure Models 7

Statistical Analysis. In order to deal with the limited number of subjects (N=8) in the
database, a leave-one-out cross validation procedure is applied to the entire database
in order to fit the EE models and to evaluate their respective performance with respect
to the ground truth values (METAMAX® 3B values). That is, the parameters of each
model are estimated using N-1 subjects and validated against the remaining one, and
this procedure is iterated for each subject. The two quality indicators SPE2AR and
2
HEET are obtained in the same manner. Concerning SPE AR, the coefficient of
determination ( distribution equals 0.96 0.02 , whereas for HEET and
QI2Hybrid models, the distributions equal 0.92 0.05 and 0.96 0.02.
For the evaluation of the performance over the entire database of the proposed
models, three performance indicators are defined: the distribution of the absolute
and relative errors and the distribution of the RMSE. These distributions are characte-
rized by their mean µ and standard deviation σ. In order to compare our results with
other studies, MET values are converted into kcal/min. Table 2 defines these three
performance indicators.

Table 2. Description of the performance indicators

Performance indicator Equation

Absolute energy error [kcal] METAMAX

Relative energy error [%] METAMAX / MetaMax

Root mean squared error (RMSE) [kcal/min] METAMAX

∆

Here, METAMAX is the total energy measured by METAMAX® 3B, which equals
METAMAX . is the total energy estimated by the proposed models, which
equals . RMSE provides insight on the instantaneous error, while absolute
and relative energy errors show how the errors accumulate over time. When these errors
are accumulated over the entire recording sessions, they are referred as total EE errors.

Comparison with Commercialized EE Estimates. The comparison against com-

mercial estimates is based on a limited set of published academic studies. Only the
Actigraph’s GT1M provided real-time EE estimates that could be simultaneously
acquired during the recordings. To provide a fair comparison, we contrast the pub-
lished measures against appropriate test conditions within our protocol (e.g. walking
episodes compared to low intensity activities).

3 Results

3.1 Performance of the Three Proposed Models

The overall performance of the activity-specific speed model is characterized by
an RMSE distribution of 0.114 ± 0.063 km/h. The performance of the proposed
8 R. Delgado-Gonzalo
o et al.

activity-specific EE modells (SPE2AR, HEET and QI2Hybrid models) is shownn in

Table 4 in terms of absolutee, relative and RMS errors.

Table 3. Performance of activity-specific EE models

EE model Total EE absoolute error Total EE relative error RMSE distribution

distribution
n (µ±σ) distribution (µ±σ) (µ±σ)
SPE2AR 17.91 ± 9.3
32 kcal 5.52 % ± 2.21 % 1.22 ± 0.34 kcal/minn
HEET 18.80 ± 9.4
40 kcal 6.17 % ± 3.08 % 1.53 ± 0.48 kcal/minn
2
QI Hybrid 14.57 ± 8.4
47 kcal 4.45 % ± 2.30 % 1.03 ± 0.35 kcal/minn

Fig.1 displays an examp ple of the evolution of EE during the execution of the dif-
ferent tasks included in the experimental protocol. The EE evolution of each modeel is
compared to the ground truth EE values measured by METAMAX® 3B. Panels A and
B represent the estimated EE values from SPE2AR, HEET and QI2Hybrid moddels,
respectively. Resting (lyingg down, standing and sitting postures), walking and runnning
episodes are alternately dissplayed in gray and white areas. In this case, the subjject
starts to run at the 21:50.6 minute
m which is 50.6 sec after starting the 2 m/s step.

Fig. 1. Evolution of estimated EE values (in kcal/min) and ground truth values of a subject oover
the entire protocol. Panel A displays the results from SPE2AR and HEET, while paneel B
display the results from QI2Hy
ybrid.

Fig 2 displays the abso olute error distribution of QI2Hybrid with respect to the
activity class for the same subject
s (see Fig. 1 B). The resting-, walking- and runniing-
specific error distributions are characterized by mean and standard deviation vallues
of -0.20 ± 0.41 kcal/min, 0.17 ± 0.77 kcal/min and -0.03 ± 0.91 kcal/min, respectiive-
ly. The first two distribu utions are bimodal and significantly biased. Moreovver,
the error distribution durinng running is characterized by unbiased values (p<0.005).
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 THE WINNETUXET.

I’ve rowed the Juniata,

I’ve trailed the Kennebec,
I’ve drifted down Algerian shores
Stretched on the upper deck.

I’ve seen the Golden Gate swing wide

To let the sunset through
On wings of flowing opal,
With tangerine and blue.

I’ve idled down the Congo

And dallied up the tide
That girdles the Bahamas,
I’ve floated down the Clyde,

But let me hear the music,

And smell the briar rose,
Of summer’s listless noontide where
The Winnetuxet flows.

Singlehurst,
Plympton, Mass.
 HYMN ANCESTRAL.

O, the glory of the Autumn

On the old New England hills,
When the summer-leaf is dying in its pride;
O, the song of wine and wonder
Where the wild grape’s udder fills;
O, the hymn of homage where the gentians hide.

O, the dream enchanted woodlands;

O, the spell that’s on the seas,
And the cricket’s lovesick murmur of repose;
O, the gossamer and damask
Spreading underneath the trees;
O, the silken tassels where the tangle grows.

Let me slumber ’neath the shadow

Of the old New England hills,
Weave my raiment of the starlight when I die;
May the storms caress my temple,
May the winds caress my throne,
In the Pilgrims’ hallowed sands O let me lie.
FEEL OF THE WANDER-LURE.

My sandals are of starlight,

My soul has a flame,
And all the spheres along the sky
Are trumpeting my name.

My spirit, warm and eager,

And longing to be free,
Tired of a Shadow-house of Dreams,
Lured by immensity,
Will answer when the wild winds call
My name, on some dark night,
And I, a lone adventurer,
Will take the Road of Light.
OVERHEARD AT THE MONEY
CHANGERS OF
NINEVEH.
Our Pilgrim sires—brief the story—
They planted and we reaped the glory;
Their simple thrift and noble deeds
We swapped for affluence and creeds;
Our bank account the trickster rifles,
Their Sabbath Day we sold for trifles;
They, wisdom-governed, graced creation,
Ill-timed and aimless, now a nation
Has bartered Freedom at its forum,
Where statesmen wait to find a quorum.
 THE INNERMOST.
I would not like to think my song will die into the arching night;
I would not like to think my soul will lose itself in morning light;
But I would have my song increase and star some little world with
peace;
My soul, with beauty stretching far should be the spirit of that star.
 THE AUTUMN RAIN.
Mother of Darkness, Mother of Pain,
White on the rim of the autumn rain,
Pressing the cold of your cheek to my face,
Roving the infinite hills of space,
Wandering, wandering everywhere,
Wearing a leaf that is dead in your hair,
Mother of Darkness, Mother of Pain,
White on the rim of the autumn rain.
CRY OF THE WOUNDED LOON.

A dirge was on the waters,

Each wave a muffled bell;
Against the west a hunter strolled,
Nor heeded he the knell.
I heard a cripple calling,
In one unwonted cry of pain,
And down the sorrow of the wind,
The darkness and the river-rain,
The cry went wandering, alone,
Through gloomings of abysmal space,
Till, midst a weary waste of marsh
We met as lovers, face to face.
A dirge hung on the waters,
As from a convent bell,
Against the west a hunter strolled,
Nor wist he of the knell,
But sobbing, sobbing down the years,
Through all my joys and all my tears,
Along the silence comes to me
That Ave Mary of the sea.

Written at Cut River, 1920.

THE OLD BUSH PASTURE.

Give me the old bush-path again

Which wandered past my Uncle Tim’s,
The dusky dells, the musky smells,
That filtered through the sunset glims;
The goblins crouching ’neath the trees,
The bats and witches by the mill,
The foolish talk of all the leaves;
And let me hear the whip-poor-will
Above the pines, the old new moon
Hung high and dry, up there alone,
And golden-clear and far and near,
A-chanting in an undertone
Of something half a-kin to fear,
Which only whip-poor-wills can hear.

Give me the old bush-path again,

The barefoot days, the old-time ways,
The old-time ties, the dragon-flies,
And childish joys unfit for men.

Plympton, Mass.,
September 17, 1920.
 A GARLAND.
In one aspiring carillon
God’s Sabbath-bells a-rhyme,
From country-side to country-side
Have set the world a-chime.
Like jewels dropped from heaven,
Ere time or death were known,
The arbutus is blooming,
Where never dust is blown,
For her—the Pilgrim Mother,—
Steadfast and halo-spanned,
Where, still, like constellations burn,
Her footsteps in the sand.
THE UMPAME MUSKETEERS.

The musketeers went marching by,

Went marching, marching, marching by;
On, on with sword and bandoleer,
I saw men come and disappear;
And no one knew the reason why
The musketeers went marching by,
Went marching, marching by.

But forward swept the caravan,

And step by step and man to man,
In gold and martial hue and sway,
I saw the column march away,
And breast to breast, and none knew why
The musketeers went marching by,
Went marching, marching by.

Would that my pen could write in time

To glorify this simple rhyme!
But why the dead that ever bleed?
And why was Standish in the lead?
But onward! on! with fife and drum,
With clank and rattle, still they come.
Who knoweth but the winds in flight,
A battle never won a fight?
And still the musketeers go by,
Go marching, marching by.

O Son of Heaven, answer, why

Do musketeers go marching by
With trumpet-blare, in fringe and gold,
And flags that flutter, fold on fold;
And rush and rattle, surge and swing,
And left to right, all glittering
In lordly plumes, that flash and glow,
And guns and stretchers, row on row!
There’s no one knows the reason why
The musketeers go marching by,
Go marching, marching, marching by.
 A MEMORY.

Long buried, that Elysian noon

When first I saw the wildering waste of sea,
And felt the call of rainbow wings a-flutter in my little soul—
That elfin music only childhood hears.

O barefoot days, the bickering rains have deluged all the years,
But still the wide blue wonder calls to me,
And some day I shall answer where the waves run wild,
Once more a happy child.

36 Woodland Street,
Hartford, Ct.,
January 17, 1921.
 NEW ENGLAND.
New England—Daughter of the Sun—
A laurel on your brow,
The thrill of springtime in your heart,
Yea, we are lovers now,
And we shall wind a lover’s horn
High on the hills of space,
To echo far beyond the stars;
I shall behold your face,
With laughing eyes, when time is not;
Your lifting vistas then,
As now, will haunt and wake in me
A chording great amen.
 HILLS O’ MY HEART.
The bloom of night lay on the hills,
Lay on the hills o’ my heart,
When a white star came as on wings of light,
And my soul grew warm,
And my soul grew bright,
With a wild-sweet wonder of yesterday,
Mid a valley green, but it would not stay,
For the bloom of night lay on the hills,
Lay on the hills o’ my heart.
 MASCOTTE.

Plymouth wears a dimple,

Kingston wears a rose,
Plympton wears a feather,
Everybody knows.

Search the groves of Arcady,

’Neath the azure sky,
Carver, like a cherished dream,
With a flag goes by.

Like an old doxology,

Glittering, a bugle-mouth,
“Keep to the right, and go ahead!”
Trumpets from the South.
 YE OLDEN TIME.
A TRIBUTE.

Written for Carver’s Old Home Day Celebration.

A song to the brave of ye olden time,

Who rest where the night hangs low,
Where never a breeze of the morning stirs,
And only the death-lamps glow.

Where ever and ever, a-side by side,

The prince and the pauper dwell,
While the summer blooms and the autumn fades
And the winter weaves its spell

Through the leafless boughs, and the snow descends,

And wraps them all as one,
And the stars adore, and the still moon waits,
While the hurrying world moves on.

A song to the man of a courtly mien,

With his buckles, and wig, and frill,
And a song to the man with a horny palm,
And the grip of an iron will,

Who planted these fields with their living green,

With the plough, and the hoe and pick;
Who lighted his way by the Psalmist’s lay,
And the glow of a tallowed wick.

A song to the maid of the minuet,

With a blush as of autumn fruit,
Whose wheel was rife with such magic strains
 As the strings of a lover’s lute;

Who caught with her shuttle the firelight glim,

As she worked at her cloth of gold,
And took up her task at the early dawn
With the skillet and candle mould.

A song to the dame with her green calash,

Her curls and her pensive grace,
Who gladdened the days with her homespun ways,
And the charm of her tranquil face.

A song to the woman who made the Home,

Who hovered about the nest
With the sheltering wings of a mother’s prayers,
And the warmth of a mother’s breast.

To her be the chaplet of stars we bring!

To her be our gifts of myrrh!
For heaven is heaven and God is God,
For the goodness we found in her.

Swing out ye bells from your signal towers!

Swing out with your tongues of gold!
And mingle your strain, O ye fields of grain,
With a tenderness yet untold,

Till it reach the throngs on those peaks of light

Where the hosts of the holy stand,
And their voices wake for the old love’s sake—
For the loves of life’s yester-land.
SUNDOWN ON THE MARSHES.

The tide is ebbing out to sea;

Much as an old-time tapestry,
Bayeux or Gobelin, it might be,
The wizard weavers weave for me,
In strangely picturesque design,
Of colors rare that intertwine
Like those of Botticelli’s “Spring,”
Or tints that blend a wood-drake’s wing,
With rose-tipped grasses, amethyst,
And blazing jewels, Shylock missed;
While here and there, as if ’twere worn
By splash of spray, the threads are torn,
Or, as ’twere some old water-witch,
Grown weary eyed, had dropped a stitch,
Appears a patch of faded stuff,
Of fretted, dingy-brown, or buff,
With nets of fisher-folk, in spots,
Entangled with the lobster-pots.
But see! a bit of old brocade,
A water-kelpie must have made;
And there’s a garb of quaintest kind
Some Pilgrim farer left behind.
Out where the shallows turn to blood,
Lost in the trailing weeds and mud,
A crimson crescent blinks at me—
A vagabond who loves the sea—
While mythic muse with ancient loom,
Who knows where Clytie’s flowers bloom,
Has wrought of weeds and tinsel string,
A garment suited to a king.
And look! some oracle of time—
Some sorcerer of ooze and slime—
Has left a panoply most rare
For lazy-footed night to wear,
With girdle of a sombre dye,
And hung it on a rock to dry,
Where, flushed with slumber, drones a stream
To charm some lonely mermaid’s dream.

And this my heritage, more fair

Than mosque that ever called to prayer
A Moslem, bids me kneel and pray;
These simple words are all I say—
“I’ve been with God an hour or two”—
A shadow tiptoes down the blue;
And like a mother wraps the sea
In stillness of eternity.

Marshfield, August 16, 1920.

 NEIGHBORS.
I love to think o’ days what’s been
’th all the neighbors droppin’ in
To spend the day, or arternoon,
’n in the evenin’ have a tune
Like Mear or some such ainshunt air,
’th cider, ’n’ doughnuts; I declare
It seems jest like they’s settin’ there
A-bindin’ shoes, or knittin’ lace,
Eround that old big fireplace,
Afore some blazin’ apple bough.
There’s too much cultivation now!
I love to think o’ days what’s been—
“Good night—good night, run in agin’.”