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 Eric Dubois · Klaus Pohl (Eds.)
LNCS 10253

Advanced Information
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29th International Conference, CAiSE 2017
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Proceedings

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Editors
Eric Dubois Klaus Pohl
Luxembourg Institute of Science University of Duisburg-Essen
and Technology Essen
Esch-sur-Alzette Germany
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 Preface

Welcome to the proceedings of CAiSE 2017 – the 29th International Conference on

Advanced Information Systems Engineering, held in Essen, Germany, June 12–16,
2017. The goal of the CAiSE conference series is to bring together the R&D com-
munity working on models, methods, techniques, architectures, and technologies
addressing the design, the engineering, the operation, and the evolution of information
systems.
The conference theme of CAiSE 2017 was “Digital Connected World—Informed,
Disruptive Business Transformation.” Private and public organizations are entering in
the digital world where real-time data are available about their processes, their oper-
ations, their operating environments, third-party services offered to increase their
performance as well as chances in the demands of their customers. This data abundance
offers new opportunities but also raises new challenges for information systems. The
key challenge thereby is to evolve traditional information systems into “digital, smart
systems.” These systems have to be sufficiently agile to rapidly analyze, predict, and
manage the disruptive and incremental business transformations of operations. From a
center of profit, information systems are now becoming the center for innovation and
sustainability of the organizations. The three invited keynotes of CAiSE 2017
addressed three important aspects of digital transformation:
• Dr. Reinhold Achatz (thyssenkrupp AG): “Digital Transformation at thyssenkrupp:
Challenges, Strategies and Examples.”
• Prof. Dr. Jorge Sanz (Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology): “The
Need for Modularizing Industries and Accelerating Digital Transformation in
Enterprises - Could Productivity Be Significantly Improved and Innovation
Revamped for Growth in the World’s Economy?”
• Prof. Dr. Reinhard Schütte (University of Duisburg-Essen): “Information Systems
for Retail Companies – Challenges in the Era of Digitalization.”
The accepted research papers as well as the CAiSE Forum addressed facets related
to the theme of the conference as well as more “traditional” topics associated with
information systems design, engineering, and operation. The program included the
following paper sessions:
• IS Architecture, Transformation and Evolution
• Business Process Model Readability and Notation
• User Knowledge Discovery, Process Discovery
• Business Process Performance, Adaptation and Variability Management
• Data Mining, Big Data Exploration
For CAiSE 2017, we received 178 papers, from 221 submitted abstracts. This year,
a new selection process was put it place where each paper was reviewed by at least two
Program Committee members. At the end of the first phase, we rejected papers with
VI Preface

consistent negative evaluations. In the second phase of evaluation, all papers with at
least one positive evaluation were reviewed by one program board member. During the
online discussion, the reviewer of the paper assessed the reviews. The final decision
about acceptance and rejection of the papers was made at the Program Committee
Board meeting, which took place in Luxembourg during February 21–22, 2017. The
evaluation process of the papers resulted in the selection of 37 high-quality papers
(acceptance rate of 21%). In addition, the Program Committee Board recommended 25
papers for acceptance in the CAiSE 2017 Forum. The final program of CAiSE 2017
was complemented by five workshops, five co-located working conferences, and a PhD
consortium. Separate proceedings are published for all these events. We warmly thank
the workshop chairs (Andreas Metzger, Anne Persson), the forum chairs (Xavier
Franch, Jolita Ralyté), the doctoral symposium chairs (Raimundas Matulevičius,
Camille Salinesi, Roel Wieringa), and the publicity chair (Selmin Nurcan) for their
excellent work and contributions.
CAiSE 2017 would not have been possible without the efforts and expertise of a
number of people who selflessly offered their time and energy to help make this
conference a success. We would like to thank everyone from the Organizing Com-
mittee, especially Christina Bellinghoven, Eric Schmieders, and Vanessa Stricker.
Special thanks to Dalia Boukercha, Christophe Feltus, and Richard van de Stadt for
their responsive and helpful support during the paper evaluation and selection process,
as well as during the preparation of the proceedings.
As editors of this volume, we also offer our sincere thanks to the members of the
Program Committee and the external reviewers for their dedication in providing fair
and constructive evaluations. We would like also to thank the members of the Program
Board who agreed to take additional duties in the new reviewing process and devoted
their time and knowledge to reviewing and discussing the submitted papers.
We hope you enjoy the proceedings of CAiSE 2017.

April 2017 Eric Dubois

Klaus Pohl
 Organization

Steering Committee
Barbara Pernici Politecnico di Milano, Italy
Óscar Pastor Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain
John Krogstie Norwegian University of Science and Technology,
Norway

Advisory Committee
Janis Bubenko Jr. Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden
Arne Sølvberg Norwegian University of Science and Technology,
Norway
Colette Rolland Université Paris 1 Panthéon Sorbonne, France

General Chair
Klaus Pohl paluno, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany

Program Chair
Eric Dubois Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology,
Luxembourg

Organizing Committee Chairs

Christina Bellinghoven paluno, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
Eric Schmieders paluno, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany

Workshop Chairs
Andreas Metzger paluno, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
Anne Persson University of Skoevde, Sweden

Forum Chairs
Xavier Franch Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Spain
Jolita Ralyté University of Geneva, Switzerland

Doctoral Consortium Chairs

Raimundas Matulevičius University of Tartu, Estonia
VIII Organization

Camille Salinesi Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, France

Roel Wieringa University of Twente, The Netherlands

Publicity Chair
Selmin Nurcan Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, France

Publicity Team
Marcello La Rosa Queensland University of Technology, Australia
Motoshi Saeki Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan
Flavia Maria Santoro Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Eric Yu University of Toronto, Canada

Publication Chair
Christophe Feltus Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology,
Luxembourg

Webmaster and Social Media

Christina Bellinghoven paluno, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany

Program Committee Board

Sjaak Brinkkemper, The Netherlands Barbara Pernici, Italy

Paolo Giorgini, Italy
Matthias Jarke, Germany
John Krogstie, Norway
Pericles Loucopoulos, UK
Raimundas Matulevičius, Estonia
Heinrich Mayr, Austria
John Mylopoulos, Canada
Selmin Nurcan, France
Andreas L. Opdahl, Norway
Óscar Pastor, Spain
Günther Pernul, Germany
Anne Persson, Sweden
Yves Pigneur, Switzerland
Henderik A. Proper, Luxembourg
Hajo A. Reijers, The Netherlands
Stefanie Rinderle-Ma, Austria
Colette Rolland, France
Yannis Vassiliou, Greece
Barbara Weber, Austria
Roel J. Wieringa, The Netherlands

Program Committee
Daniel Amyot, Canada
David Aveiro, Portugal
Marko Bajec, Slovenia
Luciano Baresi, Italy
Joerg Becker, Germany
Boualem Benatallah, Australia
Albertas Caplinskas, Lithuania
Marlon Dumas, Estonia
Johann Eder, Austria
Xavier Franch, Spain
Ulrich Frank, Germany
Aditya Ghose, Australia
Claude Godart, France
Jaap Gordijn, The Netherlands
Janis Grabis, Latvia
Renata Guizzardi, Brazil
Willem-Jan van den Heuvel,
The Netherlands
Mirjana Ivanović, Serbia
Paul Johannesson, Sweden
Ivan Jureta, Belgium
Dimitris Karagiannis, Austria
Marite Kirikova, Latvia
Agnes Koschmider, Germany
Marcello La Rosa, Australia
Additional Reviewers
Okhaide Akhigbe
Pouya Aleatrati
Basmah Almoaber
Kevin Andrews
Estefania Serral Asensio
Unsw Australia
Fatma Basak Aydemir
Moshe Barukh
Malak Baslyman
Björn Benner
Manoj Bhat
Alexander Bock
Dominik Bork
Faiza Bukhsh
Organization IX
Frank Leymann, Germany
Alexander Mädche, Germany
Eva Maria Kern, Germany
Florian Matthes, Germany
Isabelle Mirbel, France
Michele Missikoff, Italy
Haris Mouratidis, UK
Anna Perini, Italy
Michaël Petit, Belgium
Naveen Prakash, India
Jolita Ralyté, Switzerland
Gil Regev, Switzerland
Manfred Reichert, Germany
David G. Rosado, Spain
Motoshi Saeki, Japan
Camille Salinesi, France
Kurt Sandkuhl, Germany
Flávia Maria Santoro, Brazil
Guttorm Sindre, Norway
Monique Snoeck, Belgium
Pnina Soffer, Israel
Hans Weigand, The Netherlands
Mathias Weske, Germany
Eric Yu, Canada
Jelena Zdravkovic, Sweden
Andrea Burattin
Fabian Böhm
Sybren De Kinderen
Antonio De Nicola
Sergio España
Siamak Farshidi
Michael Fellmann
Andreas Freymann
Mahdi Ghasemi
Jens Gulden
Jasmin Guth
Michael Hahn
Florian Haupt
Shinpei Hayashi
X Organization

Marcin Hewelt Domenico Potena

Amin Jalali Elaheh Pourabbas
Marko Janković Alexander Puchta
Slinger Jansen Luise Pufahl
Monika Kaczmarek-Heß Christian Richthammer
Aleatrati Khosroshahi Karoline Saatkamp
Fitsum Meshesha Kifetew Marc Schickler
Martin Kleehaus Johannes Schobel
David Knuplesch Estefanía Serral
Julius Köpke Klym Shumaiev
Vimal Kunnummel Anthony Simonofski
Michael Kunz Sebastian Steinau
Jörg Landthaler Angelo Susi
Bénédicte Le Grand Eric-Oluf Svee
Garm Lucassen Johannes Sänger
Florian Menges Daniel Töpel
Stefan Morana Ömer Uludag
Denisse Munante Karolina Vukojevic-Haupt
Nicolas Mundbrod Michael Walch
Mario Nadj Andreas Weiß
Soroosh Nalchigar Jan Martijn van der Werf
Adriatik Nikaj Matthias Wissotzki
Mario Nolte Alaaeddine Yousfi
Sietse Overbeek Michael Zimmermann
Benedikt Pittl Michael Zimoch
Klaus Pohl Slavko Žitnik
Keynotes
 Digital Transformation at thyssenkrupp:
Challenges, Strategies, and Examples

Reinhold Achatz

thyssenkrupp AG, Essen, Germany

Reinhold.Achatz@thyssenkrupp.com

Abstract. The digital transformation is changing the world in a continuously

accelerating pace. Traditional industrial companies have a good chance to be the
winner of the digital transformation. They can create additional value to their
customer by optimizing and extending their current business and by creating
new business models offering smart services.
This keynote describes thyssenkrupp’s strategy for the digital transforma-
tion illustrated by real examples.
 Information Systems for Retail Companies

Challenges in the Era of Digitization

Reinhard Schütte

Institute for Computer Science and Business Information Systems,

University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 9, 45141 Essen, Germany
reinhard.schuette@icb.uni-due.de

Abstract. Worldwide the retail sector is driven by a strong intra-competition of

existing retailers and an inter-competition between traditional and new pure
digital players. The challenges for retail companies can be differentiated into a
business and an application system (architecture) perspective.
Based on a domain-oriented architecture that covers all steps of value cre-
ation through to the customer, the potential influence of digitization on the tasks
of Retail Information Systems are examined from five different perspectives.
The domain perspective is divided into five levels: master data, technical pro-
cesses, value based processes, administrative processes and decision oriented
tasks.
The technical challenges of application systems are not least characterized
by the complexity of such architectures. The traditional mass data problem in
retail is increasing in times of big data and several different omni-
channel-scenarios. This leads towards really large enterprise systems, which
require an understanding of the main challenges in the future. So, that the IT
manager can gain and keep the flexibility and the software maintenance of
applications (and the application architecture).
 The Need for Modularizing Industries
and Accelerating Digital Transformation
in Enterprises - Could Productivity Be
Significantly Improved and Innovation
Revamped for Growth
in the World’s Economy?

Jorge L.C. Sanz1,2

1
Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Esch-sur-Alzette,
Luxembourg
2
National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
jorge.sanz@list.lu

Keywords: Business Modularization • Business Componentization • Business

Analytics • Digital Transformation of Enterprises

Summary. In this keynote presentation, the need and challenge to build modular
models of operations in industries will be addressed. While modularization (or com-
ponentization) in enterprises has been studied and applied in the context of certain
operations, the focus has been generally limited to some most-mature processes and
very selected competences. If a new and significant economy of scale is to be realized,
enterprises across the same segment of an industry and even some Lines of Business
(LoBs) in enterprises across different industries will need to undertake a much deeper
level of componentization across their organizations and thus, benefit from new and
significant savings.
On the other hand, while digitization has penetrated consumer markets significantly
affecting individuals’ lifestyles, the speed of the transformation of organizations
through digital is not happening yet at nearly comparable speeds. For innovation that
matters to revenue growth and for enabling additional productivity gains from the
adoption of digital, business analytics brings the most promising opportunity to
accelerate transformation and deliver new or much enhanced services.
In the light of a continuous decrease of labor growth rate in the world, new forms of
productivity increase need to be developed and deployed across industries and enter-
prises to generate badly needed economic expansion. In spite of the fact that most
organizations in a given industry segment have very similar operations and their dif-
ferentiation is relatively limited to certain specific capabilities, enterprises have limited
their outsourced operations to a few cross-industry competences such as Information
Technology (IT), selected processes in Finance and Accounting (FA), Human
Resources (HR), Customer Contact Centers (CCC), etc.
XVI J.L.C. Sanz

In addition, while advances and adoption of digitization have significantly perme-

ated throughout the life of individuals, fundamentally accomplished by different seg-
ments in the Information and Communication Technology Industry and new companies
that were born entirely digital, the reality is that genuine new revenues from business
models have not been achieved to the levels expected. For example, while most
enterprises in different consumer sectors have invested huge efforts in digitalization of
channels, the sought improvements in “customer experience” still remain illusory.
The author maintains that there is a fundamental opportunity and need to realize
much deeper economies of scale by identifying and standardizing the widely common
operations that the majority of enterprises exhibit in the same industry. The level of the
said standardization has to go beyond the commonly encountered in an enterprise
across different geographies for its same Lines-of-Business operating across countries
and regions and definitely, beyond conventional outsourcings of IT, HR, FA, CCC, etc.
In addition, the opportunity for using digitization as a vehicle for generating new
revenues in all industries is huge. However, this economic opportunity has not been yet
fully realized. One of the pillars of this shortfall is that organizations have struggled to
share information effectively and cooperatively across their entire supply chains (in-
ternally and externally).
In this keynote, the author will share his experience across hundreds of enterprises in
different industries and how business componentization and business analytics are
helping unleash the above opportunities and needs. Several core applied research
problems as well as the ongoing work by the author in these two domains will be briefly
summarized. The experiential aspects through business practice (applied and consul-
tative research, professional services) with a number of organizations will also be shared
through different examples coming from cases the author has led or been part of in the
last years in global organizations operating in Asia, Europe and North America.
 Contents

Keynotes

Digital Transformation at thyssenkrupp: Challenges, Strategies

and Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Reinhold Achatz

Information Systems for Retail Companies: Challenges in the Era

of Digitization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Reinhard Schütte

Information Systems Architecture

Understanding the Blockchain Using Enterprise Ontology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Joost de Kruijff and Hans Weigand

Accommodating Openness Requirements in Software Platforms:

A Goal-Oriented Approach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Mahsa H. Sadi and Eric Yu

Development of Mobile Data Collection Applications by Domain Experts:

Experimental Results from a Usability Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Johannes Schobel, Rüdiger Pryss, Winfried Schlee, Thomas Probst,
Dominic Gebhardt, Marc Schickler, and Manfred Reichert

Business Process Alignment

Checking Process Compliance on the Basis of Uncertain

Event-to-Activity Mappings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Han van der Aa, Henrik Leopold, and Hajo A. Reijers

Aligning Modeled and Observed Behavior: A Compromise Between

Computation Complexity and Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Boudewijn van Dongen, Josep Carmona, Thomas Chatain,
and Farbod Taymouri

Multi-party Business Process Resilience By-Design:

A Data-Centric Perspective. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Pierluigi Plebani, Andrea Marrella, Massimo Mecella,
Marouan Mizmizi, and Barbara Pernici
XVIII Contents

User Knowledge Discovery

Identifying Domains and Concepts in Short Texts via Partial Taxonomy

and Unlabeled Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Yihong Zhang, Claudia Szabo, Quan Z. Sheng, Wei Emma Zhang,
and Yongrui Qin

User Interests Clustering in Business Intelligence Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . 144

Krista Drushku, Julien Aligon, Nicolas Labroche, Patrick Marcel,
Veronika Peralta, and Bruno Dumant

Analysis of Online Discussions in Support of Requirements Discovery . . . . . 159

Itzel Morales-Ramirez, Fitsum Meshesha Kifetew, and Anna Perini

Business Process Performance

Discovering Causal Factors Explaining Business Process

Performance Variation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Bart F.A. Hompes, Abderrahmane Maaradji, Marcello La Rosa,
Marlon Dumas, Joos C.A.M. Buijs, and Wil M.P. van der Aalst

Enriching Decision Making with Data-Based Thresholds

of Process-Related KPIs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Adela del-Río-Ortega, Félix García, Manuel Resinas, Elmar Weber,
Francisco Ruiz, and Antonio Ruiz-Cortés

Characterizing Drift from Event Streams of Business Processes . . . . . . . . . . 210

Alireza Ostovar, Abderrahmane Maaradji, Marcello La Rosa,
and Arthur H.M. ter Hofstede

Big Data Exploration

Massively Distributed Environments and Closed Itemset Mining:

The DCIM Approach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
Mehdi Zitouni, Reza Akbarinia, Sadok Ben Yahia,
and Florent Masseglia

Uncovering the Runtime Enterprise Architecture of a Large Distributed

Organisation: A Process Mining-Oriented Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
Robert van Langerak, Jan Martijn E.M. van der Werf,
and Sjaak Brinkkemper

Summarisation and Relevance Evaluation Techniques for Big Data

Exploration: The Smart Factory Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
Ada Bagozi, Devis Bianchini, Valeria De Antonellis, Alessandro Marini,
and Davide Ragazzi
 Contents XIX

Process Variability Management

Instance-Based Process Matching Using Event-Log Information . . . . . . . . . . 283

Han van der Aa, Avigdor Gal, Henrik Leopold, Hajo A. Reijers,
Tomer Sagi, and Roee Shraga

Analyzing Process Variants to Understand Differences in Key

Performance Indices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
Nithish Pai Ballambettu, Mahima Agumbe Suresh,
and R.P. Jagadeesh Chandra Bose

Discovering Hierarchical Consolidated Models from Process Families . . . . . . 314

Nour Assy, Boudewijn F. van Dongen, and Wil M.P. van der Aalst

Information Systems Transformation and Evolution

Survival in Schema Evolution: Putting the Lives of Survivor

and Dead Tables in Counterpoint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
Panos Vassiliadis and Apostolos V. Zarras

On the Similarity of Process Change Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348

Georg Kaes and Stefanie Rinderle-Ma

Agile Transformation Success Factors: A Practitioner’s Survey . . . . . . . . . . . 364

Amadeu Silveira Campanelli, Dairton Bassi,
and Fernando Silva Parreiras

Crossing the Boundaries – Agile Methods in Large-Scale, Plan-Driven

Organizations: A Case Study from the Financial Services Industry . . . . . . . . 380
Sina Katharina Weiss and Philipp Brune

Business Process Modeling Readability

Structural Descriptions of Process Models Based

on Goal-Oriented Unfolding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
Chen Qian, Lijie Wen, Jianmin Wang, Akhil Kumar, and Haoran Li

Aligning Textual and Graphical Descriptions of Processes

Through ILP Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
Josep Sànchez-Ferreres, Josep Carmona, and Lluís Padró

Use Cases for Understanding Business Process Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428

Banu Aysolmaz and Hajo A. Reijers

Business Process Adaptation

Predictive Business Process Monitoring Considering Reliability Estimates . . . 445

Andreas Metzger and Felix Föcker
XX Contents

Leveraging Game-Tree Search for Robust Process Enactment . . . . . . . . . . . . 461

Yingzhi Gou, Aditya Ghose, and Hoa Khanh Dam

Predictive Business Process Monitoring with LSTM Neural Networks . . . . . . 477

Niek Tax, Ilya Verenich, Marcello La Rosa, and Marlon Dumas

Data Mining

Searching Linked Data with a Twist of Serendipity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495

Jeronimo S.A. Eichler, Marco A. Casanova, Antonio L. Furtado,
Lívia Ruback, Luiz André P. Paes Leme, Giseli Rabello Lopes,
Bernardo Pereira Nunes, Alessandra Raffaetà, and Chiara Renso

Extraction of Embedded Queries via Static Analysis of Host Code . . . . . . . . 511

Petros Manousis, Apostolos Zarras, Panos Vassiliadis,
and George Papastefanatos

Table Identification and Reconstruction in Spreadsheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527

Elvis Koci, Maik Thiele, Oscar Romero, and Wolfgang Lehner

Process Discovery

Data-Driven Process Discovery - Revealing Conditional Infrequent

Behavior from Event Logs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545
Felix Mannhardt, Massimiliano de Leoni, Hajo A. Reijers,
and Wil M.P. van der Aalst

An Approach for Incorporating Expert Knowledge in Trace Clustering . . . . . 561

Pieter De Koninck, Klaas Nelissen, Bart Baesens,
Seppe vanden Broucke, Monique Snoeck, and Jochen De Weerdt

Mining Business Process Stages from Event Logs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577

Hoang Nguyen, Marlon Dumas, Arthur H.M. ter Hofstede,
Marcello La Rosa, and Fabrizio Maria Maggi

Business Process Modeling Notation

Visual Modeling of Instance-Spanning Constraints in Process-Aware

Information Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 597
Manuel Gall and Stefanie Rinderle-Ma

Linking Data and BPMN Processes to Achieve Executable Models . . . . . . . . 612

Giuseppe De Giacomo, Xavier Oriol, Montserrat Estañol,
and Ernest Teniente
 Contents XXI

Discovery of Fuzzy DMN Decision Models from Event Logs. . . . . . . . . . . . 629

Ekaterina Bazhenova, Stephan Haarmann, Sven Ihde, Andreas Solti,
and Mathias Weske

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 649

Keynotes
 Digital Transformation at thyssenkrupp:
Challenges, Strategies and Examples

Reinhold Achatz(&)

thyssenkrupp AG, Essen, Germany

Abstract. The digital transformation is changing the world in a continuously

accelerating pace. Traditional industrial companies have a good chance to be the
winner of the digital transformation. They can create additional value to their
customer by optimizing and extending their current business and by creating
new business models offering smart services.
The paper describes thyssenkrupp’s strategy for the digital transformation
illustrated by real examples.

Keywords: Digital transformation
Industrie 4.0
Industrial internet of

things
Internet business
Big data
Predictive analytics
PLM
Agile
processes
Smart services

1 Introduction

Since years, thyssenkrupp is going through a major transformation from a steel and
materials company to a technology company. Since the disinvestment of the Brazilian
steel plant, steel is only 25% of thyssenkrupp’s business. This does not only mean a
change in business, this is a major culture change as well. The digital transformation is
one element of this transformation.
The success of a digital transformation is built on top line growth and bottom line
effects through higher efficiency. The top line growth is created through new products
and new ways how products are sold. This may as well lead to new business models.
The bottom line effects are created through a number of steps of process opti-
mization, which are supported by digital tools.
This paper will address the following topics:
• New products: Shift from mechanical to mechatronic products, new production
processes
• Internet Business
• Industrie 4.0/Industrial Internet of Things
• Big data/Predictive Analytics/Secure Data exchange
• Virtual Reality/Augmented Reality/Mixed Reality
• Artificial Intelligence
• PLM and Agile Processes
• Implementation startegy.

© Springer International Publishing AG 2017

E. Dubois and K. Pohl (Eds.): CAiSE 2017, LNCS 10253, pp. 3–12, 2017.
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-59536-8_1
4 R. Achatz

2 Shift from Mechanical to Mechatronic Products, New

Production Processes

The way how products and solutions are built, is continuously changing since many
years. In the beginning, all products were mechanical and hardware-oriented. In later
steps electrical and hydraulic technology was enhancing the products. Since the
invention of the computer in the last century more and more software in combination
with electrical and electronic solutions is replacing hardware and hydraulic
components.
A typical example is the steering system in a car. Being mechanical for many years,
with higher speed and heavier weight the driver needed hydraulic support. Today there
is a clear shift to electrical steering. Electrical motors controlled by software are
replacing the old hydraulic technology. It is creating more customer value through
better sensitivity, adaptality and higher flexibility at lower cost. What might be even
more important, electrical steering is the precondition for drive by wire and future
autonomous driving (Picture 1).

Picture 1. Electrical steering system

A second paradigm shift is happening in the elevator business. Currently thys-

senkrupp is testing its new MULTI, an elevator where the mechanical component rope
is replaced by magnetic forces created with electrical and electronic components and
controlled by software (Picture 2).
Without ropes the system can have more than one cabin in a shaft. This allows
generating a highly efficient flow of cabins instead of one cabin going up and down.
For tall buildings this reduces the number of shafts needed and therefore reduces the
size of space needed for services and allows more usable space per floor.
This list of examples could be extended easily.
 Digital Transformation at thyssenkrupp 5

Picture 2. MULTI, an elevator without ropes

3 Internet Business

Today more and more people are ordering all kind of products over internet. The B2C
internet business is growing dramatically. Customers like it, because internet is
available 24/7/365 and goods are directly shipped to their homes.
Why not do the same for industrial goods in the B2B business? Goods, which are
standardized or are easily configurable by the user, are offered now on internet as well.
thyssenkrupp’s internet platforms “Metals Online” in US and “materials4me” in
Europe are successful examples for that trend.

4 Industrie 4.0/Industrial Internet of Things

Maybe the most recognized element of the digital transformation in industry is

Industrie 4.0 or Industrial internet of things how the Americans call it.
The definition of Industrie 4.0 is the seamless vertical and horizontal integration as
well as the integration over time (Picture 3).
Vertical integration is not new. Since many years we are using enterprise resource
planning systems (ERP) and manufacturing execution systems (MES). What is new, is
the intensity of data exchange and the new implementation structure.
Today’s technology allows a seamless horizontal integration as well, the commu-
nication on all levels between sensors, machines and even factories.
6 R. Achatz

Picture 3. The three elements describing “Industrie 4.0”

I still see room for improvement in the integration over the whole life cycle which
is described by Product life cycle management (PLM). There is still unused potential in
the use of data created in early phases of the product in later phases.
There are numerous examples for the implementation of Industrie 4.0. For this
paper I selected two.

4.1 Example: Camshaft Production in Ilsenburg

thyssenkrupp produces camshafts for the control of combustion engines for cars in
Ilsenburg. This production is on one hand highly automated; on the other hand data of
previous production phases are used to optimize later production steps. The production

Picture 4. Camshaft production in Ilsenburg

 Digital Transformation at thyssenkrupp 7

is identifying each workpiece individually. This allows to conduct later steps in pro-
duction only to the extend, which is really necessary. This optimization is only possible
through 100% data transparency and tracking of each individual work piece (see
Picture 4).

4.2 Example: thyssenkrupp Medium Wide Strip Production

in Hohenlimburg
thyssenkrupp produces in Hohenlimburg medium wide strip coils (Picture 5). The slabs
are produced by the supplier, the steel mill HKM in Duisburg, and transported by rail to
Hohenlimburg. To optimize stock in Hohenlimburg, a horizontal integration between
customers, the production and the suppliers was implemented. Based on framework
contacts, customers order the coils in advance by specifying their need directly using the
system of the producer. The producer informs the supplier of the slabs of that need. The
execution order is placed only days before the customer’s immediate need. This triggers
the transport of the slabs from Duisburg to Hohenlimburg. The production starts, as soon
as the material is available and the coil is shipped to the customer immediately after the
last production step (the cooling down to transportable temperature). In addition the
slabs and the coils are 100% tracked during the whole logistics and production process.
This gives the customer a high flexibility in terms of production, which can be changed
basically until production has started, and in delivery time.
The hot role mill in Hohenlimburg could increase its production with the available
space and reduce assets on premises.

Picture 5. Order process at the hot role mill thyssenkrupp Hohenlimburg

8 R. Achatz

Both examples demonstrate the optimization opportunities which seamless inte-

gration of processes through today’s communication and integration technology offer.

5 Big Data/Predictive Analytics/Secure Data Exchange

Production and other devices are creating a lot of data and information. Today this data
is only used to a minimal percentage or is only used locally. Modern communication
and analytics technology allows utilization, which is creating more value and is much
more efficient. Communication allows the transport of huge amounts of data and
analytics methods, originally created to analyze behavior of users in social networks,
can be used for industrial purposes as well.

5.1 Example Predictive Maintenance of Elevators

A good example is predictive maintenance of elevators. Picture 6 shows how elevator
movements are collected by a so called “blue box”. This box has a standardized
interface to the cloud, where algorithms can identify not normal behavior of the device.
Based on this information maintenance orders are created to fix a problem, even before
it strikes.
The benefit for the user is higher availability of the elevator and the benefit for the
service provider is the opportunity to optimize service activities.
Other examples are optimization of stock turn, optimization of utilization of loading
docks for trucks or truck logistics.

Picture 6. Predictive maintenance at thyssenkrupp elevator (Color figure online)

 Digital Transformation at thyssenkrupp 9

5.2 Secure Data Exchange

Secure data exchange is another important element in this discussion. It is obvious that
the use of knowledge from data creates value; the intelligent combination of data
creates even more value.
In B2C business consumers often share their data without any concern. This does
definitely not work in a B2B environment. For that reason the Industrial Data Space
Association was founded in January 2016 by a group of companies on basis of a
technology proposal from Fraunhofer and with the support of the German government.
The idea was to define an international standard, which allows the exchange of data,
where the generator of the data stays the owner of the data shared. This is implemented
on basis of a software readable contract attached to each piece of data. The whole eco
system is shown in Picture 7.

Picture 7. Industrial data space eco system

6 Virtual Reality/Augmented Reality

Virtual and augmented reality are known and demonstrated since many years. Only the
development of adequate devices for reasonable cost and good performance and
usability is now driving the use.
Augmented realty is implanted in examples, like maintenance support for elevators
(Picture 8) or the support for a worker by showing the construction sequence during
commissioning a system.
Virtual reality is widely used for training with big and expensive devices like
boarding bridges in combination with airplanes or for training of complex tasks like
welding.
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 [281] Place, Ninive, vol. i. p. 58.
[282] Botta, Monument de Ninive, plate 113.
[283] Ibid. plates 43 and 53.
[284] Botta, Monument, &c. plate 62.
[285] Ibid. plates 61 and 76, and vol. v. p. 124.
[286] See especially at the south end of the Nimroud Gallery,
the upper part of a male figure, numbered 17 a. The black of the
hair and beard has preserved much of its strength.
[287] “At Kouyunjik there were no traces whatever of colour.”
Nineveh, vol. ii. p. 310.
[288] Heuzey, Catalogue des Figurines en terre cuite du
Musée du Louvre, p. 18.
[289] Heuzey, Catalogue, &c. p. 19.
[290] Ibid. p. 20. Layard also found many of these blue
statuettes at Khorsabad (Discoveries, p. 357).
[291] These fragments were found by Layard in one of the
small temples at Nimroud (Discoveries, pp. 357, 358).
[292] M. Sully Prudhomme has lately embodied this idea in
his verses addressed to the Venus of the Louvre (Devant la
Vénus de Milo in the Revue politique for 6 January, 1883):—

“Dans les lignes du marbre où plus rien ne subsiste

De l’éphémère éclat des modèles de chair,
Le ciseau de sculpteur, incorruptible artiste,
En isolant le Beau, nous le rend chaste et clair.

Si tendre à voir que soit la couleur d’un sein rose,

C’est dans le contour seul, presque immatériel,
Que le souffle divin se relève et dépose
La grâce qui l’exprime et ravit l’âme au ciel.

* * * * *

Saluons donc cet art qui, trop haut pour la foule.

Abandonne des corps les éléments charnels.
Et, pur, du genre humain ne garde que le moule,
N’en daigne consacrer que les traits éternels!
 [293] Herodotus, i. 195. Strabo says the same thing, but in
a passage (xvi. i. 20), in which he borrows from Herodotus
without acknowledgment.
[294] There are fine series of these seals, or cylinders, both in
the Louvre and in the Cabinet des Antiques of the French
National Library. But the collection of the British Museum is the
richest of all. It possesses about 660 examples, against the 500
of the Cabinet des Antiquités, and the 300 of the Louvre. The
cabinet at the Hague has 150. A single French collector, M. de
Clercq, possesses more than 400, most of them in very fine
condition and of great interest. He is preparing to publish a
descriptive catalogue of his treasures, accompanied by
photogravure facsimiles of every cylinder. According to M.
Ménant, the total number of these cylinders now in European
galleries can fall very little short of three thousand.
[295] M. Fr. Lenormant explains this talismanic value of the
cylinders very clearly in his Étude sur la Signification des Sujets
de quelques Cylindres babyloniens et assyriens (Gazette
archéologique, 1879, p. 249).
[296] We have derived most of the information contained in
this chapter from the works of M. Ménant, who, for many years
past has given more study to these cylinders than any other
savant. We have found his Essai sur les Pierres gravées de l’Asie
occidentale of special value, but we have also made use of the
various reports he has published in the Archives des Missions,
relating to the foreign collections visited by him, and of his papers
read before the Académie des Inscriptions. We have, moreover,
consulted the following works, not, we hope, without profit: De
Gobineau, Catalogue d’une Collection d’Intailles asiatiques
(Revue archéologique, new series, vol. xxvii.); E. Soldi, Les
Cylindres babyloniens, leur Usage et leur Classification (ibid. vol.
xxviii.); and Les Arts méconnus, by the same author (1 vol. 8vo.
Leroux, 1881), chapter i., Les Camées et les Pierres gravées.
[297] The thickest cylinders are found among those that
appear the most ancient. I measured one, in the Cabinet des
Antiquités, that was barely less than an inch in diameter. On the
other hand, there are some very small ones in existence.
[298] Ménant, Essai sur les Pierres gravées de l’Asie
occidentale, Introduction, p. 19. In the British Museum M. Ménant
made a careful examination of a tablet on which these successive
impressions from a cylinder allowed the whole of the scene with
which it was engraved to be studied (Rapport sur les Cylindres
Assyro-Chaldéens du Musée britannique, p. 95, in the Archives
des Missions scientifiques, 1879). Even as late as 1854, a fine
connoisseur like De Longperier could think that the cylinders
were purely amulets and were never used as seals (Notice des
Antiquités assyriennes exposées dans les Galeries du Louvre,
3rd edition, p. 87). No such assertion could be made now.
Hundreds of impressions are to be found on the terra-cotta tablets
from Mesopotamia, and moreover, we find this formula in the
inscription borne by many of the cylinders: “Seal (kunuku) of so-
and-so, son of so-and-so.” In Assyrian the word kunuku meant, as
the word seal with us, both the instrument used and the
impression it gave (Ménant, Essai, Introduction, p. 17). Some of
these impressions are figured in Layard, Discoveries, chapters vi
and xxv. See also his Monuments, second series, plate 69.
[299] The Louvre possesses a cylinder mounted in this
fashion. It was found by Place in the foundations of the
Khorsabad palace. See De Longperier, Notice, p. 98, (No. 469
in the Catalogue).
[300] Taylor, Notes on the Ruins of Mugeyer, p. 270 (in the
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, vol. xv.).
[301] Layard, Discoveries, p. 563.
[302] A few cylinders of fine stone dating apparently from the
early monarchy, are exceptions to this rule. M. Ménant quotes a
cylinder of sapphirine chalcedony, which he ascribes to the reign
of Dungi, the son of Ourkam (Essai sur les Pierres gravées, pp.
141–143); elsewhere he mentions an onyx cylinder in the Cabinet
des Antiques (No. 870), which bears an inscription proving it to
have been the seal of the scribe or secretary who served the son
of Karigalzu, whom he places at the end of the fifteenth century
b.c. We also find jasper cylinders that appear, so far as their
execution and the costume of the figures engraved on them may
show, to have come from the same workshops (ibid. p. 123) as
those of the softer materials. This, we acknowledge, is a difficulty.
But in the first place they may have now and then succeeded,
even in the early years of the art, in fashioning materials harder
than those with which they were familiar, by redoubling the
patience and time spent upon the work; and, secondly, several
kings separated from each other by centuries must have borne
the same name, and it is perhaps a little bold to determine the
age of a monument from the fact that it is engraved with this or
that royal name. Who can say that none of these little monuments
were reworked in the time of Nebuchadnezzar? Archaism was
then in fashion. The writing of the early monarchy was imitated in
official documents. Is it not probable enough that, while they were
in the vein, they copied the seals of the old and almost legendary
kings? They would reproduce them in their entirety, both images
and texts, but in obedience to the taste of the day, they would
execute the copies in those harder and more precious materials
which his increased skill permitted the workman to attack. In spite
of a few doubtful instances, we may repeat the general rule we
have laid down: That the great majority of those cylinders that
bear incontestable marks of a high antiquity, are cut from
materials inferior in hardness to the precious stones, or even to
the quartzes.
[303] E. Soldi, Les Cylindres babyloniens (Revue
archéologique, vol. xxviii. p. 147).
[304] Ibid. p. 149.
[305] The three pages in which M. Soldi sums up the result of
his inquiries, may be studied with advantage (Les Arts méconnus,
pp. 62–64).
[306] See J. Ménant, Observations sur trois Cylindres
orientaux (Gazette des Beaux-Arts, December, 1879).
[307] Or, more correctly, Dioscurides (Διοσκουρίδης),
according to the texts.—Ed.
[308] As to the connection of the Greek Heracles with Izdubar,
see a passage quoted from Sayce by Mansell (Gazette
archéologique, 1879, pp. 116, 117?). The New York cylinder is
only 1.52 inches high. It has been slightly enlarged in our
woodcut, so that its workmanship might be better shown.
[309] Upon the exploits of these two individuals, and the place
they occupy upon the cylinders, see Ménant, Essai, &c., pp. 66,
et seq.
[310] Ménant, Essai sur les Pierres gravées, Fig. 86.
[311] Ibid. p. 138.
[312] De Longpérier, Œuvres, vol. i. p. 335. Compare our
Fig. 17, Vol. i., and M. Ménant’s observations upon the double-
faced individual in whom the original androgynous type of the
human race has been recognised by some (Essai, &c., pp. 111–
120). We are inclined to agree with him in supposing the double
profile to be no more than a convention, whose strangeness is
diminished when we remember that it occurred upon the convex
sides of a cylinder, where the eye of the spectator did not grasp it
all at once, as upon the flat impression. In choosing such an
arrangement, the artist seems to have desired to connect the
figure both with the seated god and the figures on the other side;
it is an expedient of the same nature as the five legs of the
Ninevite bulls.
[313] Ménant, Essai, &c., p. 166. M. Ménant mentions some
other myths, with which this scene may be connected. The true
explanation cannot be decided, however, until the Chaldee
mythology is better known than at present.
[314] Ibid. p. 153.
[315] Art in Ancient Egypt, Vol. i. Fig. 85.
[316] Ménant, Essai, &c., pp. 61–96.
[317] Ménant, Essai, p. 94. Izdubar contends not only with
monsters; he pursues, for his own pleasure, all the beasts of the
desert and mountain; like the Nimrod of Genesis, he is a “mighty
hunter before the Lord.” See the cylinders figured and explained
by S. Haffner (La Chasse de l’Hercule assyrien, in the Gazette
archéologique, 1879, p. 178–184).
[318] Ménant, Essai, p. 91.
[319] See above, page 144, and Fig. 70.
[320] Ménant, Essai, pp. 55–62.
[321] Berosus, fragment 1, § 4, in vol. ii. of the Fragmenta
historicorum Græcorum of Ch. Müller.
[322] Botta, Monument de Ninive, vol. v. p. 2. Layard,
Discoveries, p. 605.
[323] These two cylinders are respectively numbered 937 and
942 in the Cabinet des Antiques.
[324] Ménant, Catalogue des Cylindres orientaux du Cabinet
royal des Médailles de La Haye (The Hague, 4to.), No. 135.
[325] Upon these types see Ménant, Archives des Missions,
1879, pp. 128–9. The signet figured above belonged to a member
of the tribe called Egibi, a group of merchants and bankers who
seem to have held the highest rank upon the market of Babylon,
both under the last national kings, and under the Achæmenidæ.
[326] Archives des Missions, 1879, p. 115.
[327] The charging animal seems rather to be a wild boar. The
shape of its head and body, the ridge of hair along the spine, the
shape of the legs and feet, and its action in charging, all suggest
a boar, a suggestion confirmed by the action of the hunter, who
receives the rush of the animal on a kind of scarf or cloak, while
he buries his boar-spear in its back.—Ed.
[328] The cylinder published by Layard, Introduction à l’Étude
du Culte public et des Mystères de Mithra, plate xxv. No. 4. See
on the subject of the inscription upon it, Levy, Siegel und
Gemmen, plate 1, No. 15. A certain number of intaglios with
Aramaic characters, which belong to the same class, have been
studied and described by M. de Vogué, in his Mélanges
d’Archéologie orientale, pp. 120–130.
[329] National Library, Paris; No. 1086.
[330] National Library, No. 978.
[331] Ménant, Empreintes de Cachets assyro-chaldéens
relevées au Musée britannique (Archives des Missions, 1882, p.
375), fig. 5.
[332] Ibid. fig. 25.
[333] A kneeling figure occurs on a contract dated from the
seventh century, Ménant, ibid. p. 376, fig. 7. Several impressions
in the London collection show us personages in the modern
attitude of prayer before the figure of a god overshadowed by
huge wings. Ibid. figs. 26 and 27.
[334] Ménant, Empreinte de Cachets, &c. fig. 65.
[335] De Luynes collection, No. 188. Diameter 1 inch.
[336] No. 986.
[337] Ibid. figs. 20–24, 27, 30, 31, 41–44.
[338] Art in Ancient Egypt, vol. ii. pp. 290, 291.
[339] Ménant, Rapport sur les Cylindres du Musée
britannique, p. 127.
[340] Soldi, Les Cylindres babyloniens (Revue archéologique,
vol. xxviii.), p. 153.
 [341] Art in Ancient Egypt, vol. i. fig. 85.
[342] Layard, Discoveries, p. 281. A scarab of Amenophis III.
has also been found. Layard also tells us that he found several
scarabæi of Egyptian manufacture, while excavating at Nimroud,
and others were brought to him which had been found in different
parts of Mesopotamia.
[343] Account of the income and expenditure of the British
Museum for 1878.
[344] In a recently published work (Kritik des Ægyptischen
Ornaments, archäologische Studie, with two lithographic plates,
Marburg, 8vo, 1883) Herr Ludwig von Sybel has investigated the
influence exercised by what he calls Asiatic ornament upon
Egyptian art, after the commencement of the second Theban
empire. The impression left by his inquiry—which is conducted
with much order and critical acumen—is that Egypt, by the
intermediary of the Phœnicians, received more from Assyria and
Chaldæa than she gave. This influence was exercised chiefly by
the numerous metal objects imported into the Nile valley from
western Asia, where metallurgy was more advanced and more
active than in Egypt. We may have doubts as to some of Herr von
Sybel’s comparisons, and may think he sometimes exaggerates
the Asiatic influence, but none the less may his work be read both
with profit and interest.
[345] See above, page 98.
[346] Layard, Monuments, first series, plate 7.
[347] Art in Ancient Egypt, vol. ii. chapter iv. § 1.
[348] Vol. I. Chapter II. § 7.
[349] The ornament reproduced in our Plate XIII. is borrowed
from a plate of Layard’s Monuments (first series, plate 80), and
the two subjects brought together in Plate XIV. are taken from
plate 55 of the second series. Our Plate XV. brings together, on a
smaller scale, the figures which occupy plates 29, 30 and 31 of
Place’s Ninive.
[350] Layard, Nineveh, vol. ii. p. 311.
[351] Place, Ninive, plate 32.
[352] Layard, Discoveries, p. 166, note.
[353] Place, Ninive, vol. ii. pp. 251, 252.
 [354] Lepsius, Les Métaux dans les Inscriptions egyptiennes.
Translated into French by W. Berend, and with additions by the
author, 1877.
[355] Layard, Discoveries, p. 166.
[356] Ibid. p. 166.
[357] Layard, Nineveh, vol. ii. p. 313.
[358] Layard, Discoveries, p. 166.
[359] Place, Ninive, vol. ii. p. 252.
[360] Diodorus, ii. viii. 4.
[361] Rawlinson, The Five Great Monarchies, vol. i. pp. 91,
92. We borrow figs. 163–8 from Professor Rawlinson. Some of
these, he tells us, are from drawings by Mr. Churchill, the artist
who accompanied Loftus into Chaldæa and Susiana; the rest are
taken from objects now in the British Museum.
[362] We borrow the figures numbered 183, 184, 186 and 187,
from the plate accompanying a remarkable paper by M. Helbig,
in which he points out the similarities that exist between this
Ninevite pottery, and the oldest pottery of Attica and the Ægæan
islands (Osservazioni sopra la provenienza della decorazione
geometrica, in the Annales de l’Institut de Correspondance
archéologique, 1875, p. 221). The tracings reproduced by M.
Helbig (tavola d’aggiunta, H), were made by Mr. Murray. Our
figures 182, 185, and 188 were taken from drawings made by
myself in the British Museum.
[363] Place, Ninive, vol. ii. p. 150.
[364] Birch, History of Ancient Pottery, 2nd edition, 1873, p.
91.
[365] Birch, History of Ancient Pottery, 2nd edition, 1873, p.
104.
[366] The British Museum possesses some fine examples of
these coffins; they were transported to England by Loftus, who
had some difficulty in bringing them home intact. See Loftus,
Travels and Researches, &c., p. 204; Layard, Discoveries, pp.
558–561; and Birch, History of Ancient Pottery, pp. 105–107. In
the upper parts of the mounds at Warka and Niffer, where these
slipper-shaped coffins were packed in thousands, fragments of
glazed earthenware, plates and vases, were also found; they
seemed to date from the same period.
 [367] Art in Ancient Egypt, vol. ii. p. 375.
[368] Botta, Monument de Ninive, vol. v. p. 173. Rawlinson,
The Five Great Monarchies, vol. i. pp. 389–391.
[369] On this subject see a note by Sir David Brewster (?),
appended to Layard, Discoveries, pp. 674–676.
[370] Layard, Discoveries, p. 197.
[371] Layard, Nineveh, vol. i. p. 421; Discoveries, p. 197.
[372] Rawlinson, The Five Great Monarchies, vol. i. p. 574.
[373] A detailed description of this curious object will be found
in a note supplied to Layard by Sir David Brewster, who made a
careful examination of the lens (Discoveries, p. 197).
[374] See Rawlinson, The Five Great Monarchies, &c., vol. i.
pp. 95–97.
[375] On the richness of the metalliferous deposits about the
head-waters of the Tigris and Euphrates, see vol. i. pp. 124, 125.
[376] Rawlinson, The Five Great Monarchies, vol. i. p. 98.
[377] Ibid.
[378] Ibid.
[379] Place, Ninive, vol. ii. p. 263.
[380] Art in Ancient Egypt, vol. ii. pp. 303–305 and 379.
[381] Place, Ninive, vol. i. pp. 84–89, and plates 70, 71.
[382] A certain number of iron implements are exhibited in the
British Museum (Kouyundjik Gallery, case e); they were found for
the most part at Nimroud, by Sir H. Layard (Discoveries, pp. 174
and 194). Among objects particularly mentioned by him are feet of
chairs, tables, &c., mattocks and hammers, the heads of arrows
and lances, and a double-handled saw 62 inches long.
[383] Place, Ninive, vol. i. p. 264 and plate 71; figs. 5, 6 and
7.
[384] This is formally stated by Dr. Percy, who furnished
Layard with a long note upon the composition of the Assyrian
bronzes (Discoveries, p. 670). At Nimroud, the latter found
helmets and cuirasses of iron with surface ornaments of bronze
(Nineveh, vol. i. p. 341). He speaks of this proceeding as
characteristic of Assyrian metal-work (Discoveries, p. 191).
 [385] To the evidence of Layard, which we have already had
occasion to quote on this point, we may add that of Rich
(Kurdistan, vol. i. pp. 176 and 222).
[386] Layard, Discoveries, chapter viii.
[387] See Dr. Percy’s note, at the end of the Discoveries, p.
670.
[388] Layard, Discoveries, pp. 176–178.
[389] Nahum, ii. 9.
[390] E. Flandin, Voyage archéologique.
[391] Layard, Discoveries, pp. 198, 199.
[392] In 1882 these fragments were in the Nimroud central
saloon. In the Assyrian side room, close to the door, there is
another throne whose bronze casing might be restored almost in
its entirety. Its decoration is less rich, however, than that of the
thrones of which we have been speaking. A poor drawing of it
may be found in George Smith’s Assyrian Discoveries, p. 432.
[393] This is not complete; about a third of it seems to be
missing.
[394] Reasoning from the analogy of the ivories above
mentioned, it might be thought that this fragmentary column
belonged to the balustrade of a window. M. Dieulafoy, who first
drew our attention to the fragment, provided us with a photograph
of it, and is of that opinion.
[395] In Botta, Monument de Ninive, plate 164, a bronze
bull’s head is figured which must have been used as the arm of a
chair.
[396] This motive was by no means rare. Some more
examples will be found reproduced in Layard, Nineveh, vol. ii. p.
301. At Malthaï there are human figures between the uprights of
the throne on which the second deity is seated. They may be
seen more clearly in Place’s large plate (No. 45), than in our
necessarily small engraving.
[397] 1 Kings x. 18.
[398] Layard, Discoveries, p. 198; Smith, Assyrian
Discoveries, pp. 431, 432.
[399] George Smith, Assyrian Discoveries, p. 432.
 [400] As soon as these ivories arrived at the British Museum,
the learned keeper of the Oriental Antiquities was struck by their
Egyptian character. A paper which he published at the time may
be consulted with profit (Birch, Observations on two Egyptian
cartouches, and some other ivory ornaments found at Nimroud, in
the Transactions of the Royal Society of Literature, second series,
vol. iii. pp. 151–177.)
[401] Layard, Discoveries, p. 195.
[402] Layard, Monuments, first series, plate 24.
[403] Ibid. plates 55 and 56. In the second stage of reliefs,
counting from the bottom.
[404] Among the ivories in case C of the Nimroud Gallery
there is a kind of blackish ivory egg, which may have served as
the knob of a sceptre. In an oval crowned by the uræus between
two feathers, we find an inscription which appears to be
Phœnician. It has been read as the name of a king of Cyprus.
Loftus, in a letter addressed to the Athenæum (1855, p. 351),
speaks of other ivories from the south-western palace at Nimroud.
They are the remains of a throne, and were found in a deposit of
wood ashes. He says there was a shaft formed by figures placed
back to back and surmounted by a capital shaped like a flower.
There was also, according to the same authority, a Phœnician
inscription.
[405] See Vol. I., pp. 299–302.
[406] My researches were not confined to the ivories in the
cases. I also went through the thousands of pieces in the closed
drawers which are not shown, in some instances because of their
broken condition, in others because they are merely duplicates of
better specimens in the selection exhibited.
[407] The feet found by Sir H. Layard at Nimroud must, as he
conjectured, have belonged to one of these tripods (Discoveries,
pp. 178–179).
[408] We should also mention another vase, shaped like the
muzzle of a lion, which was used to take liquids out of a large
crater set upon a stand (Botta, Monument de Ninive, vol. i. plate
76. See also M. Botta’s plate 162, where the chief examples from
the bas-reliefs are figured).
[409] Layard, Discoveries, p. 197.
 [410] In the eighth chapter of the Discoveries, Layard gives a
sort of inventory, rather desultory in form, perhaps, but
nevertheless very instructive and valuable, of the principal objects
found in the magazines—we have borrowed largely from these
pages. The most important of the cups are reproduced, in whole
or in part, in the plates numbered from 57 to 68 of the
Monuments, second series. A complete and accurate study of the
cups and other objects of the same kind discovered in Western
Asia will be found in M. Albert Dumont’s Les Céramiques de la
Grèce propre (pp. 112–129).
[411] Layard, Monuments, second series, plate 68.
[412] This platter is figured in Layard’s Monuments, plate 63,
but our drawing was made from the original.
[413] Art in Ancient Egypt, vol. ii. pp. 87–89.
[414] It is numbered 619 in the museum inventory. It bears an
inscription in Aramaic characters.
[415] Art in Ancient Egypt, vol. ii. figs. 280, 281.
[416] Inscriptions of this kind have been found on five or six of
the bronze platters in the British Museum. They are about to be
printed in the Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum, part ii.,
Inscriptiones Aramæa, vol. i.
[417] Thus, according to M. de Vogüé, who has examined the
inscriptions upon the cups recently cleaned, three of the cups
from Nimroud bear respectively the names of Baalazar (Baal
protects him), Elselah (El pardons him) and Beharel (El has
chosen him). Baalazar was a scribe.
[418] See above, p. 220, note 2.
[419] See Prisse, Histoire de l’Art egyptien, vol. ii. plate
entitled Le Pharaon Khouenaten servi par la reine. The kind of
saucer held by the queen is more like the Assyrian pateræ in
shape.
[420] See in Prisse’s Histoire, the plates classed under the
head Arts industriels, and especially the four entitled Vases en Or
émaillé et cloisonné. In all these I can only find one patera, in the
plate called Collection de Vases du Règne de Ramesés III. There
is nothing to show that the vases here figured were not
earthenware.
 [421] Art in Ancient Egypt, vol. ii. figs. 287, 288. See also the
great vultures on the ceilings (ibid. fig. 282), and winged females
(ibid. fig. 287).
[422] Prisse, Histoire de l’Art egyptien, vol. ii., the plate
entitled Types de Sphinx.
[423] Art in Ancient Egypt, vol. ii. fig. 239, and Prisse, in the
plate above quoted.
[424] A cursory glance through the pages dedicated by Prisse
to the industrial arts is conclusive on this point, the heads of
snakes and horses, the figures of negroes and prisoners of war
are almost invariably placed back to back on the objects they are
used to adorn. Examples of this abound, but in order to
understand what we may call the principle of this ornamentation it
will suffice to refer to figs. 314, 327, and 328 of the second
volume of our History of Art in Ancient Egypt.
[425] In Prisse’s plate entitled Choix de Bijoux de diverses
Époques, there is a bracelet with a central motive recalling that of
our cup. It shows us two griffins separated by a palmette from
which rises a tall stem of papyrus between several pairs of
volutes. This object is, however, almost unique of its kind, and we
do not exactly know to what epoch it belongs. May it not belong to
a period when Egyptian art began to be affected by that of
Mesopotamia, an influence that is betrayed in more than one
particular? According to Herr Von Sybel, who has studied
Egyptian ornament with so much care, this motive of two animals
facing each other did not appear before the nineteenth dynasty,
and he looks upon it as purely Asiatic in its origin (Kritik des
Ægyptischen Ornaments, pp. 37, 38). We may also quote a small
box of Egyptian faïence inscribed with the oval of Ahmes II, the
Amasis of Herodotus. It bears two griffins quite similar to those of
our group, separated by a cypress. But Dr. Birch, who was the
first to publish this monument, recognizes that, in spite of the
cartouch, its physiognomy is more Assyrian than Egyptian
(Transactions of the Royal Society of Literature, Series II. p. 177).
[426] See on this subject an ingenious and learned paper to
which we shall more than once have occasion to refer, namely, M.
Clermont-Ganneau’s Étude d’Archéologie orientale, l’Imagerie
phénicienne et la Mythologie iconologique chez les Grecs. First
part: La Coupe phénicienne de Palestina (1880, 8vo, 8 plates).
[427] Layard, Monuments, second series, plate 66.
 [428] Houghton, On the Mammalia of Assyrian Sculptures, p.
382.
[429] Layard, Monuments, second series, plate 67.
[430] Layard, Monuments, second series, plate 62, B.
[431] Rawlinson, The Five Great Monarchies, vol. i. chapter
vii.; Layard, Nineveh, vol. ii. pp. 338–348.
[432] Rawlinson, The Five Great Monarchies, &c., vol. i. pp.
408–410.
[433] Botta, Monument de Ninive, plate 159. In this plate the
chief types of weapons figured in the reliefs at Khorsabad are
brought together.
[434] Boscawen, Notes on an Ancient Assyrian Bronze Sword
bearing a Cuneiform Inscription (in the Transactions of the Society
of Biblical Archæology, vol. iv. p. 347. with one plate).
[435] Botta, Monument de Ninive, plate 160.
[436] Sayce, The Cuneiform Inscriptions of Van, in the Journal
of the Royal Asiatic Society, vol. xiv. p. 653. Mr. Pinches tells me
that there is a similar text on the hollow border of the shield
reproduced in our Fig. 225. Nothing is now to be distinguished,
however, but characters that may be read, “Great king, king of
——”.
[437] See vol. i. page 394.
[438] We cannot too often thank the keepers of the Oriental
antiquities in the British Museum for the trouble they took in
enabling us to give a figure of this hitherto unpublished
monument. The fragments, which had not yet been pieced
together or exhibited in the galleries, were arranged expressly for
our draughtsman.
[439] Nos. 385–391 in De Longpérier’s catalogue. These
objects came from the collection of Clot-Bey, which was formed in
Egypt but contained many things of Syrian origin. De Longpérier
did not hesitate, on the evidence of their style, to class these
objects as Assyrian, and any one who examines the motives of
their decoration will be of his opinion. See his Œuvres, vol. i. p.
166.
[440] Art in Ancient Egypt, vol. ii. pp. 394–395, and figs. 257,
329–331.
 [441] De Longpérier, Notice des Antiquités assyriennes du
Musée du Louvre, third edition, No. 212.
[442] Many more varieties of the same type will be found in
the plate on which Botta reproduced the principal jewels figured
in the Khorsabad reliefs (Monument de Ninive, plate 161). See
also Layard, Discoveries, p. 597.
[443] The Arab jewellers still make use of similar moulds
(Layard, Discoveries, p. 595).
[444] Layard, Discoveries, pp. 177–178.
[445] Layard, Discoveries, p. 597. The oldest mention of the
pearl fisheries of the Persian Gulf is to be found in those
fragments of Nearchus that have been preserved in the pages of
Arrian (Indica, xxxviii. 7); but it is probable that the search for
pearl oysters began in those waters many centuries before. The
Assyrians, as we have seen, made use both of pearl and mother-
of-pearl.
[446] J. Oppert, L’Ambre jaune chez les Assyriens (in the
Recueil des Travaux relatifs à la Philologie et à l’Archéologie
egyptiennes et assyriennes, vol. ii, pp. 34 et seq.) M. Oppert’s
rendering of the paraphrase which he believes to specify amber is
not accepted by all Assyriologists.
[447] In the inventory, compiled with so much care by de
Longpérier, of all the little objects in the Assyrian collection of the
Louvre, and especially of those necklaces found by Botta in the
sand under the great threshold at Khorsabad (from No. 295 to No.
380), there is not the slightest mention of amber. MM. Birch and
Pinches tell me that the oriental department of their museum
contains no trace of amber, with the exception of a few beads
brought from Egypt, to which they have no means of assigning a
date. They have never heard that any of the Mesopotamian
excavations have brought the smallest vestige of this substance
to light.
[448] Arrian, Expedition d’Alexandre, vi. 29.
[449] The reputation enjoyed by Chaldæan textiles all over
western Asia is shown by a curious text in the book of Joshua
(vii. 21). After the taking of Jericho, Achan, one of the Israelites,
disobeyed orders and secreted a part of the spoil, consisting of
two hundred shekels of silver, a wedge of gold, and “a goodly
Babylonish garment.”
 [450] “Pictas vestes apud Homerum fuisse (accipio), unde
triumphales natæ. Acu acere id Phryges invenerunt, ideoque
Phrygioniæ appellatæ sunt. Aurum intexere in eadem Asia invenit
Attalus rex: unde nomen Attalicis. Colores diversos picturæ
intexere Babylon maxime celebravit et nomen imposuit.” Pliny,
Nat. Hist. viii. § 74. Acu pingere, and for short, pingere, here
meant to embroider. Picta or picturata vestis was a robe covered
with embroideries.
[451] See Pliny, l. c. Lucretius, iv. 1026. Plautus, Stichus,
Act ii, Scene ii, v. 54. Silius Italicus, xiv. 658. Martial, Epigr.
xiv. 150. I borrow these citations from the first chapter of M.
Eugène Müntz’s Histoire de la Tapisserie in the Bibliothèque de
l’Enseignement des Beaux-Arts.
[452] See Vol. I. pp. 305–307.
[453] Nahum iii. 16.
[454] Ezekiel xvii. 4. Isaiah also alludes to the commerce of
Babylon (xlvii. 15).
[455] See on this subject, François Lenormant’s La Monnaie
dans l’Antiquité, vol. i. Prolégomènes, cap. iii. and especially pp.
113–122.
[456] Rawlinson, The Five Great Monarchies, vol. i. p. 108.
Ménant, Essai sur les Pierres gravées, p. 128.
[457] “... the Chaldeans whose cry is in the ships,” Isaiah xliii.
14.
[458] Taylor, Notes on the Ruins of Mugeyer (Journal of the
Royal Asiatic Society, vol. xv. p. 264).
[459] Strabo speaks of a Chaldæan settlement on the
Arabian coast of the Persian Gulf; he calls it Gerrha (xvi. iii. 3). All
the products of Arabia, he says, were there brought together.
Thence they were transported to Chaldæa by sea, and carried up
the Euphrates as far as Thapsacus.
[460] The juxtaposition on the black obelisk of Shalmaneser II.
of the rhinoceros, the small-eared or Indian elephant, and the
Bactrian camel seems to point to this route. The monkeys in the
same reliefs appear to belong to an Indian species (Houghton,
Mammalia of the Assyrian Sculptures, pp. 319, 320).
[461] Art in Ancient Egypt, vol. ii. figs. 257, 330 and 331.
[462] Art in Ancient Egypt, vol. ii. pp. 176–179.
 [463] Soury, Théories naturalistes du Monde et de la Vie
dans l’Antiquité, cap. i. and ii.
[464] Ibid. cap. iii.
[465] Fr. Lenormant, Manuel d’Histoire ancienne, vol. ii. page
176.
[466] Soury, Théories naturalistes, p. 65.
[467] A. de Candolle, Origine des Plantes cultivées, pp. 285,
et seq.

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3. Where hyphenation is in doubt, it has been retained as in the original.

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