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Applications of Artificial Intelligence Techniques in Engineering SIGMA 2018 Volume 1 Hasmat Malik
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Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing 698
Applications
of Artificial
Intelligence
Techniques in
Engineering
SIGMA 2018, Volume 1
Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing
Volume 698
Series editor
Janusz Kacprzyk, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
e-mail: kacprzyk@ibspan.waw.pl
The series “Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing” contains publications on theory,
applications, and design methods of Intelligent Systems and Intelligent Computing. Virtually all
disciplines such as engineering, natural sciences, computer and information science, ICT, economics,
business, e-commerce, environment, healthcare, life science are covered. The list of topics spans all the
areas of modern intelligent systems and computing such as: computational intelligence, soft computing
including neural networks, fuzzy systems, evolutionary computing and the fusion of these paradigms,
social intelligence, ambient intelligence, computational neuroscience, artificial life, virtual worlds and
society, cognitive science and systems, Perception and Vision, DNA and immune based systems,
self-organizing and adaptive systems, e-Learning and teaching, human-centered and human-centric
computing, recommender systems, intelligent control, robotics and mechatronics including
human-machine teaming, knowledge-based paradigms, learning paradigms, machine ethics, intelligent
data analysis, knowledge management, intelligent agents, intelligent decision making and support,
intelligent network security, trust management, interactive entertainment, Web intelligence and multimedia.
The publications within “Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing” are primarily proceedings
of important conferences, symposia and congresses. They cover significant recent developments in the
field, both of a foundational and applicable character. An important characteristic feature of the series is
the short publication time and world-wide distribution. This permits a rapid and broad dissemination of
research results.
Advisory Board
Chairman
Nikhil R. Pal, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India
e-mail: nikhil@isical.ac.in
Members
Rafael Bello Perez, Universidad Central “Marta Abreu” de Las Villas, Santa Clara, Cuba
e-mail: rbellop@uclv.edu.cu
Emilio S. Corchado, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
e-mail: escorchado@usal.es
Hani Hagras, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
e-mail: hani@essex.ac.uk
László T. Kóczy, Széchenyi István University, Győr, Hungary
e-mail: koczy@sze.hu
Vladik Kreinovich, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, USA
e-mail: vladik@utep.edu
Chin-Teng Lin, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
e-mail: ctlin@mail.nctu.edu.tw
Jie Lu, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia
e-mail: Jie.Lu@uts.edu.au
Patricia Melin, Tijuana Institute of Technology, Tijuana, Mexico
e-mail: epmelin@hafsamx.org
Nadia Nedjah, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
e-mail: nadia@eng.uerj.br
Ngoc Thanh Nguyen, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
e-mail: Ngoc-Thanh.Nguyen@pwr.edu.pl
Jun Wang, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
e-mail: jwang@mae.cuhk.edu.hk
Editors
Applications of Artificial
Intelligence Techniques
in Engineering
SIGMA 2018, Volume 1
123
Editors
Hasmat Malik Yog Raj Sood
Department of Instrumentation and Control National Institute of Technology
Engineering Puducherry, India
Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology
New Delhi, Delhi, India Aamir Ahmad
Perceiving Systems Department
Smriti Srivastava Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems
Department of Instrumentation and Control Tübingen, Germany
Engineering
Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology
New Delhi, Delhi, India
This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721,
Singapore
Preface
This Conference Proceedings Volume 1 contains the written versions of most of the
contributions presented at the International Conference SIGMA 2018. The con-
ference was held at Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology (NSIT), New Delhi,
India, during February 23–25, 2018. NSIT is an autonomous institute under
the Government of NCT of Delhi and affiliated to University of Delhi, India. The
International Conference SIGMA 2018 aimed to provide a common platform to the
researchers in related fields to explore and discuss various aspects of artificial
intelligence applications and advances in soft computing techniques. The confer-
ence provided excellent opportunities for the presentation of interesting new
research results and discussion about them, leading to knowledge transfer and the
generation of new ideas.
The conference provided a setting for discussing recent developments in a wide
variety of topics including power system, electronics and communication, renew-
able energy, tools and techniques, management and e-commerce, motor drives,
manufacturing process, control engineering, health care and biomedical, cloud
computing, image processing, environment and robotics. This book contains
broadly 13 areas with 59 chapters that will definitely help researchers to work in
different areas.
The conference has been a good opportunity for participants coming from all
over the globe (mostly from India, Qatar, South Korea, USA, Singapore, and so
many other countries) to present and discuss topics in their respective research
areas.
We would like to thank all the participants for their contributions to the con-
ference and for their contributions to the proceedings. Many thanks go as well to the
NSIT participants for their support and hospitality, which allowed all foreign
participants to feel more at home. Our special thanks go to our colleagues for their
devoted assistance in the overall organization of the conference.
v
vi Preface
vii
viii Contents
xiii
xiv About the Editors
1 Introduction
Some of the distributed generation (DG) as well as most of the electrical load (lag-
ging) needs reactive power, consequently the power factor of the system decreases
which leads to higher flow of currents and responsible for higher active power
losses with reduced voltage profile. Reactive power demand is generally fulfilled
by capacitor bank, synchronous condenser, phase advancers etc. Distribution static
compensator (D-STATCOM) can provide variable reactive power with better and
faster control.
Some of the key challenges in distribution systems are voltage profile enhancement
and reduction of line losses (VPEARL) for effective utilization of existing distribution
system. Approx 13% of generated power is wasting as line losses as registered in [1].
Distribution flexible alternating current transmission system (D-FACTS) devices can
improve the power factor which leads to decline of current index and consequently
it leads to VPEARL of the distribution network. In addition, D-FACTS devices
offers many other advantages like it improves power quality, increase existing feeder
capacity, increase power transfer capability, load balancing and many more. The
fundamental ideology and arithmetical model of STATCOM and D-STATCOM are
alike, as a result the power flow model of STATCOM provide the impression to
be appropriate for load flow analysis with D-STATCOM [2]. Also, the inclusion of
renewable energy based DG (wind, solar etc.) is increasing due its various techno-
economic as well as environmental benefits [3]. Distribution network operator (DNO)
encourages DG developer to install more number of DG in distribution systems
(DS). Some researchers also reported that D-FACTS can increase the DG penetration
capacity in distribution system [4, 5]. Also, wind and photovoltaic (PV) based DG
demands reactive power from the system [6, 7]. So, DG with D-STATCOM can be the
best option in today’s scenario. In the last five years several authors have analyzed the
distribution system with separate DG [8] and D-STATCOM allocation with various
sensitivity based method, optimization method, voltage security margin method and
cost benefit methods with an objective of VPEARL [9–11]. But, very few researchers
have incorporated simultaneous DG as well as D-STATCOM for VPEARL.
In this work impact of combined placement of multiple DG and D-STATCOM
using PSO with various cases is studied. The cases considered for obtaining the
results are allocation of single D-STATCOM, two D-STATCOM, single DG, two
DG, three DG, and four DG and also with simultaneous DG and D-STATCOM. The
complete flow chart for LFA used in this paper for base case is given in [11].
The organization of paper is: Sect. 2 describes the steady state model of DG/D-
STATCOM as well as their cost components. Section 3 explains various constraint
used for optimization. Section 4 consists of the flow chart for the methodology used
in this paper for DG/D-STATCOM allocation. Section 5 represents the results and
Sect. 5 provides comparison of results with various methods for RDS and conclusions
in Sect. 6.
2.1 DG Model
Bus i
PV bus with fixed
voltage
In steady state situation, D-STATCOM act in the same way to a shunt reactive power
resource that regulates the voltage scale of the node where it is to be placed. If the
node i is a load bus of the system with a consumption equivalent to PLi + jQLi , the
model of D-STATCOM on bus i can be considered as a new PV bus j that is added
to bus i with its active power set to nil. The transformer is modeled by its leakage
resistance and reactance; RT + jXT and the model are given in Fig. 1.
[1 + B]nDST ∗ B
CostD−STATCOM $ Investment_costD−STATCOM (3)
[1 + B]nDST − 1
Cost saving ($) = [Cost of energy loss ($) before DG and D-STATCOM alloca-
tion]—[Cost of energy loss ($) after DG and D-STATCOM allocation+ Cost of
D-STATCOM ($)].
3 Problem Formulation
Problem formulation has been done by conducting LFA of RDS, fixing of the objec-
tive function as well as system restriction and finding the best possible allocation of
DG and D-STATCOM using PSO.
The optimization problem is as follows:
n
Minimize power loss: Pl I 2 Ri
i
i1
Voltage constraint: Vmin < |V | < |Vmax |, Current constraint: |Ii | < |Imax |
where, n number of buses, V is the voltage at any bus, V min and V max are the
minimum and maximum voltage limits respectively. I i is the current flowing in the
branch, I imax is the maximum current limit on ith branch. Ri is the resistance of the
ith branch, PDGimin and PDGimax is the maximum and minimum capacity of DG con-
nected to ith node, QD-STATCOMimin and QD-STATCOMimax is the maximum and minimum
capacity of D-STATCOM connected to ith node of RDS.
The steps followed for optimal allocation of DG and D-STATCOM using PSO tech-
nique [14] is given as a flow chart in Fig. 2. Here first an initial random population
or array of particles with random positions and velocities on a multidimensional
space are generated. Then real power loss is evaluated keeping all the constraint
satisfied which is followed by comparing the objective value of each random particle
with individual best (pbest) and for the current minimization problem with ensuring
the objective value is less than pbest, set this pbest as current pbest and records its
Annual Energy Savings with Multiple DG and D-STATCOM … 5
Is stopping
criterion met
Stop
Fig. 2 Flow chart of PSO used for optimal allocation of DG and D-STATCOM
corresponding current position. Found minimum pbest and updated it to their best
encounter position and set it as current gbest then update the velocity and position
of particles using following equation.
where xi position vector, vi velocity vector, This process is repeated till stop
criteria is reached.
6 A. R. Gupta and A. Kumar
The proposed technique is tested for IEEE 33 bus RDS with 12.66 kV and 100 MVA
base values. The line and load data are taken from [15] and the results are obtained
using MATLAB programming [16]. The comparison of results with separate as well
as simultaneous allocation of DG/D-STATCOM are obtained and recorded in Table 1.
TPL variations with iteration after placement of D-STATCOM of 1260 kVAr at 30th
and 370 kVAr at 13th bus is shown in Fig. 3. The improvement in voltage profiles for
each case are obtained and graphically represented in Fig. 4. Also, TPL variations
Annual Energy Savings with Multiple DG and D-STATCOM … 7
144
143.8
143.6
TPL (kW)
143.4
143.2
143
142.8
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Number of iterations
Fig. 3 TPL variations with iteration after placement of D-STATCOM of 1260 kVAr at 30th and
370 kVAr at 13th bus
6 Conclusions
Electric utilities are always expected to provide high power quality and reliability in
power system. In order to entertain such facilities in the system D-STATCOM devices
can be used by the DNO. In this work, steady state analysis of radial distribution
system with separate as well as simultaneous allocation of DG and D-STATCOM is
studied with an objective of reducing the line losses with improvement in voltage
profile. The proposed method of multiple DG and D-STATCOM allocation are also
compared with sensitivity as well as existing optimization technique. The percentage
of cost saving is highest with simultaneous placement of DG and D-STATCOM.
With the installation of D-STATCOM devices the DNO can provide other facilities
besides voltage profile improvement and reduction of line losses like power quality
improvements, voltage stability and system loading capability enhancement. This
study can help DNO to plan distribution system with simultaneous allocation of
renewable energy based DG and D-STATCOM device.
8 A. R. Gupta and A. Kumar
Two DSTATCOM 1260 kVAr 30th bus and 370 kVAr at 13th bus
DG (2590 kW) at 6th bus, DG (470kW) at 15th bus and DG (640 kW) at 25th bus
DG (2590 kW) at 6th bus, DG (470kW) at 15th bus, DG (640 kW) at 25th bus and DG (220
kW) at 32nd bus
With DG (2590 kW) at 6th bus and D-STATCOM (1260 kVAr) at 30th bus
With two DG (2590 kW) at 6th and (470kW) at 15th bus and single D-STATCOM (1260 kVAr)
at 30th bus
With two DG(2590 kW) at 6th and (470kW) at 15th bus and two D-STATCOM (1260 kVAr) at
30th and 370 kVAr at13th bus
1.02
0.98
0.96
Voltage in p.u
0.94
0.92
0.9
0.88
0.86
0.84
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
Bus number
Fig. 4 Variation of voltage of IEEE 33 bus RDS after DG and D-STATCOM allocation using PSO
Annual Energy Savings with Multiple DG and D-STATCOM … 9
89
88.5
Total Active Power Loss (kW)
88
87.5
87
86.5
86
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Number of iterations
Fig. 5 TPL variation with iteration after placement of DG of 2590 kW at 6th, 470 kW at 15th,
640 kW at 25th and 220 kW at 32nd bus
Table 2 Comparison of results with simultaneous DG and D-STATCOM allocation in 33 bus RDS
Parameters Devabalaji et al. [17] Proposed method
BFOA PSO
TPL (kW) in base case 210.98 210.98
TPL (kW) with DG and 70.87 58.50
D-STATCOM
TPL reduction (%) 66.41 72.27
D-STATCOM ratings (kVAr) 1094.60 1260
D-STATCOM locations @30th bus @30th bus
DG ratings (kW) 1239.80 2590
DG locations @10th bus @6th bus
References
1. A.A. El-fergany, Optimal capacitor allocations using evolutionary algorithms. IET Gener.
Transm. Distrib. 7(6), 593–601 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2012.0661
2. A. Ghosh., G.F. Ledwich, Power Quality Enhancement Using Custom Power Devices (Kluwer
Publications, 2002). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1153-3
3. S.N. Singh, Distributed generation in power systems: an overview and key issues, in 24th Indian
Engineering Congress (2009). http://orbit.dtu.dk/files/5202512/24IEC_paper.pdf
4. K.V. Bhadane, M.S. Ballal, R.M. Moharil, Enhancement of distributed generation by using
custom power device. J. Electron. Sci. Technol. 13(3), 246–254 (2015)
5. C.S. Chen, C.H. Lin, W.L. Hsieh, C.T. Hsu, T.T. Ku, Enhancement of PV penetration with
DSTATCOM in Taipower distribution system. IEEE Trans. Power Syst. 28(2), 1560–1567
(2013). https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2012.2226063
6. E.H. Camm, M.R. Behnke, O. Bolado, M. Bollen, M. Bradt, C. Brooks, W. Dilling et al.,
Reactive power compensation for wind power plants, in Power & Energy Society General
10 A. R. Gupta and A. Kumar
1 Introduction
It is always desirable to produce reliable and quality electric power supply form an
interconnected power system. Modern power system network is the combination of
different controlled areas to get stable operation, the total generation of each con-
trolled area must satisfy the total load demand plus accompanied system losses. The
unbalance between generation and load demand due to sudden change in load demand
will cause the change in frequency and tie-line power are sustained by the controller,
which adjust the speed of the governor to maintain the balance [1]. An extensive
literature on the automatic generation control (AGC) problem in conventional power
systems is presented in [2, 3].
The different authors have proposed number of control approaches such as clas-
sical controllers [4], fractional order controllers, digital control approaches to solve
AGC problems in a multi-area multi-source power system. The evolutionary tech-
niques such as genetic algorithm (GA) [5], differential evolution (DE) [6], particle
swarm optimization (PSO) [7], bacterial foraging optimization algorithm (BFOA)
[8], teaching learning based optimization (TLBO) technique was proposed to get
optimal parameters of classical controller in multi-sources multi-units power system
and superiority of the algorithm was compared with differential evolution (DE) [9].
Firefly algorithm (FA) have been used for tuning the controller gains of the classical
controllers to find the solution for the AGC problem on multi-area multi-sourcepower
system [10].
As studied in the literature various controller structure and various intelligent tech-
niques are incorporated in multi-area multi-source interconnected power system to
solve AGC problems. But, still researchers all over the world are trying and propos-
ing new controllers to obtain the system stability. Two-degree freedom controller
is a newly developed controller structure has gained much attention in the control
community and applied for PID, FOPID for AGC system. The advantages of 2DOF
PID and control structure are already mentioned in [11].
Dragonfly algorithm (DA) is recently developed swarm optimization algorithm
by Mirjalili [12]. This algorithm is based on the behavior of dragonfly’s navigation,
searching for food and protection from enemies. The advantages of this algorithm
are to meet the global optimum, and provide very good results when compared to
other famous algorithms [12]. To the best of author’s knowledge, DA is still not
applied for multi-area multi-source power system and required to be implemented.
The effectiveness of the DA algorithm is established by comparing it with the hFA-
PS tuned PI (ITAE), hFA-PS tuned PI (ISE), and PID controller results in terms of
settling time of the deviations in frequency and tie-line power of control areas in
power system reported in the literature [13].