Applied Chemistry and Chemical

Engineering Volume 2 Principles

Methodology and Evaluation Methods
1st Edition A. K. Haghi
Visit to download the full and correct content document:
https://textbookfull.com/product/applied-chemistry-and-chemical-engineering-volume-
2-principles-methodology-and-evaluation-methods-1st-edition-a-k-haghi/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...

Applied chemistry and chemical engineering Volume 4

Experimental techniques and methodical developments 1st
Edition A. K. Haghi

https://textbookfull.com/product/applied-chemistry-and-chemical-
engineering-volume-4-experimental-techniques-and-methodical-
developments-1st-edition-a-k-haghi/

Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Volume 1

Mathematical and Analytical Techniques First Edition
Balkose

https://textbookfull.com/product/applied-chemistry-and-chemical-
engineering-volume-1-mathematical-and-analytical-techniques-
first-edition-balkose/

Methodologies and Applications for Analytical and

Physical Chemistry 1st Edition A. K. Haghi (Editor)

https://textbookfull.com/product/methodologies-and-applications-
for-analytical-and-physical-chemistry-1st-edition-a-k-haghi-
editor/

Physical chemistry for chemists and chemical engineers

multidisciplinary research perspectives First Edition
Haghi

https://textbookfull.com/product/physical-chemistry-for-chemists-
and-chemical-engineers-multidisciplinary-research-perspectives-
first-edition-haghi/
Bioluminescence Chemical Principles And Methods Osamu
Shimomura

https://textbookfull.com/product/bioluminescence-chemical-
principles-and-methods-osamu-shimomura/

Engineered Carbon Nanotubes and Nanofibrous Materials

Integrating Theory and Technique A K Haghi

https://textbookfull.com/product/engineered-carbon-nanotubes-and-
nanofibrous-materials-integrating-theory-and-technique-a-k-haghi/

Coulson and Richardson’s Chemical Engineering, Fourth

Edition: Volume 3A: Chemical and Biochemical Reactors
and Reaction Engineering R. Ravi

https://textbookfull.com/product/coulson-and-richardsons-
chemical-engineering-fourth-edition-volume-3a-chemical-and-
biochemical-reactors-and-reaction-engineering-r-ravi/

Engineering Chemistry 1st Edition K. N. Jayaveera

https://textbookfull.com/product/engineering-chemistry-1st-
edition-k-n-jayaveera/

Computational Methods and Data Engineering: Proceedings

of ICMDE 2020, Volume 2 Vijendra Singh

https://textbookfull.com/product/computational-methods-and-data-
engineering-proceedings-of-icmde-2020-volume-2-vijendra-singh/
 APPLIED CHEMISTRY AND
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
Volume 2
Principles, Methodology, and Evaluation Methods
 APPLIED CHEMISTRY AND
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
Volume 2
Principles, Methodology, and Evaluation Methods

Edited by
A. K. Haghi, PhD
Lionello Pogliani, PhD
Devrim Balköse, PhD
Omari V. Mukbaniani, DSc
Andrew G. Mercader, PhD
Apple Academic Press Inc. Apple Academic Press Inc.
3333 Mistwell Crescent 9 Spinnaker Way
Oakville, ON L6L 0A2 Canada Waretown, NJ 08758 USA
© 2018 by Apple Academic Press, Inc.
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-77188-558-4 (Hardcover)
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-315-20736-0 (eBook)
All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any
electronic, mechanical or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and re-
cording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher
or its distributor, except in the case of brief excerpts or quotations for use in reviews or critical articles.
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is
quoted with permission and sources are indicated. Copyright for individual articles remains with the authors
as indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable
data and information, but the authors, editors, and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity
of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors, editors, and the publisher have attempted to
trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders
if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowl-
edged, please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.
Trademark Notice: Registered trademark of products or corporate names are used only for explanation
and identification without intent to infringe.

Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication

Applied chemistry and chemical engineering / edited by A.K. Haghi, PhD, Devrim Balköse, PhD, Omari V.
Mukbaniani, DSc, Andrew G. Mercader, PhD.
Includes bibliographical references and indexes.
Contents: Volume 1. Mathematical and analytical techniques --Volume 2. Principles, methodology, and evalu-
ation methods --Volume 3. Interdisciplinary approaches to theory and modeling with applications --Volume
4. Experimental techniques and methodical developments --Volume 5. Research methodologies in modern
chemistry and applied science.
Issued in print and electronic formats.
ISBN 978-1-77188-515-7 (v. 1 : hardcover).--ISBN 978-1-77188-558-4 (v. 2 : hardcover).--ISBN 978-1-
77188-566-9 (v. 3 : hardcover).--ISBN 978-1-77188-587-4 (v. 4 : hardcover).--ISBN 978-1-77188-593-5 (v.
5 : hardcover).--ISBN 978-1-77188-594-2 (set : hardcover).
ISBN 978-1-315-36562-6 (v. 1 : PDF).--ISBN 978-1-315-20736-0 (v. 2 : PDF).-- ISBN 978-1-315-20734-6
(v. 3 : PDF).--ISBN 978-1-315-20763-6 (v. 4 : PDF).-- ISBN 978-1-315-19761-6 (v. 5 : PDF)
1. Chemistry, Technical. 2. Chemical engineering. I. Haghi, A. K., editor
TP145.A67 2017 660 C2017-906062-7 C2017-906063-5

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Haghi, A. K., editor.

Title: Applied chemistry and chemical engineering / editors, A.K. Haghi, PhD [and 3 others].
Description: Toronto ; New Jersey : Apple Academic Press, 2018- | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017041946 (print) | LCCN 2017042598 (ebook) | ISBN 9781315365626 (ebook) | ISBN
9781771885157 (hardcover : v. 1 : alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Chemical engineering. | Chemistry, Technical.
Classification: LCC TP155 (ebook) | LCC TP155 .A67 2018 (print) | DDC 660--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017041946

Apple Academic Press also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears
in print may not be available in electronic format. For information about Apple Academic Press products,
visit our website at www.appleacademicpress.com and the CRC Press website at www.crcpress.com
ABOUT THE EDITORS

A. K. Haghi, PhD
A. K. Haghi, PhD, holds a BSc in Urban and Environmental Engineering
from the University of North Carolina (USA), an MSc in Mechanical Engi-
neering from North Carolina A&T State University (USA), a DEA in applied
mechanics, acoustics and materials from the Université de Technologie de
Compiègne (France), and a PhD in engineering sciences from the Univer-
sité de Franche-Comté (France). He is the author and editor of 165 books,
as well as of 1000 published papers in various journals and conference
proceedings. Dr. Haghi has received several grants, consulted for a number
of major corporations, and is a frequent speaker to national and interna-
tional audiences. Since 1983, he served as professor at several universities.
He is currently Editor-in-Chief of the International Journal of Chemoinfor-
matics and Chemical Engineering and the Polymers Research Journal and
on the editorial boards of many international journals. He is also a member
of the Canadian Research and Development Center of Sciences and Cultures
(CRDCSC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

Lionello Pogliani, PhD

Lionello Pogliani, PhD, was Professor of Physical Chemistry at the Univer-
sity of Calabria, Italy. He studied Chemistry at Firenze University, Italy, and
received his postdoctoral training at the Department of Molecular Biology
of the C. E. A. (Centre d’Etudes Atomiques) of Saclay, France, the Physical
Chemistry Institute of the Technical and Free University of Berlin, and the
Pharmaceutical Department of the University of California, San Francisco,
CA. Dr. Pogliani has coauthored an experimental work that was awarded
the GM Neural Trauma Research Award. He spent his sabbatical years at the
Centro de Química-Física Molecular of the Technical University of Lisbon,
Portugal, and at the Department of Physical Chemistry of the Faculty of
Pharmacy of the University of Valencia-Burjassot, Spain. He has contrib-
uted nearly 200 papers in the experimental, theoretical, and didactical fields
of physical chemistry, including chapters in specialized books. He has also
presented at more than 40 symposiums. He also published a book on the
numbers 0, 1, 2, and 3. He is a member of the International Academy of
vi About the Editors

Mathematical Chemistry. He retired in 2011 and is part-time teammate at

the University of Valencia-Burjassot, Spain.

Devrim Balköse, PhD

Devrim Balköse, PhD, is currently a faculty member in the Chemical Engi-
neering Department at the Izmir Institute of Technology, Izmir, Turkey. She
graduated from the Middle East Technical University in Ankara, Turkey,
with a degree in Chemical Engineering. She received her MS and PhD
degrees from Ege University, Izmir, Turkey, in 1974 and 1977, respectively.
She became Associate Professor in Macromolecular Chemistry in 1983
and Professor in process and reactor engineering in 1990. She worked as
Research Assistant, Assistant Professor, Associate Professor, and Professor
between 1970 and 2000 at Ege University. She was the Head of the Chemical
Engineering Department at the Izmir Institute of Technology, Izmir, Turkey,
between 2000 and 2009. Her research interests are in polymer reaction engi-
neering, polymer foams and films, adsorbent development, and moisture
sorption. Her research projects are on nanosized zinc borate production,
ZnO polymer composites, zinc borate lubricants, antistatic additives, and
metal soaps.

Omari V. Mukbaniani, DSc

Omari Vasilii Mukbaniani, DSc, is Professor and Head of the Macromo-
lecular Chemistry Department of Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University,
Tbilisi, Georgia. He is also the Director of the Institute of Macromolecular
Chemistry and Polymeric Materials. He is a member of the Academy of
Natural Sciences of the Georgian Republic. For several years he was a
member of the advisory board of the Journal Proceedings of Iv. Javakhish-
vili Tbilisi State University (Chemical Series) and contributing editor of the
journal Polymer News and the Polymers Research Journal. He is a member
of editorial board of the Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Technology.
His research interests include polymer chemistry, polymeric materials, and
chemistry of organosilicon compounds. He is an author more than 420 publi-
cations, 13 books, four monographs, and 10 inventions. He created in the
2007s the “International Caucasian Symposium on Polymers & Advanced
Materials,” ICSP, which takes place every other two years in Georgia.
About the Editors vii

Andrew G. Mercader, PhD

Andrew G. Mercader, PhD, studied Physical Chemistry at the Faculty of
Chemistry of La Plata National University (UNLP), Buenos Aires, Argen-
tina, from 1995–2001. Afterwards he joined Shell Argentina to work as
Luboil, Asphalts and Distillation Process Technologist, as well as Safe-
guarding and Project Technologist. His PhD work on the development and
applications of QSAR/QSPR theory was performed at the Theoretical and
Applied Research Institute located at La Plata National University (INIFTA).
He received a post-doctoral scholarship to work on theoretical-experimental
studies of biflavonoids at IBIMOL (ex PRALIB), Faculty of Pharmacy and
Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires (UBA). He is currently a member
of the Scientific Researcher Career in the Argentina National Research
Council, at INIFTA.
Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, 5 Volumes

Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,

Volume 1: Mathematical and Analytical Techniques
Editors: A. K. Haghi, PhD, Devrim Balköse, PhD, Omari V. Mukbaniani, DSc, and
Andrew G. Mercader, PhD

Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,

Volume 2: Principles, Methodology, and Evaluation Methods
Editors: A. K. Haghi, PhD, Lionello Pogliani, PhD, Devrim Balköse, PhD,
Omari V. Mukbaniani, DSc, and Andrew G. Mercader, PhD

Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,

Volume 3: Interdisciplinary Approaches to Theory and Modeling with
Applications
Editors: A. K. Haghi, PhD, Lionello Pogliani, PhD, Francisco Torrens, PhD,
Devrim Balköse, PhD, Omari V. Mukbaniani, DSc, and Andrew G. Mercader, PhD

Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,

Volume 4: Experimental Techniques and Methodical Developments
Editors: A. K. Haghi, PhD, Lionello Pogliani, PhD, Eduardo A. Castro, PhD,
Devrim Balköse, PhD, Omari V. Mukbaniani, PhD, and Chin Hua Chia, PhD

Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,

Volume 5: Research Methodologies in Modern Chemistry and Applied Science
Editors: A. K. Haghi, PhD, Ana Cristina Faria Ribeiro, PhD,
Lionello Pogliani, PhD, Devrim Balköse, PhD, Francisco Torrens, PhD,
and Omari V. Mukbaniani, PhD
CONTENTS

List of Contributors......................................................................................xiii
List of Abbreviations................................................................................... xvii
Preface......................................................................................................... xxi

Part I: Polymer Chemistry and Technology.............................................1

1. Polymer–Graphene Nanocomposites: A Smart Material for
Next-Generation Applications.........................................................................3
Ajith J. Jose, Runcy Wilson, and Jince Thomas

2. Modification of Waste Polystyrene Food Containers and

Study of Its Efficiency as an Oil Spill Cleanup...........................................15
Hikmat A. Ali, Moayad N. Khalaf, and Alaa S. Khalaf

3. Technical Note on Surface Modification of Silica by Epoxy Resin............31

Dmitro L. Starokadomsky

4. Photosensitive Copolymers of Para-(2-Carboxy)

Cyclopropyl Styrene with 2,3-Dimethyl-1,3-Butadiene..............................45
K. G. Guliyev, S. B. Mamedli, Ts. D. Gulverdashvili, and A. M. Guliyev
5. Polymeric Materials and Their Use in Agriculture.....................................55
K. T. Archvadze, T. I. Megrelidze, L. V. Tabatadze, and I. R. Chachava

6. Electroconductive Polymer Materials on the Basis of

Oligo-4-Aminophenol....................................................................................63
R. A. Ahmedova, S. S. Mashaeva, Ch. H. İsmaylova, and B. A. Mamedov

7. Modification and Application Possibilities of Biocomposites

Based on Thermoplastic Collagen................................................................73
Ján Matyašovský, Ján Sedliačik, Peter Jurkovič, Peter Duchovič, and Ladislav Šoltés

8. Synthesis of Syndiotactic 1,2-Polybutadiene with Cobalt

Alkylxhanthogenate + Trialkylaluminum Catalytic Dithiosystems..........85
Fizuli A. Nasirov, Nemat A. Guliyev, Nazil F. Janibayov, Afaq M. Aslanbayli,
and Sevda R. Rafiyeva

9. Vinylcyclopropanes in the Addition and Polymerization Reactions:

A Detailed Review..........................................................................................99
Abasgulu Guliyev, Rita Shahnazarli, and Gafar Ramazanov
x Contents

Part II: Bioorganic and Biological Chemistry......................................137

10. Hyaluronan: Biological Function and Medical Applications...................139
Maysa M. Sabet, Tamer M. Tamer, and Ahmed M. Omer

11. Protective Effects of Catalase Indicate Hydrogen Peroxide

Involvement in Hyaluronan Degradation Initiated by Cu(II)
Ions Plus Ascorbate in Situ.........................................................................157
Katarína Valachová, Dominika Topoľská, Raniero Mendichi,
Jozef Rychlý, and Ladislav Šoltés

12. Protein Structure Prediction.......................................................................175

Rajeev Singh and Anamika Singh

13. The Condensation Reactions of 1-Chloro-2,3,4,6-Tetra-O-

Acetyl-Ɑ-D-Gluco(Galacto)Pyranose with Heterocyclic Amines............185
N. Sidamonidze, R. Gakhokidze, and R. Vardiashvili

Part III: Nanoscale Technology.............................................................193

14. 3D Simulation of Electrospun Nanofiber Jet.............................................195
Sh. Maghsoodlou

15. Some Aspects of Cubic B-Spline Approximation Method for

3D Simulation of Electrospun Nanofiber Jet.............................................205
Sh. Maghsoodlou

16. Synthesis of 1,4-Cis Polybutadiene by the Heterogenized

Dithiosystem on Base of Nanosize Montmorillonite.................................231
Fizuli A. Nasirov, Nazil F. Janibayov, Sevda R. Rafiyeva, and Gulara N. Hasanova

Part IV: Selected Topics..........................................................................243

17. Research of Hydrodynamic Characteristics and Sampling of
An Optimum Design of the Bubble-Vortex Apparatus.............................245
R. R. Usmanova and G. E. Zaikov

18. Emission of Clusters During N+, O+, N2+, O2+, Ar+

Ions Bombardment of C, NaCl, Mg, Al, Si, S, Ti, GaAs Surfaces...........259
George Meskhi

19. Advanced Oxidation Processes, Membrane Separation Processes,

and Environmental Engineering Techniques: A Vision for the
Future and A Critical Overview.................................................................275
Sukanchan Palit
Contents xi

20. Fructose and Its Impact on the Diffusion of Electrolytes in

Aqueous Systems..........................................................................................297
Ana C. F. Ribeiro, Luis M. P. Verissimo, M. Luisa Ramos,
Daniela F. S. L. Rodrigues, and Miguel A. Esteso

21. Cheminformatics—The Promising Future: Managing Change of

Approach Through ICT Emerging Technology........................................313
Heru Susanto

22. Application of Evolutionary Multiobjective Optimization in

Designing Chemical Engineering and Petroleum Engineering
Systems and Its Wide Technological Vision: A Critical Overview
and a Broad Scientific Perspective.............................................................333
Sukanchan Palit

23. Intensification of Efficiency of Process of Gas Cleaning in

Apparatuses “Rotoklon”.............................................................................355
R. R. Usmanova1 and G. E. Zaikov

Index......................................................................................................................365
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

R. A. Ahmedova
Institute of Polymer Materials of Azerbaijan, National Academy of Sciences, S.Vurgun Str, 124, AZ
5004 Sumgait, Azerbaijan

Hikmat A. Ali
Chemistry Department, College of Science, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq. Email: hikmatali42@
gmail.com

K. T. Archvadze
Food Industry Department, Georgian Technical University, 77 Kostava, 0175 Tbilisi, Georgia.
E-mail: keti987@mail.ru
Afaq M. Aslanbayli
Institute of Petrochemical Processes, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, 30, Khodjaly av.,
AZ 1025 Baku, Azerbaijan
I. R. Chachava
Food Industry Department, Georgian Technical University, 77 Kostava, 0175 Tbilisi, Georgia

Peter Duchovič
Department of Science, VIPO a.s., Gen. Svobodu 1069/4, 958 01 Partizánske, Slovakia

Miguel A. Esteso
Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de
Henares (Madrid), Spain

R. Gakhokidze
Department of Chemistry, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Ilia Chavchavadze Ave., 0128
Tbilisi, Georgia

Abasgulu Guliyev
Institute of Polymer Materials of Azerbaijan, National Academy of Science, S.Vurgun str., AZ 5004
Sumgait, Azerbaijan. E-mail: abasgulu@yandex.ru

A. M. Guliyev
Institute of Polymer Materials of Azerbaijan, National Academy of Sciences, Baku, Azerbaijan

K. G. Guliyev
Institute of Polymer Materials of Azerbaijan, National Academy of Sciences, Baku, Azerbaijan

Nemat A. Guliyev
Institute of Petrochemical Processes, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, 30, Khodjaly av.,
AZ 1025 Baku, Azerbaijan

Ts. D. Gulverdashvili
Institute of Polymer Materials of Azerbaijan, National Academy of Sciences, Baku, Azerbaijan

Gulara N. Hasanova
Institute of Petrochemical Processes of Azerbaijan, National Academy of Sciences, Khojaly Ave., 30,
AZ 1025 Baku, Azerbaijan
xiv List of Contributors

Ch. H. İsmaylova
Institute of Polymer Materials of Azerbaijan, National Academy of Sciences, S.Vurgun Str, 124,
AZ 5004 Sumgait, Azerbaijan

Nazil F. Janibayov
Institute of Petrochemical Processes of Azerbaijan, National Academy of Sciences, Khojaly Ave., 30,
AZ 1025 Baku, Azerbaijan. E-mail: j.nazil@yahoo.com

Ajith J. Jose
Department of Chemistry, St. Berchmans College (Autonomous), Changanassery 686101, Kerala, India

Peter Jurkovič
Department of Science, VIPO a.s., Gen. Svobodu 1069/4, 958 01 Partizánske, Slovakia

Alaa S. Khalaf
Chemistry Department, College of Science, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq

Moayad N. Khalaf
Chemistry Department, College of Science, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq

Sh. Maghsoodlou
Department of Textile Engineering, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran. E-mail: sh.maghsoodlou@gmail.
com

S. B. Mamedli
Institute of Polymer Materials of Azerbaijan, National Academy of Sciences, Baku, Azerbaijan

B. A. Mamedov
Institute of Polymer Materials of Azerbaijan, National Academy of Sciences, S.Vurgun Str, 124,
AZ 5004 Sumgait, Azerbaijan
S. S. Mashaeva
Institute of Polymer Materials of Azerbaijan, National Academy of Sciences, S.Vurgun Str, 124, AZ
5004 Sumgait, Azerbaijan

Ján Matyašovský
Department of Science, VIPO a.s., Gen. Svobodu 1069/4, 958 01 Partizánske, Slovakia.
E-mail: jmatyasovsky@vipo.sk

T. I. Megrelidze
Food Industry Department, Georgian Technical University, 77 Kostava, 0175 Tbilisi, Georgia

Raniero Mendichi
Istituto per lo Studio delle Macromolecole, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milano, Italy

George Meskhi
Samtskhe-Javakheti State University, Faculty of Engineering, Agrarian and Natural Sciences, 106
Rustaveli str., 0800 Akhaltsikhe, Georgia. Email: george.meskhi@yahoo.com
Fizuli A. Nasirov
Institute of Petrochemical Processes, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, 30, Khodjaly av.,
AZ 1025 Baku, Azerbaijan. E-mail: fizulin52@rambler.ru; fizuli_nasirov@yahoo.com
Ahmed M. Omer
Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry of Drugs, Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology,
SK-814 04 Bratislava, Slovakia

Sukanchan Palit
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Bidholi via Premnagar,
Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India. E-mail: sukanchan68@gmail.com, sukanchan92@gmail.com
List of Contributors xv

Sevda R. Rafiyeva
Institute of Petrochemical Processes of Azerbaijan, National Academy of Sciences, Khojaly Ave., 30,
AZ 1025 Baku, Azerbaijan

Gafar Ramazanov
Department of Science, Sumgait State University, Badalbayli Street, AZ 5008 Sumgait, Azerbaijan
M. Luisa Ramos
Coimbra Chemistry Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra,
Portugal

Ana C. F. Ribeiro
Coimbra Chemistry Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra,
Portugal. E-mail: anacfrib@ci.uc.pt

Daniela F. S. L. Rodrigues
Coimbra Chemistry Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra,
Portugal

Jozef Rychlý
Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Slovakia

Maysa M. Sabet
Polymer Materials Research Department, Advanced Technologies and New Materials Research Insti-
tute (ATNMRI), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg
El-Arab City, P.O. Box: 21934 Alexandria, Egypt.
Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry of Drugs, Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology,
SK-814 04 Bratislava, Slovakia

Ján Sedliačik
Department of Science, Technical University in Zvolen, Masaryka 24, 960 53 Zvolen, Slovakia

Rita Shahnazarli
Institute of Polymer Materials of Azerbaijan, National Academy of Science, S.Vurgun str., AZ 5004
Sumgait, Azerbaijan
N. Sidamonidze
Department of Chemistry, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Ilia Chavchavadze Ave.,
0128 Tbilisi, Georgia. E-mail: sidamonidzeneli@yahoo.com

Anamika Singh
Department of Botany, Maitreyi College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India. E-mail: arjumika@gmail.
com

Rajeev Singh
Department of Environmental Studies, Satyawati College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India

Ladislav Šoltés
Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 841 04
Bratislava, Slovakia

Dmitro L. Starokadomsky
Chuiko Institute of Surface Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences (NAS), Kiev, Ukraine.
E-mail: stard3@i.ua

Heru Susanto
Department of Information Management, College of Management, Tunghai University, Taiwan. E-mail:
heru.susanto@lipi.go.id
Department of Computational Science, The Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Jakarta, Indonesia
xvi List of Contributors

L. V. Tabatadze
Food Industry Department, Sukhumi State University, Ana Politkobskaia 9, 0186 Tbilisi, Georgia

Tamer M. Tamer
Polymer Materials Research Department, Advanced Technologies and New Materials Research Institute
(ATNMRI), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg
El-Arab City, P.O. Box: 21934 Alexandria, Egypt. E-mail: ttamer85@gmail.com
Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry of Drugs, Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology,
SK-814 04 Bratislava, Slovakia
Jince Thomas
School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India

Dominika Topoľská
Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology of SAS, Slovak Academy of Sciences,
Bratislava, Slovakia

R. R. Usmanova
Department of Chemical Science, Ufa State Technical University of Aviation, Ufa 450000,
Bashkortostan, Russia
Katarína Valachová
Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology of SAS, Slovak Academy of Sciences,
Bratislava, Slovakia
R. Vardiashvili
Department of Chemistry, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Ilia Chavchavadze Ave.,
0128 Tbilisi, Georgia

Luis M. P. Verissimo
Coimbra Chemistry Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra,
Portugal
Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de
Henares (Madrid), Spain

Runcy Wilson
School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India
Department of Chemistry, St. Cyrils’s College, Kilivyal, Adoor 691529, Kerala, India

G. E. Zaikov
Department of Polymer Science, Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of
Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

1,2-SPBD syndiotactic 1,2-polybutadiene

3D three-dimensional
АC active centers
ACO ant colony optimization
ACR allylcarbinyl radicals
AIBN azobisisobutyronitrile
AlkXh-Co cobalt alkyl xanthogenate
AN acrylonitrile
ANN artificial neural networks
ANOVA analysis of variance
AOPs advanced oxidation processes
AP 4-aminophenol
APIs application programming interfaces
BR butyl rubber
BSA bovine serum albumin
CCPS para-(2-carboxy) cyclopropyl styrene
CH collagen hydrolysate
COD chemical oxygen demand
CPCR cyclopropylcarbinyl radical
DEAC diethyl aluminum chloride
DMB 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene
DM decision maker
DMF N,N-dimethylformamide
DoE design of experiment
DTP dithiophosphorylated
EAOPs electrochemical AOPs
EAs evolutionary algorithms
EAs evolutionary strategies
EMO evolutionary multiobjective optimization
ENR epoxidized NR
EP epoxy polymer
EP evolutionary programming
FD formaldehyde
FFD full-factorial design
xviii List of Abbreviations

FGSs functionalized graphene sheets

FO forward osmosis
FTIR Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
GA genetic algorithms
GO graphene oxide
GPC gel permeation chromatograph
HA hyaluronan
HA hyaluronic acid
HFCS high-fructose corn syrup
HYALs hyaluronidases
i.Sil initial silica
IBP ibuprofen
MA methyl acrylate
MD molecular dynamics
MED multieffect distillation
MIDO mixed-integer dynamic optimization
MMT montmorillonite
mod.Sil modified silica
MOEAs multiobjective evolutionary algorithms
MOGA multiobjective generic algorithm
MPE modified polyethylene
MSF multistage flash
NF nanofiltration
NR natural rubber
OAP oligoaminophenols
o-DCB o-dichlorobenzene
ODDT Open Drug Discovery Toolkit
ODH oxidative dehydrogenation
PAN polyacrylonitrile
PDB Protein Data Bank
PG polymer grade
PMC paramagnetic centers
PMMA polymethyl methacrylate
PVA polyvinyl alcohol
QSAR quantitative structure–activity relationship
RO reverse osmosis
S/N ratio signals-to-noise ratios
SA 2 Screen Assistant 2
SBR styrene–butadiene rubber
SCRs structurally conserved regions
List of Abbreviations xix

SEC size-exclusion chromatographic

SEC-MALS size-exclusion chromatography–multiangle light scattering
SEM scanning electron microscope
SI swarm intelligence
SPSA simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation
TAA trialkylaluminum
TBT tributyltin
TEA triethylaluminum
UASB upflow anaerobic sludge blanket
UF ultrafiltration
UF urea–formaldehyde
VCP vinylcyclopropanes
WBOS Weissberger biogenic oxidative system
XNBR carboxylated acrylonitrile butadiene rubber
PREFACE

The chapters are divided into four sections: Polymer Chemistry and Tech-
nology, Bioorganic and Biological Chemistry, Nanoscale Technology, and
Other Selected Topics. The volume will be valuable chemical engineers and
researchers in many fields.
Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, 5-Volume Set includes
the following volumes:

• Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,

Volume 1: Mathematical and Analytical Techniques
• Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,
Volume 2: Principles, Methodology, and Evaluation Methods
• Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,
Volume 3: Interdisciplinary Approaches to Theory and Modeling
with Applications
• Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,
Volume 4: Experimental Techniques and Methodical Developments
• Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,
Volume 5: Research Methodologies in Modern Chemistry and
Applied Science.
 PART I
Polymer Chemistry and Technology
CHAPTER 1

POLYMER–GRAPHENE
NANOCOMPOSITES: A SMART
MATERIAL FOR NEXT-GENERATION
APPLICATIONS
AJITH J. JOSE1,*, RUNCY WILSON2,3, and JINCE THOMAS3
1
Department of Chemistry, St. Berchmans College (Autonomous),
Changanassery 686101, Kerala, India
2
Department of Chemistry, St. Cyrils’s College, Kilivyal, Adoor
691529, Kerala, India
3
School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University,
Kottayam, Kerala, India
*
Corresponding author. E-mail: ajithjamesjose@gmail.com

CONTENTS

Abstract.........................................................................................................4
1.1 Introduction..........................................................................................4
1.2 Morphology.........................................................................................5
1.3 Mechanical Properties..........................................................................6
1.4 Electrical Properties.............................................................................7
1.5 Rheology..............................................................................................8
1.6 Barrier Effect.......................................................................................8
1.7 Thermal Properties...............................................................................9
1.8 Applications.......................................................................................10
1.9 Conclusions........................................................................................ 11
Keywords....................................................................................................12
References...................................................................................................13
4 Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering: Volume 2

ABSTRACT

Graphene, a one-atom-thick sheet of carbon atoms with a two-dimensional

hexagonal lattice structure, has attracted intense attention because of its
unique properties such as fast charge carrier mobility, high thermal conduc-
tivity, and large surface area with potential applications in energy, catalysis,
and sensing. The use of these materials in polymer as a reinforcement mate-
rial found a dramatic enhance in the overall properties of the host mate-
rial. The combination of the amazing physical properties of graphene and
the ability to disperse in various polymer matrices has led to emerge of a
new era of polymer nanocomposites. This chapter discusses about the use
of graphene for making polymer nanocomposite and their impact on various
polymers.

1.1 INTRODUCTION

The composites are solid multiphase materials formed through the combi-
nation of more than one material with different structural, physical, and
chemical properties compared to their individual components. This makes
composites different from the other multicomponent systems such as blends
and alloys. In composites, one phase is continuous and is called matrix,
while the other is filler material which make the dispersed phase. Composite
materials based on the nature of matrix phase can be divided into polymeric,
ceramic, and metallic composites. Usually, the filler phase is embedded to the
host matrix phase to make a composite which has properties far from either
phase alone. Polymers often have advantages over other materials such as
metals and ceramics. They are widely used in various technical applications
because of their unique advantages such as ease of production, lightweight,
and ductility. However they have lower mechanical, modulus, and strength
properties compared to that of metals and ceramics. The commercial impor-
tance of polymers and their increasing use, results to the continuous demand
for improvement in their properties to meet the necessary conditions. By the
composite technology, polymer properties are improved while maintaining
their lightweight and ductile nature.1,2 The recent advances in nanoparticle
synthesis have unquestionably accelerated the growth of the composite
industry. The capacity to synthesize and characterize atomic-level particles
has produced a new generation of high-performance fillers and new class
of materials, “polymer nanocomposites.” Polymer nanocomposites are
commonly defined as the combination of a polymer matrix and additives
Polymer–Graphene Nanocomposites: A Smart Material 5

that have at least one dimension in the nanometer range. The additives can
be one-dimensional, such as nanotubes and fibers, two-dimensional, which
include layered clay minerals or graphene sheets, or three-dimensional,
including spherical particles.
Graphene is a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a honeycomb
lattice which represents the two-dimensional carbon allotrope. Graphene is
considered as the mother of all carbon based materials of all other dimen-
sionality, for example, the 0D bukyminister, the 1D carbon nanotube, and
the 3D graphite. Geim and Novoselov have provided the first demonstration
for successful isolation of graphene.3 Graphene has the superior mechanical,
thermal, and electronic transport properties, and the defect-free graphene
especially possesses a Young’s modulus as high as about 1 TPa, breaking
stress of over 100 GPa, thermal conductivity of about 5000 W/mK, and
electrical conductivity of about 7000 S/cm.4–7 The recent development of
graphene-based materials produced by scalable chemical routes got a signif-
icant interest to establish effective dispersion techniques for and investigate
the use of graphene-based materials for elastomer reinforcement.8–11 In this
chapter, we will discuss the graphene-based polymer nanocomposites and
their limited properties.

1.2 MORPHOLOGY

To harness the fantastic properties, graphene has been considered to be incor-

porated into polymers, to prepare graphene-filled nanocomposites, which
may offer a novel and intriguing nanostructured materials for various appli-
cations. The dispersion of nanometer-sized particles in the polymer matrix
has a significant impact on the properties of nanocomposites. Interfacial
bonding between graphene and the host polymer dictates the final properties
of the graphene reinforced polymer nanocomposite. Pristine graphene is not
compatible with organic polymers and does not form homogeneous compos-
ites. The surface modification of graphene is an essential step for obtaining
a molecular level dispersion of individual graphene in a polymer matrix.12
In general, surface modification of nanoparticles is carried out by either
chemical or physical methods. Chemical methods involve modification either
with modifier agents or by grafting polymers. Silane coupling agents are the
most used type of modification agents. Surface modification based on phys-
ical interaction is usually implemented by using surfactants or macromole-
cules adsorbed onto the surface of nanoparticles. The principle of surfactant
treatment is the preferential adsorption of a polar group of a surfactant to
6 Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering: Volume 2

the surface of nanoparticle by electrostatic interaction. A surfactant reduces

the interaction between the nanoparticles within agglomerates by reducing
the physical attraction and easily incorporated into polymer matrix. Thus,
surface modification promotes the surface hydrophobicity of nanoparticles.13
There were lots of methods in the literature available for preparing
polymer/graphene nanocomposites. In the case of natural rubber (NR) latex–
graphene nanocomposites, the nanocomposites preparation can be mainly
divided into two classes: (1) solution treatment (latex mixing): graphene
dispersed in an appropriate solvent and is intermixed with NR latex (NRL)
to form a homogeneous mixture, and then followed by the coagulation of
the latex or solution casting method is employed; (2) Mechanical mixing
(conventional) methods: graphene powder is directly blended with a solid
NR matrix by an internal mixer or a two-roll mill process.14–20

1.3 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

The major requirement of polymer nanocomposites is to optimize the balance

between the strength/stiffness and the toughness as much as possible. There-
fore, it is usually necessary to characterize the mechanical properties of the
nanocomposites from different viewpoints. Tensile test is the most widely
used method to evaluate the mechanical properties of the resultant nanocom-
posites, and accordingly Young’s modulus, tensile strength, and the elonga-
tion at break are three main parameters obtained.21 There are several possible
reasons for this, which include enhanced specific area of graphene platelets,
improved mechanical interlocking/adhesion at the nanofiller matrix inter-
face, and the two-dimensional geometry of graphene platelets
The mechanical properties of NR reinforced with exfoliated graphene
oxide (GO) nanoplatelets shows an excellent increase in the Young’s modulus
of the composites even at low filler loading, and it is mentioned that there
exists a strong interfacial interaction between GO and NR. It is also shown
that the Young’s modulus increases with the strain rate and the dissipation
increases for increased GO content because of the increased friction caused
by the presence of high-aspect-ratio GO platelets.
She et al. reported that the self-assembly depresses restacking and
agglomeration of grapheme oxide (GO) sheets and leads to homog-
enous dispersion of GO within epoxidized NR (ENR) matrix. The
formation of hydrogen bonding interface between ENR and GO
demonstrates a significant reinforcement for matrix polymer, when
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 L I BYAN DESERT
AND
EN NEDI

Seeley Service & Co., Ltd.

Map for “Mysteries of the Libyan Desert.”
(Large-size)
 INDEX AND GLOSSARY

Ababda tribe, 25
’Abd el Atif, camel driver, 200; magician, 271
’Abd el Qadr el Jilany, founder of Qadria dervishes, 134
’Abd el Wahad, Sheykh, 64, 67, 73, 74, 243
’Abd er Rahman Musa Said, 25, 27, 34, 47, 76, 85, 86, 104, 105, 116, 117, 122,
124, 132, 147, 148, 151-156, 161-192, 196, 199, 203, 206, 217, 234, 236,
238-240
’Abd es Salem ben Mashish, founder of the Mashishia dervishes, 132
’Abdul Ati, 135
’Abdul Hamid, Sultan of Turkey, 106, 127
’Abdulla abu Reesha, 134, 136, 148-155, 164-182, 190-192, 196, 199
’Abdulla Kahal, Senussi agent in Cairo, 245
Abeh ’Abdulla, 182
Abeshr, 296-298
Abu el Hul, sphinx-like rock, 36
Abu Moharik dunes, 31, 84, 203
Abu Naim Oasis, 304
Adam, 256; Sheykh, tree of, 263
Afrit, spirit, ghost, 113, 140-143, 187-189
Agaba, el, pass, 305
Agal, Hobbles, 33
Ahmed el Biskri, the Senussi Mahdi’s double, 108, 109
Ahmed el Mawhub, Sheykh, 62-74, 106, 144, 147, 149, 242
Ahmed esh Sheriff, head sheykh of the Senussia, 239
Aid el Mahmal, festival in Kharga, 258
’Ain, a spring or well, in the oases an old—“Roman”—well
’Ain Amur, 33, 36, 202, 215, 232, 243, 246, 294, 305, 310, 311, 315
’Ain Ebsay, 229
’Ain el Agwa, 231, 246, 304
’Ain el Baytha, 296
’Ain el Belad, 229
’Ain el Hagar, 326
’Ain el Jemala, 37
’Ain el Massim, 262
’Ain el Wady, 304
’Ain Embarres, 29, 137, 202, 215
’Ain Guettara, 335
’Ain Hamur, 29, 137
’Ain Khalif, 231, 246, 304
’Ain Sheykh Murzuk, 225, 230, 231, 304, 319
’Ain Um Debadib, 136, 137, 310, 312, 315, 316
Aiyub, Sultans of Turkey, 260
Albinos, 261
’Alem, a landmark, generally a pile of stones, 85-88, 96, 112, 116
Alexandria, 304
Algeria, libraries in, 19
Algerian Sahara, 18
’Ali Dinar, Sultan of Darfur, 199, 210
’Ali Kashuta, 44
Amaim tribe, 332
Antiquities, 29, 32, 37, 50, 136, 137, 206, 223, 263, 298, 299, 314-316
Ants, 286
Arabia, 299, 306
Arabic language, 22
“Arab telegraph,” 21
Araj, oasis, 302, 304
Aratha, 296
Architecture, 42, 43, 49, 65, 313, 314, 318
Ardeb, 300 lbs.
Arkenu, 321
Asara, 296, 298, 306
Asses, wild, 303
Assiut, 26, 128, 132, 196, 197, 199, 222, 243, 245, 304, 305
Astronomy, 118, 119
Aswan, 305
Atlas mountains, 301
Atrun, el, 300, 303
Auguries, 249
Aujila, 304, 306
Awazim tribe, 332
Ayb, snub, insult, 45, 221, 238

Bab es Saba. See “the Gate of the Morning”

Baghallet el Ashar, “the mule of the tenth,” 257
Baharia, 221, 229, 304, 311, 318, 319
Bahnessa, 304
Bahrein, 301, 304
Bahr el Ghazal, 301
Bahr esh Shaytan, Satan’s sea. See Mirage
Bakhshish, tips, 43
Baki, 296
Baldness, 262
Ball, Dr, John, 310, 312, 315
Barbary sheep, 303
Barr, dried manure used as fuel, 123
Barrenness in women, charms, etc., against, 262
Barrum Wady. See Bahr el Ghazal
Barth, H., 335
Basket work, 32
Bates, Oric, 334
Battikh, a form of sand erosion, 28, 202, 308
Bau, 296
Beadnell, H. Ll., 307
Bedadi, 296, 298
Bedawi, pl. Bedawin, a nomad
Bedayat race, 116, 131, 134, 199, 207, 210, 220, 221, 263, 295, 296, 299, 302,
303
Bees, 283
Bekker el Wahash, 303
Belad esh Shaytan, Satan’s country, 47
Belat, 37, 151, 294, 303, 317; ’omda of, 37, 138, 139
Benghazi, 306
Beni Adi, 304, 305
Berberines, 22
Berdis, 24, 25
Beris, 305, 313
Bersim, clover, 47
Bey, a military title
Bidau, 296-298
Bilharsia, 144
Bir, a well; in the oases a modern one
Bir ’Abd el Qadr, 222
Bir ’Ain Sheykh Mufta, 328
Bir Dikker, 304
Bir el Hamia, 57
Bir el Jebel, 60
Bir Kairowin, 222, 224
Bir Labayat, 227, 304
Bir Magnun, 51
Bir Mansura ’Abdulla, 341
Bir Murr, 222
Bir Natrun, 134, 305, 321
Bir Sheykh Mohammed, 60
Bir Terfawi, 305, 321
Bird-trap, 267, 268
Birth ceremonies, 249
Bisharin, 332
Biskra, 108, 302
Blind gardener in Mut, 139, 140
Boema, 298
“Books of treasure,” 52-56, 58, 145, 203-207, 212, 214
Borku, 299, 300, 335
Borselain, a plant, 261
“Bristle tails,” 283
Bronchitis, 261
Brugsch, H. K., 315
Bu el Agul, grave, 128
Bu Gerara, 201, 203-215, 219, 246
Bu Mungar, 97, 230-236, 244, 246, 287, 299, 304, 307, 309
Bu Senata, 298
Bu Zibad, 298
Budkhulu, 56, 317
Buhuruz, 297
Bulaq, 32, 313
Burnus, a native cloak, 93
Busa, dried stalks of maize, etc.
Buseima, 301
Bushara, 296, 298-300, 306
Butterflies, 283

Cairo, 21-23
Cambyses, King, mines of, 53; army sent to Siwa, 220
Camel brands. See wasm
Camel corps, 135
Camel drivers, 25, 34
Camel firing a, 92
Camel fly, 24
Camels, 35, 36, 94, 136, 137
„ watering of, 116-118, 124
Cana, F. R., 293
Cartouche writing, 334
Castles, 314, 315
Chad, Lake, 301
Chalk, 222, 224
Chanties of camel drivers, 268, 269
Charms, 251, 252
Churning, 265
Circumcision, 251, 253, 256
Clairvoyance, 271-279
Clay ridges, 31, 308, 309
Coins dug up, 206, 211, 214
Col de Zenaga, 334
Cooking of the bedawin, 206, 207
Coptic remains, 37, 314. See also Antiquities
Copts, 257, 270, 314
Cotton moth, 283
Cradles, 260
Cranes, 288
Crocodiles, 301; drawings of, 335
Crossbow, 268
Cryptograms of the Tawarek, 335
Cultivation and vegetation, 41, 48, 49, 51, 56, 75, 228, 229, 230, 241, 243, 247,
264, 294, 303, 309-313, 316, 318
Cupping, 152
Customs. See Manners and Customs
Cyrenaica, 293
Cyrus the Great, 54

Dahab, Suleyman Gindi, 22, 34, 110, 132, 142, 143, 162-167, 192, 199, 217,
234, 238, 239, 244
Dakhakhin, 313
Dakhla, 18, 32, 36-81, 90, 91, 128, 130, 138-159, 202, 203, 225, 227, 229, 231,
235, 246, 248-265, 280-284, 288, 294, 300, 303-305, 310, 311, 316-319,
320, 321
Dancing, 193, 254
Darfur, 305; ’Ali Dinar, Sultan of, 199, 210
Darius I, King of Persia, 315
Darius II, King of Persia, 315
Dawa, magical invocation, 272-279
Deafness, 261
Dendura, 199, 200, 299, 300, 304
Dengue fever, 144
Depots, 158, 159, 164, 173-175, 180
Der, a large building or monastery
Der ed, 314, 315
Der Abu Madi, 50, 53, 55
Der el ’Ain, 53
Der el Arais, 145
Der el Banat, 53, 55
Der el Hagar, 58, 78
Der el Seba’a Banat, 53, 55, 101
Der Muhurug, 202
Derb, road
„ el Arbain, 297, 305
„ ed Deri, 202
„ el Gubary, 128, 243, 284, 305, 336-346
„ el Khashabi, 203, 305
„ et Tawil, 128, 201-205, 212, 305, 307
„ et Terfawi, 294, 305
Derr, 305
Dervishes, 19-21, 25, 133, 134, 182
“Desert Mosque,” 233
Desiccation of the desert, 212
Dhayat en Neml, 294
Divorce, 251
Dongola, 298
Dorcas gazelle, 282
Dovecots, 315
Dragon flies, 284
Dress of bride, 252
Drunkenness, 45, 46
Duck, 284
Dumbness, 261
Dunes. See Sand
Dungun, 305
Dush, 313, 314
Duveyrier, H., 335

Eagles, 284, 288

Earthenware, 253
Edfu, 54
Educated Egyptians, 144-146
“Egyptian Oasis,” 300, 304, 320, 321
Eiffel Tower time signals, 297
Electrical phenomena, 93, 94, 307
Emphysema, 261
Endi, 210
Enver Pasha, 105
Epilepsy, 261
Equipment, 33, 34, 206
Erbayana, 299, 301, 302
Erosion. See Sand
Ershay lake, 300-302
Ertha, 296, 299
Erwully, 296, 299, 300
Esna, 53, 54, 213, 305
Eve, 256
Evil eye, 250
Ezba, hamlet, farm, of Sheykh Ahmed, 60, 64-74
Ezbet Sheykh Mufta, 145

Fahal, eight-year-old camel, 35

Families, size of, in oases, 262
Fantasia, “powder play,” 253, 259
Farafaroni, natives of Farafra Oasis, 225
Farafra, 199, 200, 207, 218-231, 246, 266, 288, 294, 304, 307, 310, 311, 318
Farshut, 305
Faruwia, 297
Fas, a hoe, 264
Fasher, el, 296-298
Fatha, el, the first chapter of the Koran, 252
Fatimite dynasty, 259
Fauna, 24, 32, 36, 79, 88, 97, 247, 280-292, 301, 303, 318
Fayum, 301, 304
“Feathered” snake, 286
Fellah, pl. fellahin, an Egyptian peasant
Ferikh, pop-corn, 69
Fever, 30
Figuig Oasis, 334
Fiki, a minor holy man, 254, 255, 259
Fire making, 122, 124, 228
Flags, used in ceremonies, 253, 254, 259
Flatters, Col., expedition of, 162
Flies, 283, 287, 288
Flora, 28, 32, 49, 96-98, 111, 222, 223, 228, 229, 232, 233, 247, 258, 280, 282,
291, 292, 294, 318
Fly, camel, 318
Flying lizard. See issulla
Fodder, difficulty in procuring, 138, 139, 151, 155-157
Fog in desert, 310
Forbes, Mrs. Rosita, 306
Formah, 297
Fox, spotted, seen, 281, 288
Funerals, 254-256
Funfun, well, 296, 298
Furwa, sheepskin, 33

Gada, sportsman
Gahaz, things brought by a bride to her new home, 253
Gara, a rocky hill
Gara bu Gerara, 203-205
Gara esh Shorfa, 334
Garden of Eden, 214, 256
Gardener, blind man in Mut, 139, 140
Garet, dim. of gara
Garet ed Dahab, 205
Garet el Leben, 302
Gassi, a sand free path through dunes, 304
“Gate of the Morning,” 96, 118
Gazelle, 37, 215, 223, 282, 288; trap for, 266, 267
Gedida, 75, 145, 304, 317, 318
Gennah, 313
Geology, 28, 33, 83, 84, 88, 90, 112, 115, 216, 220, 294
Gerara, 330
Geryville, 334, 335
Ghul, a cannibal ghost, 140-143
Girga, 305
Girgof, el, 294
Giza, 304
Glass, dug up, 206, 214
Gorgi Michael, 43
Gorn el Gennah, 315
Graffiti, 247, 326-336
Gramophones, 70
Grasshoppers, 283
Graves, pattern of, 255
“Great oasis,” 310
Grey hair, 262
Gritstone hill, 83
Gubary road. See Derb el Gubary
Guebar Rashim, 334
Guehda. See Qasr el Guehda
Guest chambers, 49, 61, 65
Guides, 25, 26, 134; skill of, 105, 112
Gula, earthenware water bottle, 66
Gurba, skin water bag, 97, 132
Gurba patches, 97
Gurban, an old gold coin, 56
Guru, 301
Guss abu Said, 227, 231, 304
Guttara well, 296, 300

Haggi, a man who has made the pilgrimage to Mecca

Hair, ceremony on first cutting a child’s, 250
Hair dressing, 253
Hamamla tribe, 330
Harb tribe, 330
Harda, 335
Harubga, a game, 335
Hashish, Indian hemp, 135, 137, 261
Hassanein Bey, 298, 306, 319-321
Hassun tribe, 330
Hattia, uninhabited oasis
Hawerti tribe, 332
Heg, a three-year-old camel, 35
Heraldry among Arabs, 330
Hibis temple, 29, 315; town, 314
High level oasis, 316, 319
Hills in desert, shapes of, 88, 90, 111, 115, 309
Hindau, 41, 154, 238, 317
Horses, 48, 50
Hoskins, 315
Hospitality, 38, 39, 50, 66-74, 136, 193
Hram, a plaid-like garment worn in Tripoli, 41
Hurj, saddle-bags, 33
Hurry tribe and lake, 302
Hussein, grandson of the prophet Mohammed, 256
Hyena, 281

Ibn ed Dris, Sheykh of Farafra zawia, 228, 229, 234

Ibn esh Sha’ar, one-year-old camel, 35
Ibn es Sena, one-year-old camel, 35
Ibn Lebun, two-year-old camel, 35
Ibrahim Musa Said, camel driver, 132-135, 140-143, 148, 151-155, 163, 180-
182, 199-201, 216, 221, 234
Ibrahim, Sheykh of the zawia at Qasr Dakhl, 61, 62
Ibrahim Zaky, mamur of Mut, 43-46
Iddaila, 97, 199, 207, 227, 231, 234, 246, 302, 304, 309
Immorality, 143, 251, 260
Insects, list of, 322
Interference between artesian wells, 244
Invasion of Egypt by the Senussia, 106, 127
Iron pyrites, 224
Irrigation. See Cultivation
“Islands of the Blest,” 311
Issulla, a flying lizard, probably mythical, 285, 286
Italians in Tripoli, 135, 198

Jackals, 280-282, 288

Jaghabub, 301, 304
Jaja, 313
Jaj Mohammed, el, 335
Jalo, 60, 301, 304, 306
Jebel, lit. mountain, in Egypt the desert, 28, 319
„ Abdulla, 115, 151, 153, 154, 158, 159, 173, 177, 300, 303
„ Dakar, 302
 „ Edmondstone, 236
„ el Bayed, 112-118, 148, 149, 151, 153, 154, 158-160, 164, 169, 174-
176, 178, 179
„ el Ghazallet, 302
„ el Owanat, 319
„ Ghennihma, 312, 315
„ Gunna el Bahari, 227
„ Hashem el Gud, 302
„ Jabail, 202
„ Kusu, 301
„ Maydob, 298
„ Somara, 302
„ Ta’aref, 312
„ Tarfaia, 302
„ Ter, 312
„ Um el Ghenneiem, 312
Jebsia tribe, 330
Jedabya, 306
Jedda, five-year-old camel, 35
Jemel, full-grown male camel, 35
Johnson, E. A. Pasha, 52-54, 212

Kafir, infidel
Kairowin hattia, 220, 222, 233, 304, 311
Kantar, 100 Egyptian pounds, 47
Karbala, battle of, 256
Kas, cymbals, 252
Katb el kitab, part of a marriage ceremony, 252
Kebabish tribe, 298
Kebabo, 299
Kerkadi, Sudanese tea, 70
Kerzazia dervishes, 20
Khalif of Islam, 106
Khalifa Zenata, 259
Khalil Salah Gaber, interpreter, 22, 34, 96, 101, 102, 124-126
Khamasin, fifty days of spring, 257
Khan, a native inn, in Assiut, 132
Khana tribe, 330
Kharafish, a form of sand erosion, 28, 87, 202, 308
Kharashef, a form of sand erosion, 28, 202, 308
Kharga, 23, 28-32, 90, 129, 132, 157, 202, 215, 225, 227, 243, 244, 246, 248,
258-260, 265, 283, 284, 288, 293, 297, 305, 308-319, 326
Khatim, lit. seal, diagram used in magic, 273, 274
Khatma, a religious ceremony, 254
Khobayza, a plant, 282
Kimri, palm doves, 57, 284, 285; experiment with, 90, 91, 321
Kites, 284
Kowora, 298, 302
Kufara, 18, 52, 60, 71, 77, 82, 83, 98, 109, 131, 147, 149, 199, 234, 293, 296,
298, 299, 301-306, 319
Kuffara, 296
Kurkur Oasis, 305
Kysis, town of, 314; temple of, 315

Lace wing flies, 287

Lagia, el, 303, 305, 321
Lahd, recess in a grave for the body to lie in, 255
“Lake of the mud tortoises” of Miani, 303
Lame camels, 88, 89, 92
Lane’s “Modern Egyptians,” 253-278
Leaking water tanks, 153, 155, 161-164, 182
Lefa’a, horned viper, 286
Left hand unclean among Moslems, 278
Legends, 53-58, 63, 75, 78, 221
“Letters” written by illiterate bedawin, 180, 235
Leylet el Wahada, night of solitude, 254
Leylet el Wahsha, night of desolation, 254
Libyan desert boundaries, 17
Ligatured monograms of the Tawarek, 335
Light phenomena, 307
Litham, mask worn by the Tibbus and Tawarek, 277
Lizards, 285, 288
Locusts, 283
Looms, 314
Lughad, 296
Luxor, 146, 305

Mabsat, pleased
Madania dervishes, 133
Made roads, 205
Maghagha, 304
Maghrib, west, evening prayer, 67
Magic. See Superstitions and magicians
Magicians, 146, 154, 194, 212, 217, 271
Mahdi, of Khartum, 107; of the Senussia, 106-109; a veiled prophet, 108
Mahmal of Cairo, 259; of Kharga, 258-260
Mahmed ben Abd er Rahman Bu Zian, founder of the Ziania dervishes, 182
Mahr, dowry, 252
Maimun, the afrit, 274-279
“Making the peace,” 46, 194, 242
Maks Bahari, 313
Maks Gibli, 313
Malaria, 30, 261
Malif tribe, 330
Mamur, a native magistrate, 183-191, 193-196
Mandal, a magical performance, 272-279
Manfalut, 199, 202
Mange, 76, 79
Manners and customs, 34, 39, 46, 47, 50, 67, 152, 193, 206, 207, 232, 247,
251-254, 256, 259, 260, 265, 268, 269
Mansur, camel driver, 200
Mantids, 286, 287
“Map”-making by bedawin, 208
Marble, 202
Marhaka, two stones for crushing grain, 97
Marmarica, 334
Marriage ceremonies, 251-254
Marsa Matru, 335
Masara, 41, 145, 317
Mashishia dervishes, 133
Mastaba, platform, bench, or tomb, 53, 56
Mecca, 108
Medicine, native, 261, 262, 279, 282
Meheriq, 313
Melanism, human, 152
Menna, wife of the founder of the Senussia, 108
Merga, 300, 302, 303, 321
Merkaz, the office of a mamur
Mesopotamia, 214
Metaphors, Arabic, 201, 202
Meteors, 307
Miani, 303
Migration of birds, 36, 79, 101, 287, 288
Mill, for flour, 264, 265; for olives 265
Minia, 304
Mirage, 113, 179
“Mist,” as showing a distant valley, 95
M’khiat er Rih tribe, 221
Mohammed ben ’ali es Senussi, founder of the Senussia dervishes, 108
Mohammed el Mawhub, Sheykh of the zawia at Qasr Dakhl, 40, 60-64, 73, 74,
144, 145, 147, 149, 196, 229, 234, 240, 242, 243, 245
Mohammed et Tounsi, 335
Mohammed, Sheykh of Farafra zawia, 228
Mohammed, the Prophet, 57, 106
Mohammed V, of Turkey, 127
Mohanny, camel driver, 200
Morocco, 108
Mosquitoes, 283, 287
Moths, 283, 287
Mud tortoises, lake of, 303
Mudir, governor of a province Mukhlia, camel’s nosebag, 33
Mulid, feast on birthday of a saint, 259
Munkar, “the unknown,” a black angel, 255
Musa, camel driver, 25, 34, 92
Musbut, 297
Mushaluba, um Shaloba, 296
Mushia, 75, 317, 318
Music, effect of, on camels, 92, 270
Musical sands, 100, 220, 263
Musical stones, 98, 100
Mut, 41-48, 76, 82, 90, 91, 100, 139-159, 182-192, 194, 236-241, 244, 262,
284, 295, 305, 317

Nachtigal, Gustav, 297, 298

Nadura, temple of, 315
Naga, a full-grown female camel, 35
Nails, ceremony on first cutting a child’s, 250
Naja, cobra, 286
Nakir, “the repudiating,” a black angel, 255
Native information, collecting, 207-211, 220, 221, 295
Nazili Genub, 201
Negeb, a pass down a cliff
„ er Rumi, 216
„ Shushina, 205
„ to Bu Mungar, 232
„ to Dakhla, 36
Nesla, 227, 231, 287, 304
Nestorius, Bishop, 314
Nicknames, 128, 134
Nijem, lit. star; to know the nijem = knowledge of the desert, 170
Nile, River, 301, 302
Nimr Awad, 25, 134, 149, 150
Noah, 256
No’on lake, 303
Noon shelters, 111
Noser, hollow desert, 87

Oasis, meaning of, 310

“Oasis of the blacks,” 52
Officials, class of, in oases, 43-45
Oil, olive, 265, 318, 321
Olive mill, 265
“Olive oasis,” 91, 320, 321
Olive press, 265
’Omar Wahaby, mamur of Dakhla, 156
’Omda, village headman, for individuals see under name of village