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 Jelena Zdravkovic
Marite Kirikova
Paul Johannesson (Eds.)
LNCS 9097

Advanced Information
Systems Engineering
27th International Conference, CAiSE 2015
Stockholm, Sweden, June 8–12, 2015
Proceedings

123
Lecture Notes in Computer Science 9097
Commenced Publication in 1973
Founding and Former Series Editors:
Gerhard Goos, Juris Hartmanis, and Jan van Leeuwen

Editorial Board
David Hutchison
Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
Takeo Kanade
Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Josef Kittler
University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
Jon M. Kleinberg
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
Friedemann Mattern
ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
John C. Mitchell
Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
Moni Naor
Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
C. Pandu Rangan
Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, India
Bernhard Steffen
TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
Demetri Terzopoulos
University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Doug Tygar
University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
Gerhard Weikum
Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarbrücken, Germany
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/7409
Jelena Zdravkovic · Marite Kirikova
Paul Johannesson (Eds.)

Advanced Information
Systems Engineering
27th International Conference, CAiSE 2015
Stockholm, Sweden, June 8–12, 2015
Proceedings

ABC
Editors
Jelena Zdravkovic Paul Johannesson
Stockholm University Stockholm University
Stockholm Stockholm
Sweden Sweden

Marite Kirikova
Riga Technical University
Riga
Latvia

ISSN 0302-9743 ISSN 1611-3349 (electronic)

Lecture Notes in Computer Science
ISBN 978-3-319-19068-6 ISBN 978-3-319-19069-3 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-19069-3

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 Preface

This volume of the LNCS series includes the papers accepted for the presentation at the
27th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering (CAiSE
2015), held in Stockholm, during June 08–12, 2015. Stockholm is the cultural, media,
political, and economic center of Sweden. The city is home to some of Europe’s top
ranking universities, and it hosts the annual Nobel Prize ceremonies at the City Hall –
the place where the reception ceremony of CAiSE 2015 was held.
After 15 years CAiSE has returned again to Stockholm where it was founded in
1989 as a Nordic conference on IS Engineering, and hosted again in 1990 and in 2000.
Over the time CAiSE has established itself as a leading venue of information systems
engineering. It is a forum of exchange for researchers, industrials, and students, as well
as a place to learn, identify future trends, and start new collaborations.
The theme for this year’s edition of the conference was Creativity, Ability and In-
tegrity in Information Systems Engineering (CAISE). As systems are moving beyond
traditional information management and need to organically blend into the environ-
ment, appealing to large and diverse user bases – creativity, ability, and integrity are
some important components to address. Creativity is becoming ever more important as
Information Systems are designed in novel and unexpected ways making use of infor-
mation from different sources that need to be merged and molded to become meaningful
and valuable. Ability enables systems to be capable of delivering business in excellent,
competitive, and agile way. The task of integrity is to ensure quality in ethical codes –
modifications by authorized parties, or only in authorized ways.
CAiSE 2015 received 236 full-paper submissions from all over the world: Europe
(25 countries), Algeria, Brazil, Australia, Canada, China, Columbia, Egypt, India, Iran,
Israel, Japan, New Zealand, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Tunisia, United Arab
Emirates, USA, and Vietnam. The papers reflected different topics – models, methods,
techniques, architectures, platforms, as well as domain-specific, multi aspect, and new-
generation solutions in the information systems engineering discipline. Each submitted
paper was evaluated by at least three independent members of the Program Committee
(PC), further the papers were discussed online under the supervision of a member of the
Program Board (PB), and again at the PB meeting held in Stockholm during February
5–6, 2015.
The proceedings of CAiSE 2015 reflect the high quality of included contribu-
tions. Together with the 31 accepted papers, they contain the abstracts of three keynote
speeches and five tutorials presented at the conference. The papers were classified into
the sessions organized by themes: social and collaborative computing, business pro-
cess modeling and languages, high volume and complex information management,
requirements elicitation and management, enterprise data management, model con-
ceptualization and evolution, process mining, monitoring, and predicting, intra- and
interorganizational process engineering, process compliance and alignment, enterprise
IT integration and management, and service science and computing. The three keynote
VI Preface

speeches were “Attaining a Systems Perspective” by Harold W. “Bud” Lawson – a pi-

oneer in hardware and software technologies of the 20th century, “The Age of Data &
the New Era of Computing” by Aleksandra Mojsilovic – an IBM Fellow specialized
in Data Science, and “From Opinions to Facts – Building Products Customers Actu-
ally Use” by Jan Bosch – a professor in Software Engineering at Chalmers University.
The tutorials reflected various topics, such as business-IT alignment, matching of IS
models, know-how to organize, map, and manage knowledge by IT means, IT change
management, as well as design science for IS/IT.
As a tradition at CAiSE, the conference program was preceded by 10 workshops and
2 associated working conferences: EMMSAD and BPMDS. Separate proceedings were
published for all these events. The main conference included research paper sessions,
tutorials, panels, doctoral Symposium, forum for short visionary papers, case studies,
and tools’ applications, as well as a whole-day industry track dedicated to the subject
of Big Data and Business Analytics.
In our role as the editors of this volume, we owe special thanks to the authors sub-
mitting their novel research results to the conference; members of the Program Com-
mittee and Program Board for promoting the conference, their support in attracting
submissions, as well as for providing valuable reviews for the submitted papers. We
also thank the external reviewers. Special thanks go to Richard van de Stadt who timely
and efficiently helped us with the CyberChairPRO conference management system.
Finally, we warmly thank the Department of Computer and Systems Sciences (DSV) of
Stockholm University and its local organization team, publicity chairs, workshop orga-
nization chairs, forum chairs, tutorial and panel chairs, doctoral symposium chairs, and
industry track chairs.

April 2015 Jelena Zdravkovic

Marite Kirikova
Paul Johannesson
 Organization

Steering Committee
Barbara Pernici Politecnico di Milano, Italy
Óscar Pastor Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain
John Krogstie Norwegian University of Science and Technology,
Norway

Advisory Committee
Janis Bubenko Jr Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden
Arne Sølvberg Norwegian University of Science and Technology,
Norway
Colette Rolland Université Paris 1 Panthéon Sorbonne, France

General Chair
Paul Johannesson Stockholm University, Sweden

Program Chairs
Jelena Zdravkovic Stockholm University, Sweden
Marite Kirikova Riga Technical University, Latvia

Organization Chairs
Åsa Smedberg Stockholm University, Sweden
Eric-Oluf Svee Stockholm University, Sweden
Birger Andersson Stockholm University, Sweden

Workshop Chairs
Janis Stirna Stockholm University, Sweden
Anne Persson University of Skövde, Sweden

Forum Chairs
Janis Grabis Riga Technical University, Latvia
Kurt Sandkuhl University of Rostock, Germany
VIII Organization
Doctoral Consortium Chairs
Peri Loucopoulos
Selmin Nurcan
Hans Weigand
Tutorial and Panel Chairs
Ilia Bider
Pnina Soffer
Publicity Chairs
Dimitris Karagiannis
Jolita Ralyté
Erik Perjons
Industry Chairs
Gustaf Juell-Skielse
John Krogstie
Vandana Kabilan
Technical Chair
Iyad Zikra
Program Committee Board
Eric Dubois, Luxembourg
Johann Eder, Austria
Xavier Franch, Spain
Remigijus Gustas, Sweden
John Krogstie, Norway
Michel Léonard, Switzerland
Peri Loucopoulos, UK
Haralambos Mouratidis, UK
Selmin Nurcan, France
Andreas L. Opdahl, Norway
University of Manchester, UK
Université Paris 1 Panthéon Sorbonne, France
Tilburg University, The Netherlands
Stockholm University, Sweden
University of Haifa, Israel
University of Vienna, Austria
University of Geneva, Switzerland
Stockholm University, Sweden
Stockholm University, Sweden
Norwegian University of Science and Technology,
Norway
Accenture, Sweden
Stockholm University, Sweden
Óscar Pastor, Spain
Barbara Pernici, Italy
Anne Persson, Sweden
Michaël Petit, Belgium
Klaus Pohl, Germany
Collete Rolland, France
Pnina Soffer, Israel
Janis Stirna, Sweden
Hans Weigand, The Netherlands
Mathias Weske, Germany

Program Committee
Wil van der Aalst, The Netherlands
João Paulo Almeida, Brazil
Yuan An, USA
Paris Avgeriou, The Netherlands
Marko Bajec, Slovenia
Luciano Baresi, Italy
Carlo Batini, Italy
Boualem Benatallah, Australia
Giuseppe Berio, France
Nacer Boudjlida, France
Sjaak Brinkkemper, The Netherlands
Jordi Cabot, France
Albertas Caplinskas, Lithuania
Silvana Castano, Italy
Jaelson Castro, Brazil
Corine Cauvet, France
Julio Cesar Leite, Brazil
Lawrence Chung, USA
Isabelle Comyn-Wattiau, France
Panos Constantopoulos, Greece
Fabiano Dalpiaz, The Netherlands
Valeria De Antonellis, Italy
Rébeccca Deneckère, France
Michael Derntl, Germany
Marlon Dumas, Estonia
Neil Ernst, USA
Sergio Espana, Spain
Ulrich Frank, Germany
Avigdor Gal, Israel
Paolo Giorgini, Italy
Aniruddha Gokhale, USA
Michael Grossniklaus, Germany
Francesco Guerra, Italy
Renata Guizzardi, Brazil
Giancarlo Guizzardi, Brazil
Irit Hadar, Israel
Anne Hakånsson, Sweden
Brian Henderson-Sellers, Sydney
Jennifer Horkoff, UK
Marta Indulska, Australia
Matthias Jarke, Germany
Manfred Jeusfeld, Sweden
Ivan Jureta, Belgium
Haruhiko Kaiya, Japan
Organization IX
Dimitri Karagiannis, Austria
Evangelia Kavakli, Greece
David Kensche, Germany
Larry Kerschberg, USA
Christian Kop, Austria
Lea Kutvonen, Finland
Regine Laleau, France
Alexei Lapouchnian, Canada
Sotirios Liaskos, Canada
Rimantas Butleris, Lithuania
Lech Madeyski, Poland
Alexander Mädche, Germany
Raimundas Matulevicius, Estonia
Heinrich Mayr, Austria
Jan Mendling, Austria
Miguel Mira da Silva, Portugal
Isabelle Mirbel, France
Ana Moreira, Portugal
John Mylopoulos, Italy
Michael Pantazoglou, Greece
Anna Perini, Italy
Gilles Perrouin, Belgium
Mario Piattini, Spain
Geert Poels, Belgium
Jaroslav Pokorny, Czech Republic
Erik Proper, Luxembourg
Christoph Quix, Germany
Jolita Ralyté, Switzerland
Francisco Valverde Girome, Spain
Manfred Reichert, Germany
Iris Reinhartz-Berger, Israel
Dominique Rieu, France
Stefanie Rinderle-Ma, Austria
Thomas Rose, Germany
Michael Rosemann, Australia
Gustavo Rossi, Argentina
Matti Rossi, Finland
Antonio Ruiz Cortés, Spain
Irina Rychkova, France
Motoshi Saeki, Japan
Camille Salinesi, France
Michael Schrefl, Austria
Samira Si-Said Cherfi, France
Vítor Silva Souza, Brazil
X Organization

Guttorm Sindre, Norway Olegas Vasilecas, Lithuania

Monique Snoeck, Belgium
Arnon Sturm, Israel
Angelo Susi, Italy
David Taniar, Australia
Ernest Teniente, Spain
Juan-Carlos Trujillo Mondéjar, Spain
Aphrodite Tsalgatidou, Greece
Irene Vanderfeesten, The Netherlands
Panos Vassiliadis, Greece
Gianluigi Viscusi, Switzerland
Barbara Weber, Austria
Alain Wegmann, Switzerland
Roel Wieringa, The Netherlands
Eric Yu, Canada
Yijun Yu, UK

Additional Referees

Kiki Adhinugraha David Gil

Moussa Amrani Fáber D. Giraldo
Kevin Andrews Christophe Gnaho
George Athanasopoulos Evangelos Gongolidis
Fatma Basak Aydemir Bertrand Grégoire
Seyed-Mehdi-Reza Beheshti Saulius Gudas
Pierre Berlioux Jens Gulden
Floris Bex Phillip Haake
Devis Bianchini Tom Haegemans
Neli Blagus Tobias Hildebrandt
Alexander Bock Markus Hipp
Dominik Bork Amin Jalali
Quentin Boucher Slinger Jansen
Isabel Sofia Brito Florian Johannsen
Kristof Böhmer Monika Kaczmarek
Javier Canovas Georg Kaes
Evellin Cardoso Diana Kalibatiene
Michele Catasta Christos Kalloniatis
Marco Comerio Kȩstutis Kapočius
Fabiano Dalpiaz István Koren
Cristiano De Faveri Eleni Koutrouli
Sophie Dupuy-Chessa Milos Kravcik
Hella Faller Harald Kuehn
Walid Fdhila Philippe Lalanda
Christophe Feltus Andreas Lanz
Pablo Fernandez Jens Lauterbach
Alfio Ferrara Maria Leitner
Marília Ferreira Feng-Lin Li
Hans-Georg Fill Tong Li
Jose Maria Garcia Rima Linaburgyte
Lorenzo Genta Matthias Lohrmann
Frederic Gervais Garm Lucassen
Sepideh Ghanavati Amel Mammar
 Organization XI

Diana Marosin Titas Savickas

Irini Marouskou Carola Schauer
Alejandro Maté Marc Schickler
Andrea Maurino Johannes Schobel
Michele Melchiori Christoph Schütz
Gytenis Mikulenas Sergio Segura
Stefano Montanelli Farida Semmak
Stefan Morana Arik Senderovich
Christoph Moser Vladimir Shekhovtsov
Bernd Neumayr Elias Silva
Kestutis Normantas Tomas Skersys
Karolyne Oliveira Marco Spruit
Sietse Overbeek Lovro Subelj
Elda Paja Michalis Titsias
Matteo Palmonari Justas Trikunas
Otto Parra Christina Tsagkani
João Pimentel Wilfrid Utz
Rüdiger Pryss Maria José Villanueva
Philippe Ramadour Gianluigi Viscusi
Itzel Morales Ramirez Jan Martijn van der Werf
Eric Rocha de Souza Marinka Zitnik
Marcela Ruiz Slavko Zitnik
Mattia Salnitri
Keynotes
 Attaining a Systems Perspective

Harold W. “Bud” Lawson

bud@lawson.com

Abstract. Obtaining and utilizing a systems perspective that enables the capa-
bility to “think” and “act” in terms of systems is vital for Information Systems
Engineers that develop and deploy products and services that are integrated into
wider systems in various environments. To be able to use concepts, principles
and paradigms as common mental models as well as to share a vocabulary of ter-
minology all are essential for achieving understanding and communication. This
applies to individuals as well as for all forms of organized group activities in
treating the life cycle aspects of an information system. In this keynote address,
a proven approach to attaining a broad common systems perspective is presented
and related to information systems.

About the Speaker

Harold W. “Bud” Lawson has been active in the computing and systems arena since
1958 and has broad international experience in private and public organizations as well
as academic environments. Experienced in many facets of computing and computer-
based systems, including systems and software engineering, computer architecture,
real-time, programming languages and compilers, operating systems, life-cycle process
standards, various application domains as well as computer and systems related educa-
tion and training. He contributed to several pioneering efforts in hardware and software
technologies at Univac, IBM, Standard Computer Corporation, and Datasaab. In 2000,
he received the prestigious IEEE Computer Pioneer Charles Babbage medal award for
his 1964 invention of the pointer variable concept for programming languages.
Harold Lawson has held permanent and visiting professorial appointments at sev-
eral universities including Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn, University of California,
Irvine, Universidad Politecnica de Barcelona, Linköpings University, Royal Technical
University, University of Malaya and Keio University. He is a Fellow of the Associa-
tion for Computing Machinery, Fellow and Life Member of the IEEE and Fellow of the
International Council on Systems Engineering.
 The Age of Data and the New Era of Computing

Aleksandra Mojsilovic
Thomas J. Watson Research Center
aleksand@ibm.us

Abstract. The emergence of social networking, sensors, mobile devices, busi-

ness data warehouses, scientific and government records creates an abundance of
information. We like to call it “Big Data.” Big Data comes in all forms: sound,
video, images, symbols, measurements and natural language. It is changing the
way we live and work, the way businesses operate and the way governments are
run. And it is fundamentally changing the Information Technology landscape,
giving rise to a new generation of cognitive systems that sense, predict, infer, rec-
ommend, hypothesize, and in some ways, reason. The combination of people and
computers will be able to think in a way that neither people nor computers have
ever done before; it will amplify human abilities and lead to new breakthroughs,
assist us in making better choices, look out for us, and help us navigate our world
in powerful new ways.

About the Speaker

Aleksandra “Saška” Mojsilović manages Data Science Group at the IBM T. J. Wat-
son Research Center in Yorktown Heights, New York. Aleksandra is one of the pio-
neers of business analytics at IBM; throughout her career she championed innovative
uses of analytics for business decision support: from the early identification of client
risk via predictive modeling, to the estimation of outsourcing benefits via signal anal-
ysis in support of IBM marketing campaigns. Over the last decade, as a lead scien-
tist, Aleksandra drove the development of a portfolio of Smarter Workforce solutions
and led their deployment within IBM for the enterprise-wide transformation. Working
with key IBM clients in healthcare she led the development of differentiating analyt-
ics capabilities for healthcare payers. For her technical contributions and the business
impact of her work, Aleksandra was appointed an IBM Fellow, the company’s highest
technical honor. Saška’s research interests include multidimensional signal processing,
pattern recognition, machine learning and predictive modeling, with applications to
business analytics, healthcare, finance, multimedia, social and biomedical systems. She
is the author of over 100 publications and holds 14 patents. Saška received a number of
awards for her work, including the IEEE Young Author Best Paper Award, INFORMS
Wagner Prize, IEEE International Conference on Service Operations and Logistics and
Informatics Best Paper Award, European Conference on Computer Vision Best Paper
Award, IBM Gerstner Award, IBM Market Intelligence Award and several IBM Out-
standing Technical Achievement Awards.
 From Opinions to Facts – Building Products
Customers Actually Use

Jan Bosch
Chalmers University of Technology
janbosch@chalmers.se

Abstract. Research shows that for a typical system, more than half of all the fea-
tures are never used. This is a colossal waste of R&D effort and is caused by com-
panies asking customers and users what they want. Users don’t know what they
want and it’s the engineer’s job to find this out. Answering this question requires
a systematic approach to exploring a broad set of hypotheses about functional-
ity that might add value for users at different stages of development. The talk
introduces the notion of Innovation Experiment Systems as a systematic method
for optimising the user experience of existing features, developing new features
as well as developing new products. The method uses different techniques de-
pendent on the stage of development, including pre-development, development
and commercial deployment. In each stage, frequent customer involvement, both
active and passive, is used to constantly establish and improve the user experi-
ence. The method is based on data from eight industrial cases and stresses the
importance of speed and rapid iterations in development. The talk uses numerous
examples from industry are used to illustrate the concepts.

About the Speaker

Jan Bosch is professor of software engineering and director of the Software Center at
Chalmers University Technology in Gothenburg, Sweden. Earlier, he worked as Vice
President Engineering Process at Intuit Inc where he also lead Intuit’s Open Innovation
efforts and headed the central mobile technologies team. Before Intuit, he was head
of the Software and Application Technologies Laboratory at Nokia Research Center,
Finland. Prior to joining Nokia, he headed the software engineering research group
at the University of Groningen, The Netherlands, where he holds a professorship in
software engineering. His research activities include open innovation, innovation ex-
periment systems, compositional software engineering, software ecosystems, software
architecture, software product families and software variability management. He is the
author of a book “Design and Use of Software Architectures: Adopting and Evolving a
Product Line Approach” Jan also runs a consulting firm, Boschonian AB, that offers its
clients support around R&D and innovation management. More information about his
background can be found at his website: www.janbosch.com.
 Contents

Social and Collaborative Computing

Game Aspect: An Approach to Separation of Concerns in Crowdsourced

Data Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Shun Fukusumi, Atsuyuki Morishima, and Hiroyuki Kitagawa

Editing Anxiety in Corporate Wikis: From Private Drafting to Public Edits . . . 20

Cristóbal Arellano, Oscar Díaz, and Maider Azanza

Run-Time and Task-Based Performance of Event Detection Techniques

for Twitter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Andreas Weiler, Michael Grossniklaus, and Marc H. Scholl

Business Process Modeling and Languages

RALph: A Graphical Notation for Resource Assignments in Business

Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Cristina Cabanillas, David Knuplesch, Manuel Resinas,
Manfred Reichert, Jan Mendling, and Antonio Ruiz-Cortés

Revising the Vocabulary of Business Process Element Labels . . . . . . . . . . . 69

Agnes Koschmider, Meike Ullrich, Antje Heine, and Andreas Oberweis

Declarative Process Modeling in BPMN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

Giuseppe De Giacomo, Marlon Dumas, Fabrizio Maria Maggi,
and Marco Montali

High Volume and Complex Information Management

The Requirements and Needs of Global Data Usage in Product Lifecycle

Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Anni Siren, Kari Smolander, and Mikko Jokela

Probabilistic Keys for Data Quality Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

Pieta Brown and Sebastian Link

A Clustering Approach for Protecting GIS Vector Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

Ahmed Abubahia and Mihaela Cocea
XX Contents

Requirements Elicitation and Management

Need-to-Share and Non-diffusion Requirements Verification

in Exchange Policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Rémi Delmas and Thomas Polacsek

Virtual Business Role-Play: Leveraging Familiar Environments to Prime

Stakeholder Memory During Process Elicitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Joel Harman, Ross Brown, Daniel Johnson, Stefanie Rinderle-Ma,
and Udo Kannengiesser

Handling Regulatory Goal Model Families as Software Product Lines . . . . . 181

Anthony Palmieri, Philippe Collet, and Daniel Amyot

Enterprise Data Management

Managing Data Warehouse Traceability: A Life-Cycle Driven Approach . . . 199

Selma Khouri, Kamel Semassel, and Ladjel Bellatreche

Specification and Incremental Maintenance of Linked Data Mashup Views . . . 214

Vânia M.P. Vidal, Marco A. Casanova, Narciso Arruda,
Mariano Roberval, Luiz Paes Leme, Giseli Rabello Lopes,
and Chiara Renso

A Model-Driven Approach to Enterprise Data Migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230

Raghavendra Reddy Yeddula, Prasenjit Das, and Sreedhar Reddy

Model Conceptualisation and Evolution

Interactive Recovery of Requirements Traceability Links Using

User Feedback and Configuration Management Logs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
Ryosuke Tsuchiya, Hironori Washizaki, Yoshiaki Fukazawa,
Keishi Oshima, and Ryota Mibe

Detecting Complex Changes During Metamodel Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263

Djamel Eddine Khelladi, Regina Hebig, Reda Bendraou,
Jacques Robin, and Marie-Pierre Gervais

‘‘We Need to Discuss the Relationship’’: Revisiting Relationships

as Modeling Constructs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
Nicola Guarino and Giancarlo Guizzardi

Process Mining, Monitoring and Predicting

PM2 : A Process Mining Project Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297

Maikel L. van Eck, Xixi Lu, Sander J.J. Leemans,
and Wil M.P. van der Aalst
 Contents XXI

Completing Workflow Traces Using Action Languages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314

Chiara Di Francescomarino, Chiara Ghidini, Sergio Tessaris,
and Itzel Vázquez Sandoval

A Novel Top-Down Approach for Clustering Traces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331

Yaguang Sun and Bernhard Bauer

Intra- and Inter-Organizational Process Engineering

Extracting Decision Logic from Process Models. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349

Kimon Batoulis, Andreas Meyer, Ekaterina Bazhenova, Gero Decker,
and Mathias Weske

Equivalence Transformations for the Design of Interorganizational

Data-Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
Julius Köpke and Johann Eder

Automatic Generation of Optimized Process Models from Declarative

Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
Richard Mrasek, Jutta Mülle, and Klemens Böhm

Process Compliance and Alignment

Towards the Automated Annotation of Process Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401

Henrik Leopold, Christian Meilicke, Michael Fellmann,
Fabian Pittke, Heiner Stuckenschmidt, and Jan Mendling

Discovery and Validation of Queueing Networks in Scheduled Processes . . . 417

Arik Senderovich, Matthias Weidlich, Avigdor Gal, Avishai Mandelbaum,
Sarah Kadish, and Craig A. Bunnell

Verification and Validation of UML Artifact-Centric Business

Process Models. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434
Montserrat Estañol, Maria-Ribera Sancho, and Ernest Teniente

Enterprise IT Integration and Management

Empirical Challenges in the Implementation of IT Portfolio Management:

A Survey in Three Companies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453
Lucy Ellen Lwakatare, Pasi Kuvaja, Harri Haapasalo, and Arto Tolonen

Integration Adapter Modeling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468

Daniel Ritter and Manuel Holzleitner
XXII Contents

Service Science and Computing

Modelling Service Level Agreements for Business Process

Outsourcing Services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485
Adela del–Río–Ortega, Antonio Manuel Gutiérrez,
Amador Durán, Manuel Resinas, and Antonio Ruiz–Cortés

Deriving Artefact-Centric Interfaces for Overloaded Web Services . . . . . . . . 501

Fuguo Wei, Alistair Barros, and Chun Ouyang

Tutorials

CAiSE 2015 Tutorials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519

Ilia Bider and Pnina Soffer

Work System Theory: A Bridge Between Business and IT Views

of Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520
Steven Alter

Fundamental Systems Thinking Concepts for IS Engineering:

Balancing between Change and Non-change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522
Gil Regev

Know-how Mapping with ME-map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523

Eric Yu and Arnon Sturm

Model Matching - Processes and Beyond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525

Avigdor Gal and Matthias Weidlich

FEDS2: A Practical Tutorial on the Framework for Evaluation in Design

Science Research (v. 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527
John R. Venable

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529

Social and Collaborative Computing
 Game Aspect: An Approach to Separation
of Concerns in Crowdsourced Data Management

Shun Fukusumi, Atsuyuki Morishima(B) , and Hiroyuki Kitagawa

University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan

shun.fukusumi.2011b@mlab.info, mori@slis.tsukuba.ac.jp,
kitagawa@cs.tsukuba.ac.jp

Abstract. In data-centric crowdsourcing, it is well known that the incen-

tive structure connected to workers’ behavior greatly affects output data.
This paper proposes to use a declarative language to deal with both of
data computation and the incentive structure explicitly. In the language,
computation is modeled as a set of Datalog-like rules, and the incentive
structures for the crowd are modeled as games in which the actions taken
by players (workers) affect how much payoff they will obtain. The language
is unique in that it introduces the game aspect that separates the code for
the incentive structure from the other logic encoded in the program. This
paper shows that the game aspect not only makes it easier to analyze and
maintain the incentive structures, it gives a principled model of the fusion
of human and machine computations. In addition, it reports the results of
experiments with a real set of data.

Keywords: Crowdsourcing · Declarative languages · Databases ·

Separation of concerns

1 Introduction
Much crowdsourcing is data-centric, i.e., we ask workers to perform microtasks
to enter data or to help collect, process, and manage data [5] [20]. In data-
centric crowdsourcing, it is well known that the incentive structure connected to
workers’ behavior greatly affects output data [10]. However, for many existing
data-centric declarative frameworks [6] [19] [22], the design space for the incentive
structure is relatively limited. For example, each worker receives a fixed amount
of payment for each task, and the payment for each task is the only parameter for
the incentive space. The reason for this is that complex incentive structures are
often strongly connected to the logic of applications. In addition, such incentive
structures are difficult to analyze and maintain.
This paper proposes to use a declarative language to deal with both of data
computation and the incentive structure explicitly. In the language, computation
is modeled as a set of Datalog-like (or Prolog-like) rules, and the incentive struc-
tures for the crowd are modeled as games in which the actions taken by players
(workers) affect how much payoff they will obtain. The language can be used to
implement both microtask-based and game-style crowdsourcing applications.
c Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015
J. Zdravkovic et al. (Eds.): CAiSE 2015, LNCS 9097, pp. 3–19, 2015.
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-19069-3 1
4 S. Fukusumi et al.

The language is unique in that it adopts separation of concerns, which is

an important principle in software development. The language introduces the
game aspect that separates the code for the incentive structures from the other
logic encoded in the program. With the game aspect, the code for the incentive
structure is localized and described in terms taken from game theory1 . Game
theory is known to be useful when discussing not just real “games” but any
system that involves incentive structure, and the game aspect makes analyzing
and maintaining the incentive structure easier. In contrast, in traditional pro-
gramming abstractions, it is difficult to find what kind of game is implemented
in the code.
Interestingly, a logic-based language with the game aspect provides us with a
natural and principled model of integration of human and machine intelligence.
In the model, the incentive structure affects workers’ behavior to determine
two things that cannot be determined by the machine. Workers determine: (1)
which rule to execute first when we have multiple rules but the evaluation order
cannot be determined by logic, and (2) what value will be entered when the
values cannot be derived by logic and the stored data. We will show that given
an appropriate incentive, human intelligence can be used to find an effective
ordering for evaluating rules to find good results without exploring the whole
search space.
As a running example, we discuss four variations of a game-style crowd-
sourcing application for extracting structured data from tweets. To show the
potential of the language, some variations are complex: the players (workers)
are asked to not only enter the extraction results, but also to enter extraction
rules to be processed by the machine. Therefore, we obtain the extraction rules
as the result of crowdsourcing. In addition, the obtained rules are used during
the same crowdsourcing process so that the main contributor of the extraction
is gradually changed from humans to the machine. Although there are many
approaches to apply machine learning techniques to find rules [16], there are
many cases wherein we cannot apply machine learning techniques, such as a
case in which the rules are very complex or we need to find rules with a small
set of training data. In such cases, crowdsourcing is a promising approach.
Related Work. There have been many attempts to develop languages for data-
centric crowdsourcing. Most of them are SQL-like languages [6] [19] [21]. Other
approaches to help develop crowdsourcing applications include toolkits (e.g.,
TurKit [15]) and abstractions for crowdsourcing [13][17]. Existing languages
have no explicit component to describe the incentive structure, and how workers
behave is out of their scope.
There are several crowdsourcing systems that introduce the notion of games.
Verbosity [4] is a Game-With-A-Purpose system (GWAP) [2] that collects
common-sense knowledge during gameplay. The ESP Game [1] collects tags for
1
Strictly speaking, the game aspect localizes the code required to define the unit
of games and compute feedback to workers, regardless whether the feedback serves
as a meaningful incentive or not. However, the game aspect helps us analyze and
maintain the incentive structure. Detail is given in Section 4.
 Game Aspect: An Approach to Separation of Concerns 5

images, wherein each player is shown an image and guesses the tag another
player would enter for the image. Our paper shows that declarative languages
with the game aspect description offer a simple and powerful approach to help
analyze the behavior of the code.
Recently, integration of human and machine computations is a hot issue [9]
[14]. This paper shows that we can use a logic-based formalization to bridge the
gap between human-only and machine-only computations in a unique way.
There have been many attempts to investigate connections between game
theory and logic [12]. Our language is unique in that games are defined in the
code, and that the games are used to not only define the semantics of the code,
but leverage human intelligence to solve problems efficiently. The literature on
algorithmic game theory has addressed various aspects involving both algorithms
and games, such as complexities of computing equilibrium of games [23]. We hope
that results from the area are helpful in discussing computational complexity of
programs involving human activities.
This paper proposes an implementation language for crowdsourcing.
Applying the research results on higher-level issues [7][8] to our language is
an interesting challenge. Aspect oriented programming were first introduced in
[11]. Applying various results on AOP to our context, such as finding aspects
(in our case, games) in the early stages of software development [25], is also our
interesting future work.
Summary of Contributions. First, we introduce a declarative framework that
supports the game aspect. The game aspect not only makes it easier to analyze
and maintain the incentive structures, it gives a principled model of the fusion
of human and machine computations. Second, with a running example, we show
that the game aspect allows us to easily apply game theory to prove some proper-
ties of complex crowdsourcing applications. We believe that this is an important
first step to discuss the semantics of the code involving human behavior, although
the assumption that workers are rational is not always true. We also conducted
experiments with a real set of data. The results show that appropriately designed
complex crowdsourcing applications obtain good results, especially in terms of
the quality of data extraction rules. The results are consistent with the results
of theoretical analysis using the game aspect.

2 Running Example: TweetPecker

As a running example, we explain TweetPecker [18], a game-style Web applica-
tion to crowdsource extracting structured data from a set of tweets to populate
a relation.
Figure 1 shows the dataflow in TweetPecker. It takes as inputs (1) a set
of tweets and (2) the relation (table) schema St(tw, a1 , a2 , . . . , aN ) to store
extracted values (Figure 1(1)) where tw is a mandatory attribute to store tweets,
and ai s are attributes to store values extracted from the tweet tw. Then, Tweet-
Pecker shows workers each tweet one by one and asks them to enter values
for attributes ai s for the tweet. Each result is represented as a tuple (row)
6 S. Fukusumi et al.

Fig. 1. Overview of TweetPecker Fig. 2. Interface for entering values (top)

entering extraction rules (bottom)

and inserted into the Output relation (Figure 1(2)). Workers receive feedbacks
(Figure 1(3)) according to their inputs.
We can design variations of TweetPecker by changing what workers do and
how they receive feedback. The following are four variations of TweetPecker:
VE, VE/I, VRE, and VRE/I.
(1) Value-Entry (VE) crowdsources workers directly extracting values from
tweets. Figure 2 (top) is the interface for workers. In VE (and VE/I we explain
next), the radio buttons in Figure 2 (c) do not appear. In VE, the player (worker)
is given a tweet “It rains in London” (Figure 2 (a)) and is asked to enter values
for weather and place attributes into the text form (Figure 2 (b)). If she enters
the values, the next tweet shows up. Each attribute value of an Output tuple is
determined when two distinct workers give the same value. Each worker receives
a fixed score (e.g., 1) whenever she performs a task regardless of the entered
value.
(2) Value-Entry with Incentive (VE/I) is the same as VE except that
workers receive positive scores only if their entered values match with each other
(Section 4 for details).
(3) Value-Rule-Entry (VRE) allows workers to not only directly extract
values from tweets but give extraction rules to be used by the machine with the
interface in Figure 2 (bottom) (Section 5.1).
(4) Value-Rule-Entry with Incentives (VRE/I) is the same as VRE except
that workers receive scores according to their behaviors (Section 5.2).

3 CyLog
CyLog [18] is an executable abstraction for crowdsourcing. It is a rule-based
language whose syntax is similar to Datalog. CyLog is adopted by Crowd4U [27],
 Game Aspect: An Approach to Separation of Concerns 7

rules: Pre1: TweetOriginal(tw:"It rains in London", loc:"London");

Pre2: ValidCity(cname:"London"); Pre3: Tweet(tw) <-
TweetOriginal(tw, loc), ValidCity(cname:loc); Pre4: Worker(pid:1,
name:"Shun"); Pre5: Worker(pid:2, name:"Ken");

VE1: Input(tw, attr:"weather", value, p)/open[p] <- Tweet(tw), Worker(p);

VE2: Output(tw, weather:value) <- Input(tw, attr:"weather", value, p:p1),
Input(tw, attr:"weather", value, p:p2), p1!=p2;

Fig. 3. Fragment of a CyLog program

an open crowdsourcing platform being developed and operated by universities.

Crowd4U is similar to Amazon Mechanical Turk but workers (most of them are
students and faculty members of universities) perform tasks voluntarily. This
section first summarizes the basics of CyLog. Then, it explains the code for VE,
the simplest variation of TweetPecker.
Overview. The basic data structure in CyLog is a relation, which is a table to
deal with a set of tuples that conform to the schema of the relation. A program
written in CyLog consists of four sections. The schema section describes the
schema of relations. The rules section has a set of rules each of which fires (is
executed) if its condition is satisfied. The views section describes the interface
with workers in HTML (e.g., the ones in Figure 2). The games section describes
the game aspect of the program (Section 4). In the following discussions, we
explain only the rules section and the games section. The schema and views
sections are straightforward and we assume that they are appropriately given.
Facts and Rules. The main component of a CyLog program is the set of
statements written in the rules section. Figure 3 shows a set of statements,
each of which is preceded by a label for explanation purposes. A statement is
either a fact or a rule. In the figure, Pre1, Pre2, Pre4, and Pre5 are facts, and
Pre3, VE1, VE2 are rules. A rule has the form of head ← body. Each fact or
head is given in the form of an atom, while each atom consists of a predicate
name (e.g., Tweet) followed by a set of attributes (e.g., loc). Optionally, each
attribute can be followed by a colon with a value (e.g., :"London") or an alias
name (e.g., :p1). Each body consists of a sequence of atoms.
A fact describes that the specified tuple is inserted into a relation. For exam-
ple, Pre1 is a fact that inserts a tuple whose values for attributes tw and loc
are ‘‘It rains in London’’ and ‘‘London’’ into relation TweetOriginal2 .
A rule specifies that, for each combination of tuples satisfying the condition
specified in the body, the tuple described in head is inserted to a relation. Atoms
in the body are evaluated from left to right and variables are bound to values
that are stored in the relation specified by each atom. For example, Pre3 is
a rule that inserts a tuple having a tweet tw into relation Tweet if tw is in
the TweetOriginal and its location is a valid city contained in ValidCity. In
other words, for each combination of a tuple in TweetOriginal and a tuple in
2
CyLog adopts the named perspective [3] which means that variables and values in
each atom are associated to attributes by explicit attribute names, not by their
positions in the attribute sequence.
8 S. Fukusumi et al.

ValidCity whose loc attributes match to each other, it inserts a tuple having
tw value into relation Tweet.
Open Predicates. CyLog allows predicates to be open, which means that the
decision as to whether a tuple exists in the relation or not is performed by
humans when the data cannot be derived from the data in the database. For
example, the head of VE1 is followed by /open and is an open predicate. If a
head is an open predicate, CyLog asks humans to give values to the variables
that are not bound to any values in the body (e.g., value in VE1)3 . Optionally,
each /open can be followed by [..] (e.g., [p]) to specify the worker CyLog
asks for the values through the interface. Therefore, VE1 means that for each
combination of a tweet tw and a worker p, the code asks the worker p to enter
a value for the value attribute.
Evaluation Order. Each rule fires when its condition is satisfied. If more than
one rule are ready to fire at the same time because all of their body conditions
are satisfied, logic cannot determine in which order the rules should be executed.
As with many languages, CyLog evaluates all such rules with a default ordering
if the rules have no open predicates: a rule that appears earlier in the code with
tuples appearing at earlier rows in relations is given higher priority. However,
evaluation of any rule with an open predicate is suspended until a worker enters
values for the open predicate, even if its body condition is satisfied. This allows
workers to determine which rule to or not to fire, under the control by the
incentive mechanism we explain in Section 4.
Block Style Rules. Each rule P ← P1 , P2 , . . . , Pn can be written in the block
style P1 {P2 {. . . {Pn {P ; } . . .}. For example, Pre3 in Figure 3 can be written as:
TweetOriginal(tw, loc) {
ValidCity(cname:loc) {
Tweet(tw);
}
}
where Tweet(tw) is the head of the rule. The block style provides a concise
expression when we have many rules that have the same body atoms, because
we can write more than one atom inside each bracket (e.g., P1 {P2 ; P3 ; } for
P2 ← P1 ; P3 ← P1 ;).
Value-Entry: A Variation of TweetPecker. The code in Figure 3 imple-
ments VE. we assume that the relation generated by TweetPecker is Output(tw,
weather)4 . Pre1 to Pre3 construct a set of tweets. Pre4 and Pre5 define two
workers. VE1 and VE2 implement the essential part of VE. VE1 asks the two
workers to extract values for attribute weather from tweets (there is only one
tweet in the code) and generates tuples for relation Input, an intermediate rela-
tion to store the workers’ inputs. The omitted code in the view section shows
3
If all variables in the head are bounded to values in the rule body, CyLog asks
workers whether the tuple should exist in the relation.
4
For simplicity, we deal with only one attribute for extracted values. It is straightfor-
ward to deal with more than one attribute.
 Game Aspect: An Approach to Separation of Concerns 9

Player A/Player B Fine Rainy

Fine (1,1) (0,0)
Rainy (0,0) (1,1)

Fig. 4. Payoff matrix for a game and its extensive form

workers the tweet (Figure 2(a)) and the text input form (Figure 2(b)). VE2
states that if two different workers enter the same value for weather attribute
of the same tweet, the agreed value is stored in the Output.

4 Game Aspect
Semantics of Open Predicates. Open predicates make it difficult to define
the semantics of the code. First, we have no clue on what value each worker
gives for open predicates. Second, the order in which we evaluate rules with
open predicates is undefined. CyLog introduces a mechanism to support for
describing the incentive structure at the language level to give the code a clear
semantics using game theory.
The idea is to model the incentive structure as “games” in which the behav-
iors of players (workers) determine payoffs to them. We use VE/I (Section 2)
to explain this concept. VE/I can be seen as having a collection of games, each
of which is associated to one tweet: In each game, a tweet is shown to players,
and each player is required to predict a term to represent the weather written
in the tweet, which others would give for the same tweet. If two players give the
same term, the players are rewarded, and the matched term will be stored into
Output as the value of the weather attribute of the tuple for the tweet.
In game theory, a game is often written as a payoff matrix; Figure 4 (left)
shows a part of the payoff matrix of the game (only two terms are shown in
the matrix). The Y and X axis show the possible actions of Player A and B,
respectively. The matrix shows that each player can enter fine or rainy for
a given tweet. It also describes how payoffs are given to players. In each cell,
(v1 , v2 ) means that Players A and B receive v1 and v2 as their payoffs when they
choose the actions on the X and Y axes. In the game, if they give the same term,
they receive the payoffs. Such an incentive structure is known as a coordination
game [24] in game theory.
Figure 4 (right) illustrates the same game in a tree style called the extensive
form [24]. Each path from the root to a terminal node corresponds to each cell in
the payoff matrix and represents a possible play of the game. The leaf nodes are
associated with payoffs to the players. The dotted circle means that the player B
does not know the choice Player A took for her action. Then, we can define the
semantics of open values as actions in the solutions of the game, which are the
paths taken by rational workers. For example, the solution of the game in Figure
10 S. Fukusumi et al.

games:
VEI(tw,attr){ // Skolem function
/* Path definition */
VEI1: Path(action:["value",value],player:p)
<- Inputs(tw,attr,value,p);
/* Payoff definition */
VEI2: Path(action,player:p1),
Path(action,player:p2),
p1!=p2 { Order Date Player Action
VEI2.1: Payoff[p1+=1,p2+=1]
1 10:10am Kate ["value", "fine"]
}
2 10:11am Pam ["value", "rainy"]
}
3 10:12am Ann ["value", "fine"]

Fig. 5. Game aspect of VE/I Fig. 6. Path table

4 (right) is the paths in which the players provide the same term (bold lines),
because the best strategy for them is to choose the same one that the other
player would choose. To compute the payoff values for them, it is important to
maintain the information on the path in each game play.
Separation of Concerns by the Game Aspect. If we write code to maintain
paths of the game and to compute payoffs to players in existing programming
languages, the code fragments related to the games are implicitly encoded in
many different places in the code. Therefore, analyzing and changing the incen-
tive structure will be a cumbersome task. As our example will show, the incentive
structure is often complicated, which makes it almost impossible to analyze and
maintain the incentive structure.
An important principle in software development is the separation of concerns.
We propose the game aspect, which separates the code for the incentive structures
from the other logic encoded in the program, by allowing the code to be localized
and described in terms taken from game theory. Therefore, the game aspect
makes analyzing and maintaining the incentive structure easy.
Figure 5 shows the game aspect of VE/I. The whole code for VE/I is the
combination of the rules section (Figure 3) and the game aspect. Therefore, the
code clearly shows that VE/I is the same as VE except its incentive structure.
A game aspect consists of three parts: a Skolem function, the path definition,
and the payoff definition.
1. Skolem Function. The first line has a function named a Skolem function to
create a game for each specified parameters. Intuitively, it defines the unit of
games. For example, VEI(tw,attr) creates a VEI game for each combination
of a tweet and one of its attributes (e.g., weather). We call each game a game
instance.
For each game instance, a special table called a path table is automatically
constructed (Figure 6). The path table maintains the path (i.e., a line from the
root to a leaf in Figure 4 (right)) of the play of the game instance to show how the
game reached the last state. Its schema is Path(Order,Date,Player,Action),
where each tuple records when and who took what action on the executed path.
Figure 6 shows an example of the path table. Here, ["value",value] is a list
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Title: Innocent
a tale of modern life

Author: Mrs. Oliphant

Release date: September 17, 2023 [eBook #71671]

Most recently updated: October 8, 2023

Language: English

Original publication: London: Sampson Low, Marston, Low, & Searle,

1874

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Nelly
 INNOCENT:
A TA L E O F M O D E R N L I F E .

By Mrs. OLIPHANT,

AUTHOR OF “THE CHRONICLES OF CARLINGFORD,” ETC., ETC.

FOURTH EDITION, WITH ILLUSTRATIONS.

London:
SAMPSON LOW, MARSTON, LOW, & SEARLE
CROWN BUILDINGS, 188, FLEET STREET.

1874.

[All rights reserved.]

LONDON:
GILBERT AND RIVINGTON, PRINTERS,
ST. JOHN’S SQUARE.
 CONTENTS.
CHAPTER PAGE
I. — The Old House 1
II. — The News, and how it was Received 8
III. — The Family 16
IV. — The Friends of the Family 23
V. — Frederick’s Way 32
VI. — Pisa 40
VII. — The Palazzo Scaramucci 48
VIII. — The Cousins 55
IX. — At Home 63
X. — The Arrival 70
XI. — At Home and not at Home 79
XII. — A Love Tale 87
XIII. — Consultations 94
XIV. — A Momentous Interview 101
XV. — A Sunday at Home 109
XVI. — Innocent’s First Adventure 117
XVII. — Frederick to the Rescue 124
XVIII. — Philosophy for Girls 132
XIX. — The Flower of Sterborne 140
XX. — What it is to be “in Love” 148
XXI. — A Family Dinner 156
XXII. — About another Marriage 164
XXIII. — Amanda 172
XXIV. — What the Family thought 180
XXV. — After a Year 188
XXVI. — A Proposal 195
XXVII. — Mrs. Frederick 202
XXVIII. — A New Complication 211
 XXIX. — Innocent’s Outset in the World 217
XXX. — The High Lodge 224
XXXI. — The Minster and the Villa 231
XXXII. — The Moment of Fate 238
XXXIII. — Flight 247
XXXIV. — A Bereaved Husband 254
XXXV. — Mrs. Eastwood’s Investigation 261
XXXVI. — At Home 268
XXXVII. — Innocent’s Confession 275
XXXVIII. — Into further Deeps 283
XXXIX. — An Appeal 290
XL. — Family Opinions 298
XLI. — An Unpopular Wedding 304
XLII. — After the Wedding 311
XLIII. — The Gathering of the Storm 318
XLIV. — The Thunderbolt 325
XLV. — The First Deserter 333
XLVI. — The Evidence 340
XLVII. — The Trial 347
XLVIII. — The Second Day 363
XLIX. — Delivered 368
L. — Jenny’s Meditation 375
LI. — The Nunnery 380
LII. — What became of Lady Longueville 382
LIII. — Conclusion 391
 INNOCENT:
A TA L E O F M O D E R N L I F E .
 CHAPTER I.

THE OLD HOUSE.

HE Eastwoods lived in an old house in one of the southwestern
suburbs of London. It was one of those houses which, dating only
from the prosaic age of Queen Anne, have come to be picturesque
in their way—which they were never intended to be—and are
comfortable, which they were intended to be, to a degree rarely attained by
all our modern efforts. What advances we have made since then in every
way! And yet all Belgravia did not hold a house so thoroughly good for
living in, so pleasant, so modest, so dignified, and so refined, as the big brick
house, partly whitewashed, partly retaining its native red, lichened all over
with brown and yellow mosses, in which, at the outset of this history, Mrs.
Eastwood lived with her children. It had been built by the Eastwoods of the
time, more than a century and a half ago. It had given shelter to various
generations since then—their mortal inn and lodging, the everlasting
dwelling-place of their memory. They had left layers, so to speak, of old
furniture, from the japanned screens and cabinets of the founder, to the
hideous haircloth and mahogany of George IV.; and pictures and knick-
knacks, and precious old china for which collectors would have given its
weight in gold. All these riches were not shown off to advantage, as they
might have been. You stumbled on them in corners; you found them in out-
of-the-way cupboards, in rooms that were rarely used. In short, you could
not take a walk on a wet day about this delightful house without finding
something out that you had not seen before. For my own part I prefer this to
the modern device of making a museum or china-shop of one’s drawing-
room. The drawing-room was a place to live in at The Elms. It had a
hundred prettinesses about, none of which had been bought within the
memory of any of the young people, except, indeed, a few foolish knick-
knacks belonging to Ellinor—for what girl worth calling such was ever
without knick-knacks? But its supreme use was to be lived in, and for this it
was infinitely well adapted. Its only drawback that I know—and that many
people thought a great advantage—was that, being close to London, you saw
nothing from the windows that you might not have seen a hundred miles
deep in the country. The drawing-room windows looked out upon a great
green lawn, set in old trees. In winter, when the trees had lost their leaves,
bits of other old houses, red and mossy, looked in through the bare branches;
but in spring the farther end of the lawn was carpeted with primroses, and
canopied with foliage, and the long avenue of elms at one side, and the
narrower path on the other under the lime-trees, which was called the Lady’s
Walk, might have graced a squire’s house anywhere. Both of these ended in
a high paling; but I defy you to have found that out when elms and limes
alike were in their glory of summer array.
After having said so much about the house, I may introduce you to its
inhabitants. Mrs. Eastwood was a widow, and had four children, all as yet at
home under the maternal roof. The eldest son was in a public office; the
second, Richard, commonly called Dick, was at home “reading” for one of
those examinations which occupy all our youth now-a-days. The third boy,
who bore the magnificent name of Plantagenet, usually, I am grieved to say,
shortened into Jenny, was still at Eton. One only remains to be accounted
for, and that was Ellinor. She was but one, counted according to ordinary
arithmetic; but she was as good as three additional at least, reckoning by her
importance in the household. “If you count girls, there are seven of us; but
some people don’t count girls. I’m one,” said one of Mr. Punch’s delightful
little boys in the old days of Leech. Ellinor Eastwood might have adapted
this saying with perfect propriety to her own circumstances. The boys might
or might not be counted; but to enter once into the house without hearing,
seeing, divining the girl in it was impossible. Not that she was a remarkable
young woman in any way. I don’t know if she could justly be called clever;
and she certainly was not more perfectly educated than usual—and does not
everybody say that all women are badly educated? Her brothers knew twenty
times as much as she did. They had all been at Eton; and Frederick, the
eldest, was a University man, and had taken a very good class, though not
the highest; and Dick was costing his mother a fortune in “coaches,” and was
required by the conditions of his examination to be a perfect mine of
knowledge; they ought by all rules to have been as superior to their sister
intellectually and mentally as daylight is to darkness. But they were not. I
don’t venture to explain how it was; perhaps the reader may in his or her
experience have met with similar cases, though I allow that they go against a
good many theories. The household was a young household altogether. Mrs.
Eastwood herself was under fifty, which, for a woman who has had neither
bad health nor trouble in her life, is quite a youthful age. Her eldest son was
six-and-twenty. There had never appeared a very great difference between
them; for Frederick had always been the most serious member of the family.
His name of itself was a proof of this. While all the others were addressed by
a perpetually varying host of diminutives and pet names, Frederick had
always remained Frederick. I need not point out how different this is from
“Fred.” He was the only member of the household who had as yet brought
any trouble or anxiety to it, but he was by far the most proper and dignified
person in the house. The rest were very youthful indeed, varying, as we have
said, from the light-hearted though sober-visaged youthfulness of seven-and-
forty to the tricksey boyhood of sixteen. It was a house, accordingly, in
which there was always something going on. The family were well off, and
they were popular; they were rich enough to give frequent and pleasant little
entertainments, and they had never acquired that painful habit of asking,
“Can we afford it?” which is so dreadful a drawback to social pleasures. I do
not intend to imply by this that there was any recklessness or extravagance
in this well-ordered house. On the contrary, Mrs. Eastwood’s bills were paid
as by clockwork, with a regularity which was vexatious to all the tradesmen
she employed; but neither she nor her children—blessed privilege!—knew
what it was to be poor, and they had none of the habits of that struggling
condition. That ghost which haunts the doors of the less comfortably
endowed, which hovers by them in the very streets, and is always waiting
round some corner—that black spectre of indebtedness or scarcity had never
been seen at The Elms. There was a cheerful security of enough, about the
house, which is more delightful than wealth. To be sure, there are great
moral qualities involved in the material comfort of having enough, into
which we need not enter. The comfort of the Eastwoods was a matter of
habit. They lived as they had always lived. It never occurred to them to start
on a different pied, or struggle to a higher level. What higher level could
they want? They were gentlefolks, and well connected; no sort of parvenu
glitter could have done anything for them, even had they thought of it;
therefore it was no particular credit to them to be content and satisfied. The
morality of the matter was passive in their case—it was habitual, it was
natural, not a matter of resolution or thought.
And yet there had been one break in this simple and uncomplicated state
of affairs. Four years before the date at which this history begins, an event
had occurred to which the family still looked back with a sort of superstition,
—a mingled feeling of awe, regret, and pride, such as might move the
descendants of some hero who had abdicated a throne at the call of duty. The
year in which Frederick took his degree, and left Oxford, Mrs. Eastwood had
put down her carriage. I dare not print such words in ordinary type. She said
very little about the reasons for this very serious proceeding; but it cannot be
denied that there was a grandeur and pathos in the incident, which gave it a
place in what may be called the mythology of the family. Nobody attempted
to explain how it was, or why it was. It gave a touch of elevating tragedy and
mystery to the comfortable home-life, which was so pleasant and free from
care. When now and then a sympathizing friend would say, “You must miss
your carriage,” Mrs. Eastwood was always prompt to disclaim any need for
pity. “I have always been an excellent walker,” she said cheerily. She would
not receive any condolences, and yet even she got a certain subtle pleasure,
without knowing it, out of the renunciation. It was the hardest thing she had
ever been called upon to do in her life, and how could she help being a little,
a very little, proud of it? But, to be sure, this sentiment was quite
unconscious. It was the only unexplained event in her innocent life. Ellinor,
of course, half by instinct, half by reason of that ineffable communion
between a mother and an only daughter, which makes the one conscious of
all that passes within and without the other almost without words, knew
exactly how this great family event had come about; but no one else knew,
not even the most intimate friends of the house.
The cause, however, was nothing much out of the course of nature.
Frederick, the eldest son and hope, he of whom everybody declared that he
was his mother’s stay and support, as good as the head of the family, had
suddenly burst into her room one morning before she was up, like a sudden
avalanche. He came to tell her, in the first place, that he had made up his
mind not to go into the Church, for which he had been educated, and in
which he had the best of prospects; and in the second place, that he was
deeply in debt, and was going out to Australia by the next ship to repent and
make up his deficiencies. Fancy having all this poured into your ears of a
cold spring morning in your peaceful bed, when you woke up with the
consciousness that to-day would be as yesterday, and, perhaps, still more
tranquil and pleasant. Mrs. Eastwood was stricken dumb with consternation.
It was the first time that trouble in this shape had ever visited her. Grief she
had known—but that curtain of gentle goodness and well-seeming which
covers the surface of life had never before been rudely rent before her eyes,
revealing the abyss below. And the shock was all the greater that it was
Frederick who gave it; he who had been her innocent child just the other day,
and who was still her serious boy, never the one to get into mischief. The
surprise was so overwhelming that it almost deadened her sense of pain; and
then, before she could fully realize what had happened, the real importance
of the event was still further confused by the fact, that instead of judging the
culprit on his real demerits, she had to pray and plead with him to give up
his mad resolution, to beg him not to throw his life away after his money. So
urgent did this become that she gradually forgot all about the blame
attaching to him, and could think of nothing but those terrible threats about
Australia, which gradually became the central fact of the catastrophe. To do
him justice, Frederick was perfectly sincere, and had no thought of the
admirable effect to be produced by his obstinate determination. Where is the
family that does not know such scenes? The result was that the carriage was
“put down,” the debts paid, Australia averted; and after a short time Mr.
Frederick Eastwood gained, after a severe examination, his present
appointment, and all again went merry as marriage-bells. I don’t know
whether the examination was in reality severe; but at least Mrs. Eastwood
thought so, which pleased her, and did nobody any harm; and as time went
on she found to her entire satisfaction that every thing had been for the best,
and that Providence had brought good out of evil. In the first place, it was
“noble” of Frederick, when he found he could not conscientiously enter the
Church, to scorn all mercenary motives, and not to be tempted by the
excellent living which he knew awaited him. And then what a comfort and
blessing it was to have him at home, instead of away down in Somersetshire,
and only paying his family a visit two or three times in a year! Thus the fault
faded out of sight altogether by the crowding of the circumstances round it;
and Frederick himself, in contemplating (for he was always serious) the
providential way in which his life had been arranged for him in a new
groove, forgot that the first step in this arrangement had been a very
reprehensible one on his own part, and came to regard the “putting down” of
the carriage as the rest did—as a tremendous and mysterious family event,
calling forth an intense pride and melancholy, but no individual sense of
guilt or responsibility so far as he was personally concerned. “I don’t like to
take you out in a fly, Nelly,” Mrs. Eastwood would sometimes say, as she
gave a last touch to Ellinor’s ribbons, and breathed a soft little sigh. “As if I
cared!” cried the girl: “and besides, you can say, like Lady Dobson, that you
never take your horses out at night.” Now Lady Dobson was very rich, and
in trade, and a standing joke in the Eastwood circle; and the party went off
very merry in the fly, with never another thought of the carriage which had
been “put down.”
Light-hearted folk! That sudden tempest of trouble and terror which had
driven Frederick into the Sealing-Wax Office, and the ladies into Mr.
Sutton’s neat flys, gave, I think, on the whole, a zest to their happiness.
The drawing-room at The Elms was a large room, with a rounded end
occupied by a great bow window, which opened like a door into a pretty
conservatory, always gay with flowers. Opposite the fireplace were three
other long and large windows, cut to the floor, from which you looked out
over the long stretch of greensward embosomed in great trees which has
been already described. In summer, the flower beds which were cut in the
grass close under the windows were ablaze with brilliant colour; but in the
meantime, on the afternoon when this story opens, nothing was visible but
an interrupted golden line of crocus, defining each bed, and depending upon
the sun to make the definition successful. When the day was bright the
border bristled all round in close array with spikes of gold; but on this
particular day it was gloomy, and the line was straggling and broken. On a
damp February afternoon the strongest attraction is generally indoors; and
the room was bright enough to satisfy the most difficult critic. Mrs.
Eastwood had, as every mother of a family ought to have, her particular
chair, with her particular little table and footstool, a detached and
commanding position, a genial domestic throne, with the supremacy of
which no one ever interfered. There was room for any one who wanted
counsel to draw a chair by its side, and plenty of room for a big boy to
stretch out his lazy length on the rug at its feet, resting a curly head, it might
be, on the mother’s footstool. Mrs. Eastwood was seated here in her black
gown with violet ribbons, which was her compromise between the world and
her widowhood. Sometimes she went the length of grey and red. I don’t
know what innocent prejudice she had to the effect that grey and red
betokened still some recondite style of mourning; but such was her
prejudice. She would have felt a blue ribbon to be profane. Need I say that
she was plump, and had perhaps a little more colour than when she was
twenty? But there were few wrinkles upon her pleasant face, and no clouds
upon her forehead. She had known grief, innocent and holy, but no trouble of
that wearing kind which saps the strength and steals the courage out of life,
except that one of which the reader has been told; and that, as he has also
been informed, had turned out for the best.
Ellinor was the only other member of the family present, except, indeed,
a certain small Skye terrier, known by the name of Winks, who was a very
important member of the family. As Winks, however, for the present is
asleep coiled up in an easy chair, and happily unobservant of what is going
on, we may leave him for an after occasion, and pass on to the young lady of
the house. What can we say about her? Dear and gentle reader, you know
half-a-hundred just like Nelly. She had brown hair, bright, dancing, brown
eyes, and a nose which, thanks to Mr. Tennyson, we do not require to
describe as retroussé. It was “tip-tilted, like the petal of a flower.” As there
was not a straight line about her anywhere, this delicate little turn was
appropriate. Although, however, it is true that there was no one straight line
about the girl, the combination of a hundred soft curves produced a perfect
pose of figure, light, firm, and elastic, like—well, like most girls of twenty.
What can one say more? Nelly had no settled place like her mother. She was
not restless, nor fidgetty, but she was everywhere at once. I don’t know why
it was necessary that she should be always in motion—for she never crossed
the room or went from one table to another without a reason for it—but
somehow there was a perpetual play of movement and variety in every room
where she was. Even when she was absorbed in the tranquillity of
needlework, the motion of her hand kept things going. She was like a brook:
a soft atmosphere of sound and movement—always soft, always pleasant—
belonged to her by nature; but, like the brook, she tranquillized the
surrounding scenery; or, like a bird, making the quietness seem more
complete by its flitting from one branch to another, and delicious trying over
of its favourite notes. Nelly was not alarmingly good, nor perfect in any way
I know of; but she fulfilled this mission of the girl, which I fear, among
greater aims, is falling a little into disrepute—she filled the whole house
with her youth, her brightness, her gaiety, her overflowing life. No great
demands of any kind had yet been made upon her. Whether she would be
capable of responding to them when they came, no one could tell; but in the
meantime she fulfilled her primitive use with the most thorough
completeness. She was the life of the house.
Mrs. Eastwood had brought in some letters with her to the drawing-room.
They had been delivered at luncheon, and as none looked very pressing, they
had been suffered to wait. This happy household was in no anxiety about its
letters. That continual fear of bad news which afflicts most of us had no
place in the bosom of the easy soul who had but one of her children absent
from her, and he within half-an-hour by railway. She went over them at
leisure, reading here and there a few words aloud. “Fancy, Nelly, Claude
Somerville is going to be married at last,” she said. “I wonder if his people
will think her good enough; but indeed they will never think any one good
enough; and poor little Mary Martin is going out as a governess. Now, how
much better if Claude had married her, and saved such a sad experiment?”
“But did they ever care for each other?” asked Nelly, with open eyes.
“No, I don’t think they did. But what a nice arrangement it would have
been! Whereas the girl he is going to marry is an heiress,” said Mrs.
Eastwood, “and has no need of him, so to speak. Dear me! I do not mean to
speak against Providence; but I should like sometimes to interfere.—Listen!
‘Poor little Mary bears up very bravely. She pretends to make light of it; but
what a change it will be from her home, and her father who spoilt her?’ ”
“Mamma, let us have her here on a long visit,” cried Nelly. “I am sure if
she chose she might spend her life among her friends.”
“She is a very independent little thing,” said Mrs. Eastwood doubtfully.
“Frederick and she were once rather good friends; but you may write to her
if you like, Nelly. It will always be kind. The Claude Somervilles are going
to Italy for their wedding trip. Dear me! why can’t people stay at home? one
hears of nothing but Italy. And, speaking of that, here is an Italian postmark.
I wonder who it comes from.”
A few minutes passed, and Mrs. Eastwood made no further
communication. “Where is it from?” Ellinor asked twice, not caring to be
kept in suspense, for the correspondence of the house, like other things, was
in common. Her mother, however, made no reply. She uttered various half
articulate exclamations—“Dear me! dear me! Poor man; has it really come
to that!” she murmured as she read. “What is it, mamma!” said Ellinor. Mrs.
Eastwood read it all over, cried out, “Good gracious, Nelly!” and then
turning back to the first page, read it over again. When Nelly found it
impossible to bear this suspense any longer, she rose and went behind her
mother’s chair, and looked over her shoulder: “Is it bad news?” she cried,
looking at the cramped lines which she could not make out. “Dear! dear me!
dear me! what shall I do, Nelly?” said Mrs. Eastwood, wringing her hands;
and then she added, “Don’t write to Mary Martin, my dear, here is some one
to be looked to of our own.”
 CHAPTER II.

THE NEWS, AND HOW IT WAS RECEIVED.

Mrs. Eastwood had scarcely uttered these mysterious and affecting words,
when a roll of wheels, a resounding knock, a peal at the outer door,
announced visitors. “Oh, call Brownlow, Nelly, quick, before the door is
opened!” she said. “Oh, Brownlow, stop a moment; I have just heard of a
death in the family. I don’t think I can see any one; I don’t think that I ought
to be able to see any one, Nelly?”
“Who is it, mamma?” cried Nelly, taking possession of the letter. Mrs.
Eastwood took out her handkerchief and put it lightly to her eyes.
“I don’t mean that I was fond of him,” she said, “or could be, for I did not
know him, scarcely—but still it is a shock. It is my brother-in-law, Nelly,
Mr. Vane—whom you have heard of. I wonder now, who it is at the door? If
it is Mrs. Everard, Brownlow, you can let her in; but if it is Lady Dobson, or
Miss Hill, or any other of those people, say I have just heard of a death in the
family. Now run! it must be some one of importance, for there is another
knock at the door.”
“Mr. Vane—why he is not even a relation!” cried Nelly. “There!
Brownlow is sending the people away. My step-aunt’s husband, whom none
of us ever saw——”
“It would be more civil to call him your step-uncle, Nelly. People
generally do—especially as he is dead now, poor man, and never can take
anything upon him. Oh, dear! why, it was Mrs. Barclay, and her brother, Sir
Alexis—people I really wanted to see. How unfortunate! Brownlow, I am
sure I said particularly, Lady Dobson, or Miss Hill, or that kind of person
——”
“You said Mrs. Everard was to come in, mum, and no one else,” said
Brownlow, standing very stiffly erect with his tray, and the card on it, in his
hand.
“That is how it always happens,” said Nelly, “when you say you are not at
home. The nicest people always get sent away: the bores come at other
times, and are admitted as a matter of course. Not to say that one should
always tell the truth; it is the best policy, like honesty, and other good
things.”
“Nelly, you forget yourself,” said Mrs. Eastwood. “When I say not at
home, everybody understands what is meant. But in the present instance
there is no fib. Of course, now we must keep it up for to-day, at least. You
can say, ‘Not a near relation,’ Brownlow; ‘nothing to draw down the blinds
for, but very unexpected and a shock.’ That is enough. Poor man! it is true I
never saw him but twice, and my father never forgave poor Isabella for
marrying him. Poor Isabella! But that is not all, dear. Give me the letter
again.”
“I am reading it, mamma,” said Nelly, and she began to spell it out aloud,
stumbling over the crabbed Italian, and somewhat mazed by mingled
ignorance and wonder. “Here is something about a girl, a young lady. Who is
this young lady, and what did you mean when you said some one of our very
own?”
“I have been a wicked woman,” said Mrs. Eastwood. “When poor
Isabella died, I never asked about the baby; I took it for granted the baby
died too. And I did hate the man so, Nelly; he killed her; I am sure he killed
her. And here has the poor baby been living all the time! I am a wicked
woman. I might have been of some use, and taken her away from that
dreadful man.”
“But she seems to have liked the dreadful man. It says here that she
cannot be consoled. Poor thing! Don’t you know anything about her,
mamma?” cried Nelly. Here Mrs. Eastwood took out her handkerchief once
more, and this time cried in earnest with grief and shame.
“I am a hard-hearted, bad woman!” she said; “Don’t contradict me, Nelly.
A girl that is my own flesh and blood; and I never even inquired after her—
did not know of her existence——”
“Well, mamma, I think I will give you absolution,” said Nelly. “If you did
not know of her existence, how could you inquire after her? Did poor Aunt
Isabella die when she was born?”
“That is the worst of it all,” said Mrs. Eastwood. “I must make a clean
breast of it. I must not deceive myself any more. Yes, I did know of the poor
child’s existence. She must have been six or seven when Isabella died. The
child had the fever too, and I persuaded myself she must have gone with her
mother. For you see, Mr. Vane—poor man, he is dead; we must not speak