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Springer Water

Philippe Gourbesville
Jean Cunge
Guy Caignaert Editors

Advances in
Hydroinformatics
SimHydro 2017—Choosing the Right
Model in Applied Hydraulics
Springer Water
The book series Springer Water comprises a broad portfolio of multi- and
interdisciplinary scientific books, aiming at researchers, students, and everyone
interested in water-related science. The series includes peer-reviewed monographs,
edited volumes, textbooks, and conference proceedings. Its volumes combine all
kinds of water-related research areas, such as: the movement, distribution and
quality of freshwater; water resources; the quality and pollution of water and its
influence on health; the water industry including drinking water, wastewater, and
desalination services and technologies; water history; as well as water management
and the governmental, political, developmental, and ethical aspects of water.

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/13419

Philippe Gourbesville Jean Cunge
•

Guy Caignaert
Editors

Advances
in Hydroinformatics
SimHydro 2017—Choosing the Right Model
in Applied Hydraulics

123
Editors
Philippe Gourbesville Guy Caignaert
Polytech Lab / Polytech Nice Sophia Société Hydrotechnique de France
University Nice Sophia Antipolis Paris
Sophia Antipolis France
France

Jean Cunge
Société Hydrotechnique de France
Paris
France

ISSN 2364-6934 ISSN 2364-8198 (electronic)

Springer Water
ISBN 978-981-10-7217-8 ISBN 978-981-10-7218-5 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7218-5
Library of Congress Control Number: 2017958585

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Preface

Hydroinformatics, defined as management of information related to the water sector

using ICT tools, is a large domain of engineering technology and sciences.
Modelling and simulation are historically the points of departure for hydroinfor-
matics and are one of the most important parts of it. Neither the SimHydro cycle of
international conferences nor the present book has the purpose or ambition to cover
thematically the whole extent of the subjects. The purpose is to concentrate on a
limited number of specific areas and subjects that are not usually considered as such
during most global international conferences.
Modelling in fluid mechanics, hydraulics and hydrology, whether using digital
tools or scale models, has reached sufficient maturity to be in daily use by engineers
for analysis, design and communication. Increasingly complex cases can be han-
dled, thanks to ever-more sophisticated tools and increasingly abundant computing
power. The emerging environment populated with new generation of sensors, using
cloud-computing resources, producing big data, is challenging the current practices
of modelling and requests innovation in methodology and concepts for a real
integration into the decision-making processes. At the same time, the request to
integrate vulnerability and resilience dimensions in the various engineering
approaches is becoming more and more frequent.
With respect to these issues, however, a number of questions still remain open:
coupling of models, data acquisition and management, uncertainties (both epistemic
and random) of results supplied by models, use of 3D CFD models for complex
phenomena and large-scale problems, etc. All these points are continuously
explored and investigated by researchers, scientists and engineers. Like in all sci-
entific domains, most recent and advanced developments have to be discussed and
shared regularly in a growing community. The SimHydro 2017 conference,
following the three previous editions, has contributed to this objective by providing
a platform for exchanges and discussion for the different actors in the water domain.
SimHydro is a permanent cycle of conferences held every 2 years, hosted by
Polytech Nice Sophia and organised by the Société Hydrotechnique de France and
its partners. It aims, as the subject, at recent advances in modelling and hydroin-
formatics and at the participation and exchanges at European scale (it is open to all

v
vi Preface

other researchers and participants but the purpose is to maintain a specific platform
for the region that was a birthplace of both domains).
The latest SimHydro conference was held in Sophia Antipolis, France, from 14
to 16 June 2017. The conference was jointly organised by the Société
Hydrotechnique de France (SHF), the Association Française de Mécanique (AFM),
the University of Nice Sophia Antipolis/Polytech Nice Sophia and with the support
of the International Association for Hydro-Environment Engineering and Research
(IAHR), the Environmental and Water Resources Institute (EWRI) of the American
Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) and the Canadian Society for Civil Engineering
(CSCE). Several sponsors also supported the conference: EDF, CNR, ARTELIA,
SETEC-HYDRATEC, DHI, TENEVIA and GEOMOD. The conference attracted
152 delegates from 42 countries who participated in 20 sessions where 117 papers
were presented. The programme was organised around nine main themes:
1. Hydro-environmental issues. Modelling in eco-hydraulics
2. Uncertainties and data assimilation
3. Scale models in hydraulics and their place and complementarities in simulation
concepts
4. Flow instabilities in hydraulics: how to deal with?
5. Real-time modelling of Hydraulic structures and networks and events
6. Lessons learned from 2015 flash floods in the French Riviera (Côte d’Azur) area
and other similar areas
7. Modelling tools for urban floods (pluvial, fluvial and marine submersions)
8. 3D two-phase flows (experiments and modelling)
9. Hydraulic machineries
Within these general themes, topics like coupling of models, data assimilation
and uncertainties, urban flooding, data and uncertainties in hydraulic modelling,
model efficiency and real situations, new methods for numerical models, hydraulic
machinery, 3D flows in the near field of structure, models for complex phenomena
have been covered. The conference, by attracting researchers, engineers and
decision-makers, has promoted and facilitated the dialogue between communities
with two symposia (Symposium 1: Uncertainty: a real test case on the Garonne
river & Symposium 2: Physical models, their place and their complementarities
with mathematical models in order to optimise hydraulic structure modelling) and
one special session dedicated to the return of experience on the 2015 French Riviera
floods where needs and expectations were widely discussed. Exchanges have been
very fruitful on crucial questions related to sources of uncertainty in modelling, the
crisis management during extreme flood events, the needs for operational fore-
casting systems, the state of the art in research and development in the domain of
numerical fluid mechanics, the stakeholder’s capacity to understand results, the
means for dialogue directly or indirectly between the stakeholders and the model
developers, and the information’s exchange between stakeholders and developers.
In order to contribute to this dialogue and to provide useful references, following
the successful experiences of 2012 and 2014, the organisers of SimHydro 2017
Preface vii

have decided to elaborate this book. This volume gathers a selection of the most
significant contributions received and presented during the conference. The
objective is to provide the reader with an overview of the ongoing developments
and the state of the art taking place in four major themes that are as follows:
• Methods for modelling and uncertainty;
• Hydroinformatics systems and applications;
• Flood simulation and forecasting; and
• Advanced approaches to special and complex hydraulics applications.
Obviously, all dimensions of these themes cannot be covered in a single book.
However, the editors are convinced that the contents may contribute to provide to
the reader essential references for understanding the actual challenges and devel-
opments in these areas of the hydroinformatics field.
This volume represents the sum of the efforts invested by authors, members
of the scientific committee and members of the organising committee. The editors
are also grateful for the dedicated assistance of the reviewers who worked tirelessly
behind the scene to ensure the quality of the papers. We hope this book will serve as
a reference source on hydroinformatics for researchers, scientists, engineers and
managers alike.

Sophia Antipolis Philippe Gourbesville

August 2017 Jean Cunge
Guy Caignaert
Contents

Part I Methods for Modeling & Uncertainty

Large Markov Decision Processes Based Management Strategy of
Inland Waterways in Uncertain Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Guillaume Desquesnes, Guillaume Lozenguez, Arnaud Doniec
and Éric Duviella
Meta-heuristic Optimization Method for the Calibration of Friction
Coefficients in 1-D Open Surface Channel Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Pierre-Loïk Rothé, François-Xavier Cierco, Luc Duron and Pierre Balayn
UPC Architecture for High-Performance Computational
Hydrodynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Tung T. Vu, Alvin Wei Ze Chew and Adrian Wing-Keung Law
Artificial Viscosity Technique: A Riemann-Solver-Free Method for 2D
Urban Flood Modelling on Complex Topography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Bobby Minola Ginting and Ralf-Peter Mundani
Modeling of Interconnected Flat Open-Channel Flow: Application to
Inland Navigation Canals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
P. Segovia, L. Rajaoarisoa, F. Nejjari, V. Puig and E. Duviella
Implicit Formulation for 1D and 2D St Venant Equations—
Presentation of the Method, Validation and Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Thierry Lepelletier and Quentin Araud
Development of a Hydraulic Modelling Platform Within an
Open-Source Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Camille Duran, Thierry Lepelletier and Vincent Mora
Multi-step Flow Routing Using Artificial Neural Networks for
Decision Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Euan Russano and Dirk Schwanenberg

ix
x Contents

Modeling the Flow Around Islands in Rivers Using a One-Dimensional

Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Fabian Franzini, Damien Hoedenaeken and Sandra Soares-Frazão
Measurement of the Free-Surface Elevation for Flows in Complex
Topography Using Photogrammetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Olivier Carlier d’Odeigne, Fabian Franzini,
Guilherme Coutinho Machado Da Rosa, Nils Janssens
and Sandra Soares-Frazão
Numerical Simulation of Landslide Impulsive Waves by WC-MPS
Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Kun Guo and Yee-chung Jin
Uncertainty Quantification for River Flow Simulation Applied to a
Real Test Case: The Garonne Valley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Nicole Goutal, Cedric Goeury, Riadh Ata, Sophie Ricci, Nabil El Mocayd,
M. Rochoux, Hind Oubanas, Igor Gejadze and Pierre-Olivier Malaterre
Uncertainties of a 1D Hydraulic Model with Levee Breaches: The
Benchmark Garonne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Nathalie Bertrand, Maxime Liquet, Denis Moiriat, Lise Bardet
and Claire-Marie Duluc
Uncertainty Quantification for the Gironde Estuary Hydrodynamics
with TELEMAC2D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Vanessya Laborie, Nicole Goutal, Sophie Ricci, Matthias De Lozzo
and Philippe Sergent
Feedback from Uncertainties Propagation Research Projects
Conducted in Different Hydraulic Fields: Outcomes for Engineering
Projects and Nuclear Safety Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Vito Bacchi, Claire-Marie Duluc, Lise Bardet, Nathalie Bertrand
and Vincent Rebour
Navigability Evaluation at a Confluence with Bathymetric
Variability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Thomas F. Viard, Matthieu Sécher, Cédric Goeury and Renaud Barate

Part II Hydroinformatics Systems & Applications

Decision Support System Architecture for Real-Time Water
Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Philippe Gourbesville, Mingxuan Du, Elodie Zavattero, Qiang Ma
and Marc Gaetano
Contents xi

Groundwater Modeling for a Decision Support System: The Lower

Var Valley, Southeastern France . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
Mingxuan Du, Elodie Zavattero, Qiang Ma, Philippe Gourbesville
and Olivier Delestre
2D Surface Water Quality Model: A Forecasting Tool for Accidental
Pollution in Urban River—Application to the Var River, France . . . . . 285
Elodie Zavattero, Yunpeng Zhai, Meichun Qin, Mingxuan Du,
Philippe Gourbesville and Olivier Delestre
Application of a Two-Dimensional Water Quality Model
(CE-QUAL-W2) to the Thermal Impact Assessment of a
Pumped-Storage Hydropower Plant Project in a Mountainous
Reservoir (Matalavilla, Sil River, Spain) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
Anaïs Ramos-Fuertes, Antoni Palau and Josep Dolz
Design and Monitoring of River Restoration Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
Arnaud de Bonviller, Julien Berthelot, Benjamin Seurot, Olivier Barbet
and Jean-Phillipe Vandelle
Real-Time Reservoir Operation for Drought Management
Considering Operational Ensemble Predictions of Precipitation in
Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
Daisuke Nohara, Tomoharu Hori and Yoshinobu Sato
Development of Reservoir Management Optimal Rules: Case of
Hammam Boughrara Dam, Wilaya of Tlemcen, Algeria . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
Saad Dahmani, Ahmed Ferhait, Djilali Yebdri, Rabah Bounoua
and Hakim Djafer Khodja
A Multilevel Uncertainty-Based Approach for Optimal Irrigation
Scheduling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
Sedigheh Anvari, S. Jamshid Mousavi and Saeed Morid
Implementation of River Information Services in Europe . . . . . . . . . . . 373
Martin Misik, Stanislav Vanecek, Jozef Stoklasa, Marián Kučera
and Aurelien Gasc
Assessment of Land Use Change Impacts on Hydrological Regimes
in Haihe River Basin, China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
Zhengmiao Li and Qiang Ma
Assessment of Deterministic Model over Long Time Period
Hydrological Simulation at Ungauged Mediterranean Catchment . . . . . 393
Qiang Ma, Elodie Zavattero, Mingxuan Du and Philippe Gourbesville
xii Contents

Comparing Model Effectiveness on Simulating Catchment

Hydrological Regime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
Ngoc Duong Vo, Quang Binh Nguyen, Chi Hieu Le, Tien Dat Doan,
Van Hoa Le and Philippe Gourbesville
Dam Break Simulation Using DHI-MIKE21 in the Eg Hydropower
Plant, Mongolia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
Janrai Soninbayar and Philippe Audra
Flow Forecasting System Downstream the Itaipu Dam . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423
José M. Quevedo, Giovanni Gomes, Auder M. Lisboa
and Mariana M. Werlang
Modularity Index for Optimal Sensor Placement in WDNs . . . . . . . . . . 433
Antonietta Simone, Daniele Laucelli, Luigi Berardi
and Orazio Giustolisi
Robustness of Parameter-Less Remote Real-Time Pressure Control in
Water Distribution Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449
Philip R. Page, Adnan M. Abu-Mahfouz, Olivier Piller,
Matome L. Mothetha and Muhammad S. Osman
Pressure Management Strategies for Water Loss Reduction
in Large-Scale Water Piping Networks: A Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465
Kazeem B. Adedeji, Yskandar Hamam, Bolanle T. Abe
and Adnan M. Abu-Mahfouz

Part III Flood Simulation & Forecasting

Creation and Life of an Operational Crisis Management Centre in
Nice Metropolis: Consolidation of Flood Events Handling Using
Feedbacks Following the 3rd October Flood Event . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483
Yannick Dorgigné, Morgan Abily, Leslie Salvan
and Philippe Gourbesville
Semi-automatic Maps for 2015 French Riviera Floods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497
Frédéric Pons, Mathieu Alquier and Isabelle Roux
Combining Numerical Rainfall Forecasts and Realtime Observations
to Improve Early Inundation Warnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515
Tsun-Hua Yang, Gong-Do Hwang and Xiu-Man Huang
Urban Flood Analysis Model for Plain Tidal River
Network Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525
Nianqiang Zhang, Na Li, Jing Wang, Sheng Chen and Hailei Huang
Flood Forecasting and Water Management System for Thailand . . . . . . 541
Hansen Finn, Børge Storm, Bertrand Richaud, Anders Klinting
and Aurelien Gasc
Contents xiii

Flood Modelling Framework for Kuching City, Malaysia:

Overcoming the Lack of Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559
Dongeon Kim, Yabin Sun, Dadiyorto Wendi, Ze Jiang, Shie-Yui Liong
and Philippe Gourbesville
Error Correcting and Combining Multi-model Flood
Forecasting Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569
Konrad Bogner, Katharina Liechti and Massimiliano Zappa
Modeling of Flash Floods in Wadi Systems Using a Robust Shallow
Water Model—Case Study El Gouna, Egypt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579
Franziska Tügel, Ilhan Özgen, Reinhard Hinkelmann, Ahmed Hadidi
and Uwe Tröger
Experimental and Numerical Study of Stability of Vehicles
Exposed to Flooding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595
Manuel Gómez, Eduardo Martínez and Beniamino Russo
Xynthia Flood, Learning from the Past Events—Introducing a
FRI to Stakeholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607
Jelena Batica, Philippe Gourbesville, Marc Erlich, Christophe Coulet
and Adrien Mejean
Coastal Risk Management Plan in Saint-Malo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621
Jean-Paul Ducatez, Erwan Lecornec, Guillaume Kerambrun
and Sandrine Vidal
CFD Simulation of a Tsunami Impacting a Coastal City Including
Numerous Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629
Charles Audiffren, Valérie Forgues and Richard Marcer
Coupled 1D/2D Hydraulic Simulation of the Model Muri . . . . . . . . . . . 641
Tariq Chibane, André Paquier and Saâdia Benmamar
Development of a Modelling Tool of the Seine River and Its Main
Tributaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659
Renaud Rohan, Arielle Masson, Christian Arlet, Adlane Rebaï,
Claudine Jost and Carine Chaléon
Analysis of Flood and Dry Threshold Definition in Two-Dimensional
Hydrodynamic Flood Modeling Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675
Leslie Salvan, Elodie Zavattero, Olivier Delestre and Philippe Gourbesville
Hydrodynamic Coupling Method for Stormwater Studies in Suburban
Catchments—Study Case of the Magnan Basin, Nice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 689
Leslie Salvan, Morgan Abily and Philippe Gourbesville
xiv Contents

Large-Scale GIS-Based Urban Flood Modelling: A Case Study

on the City of Ouagadougou . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 703
Christophe Bouvier, Nanée Chahinian, Marko Adamovic, Claire Cassé,
Anne Crespy, Agnès Crès and Matias Alcoba
Review and Optimization of Carrying Capacity of Urban
Drainage System Based on ArcGIS and SWMM Model . . . . . . . . . . . . 719
Jiayi Wang, Lianjun Zhao, Chao Zhu and Bingxue Shi
Flood Risk Assessment: A View of Climate Change Impact at
Vu Gia Thu Bon Catchment, Vietnam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 727
Ngoc Duong Vo and Philippe Gourbesville

Part IV Advanced Approaches to Special and Complex Hydraulics

Applications
Modelling in Applied Hydraulics: More Accurate in Decision-Making
Than in Science? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 741
Erik Mosselman
15 Years of Composite Modelling to Enhance Hydraulic Structures
Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 751
Sébastien Erpicum, Benjamin Dewals, Pierre Archambeau
and Michel Pirotton
Practical Capacities and Challenges of 3D CFD Modelling:
Feedback Experience in Engineering Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 767
Vincent Libaud, Christophe Daux and Yanis Oukid
Determination of the Overflow of a Stormwater Regulator Using
Numerical Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 781
Julien Schaguene, Guillaume Barjot, Benoit Dumout, Olivier Bertrand
and Caroline Girard
Study on Recirculation Between Intakes and Outfalls of
Desalination Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 795
Jie Song, Chunyan Tang, Carlos Serrano Moreno, Myung Eun Lee
and Adrian Wing-Keung Law
Experimental Investigation of Free Surface Gradients in a 90° Angled
Asymmetrical Open Channel Confluence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 803
Stéphan Creëlle, Lukas Engelen, Laurent Schindfessel, Pedro X. Ramos
and Tom De Mulder
Modelling Flow Under Baffle Sluice Gates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 821
Pierre Le Faucheux, David Dorchies, Xuefang Li, Souha Gamri,
Cyril Dejean, Séverine Tomas and Gilles Belaud
Contents xv

Hybrid Model Study of the Clichy Sewage Pretreatment Plant . . . . . . . 835

Sébastien Roux, Pierre Balayn, Bernard Brachet, Pauline Bertrand,
Frédéric Prin, Hélène Darras and Luca Pinardi
Physical and 3D Numerical Simulations of the Flow in the Tailrace of
a Hydroelectric Power Plant to Design Fishway Entries . . . . . . . . . . . . . 855
Agnès Leroy, Pierre Bourqui, Lionel Dumond and Giovanni De Cesare
Hybrid Modelling Approach to Study Scour Potential
at Chancy-Pougny Dam Stilling Basin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 869
Davide Wüthrich, Sabine Chamoun, Erik Bollaert, Giovanni De Cesare
and Anton J. Schleiss
Three-Dimensional Numerical Modeling for Flow Analysis
Inside a Pumping Station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 885
Olivier Bertrand, Pierre-Etienne Loisel, Caroline Girard,
Pierre-François Demenet and Julien Schaguene
Experimental Study at Prototype Scale of a Self-priming
Free-Surface Siphon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 899
Giovanni De Cesare, Khalid Essyad, Paloma Furlan, Vu Nam Khuong
and Sean Mulligan
Numerical Simulation of Mixed Flows in Hydroelectric Circuits
with Temporary Flows Flowmix Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 913
Christian Bourdarias, Stéphane Gerbi and Victor Winckler
Modelization and Simulation of Francis Turbine Inter-blade
Vortices in Partial Load Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 931
Sofien Bouajila, James Brammer, Emmanuel Flores, Claire Ségoufin
and Thierry Maître
Hybrid RANS/LES Approach: An Accurate Methodology to Predict
S-Shape Region of Reversible Pump-Turbines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 947
Clément Jacquet, Regiane Fortes Patella, Laetitia Balarac
and Jean-Bernard Houdeline
“Low Cost” Approaches for the Prediction of Rotating Instabilities
in the Vaneless Diffuser of a Radial Flow Pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 965
Banglun Zhou, Antoine Dazin, Annie-Claude Bayeul-Lainé,
Jianping Yuan, Yaguang Heng, Patrick Dupont and Najib Ouarzazi
New Prototype of a Kinetic Turbine for Artificial Channels . . . . . . . . . 981
Cécile Münch-Alligné, Sylvain Richard, Anthony Gaspoz,
Vlad Hasmatuchi and Nino Brunner
Combination of a Particle Swarm Optimization and Nelder–Mead
Algorithm in a Diffuser Shape Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 997
Prokop Moravec and Pavel Rudolf
xvi Contents

Multiphase Modeling of Hydrosystems Using OpenFOAM . . . . . . . . . . 1013

Tabea Broecker, Katharina Teuber, Waldemar Elsesser
and Reinhard Hinkelmann
Tridimensional Model Coupling Using Schwarz Methodology—
Application to a Water Intake of a Hydroelectric Plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1031
Mehdi Pierre Daou, Olivier Bertrand, Eric Blayo and Antoine Rousseau
Investigation of the Cavitation Within Venturi Tube: Influence of the
Generated Vortex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1049
Jiří Kozák, Pavel Rudolf, Martin Hudec, Ondřej Urban, David Štefan,
Rostislav Huzlík and Martin Čala
U-RANS Simulations and PIV Measurements of a Self-excited
Cavitation Vortex Rope in a Francis Turbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1069
Jean Decaix, Andres Müller, Arthur Favrel, François Avellan
and Cécile Münch
Evaluating 3D Hydraulic Conditions to Favour Sediment Transport
and Erosion Through a Reservoir: Hybrid Modelling of
Champagneux Run-of-River Dam on the Rhône River, France . . . . . . . 1085
Damien Alliau, Magali Decachard, Carole Wirz, Christophe Peteuil,
Sylvain Reynaud and Antoine Vollant
Numerical Modeling of a Granular Collapse Immersed in a
Viscous Fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1099
Edouard Izard, Laurent Lacaze, Thomas Bonometti and Annaïg Pedrono
Simulation of Levee Breach Using Delft Models: A Case Study
of the Drava River Flood Event . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1117
Igor Kerin, Sanjay Giri and Damir Bekić
Comparision Between Models Used to Simulate Dam-Break Flows
over a Mobile Bed Made of Different Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1133
Ilaria Fent, Sylvie Van Emelen and Sandra Soares-Frazão
Experimental Study of Flows in a Converging Channel Followed
by a Prismatic Channel with Stairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1149
Meriem Chetibi, Sébastien Proust and Sâadia Benmamar
Protocol Development to Determine Dispersion Coefficient
of Conservative Solution in Mobile Bed Model Tank Experiment
Using Resource Modeling Associates (RMA) Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1163
Baiti R. Maudina, Dwinanti R. Marthanty and Herr Soeryantono
Distributed Hydrodynamic Model of the Rich and Coarse Sediment
Area of the Yellow River Basin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1175
Wenyi Yao, Lingling Wang, Jingwei Yao and Mian Li
Contents xvii

Flow Near Groynes: Experimental or Computational Approaches . . . . . 1191

Quang Binh Nguyen, Ngoc Duong Vo and Philippe Gourbesville
Preliminary Experimental Study on the Effect of the Sediment-Laden
River on WES Practical Weir’s Discharge Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1207
Chao Zhu, Lianjun Zhao and Jiayi Wang
Assessing Impact of Construction Work on River Morphology
with TELEMAC-3D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1217
Quang Binh Nguyen, Ngoc Duong Vo and Philippe Gourbesville
 Part I
Methods for Modeling & Uncertainty

This part of the book contains a selection of papers presented at SimHydro 2017
and belonging to two areas:
• Methods for modelling and uncertainty problems in modelling and
• Use of models.
In time, these two subjects were considered as one area. The question was how
good were models, i.e. how certain was the quality of solution of the original
equations given the algorithm and software applied. The situation changed and now
the uncertainty concerns the much wider field of questions. Problems of methods
for a number of years have been rather occulted by engineering community because
of the everyday use of commercial software and an unfortunate idea that entered the
minds of many, namely, that now everything can be modelled and that modelling
solves all problems. New methods and algorithms were developed and known
mainly by research community and were not massively employed because of
commercial software easy to obtain and offer user-friendly interfaces. The situation
seems to evolve and, precisely, SimHydro conferences allow each time the pro-
jection of new methods towards engineering community through a number of
specific papers like those found in this part of the book.
Coming back to the uncertainty problems, some papers presented here enter
conceptual levels that change the category of traditional approach. In engineering
project and practice, when modelling is concerned, next to everything is uncertain:
• First: do you need a model? A model of what? Do you know the phenomena
you wish to model? Hopefully, you do not expect that you will discover
physical phenomena using models that are solutions of equations that describe
these phenomena, what means that the latter are already known!
• Then: since known equations describe the physical laws that govern problems
of your interest, what is the certainty of their numerical solutions provided by
given algorithm?
2 Part I: Methods for Modeling & Uncertainty

• Then: are the data such as topography and similar sufficiently well known and
introduced in the model to be at the level of required certainty of the results of
the latter?
• Then: suppose you are interested in flooding problem and you use some
industrial simulation software, are you sure that if through some tuning of
resistance coefficients you could reproduce past observed flood, then the
results for exceptional catastrophic ungauged flood will be as good? And if
not, how good?
• Other level of uncertainty: how certain are information concerning the possi-
bility of catastrophic dyke breaking along the river as compared to the
uncertainty of results obtained from possibly best modelling of open channel
flow system? What is the uncertainty of the conclusion of studies face to the
question of a decision-making manager: ‘when, at which discharge observed
upstream, should I evacuate cities and industries situated in lateral valley
protected by dykes that can break?’. Here, we are not any longer at the level of
uncertainty of the results of modelling but at the level of uncertainty of con-
sequences of decisions that, nevertheless, are based or conditioned by the
results of the models. In other terms, the uncertainty in water resources
management and engineering becomes the subject of overall approach, and
traditional sensitivity studies (Monte Carlo and similar) of the given model
results are standard peripheral activity. Not surprisingly, this general approach
appearing in some papers of this part of SimHydro 2017 comes from nuclear
safety domain, and they no doubt promise future developments and
applications.

Philippe Gourbesville
Jean Cunge
Guy Caignaert
Large Markov Decision Processes Based
Management Strategy of Inland
Waterways in Uncertain Context

Guillaume Desquesnes, Guillaume Lozenguez, Arnaud Doniec

and Éric Duviella

1 Introduction

It is now well recognized that human activities have a big impact on climate
change. It is mainly due to the emission of greenhouse gas (GHG). The last report
of IPCC [1] indicate that anthropogenic GHG emissions “came by 11% from
transport” from 2000 to 2010. They recommend technical and behavioral mitigation
measures in the transport sector. One solution should be a shift of the truck traffic to
the inland waterway network that would provide both economic and environment
benefits [2, 3]. These mitigation measures are also advocated by the last historical
agreement of the COP21 in Paris. This one aims at limiting the temperature increase
to 1.5 °C from 2100. By focalizing on inland navigation, it is thus expected an
increase of traffic [4], with an estimated growth of 35% [5], and an increase of the
frequency and intensity of flood and drought periods in close future. Management
of inland waterways must deal with this new challenge.
An inland waterway network (IWN) is a large scale system build by humans, to
responds to their needs, which can be divided in reaches connected by locks. To
allow navigation, the level of a reach has to be in a certain range called the
navigation rectangle. The role of IWN managers consists in minimizing the time
where reaches are outside of their navigation rectangle, by optimizing the water

G. Desquesnes (&)
G. Lozenguez
A. Doniec
É. Duviella

IMT Lille Douai, URIA, 59000 Lille, France
e-mail: guillaume.desquesnes@mines-douai.fr
G. Lozenguez
e-mail: guillaume.lozenguez@mines-douai.fr
A. Doniec
e-mail: arnaud.doniec@mines-douai.fr
É. Duviella
e-mail: eric.duviella@mines-douai.fr

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2018 3

P. Gourbesville et al. (eds.), Advances in Hydroinformatics, Springer Water,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7218-5_1
4 G. Desquesnes et al.

resource allocation amongst reaches using locks, gates or pumps. It allows to avoid
important economic and ecological costs.
To overcome this issue, efficient adaptive water resource management strategies
have been designed in [6] dealing with the expected constraints. These management
strategies allow determining the resilience of IWN and optimizing water resource
allocation. However, the used approaches are based on deterministic model of IWN
and are limited when uncertainties have to be considered. For instance, the exact
number of boats crossing the locks every day is not always known, uncontrolled
withdrawals and water intakes are located along the reaches, exchanges with
groundwater can occur and obviously weather phenomena will influence the water
levels. Hence, it is necessary to introduce a stochastic modeling of the inland water
networks. The IWN are modeled as large Markov Decision Processes (MDP), as
introduced in [7], taking into account uncertainties to obtain a resilient planning for
the network. This model is tested with real data from the IWN of the north of
France.
This article is organized as follows: first we introduce more formally the inland
waterway networks and its operation. Then in a second part, we will quickly
introduce Markov Decision Processes and the modeling of IWN using such for-
malism. Finally, the results and resilience from the modeling of real data will be
presented.

2 Inland Waterway Network Management

An inland waterway network (see Fig. 1) is a large scale system, mostly used for
navigation. It can provide safe and efficient transports of goods [8]. It is mostly
composed of interconnected canalized rivers and artificial channels that are divided
by locks. Any part of a river or channel separated by at least two locks is a
navigational reach. For simplicity sake, navigational reach will be called reach for
the rest of this article.
The goal of an inland waterway manager is to maintain a correct level of water in
all reaches to make navigation possible. This level has to respect conditions defined
by the navigation rectangle of the reach (see Fig. 2) and be as close as possible from
the Normal Navigation Level (NNL). The lower and upper boundaries of the
navigation rectangle are respectively the Lowest Navigation Level (LNL) and the
Highest Navigation Level (HNL). The non-respect of the navigation rectangle could
results in damage of both the network and the boat and so forbid navigation.
For normal situations, boats crossing locks is the main perturbation of the water
level, since using a lock drains water from a reach towards another reach. Multiple
other factors affect the water level, such as ground exchanges, natural rivers joining
in a reach, the weather and other unknown exchanges, like illegal discharges. Locks
are not dedicated to control water level as they are only tools to help compensate the
difference of elevations in the network. However, specialized structures are presents
all over the network to control the level of water. Structures, such as gates or dams
Large Markov Decision Processes Based Management … 5

Fig. 1 Small part of the north of France IWN

Fig. 2 NNL and navigation rectangle

are used to send water downstream and when available, pumps can be used to send
some upstream. Those are the mains structures used to displace the water resource
between the reaches of the network.
At the moment, navigation is only allowed during daytime periods, with few
exceptions, notably on Sunday. Reaches management is based on human expertise
gathered over time. However, new policies leading to traffic increase and climate
change will impose new constraints that will heavily impact the current manage-
ment strategies. An adaptive and resilient approach based on Markov Decision
6 G. Desquesnes et al.

Processes has been proposed to anticipate the impact of those constraints and ensure
the navigation requirements at each point of the network. It determines a global
planning for the water distribution on the whole network by taking into account the
uncertainties of climate events and of the navigation demand. The allocation of
water is planned over a certain horizon to allow better anticipation of possible future
events. Information on the current state of the inland waterway network is col-
lectable in real time through a network of level sensors equipping the reaches.

3 Markov Decision Process

3.1 Definition

Markov Decision Process (MDP) is a generic framework modeling control possi-

bility of stochastic of stochastic dynamic system as a probabilistic automaton. The
framework is well adapted to the inland waterway network supervision since the
state of the network is fully observable (in state of water volumes) and the control is
uncertain due to uncontrolled water transit.
A MDP is defined as a tuple 〈S, A, T, R〉 with S and A respectively the finite state
and action sets that define the system and its control possibilities. T is the transition
function defined as T: S  A  S ! [0, 1]. T(s, a, s′) is the probability to reach the
state s’ after doing the action a in state s. The reward function R is defined as R:
S  A  S ! ℝ, R(s, a, s′) gives the reward obtained by attaining state s′ after
executing a from s.
A policy function p: S ! A is an assignation of action to each system state.
Optimally solving a MDP consists in finding an optimal policy p* that maximizes
the expected reward. p* maximizes the value function of Bellman equation [9]:
X
V p ðsÞ ¼ Tðs; pðsÞ; s0 Þ  ðRðs; pðsÞ; s0 Þ þ V p ðs0 ÞÞ ð1Þ
s0 2S

Multiple algorithms exists to solve optimally a MDP, a notable version is Value

Iteration [10].

3.2 Application to the Inland Waterway Management

A quick simplified reminder of the modeling of IWN using Markov Decision

Process, introduced in [7] is proposed here. The aim is to plan the best course of
actions for the entire network over s time steps, under possibly evolving conditions.
For example, the fluvial traffic could have an unexpected increase on some reaches,
leading to an increased locks usage; a sudden downpour would increase the vol-
umes of affected reaches.
Large Markov Decision Processes Based Management … 7

A time step represents a period of twelve hours in the network. At the moment,
they model the active navigation periods during daytime and the inactive periods
during the night. Large time steps are used to smooth the uncertainties on the traffic
and other temporal variations, as well as considering the water level to be uniform
on each reach.

3.2.1 Definition of States and Actions

A state of the system, will represent the complete value of the network at a given
time, and thus be an assignation of volumes for each reach of the network at a given
time step. Similarly, an action will represent the amount of water moved by each
transfer point (lock, pump, gate or dam) corresponding to the decision of a
manager.
However, the MDP formalism requires discrete states and actions set. Since the
volumes observed (obtained from level measures) and transferred between each
reach are continuous, they had to be discretized in intervals. All possible volumes of
the reach are divided in regulars intervals (see Fig. 3), with the exception of the first
and last intervals. They represent values outside of the navigation rectangle, so
respectively all values under the LNL and over the HNL. To simplify the model,
they are considered to be of infinite size. Transfer points follow a similar dis-
cretization, however as they are considered fully controllable they do not have
intervals of infinite size.
Formally, the set of states S is defined as the combination of all possible intervals
of each reach at all time steps. In a network of N reaches the set can be written as:

Fig. 3 Discretization of a reach water volume in intervals

8 G. Desquesnes et al.

Y
N
S ¼ f0; . . .; sg  ½0; riout  ð2Þ
i¼1

Having the time step modeled in the state add the possibility to express temporal
probabilities on uncontrolled or unknown inputs and outputs of the network.
Similarly the set of actions A is defined as the combination of the intervals of
volumes transferred by each transfer point. Unlike the states, actions are time
independent as, the assumption is made that the control capacities don’t change
over time. A is defined as:
Y
A¼ Ai; j ð3Þ
i; j2½0;N 2

where Ai; j is the set of possible volumes intervals for points of transfer linking reach
i to reach j. The reach with identifier 0 represents external elements, such as external
rivers, that connects and is able to bring or take from any managed reach. The status
of those external elements is not modeled in the state, they might correspond to
reaches of a foreign country managed by another organism. It is important to note
that the number of transfer points is limited as the inland waterway network is
sparsely connected. In all transfer points Ai; j , between two unconnected reaches
i and j, no transfer is possible ðAi; j ¼ f0gÞ.
Details on the transition function construction will not be presented in this article. It
simply corresponds to the probability of uncertain water displacement that take into
account the discretization. More information and details are available in [7].

3.2.2 Reward Function

The objective of the planning is to maintain all reaches within their navigation
rectangle and to try to minimize their distance to their NNL. This corresponds to the
following function, to maximize, defined in cooperation with expert of the man-
agement of inland waterways.
8 0 2 0
XN < ðNNLi  ris Þ if ris 2 Reci
0 0
Rðs; a; s Þ ¼ f ðaÞ  g2 if ris \ Reci ¼ ; ð4Þ
: 0 0
i¼1 ð0:5  gÞ2 if ris \ Reci 6¼ ; and ris 62 Reci

where the function f(a) represent costs relative to the usage of the different transfer
points. For example, using an electric pump costs more than opening a gate. This
function will be highly specific to each reach and network. NNLi is the volume
0
corresponding to the NNL of reach i. ris is the volumes of reach i in state s′. g is a
penalty cost for halting the navigation when the water level is fully outside of the
Large Markov Decision Processes Based Management … 9

navigation rectangle. Half the cost is applied when the interval is only partially
outside the rectangle of navigation.
This reward function penalized drastically the distance to the NNL, with a
prohibitive cost when outside of the navigation rectangle. A smaller cost is used
optimize the choice of transfer points used.

4 Application on Real Data

The Douai-Fontinettes-Grand Carré subnetwork in the north of France inland

waterway network has been modeled using the proposed modeling and plan over.
This network is composed of three reaches with different navigations conditions
(see Table 1). The three reaches, represented by circles, are connected by gates and
locks, as arrows (see Fig. 4). Those reaches are connected to unmodeled part of the
network by transfer points (arrows: 0, 1, 2, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11) that consists in locks,
gates and external rivers. Their water levels are divided in 12 intervals, 10 of them
with a fixed size, the first and last are considered of infinite size. In this scenario,
only three transfer points are controllable by the manager of the subnetwork
(arrows: 4, 6, 11), with respectively 124, 375 and 352 actions each.
Multiple operating scenarios corresponding to real case applications have been
proposed to test the proposed planning approach. All those scenarios are over eight
12 h time steps corresponding to 4 days. The traffic values for each lock correspond
to the average traffic of the subnetwork for a single period (see Table 2). The
minimum and maximum transfer capacity of controllable transfer points are fixed
and supposed to be the same for each scenario (see Table 3). The values transferred
by each other transfer points will be dependent of the scenarios and so will be
introduced during their presentation. The planning of all scenarios has not been
subject to variations, however those will be present during the simulations to test
the resilience. Due to the size of the model, a distributed version of the algorithm
had to be used for the resolution. This lead to solutions that are local optimum. The
decomposition of the subnetwork for the distribution is shown by the different
colors of transfer points (see Fig. 4).
As actions of the modeled network corresponds to intervals of volumes by each
controllable transfer point, the simulations use random values drawn from each
interval of the chosen action instead of choosing the best or average values.

Table 1 Network properties

Reach Name LNL (m3) NNL HNL Interval size
(m3) (m3) (m3)
0 Douai-Don-Cuinchy 8,660,177 8,778,810 9,016,076 26,363
1 Cuinchy-Fontinettes 9,348,300 9,458,280 9,568,260 24,440
2 Don-Grand-Carré 3,766,098 3,824,038 3,881,978 12,876
10 G. Desquesnes et al.

Fig. 4 Decomposition of the subnetwork

Table 2 Average traffic and volumes transferred per lock per 12 h

Lock 0 3 5 7 9
Traffic (boat) 21 13 14 10 16
Volumes (m3) 140,889 45,838 82,656 230,000 117,424

Table 3 Controllable transfer points capacities per 12 h

Transfer points 4 6 11
Volumes (m3) 0–432,000 0–1,296,000 0–2,592,000

The goal is to have a better perception of quality of the interval selected by the
policy. Because the volumes transferred are chosen randomly, fives simulations
were made for each scenario. This help visualizing the consequences of the random
selection of transferred volumes of the used policy. A single policy is produced for
each scenario but is simulated on different conditions, both expected and unex-
pected. Five different conditions are tested per scenario. The first three tests cor-
respond to expected conditions of traffic and water availability. In the first test, all
reaches start at their NNL, in the second they start close to their HNL and in the
third one they begin close to their LNL. In the last two tests, the traffic is respec-
tively 10% higher and lower than the expected at all time.
Large Markov Decision Processes Based Management … 11

4.1 Normal Conditions

The first scenario corresponds to the normal conditions of navigation, with navi-
gation allowed only during daytime periods. No perturbation are anticipated on the
network and the expected traffic corresponds to the average value. The volumes
transferred by the uncontrollable transfer points in this scenario are defined in
Table 4.
On Fig. 5, it is possible to see the evolution of the relative distance of the three
reaches to their NNL over time under normal condition and expected traffic, with a
value of 100 corresponding to a volume at the HNL and a value at −100 to the
LNL. One can see the volumes of the three reaches oscillating around their
respective NNL. The oscillations are due to the discretization of both the state and
action in interval. An interval of volume corresponds to a single state, which means
a single action from the policy, however the optimal actions for two opposite points
in the interval might be different. For example, if an interval englobes the NNL, the
optimal choice for the upper part of the interval would be to decrease the volumes
while for the lower part it would be preferable to increase it. The impact of the
oscillation is dependent on the size of the intervals, and smaller discretization would
lead to better results but with an increased size of the model.
If the reaches start from a suboptimal position (see Figs. 6 and 7), they are able
to recover to a solution close to their NNL by following the planning produced. It is

Table 4 Uncontrollable volumes per 12 h

Transfer point 1 2 8 10
Volumes (m3) 283,392 −43,200 27,216 51,840

Fig. 5 Normal conditions, starting from the NNL

12 G. Desquesnes et al.

Fig. 6 Starting close to the HNL

Fig. 7 Starting close to the LNL

possible to see that coming back from the LNL is easier than from the HNL. This
due to the fact that, in this network, storing water is easier than removing it.
The last two experimentations consist in having respectively an increase (see
Fig. 8) or decrease (see Fig. 9) of the traffic compared to the expected value. In
both cases the reaches manage to stay relatively close to their NNL, even if the
limits, of the plan resilience, seem to be showing in the case of a smaller traffic than
expected as, reach 0 has trouble to reduce its water level.
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