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Textbook Isoflavones Chemistry Analysis Function and Effects 1St Edition Victor R Preedy Ebook All Chapter PDF
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Food and Nutritional Components in Focus
Isoflavones
Chemistry, Analysis, Function and Effects
Isoflavones
Chemistry, Analysis, Function and Effects
Food and Nutritional Components in Focus
Series Editor:
Professor Victor R Preedy, School of Medicine, King’s College London, UK
Edited by
Victor R Preedy
School of Medicine, King’s College London, UK
Food and Nutritional Components in Focus No. 5
ISBN: 978-1-84973-419-6
ISSN: 2045-1695
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Apart from fair dealing for the purposes of research for non-commercial purposes or for
private study, criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents
Act 1988 and the Copyright and Related Rights Regulations 2003, this publication may not
be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior
permission in writing of The Royal Society of Chemistry or the copyright owner, or in the
case of reproduction in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright
Licensing Agency in the UK, or in accordance with the terms of the licences issued by the
appropriate Reproduction Rights Organization outside the UK. Enquiries concerning
reproduction outside the terms stated here should be sent to The Royal Society of
Chemistry at the address printed on this page.
The RSC is not responsible for individual opinions expressed in this work.
Printed in the United Kingdom by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY, UK
Preface
In the past three decades there have been major advances in our under-
standing of the chemistry and function of nutritional components. This has
been enhanced by rapid developments in analytical techniques and instru-
mentation. Chemists, food scientists and nutritionists are, however, separated
by divergent skills, and professional disciplines. Hitherto this transdisci-
plinary divide has been difficult to bridge.
The series Food and Nutritional Components in Focus aims to cover in a single
volume the chemistry, analysis, function and effects of single components in the
diet or its food matrix. Its aim is to embrace scientific disciplines so that
information becomes more meaningful and applicable to health in general.
The series Food and Nutritional Components in Focus covers the latest
knowledge base and has a structured format.
Isoflavones has four major sections, namely:
Isoflavones in Context
Chemistry and Biochemistry
Analysis
Function and Effects
The first section covers phytoestrogens in health and plants, then material on
isoflavones in foods and the diet. The chemistry and biochemistry section
covers structures, bioconversion and biotransformation, the human estrogen
receptor, homonuclear NMR spectroscopy, genistein, daidzein, xenoestrogens,
methylated derivatives and non-natural isoflavonoids. The section on analysis
includes foods, beverages, nuts, traditional medicines, herbs, pharmacologically
active isoflavones, plasma and urine. Methodology encompasses microwave-
extraction, HPLC, LC-MS/MS and LC-UV/PDA and many other techniques.
Finally, the section on function and effects covers ingestion of isoflavones by
v
vi Preface
different populations, isoflavones in beverages, inherited metabolic diseases,
mucopolysaccharidoses, clinical trials, obesity, inflammation in adipose tissue,
menopausal vasomotor syndrome, estrogenic activity, testicular function,
thyroid function, gastric cancer, learning and memory, prenatal exposure, cell
proliferation, bone, NMDA and GABA receptors, and insulin secretion.
Individual isoflavones are also described, such as daidzein, genistein and gly-
citein, as well as their derivatives, such as equol and tetrahydroxyisoflavone. As
isoflavones occur within a complex plant matrix, other estrogenic and bioactive
compounds in isoflavones-rich foods, e.g. coumestrol, are described for com-
parative reference.
Each chapter transcends the intellectual divide with a novel cohort of fea-
tures namely by containing:
Abstract
Summary Points
Key Facts (areas of focus explained for the lay person)
Definitions of Words and Terms
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Absorption, Metabolism and Excretion of Isoflavones 4
1.3 Mechanisms of Action of Isoflavones 5
1.4 Clinical Effects of Isoflavones 6
1.4.1 Cardiovascular Health 6
1.4.2 The Brain 6
1.4.3 Bone Health 7
1.4.4 Breast Cancer 7
1.4.5 Prostate Cancer 8
1.4.6 Menopausal Symptoms 8
1.5 Areas in Dispute 8
Summary Points 9
Key Facts 9
List of Abbreviations 10
References 10
vii
viii Contents
2.3 Chemical Features of Plant Isoflavones 17
2.4 Biosynthesis of Isoflavones 18
2.5 Localisation of Isoflavones in Plants 19
2.6 Biological Function of Isoflavones in Plants 22
2.6.1 Interaction of Isoflavones with
Micro-organisms of the Rhizosphere 22
2.6.2 Isoflavones as Phytoalexins and Phytoanticipins 22
Summary Points 23
Key Facts 24
Definitions of Words and Terms 24
List of Abbreviations 25
References 26
3.1 Introduction 28
3.2 An Overview of Structure and Analysis of Dietary
Isoflavones 29
3.2.1 Structure 29
3.2.2 Analysis 29
3.3 Isoflavone Content in Selected Foods 31
3.4 Growth, Variety, Environmental and Post-harvest
Storage Conditions Affecting Isoflavone Composition
in Soybeans 31
3.5 Isoflavone Composition as Affected by Processing 36
Summary Points 41
Key Facts 41
Definitions of Words and Terms 41
List of Abbreviations 42
References 43
4.1 Introduction 49
4.2 Bioconversion of Isoflavones from Glycosides to
Aglycones 53
4.3 Enzymatic Transformation of Isoflavone Isomers
in Fermented Soymilk 54
4.4 b-Glycosidase Reaction during Bioconversion of
Isoflavones 56
Contents ix
Summary Points 57
Key Facts 57
Definitions of Word and Terms 57
List of Abbreviations 58
References 59
5.1 Introduction 61
5.2 Synthesis of Daidzein (1) 63
5.2.1 Synthesis of Daidzein: BF3 OEt2-catalyzed
Friedel–Crafts Acylation and Ring Closure 63
5.2.2 Synthesis of Daidzein: RCM with Grubbs’
Catalyst 64
5.2.3 Synthesis of Daidzein: I2-Mediated Cyclization 64
5.2.4 Synthesis of Daidzein: Oxidative
Rearrangement with Thallium(III) Nitrate 67
5.3 Synthesis of Formononetin (2) 67
5.3.1 Carbonyls as One-carbon Electrophiles 69
5.3.2 Activated Aldehyde Surrogates as One-carbon
Surrogates 70
5.4 Synthesis of Isoformononetin (3) 73
5.4.1 Selective Methylation of Daidzein (1) 73
5.4.2 Suzuki-mediated Synthesis 74
5.5 Synthesis of Dimethyldaidzein (4) 74
5.5.1 Synthesis of Dimethyldaidzein:
Polymer-supported Iodobenzene Diacetate
(PSIBD)-promoted Oxidative Rearrangement 76
5.5.2 Synthesis of Dimethyldaidzein:
Organolead-mediated Arylation 76
Summary Points 78
Key Facts 79
Definitions of Words and Terms 79
List of Abbreviations 79
References 80
6.1 Introduction 83
6.2 Phenylpropanoid and Isoflavonoid Pathways 83
6.3 Isoflavanoids 85
x Contents
6.4 Non-natural Isoflavonoids 85
6.4.1 Semi-synthesis of Non-natural Isoflavonoids 85
6.4.2 Chemical Synthesis of Non-natural Flavanones 86
6.4.3 ER Assay 86
6.4.4 Protein Engineering of Uridine Diphosphate
Glycoslytransferase (UGT) 89
6.5 Structural and Functional Studies of IFS 89
Summary Points 90
Key Facts 90
Definitions of Words and Terms 91
List of Abbreviations 91
References 92
7.1 Introduction 94
7.2 Structure Elucidation: Establishing Spectral
Correlations 96
7.3 Chromatography-NMR 101
7.4 Conformation and NMR 102
7.5 Substituent Effects and Prediction of Structures 103
7.6 Isoflavone Metabolites 103
7.7 Solvent Effects 107
Summary Points 110
Key Facts 110
Definitions of Words and Terms 111
List of Abbreviations 112
Acknowledgement 112
References 112
Analysis
Chapter 12 Continuous Microwave-assisted Isoflavone Extraction 179
Dorin Boldor and Cristina Mirela Sabliov
Canción.
Tan alegres sentimientos
recibo, que no me espanto,
si cuesta dos mil tormentos
un placer que vale tanto.
Canción.
Vuelve agora en otra parte,
zagala, tus ojos bellos;
que si me miras con ellos
es excusado mirarte.
Canción.
Zagal, vuelve sobre ti;
que por excusar dolor
no quiero matar de amor,
ni que Amor me mate á mí.
Canción.
Mal consejo me parescs,
enamorado zagal,
que á ti mismo quieres mal,
por amar quien te
aborresce.
Canción.
Sylvano. Pastor, mal te está
el callar:
canta y dinos tu
alegría.
Sylvano. Si no se viene á
tratar
no se goza una
alegría.
Pregunta.
Junto á un pastor estaba una
doncella,
tan flaca como un palo al sol
secado,
su cuerpo de ojos muchos
rodeado,
con lengua que jamás pudo
movella.
A lo alto y bajo el viento vi
traella,
mas de una parte nunca se
ha mudado,
vino á besarla el triste
enamorado
y ella movió tristíssima
querella.
Cuanto más le atapó el pastor
la boca,
más voces da porque la
gente acuda,
y abriendo está sus ojos y
cerrando.
Ved qué costó forzar zagala
muda,
que al punto que el pastor la
besa ó toca,
él queda enmudecido y ella
hablando.
Pregunta.
Vide un soto levantado
sobre los aires un día,
el cual, con sangre regado,
con gran ansia cultivado
muchas hierbas producía.
De allí un manojo arrancando,
y sólo con él tocando
una sabia y cuerda gente,
la dejé cabe una puente
sin dolores lamentando.
Pregunta.
¿Cuál es el ave ligera
que está siempre en un
lugar,
y anda siempre caminando,
penetra y entra do quiera,
de un vuelo passa la mar,
las nubes sobrepujando?
Ansi vella no podemos,
y quien la está
descubriendo,
sabio queda en sola un
hora;
mas tal vez la conoscemos,
las paredes solas viendo
de la casa donde mora.