Switchgear CBM Activities - Inspection Procedure

Switchgear CBM
Activities
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Switchgear Condition Monitoring Techniques
Maintenance Tests/Condition (Tier 1) Condition Indicator
Thermography 1
Ultrasonic Scanning 2
SF6 Gas Leakage Emission 3
Partial Discharge (TEV) 4
Breaker Wear Out (not implemented yet) 5
Operation and Maintenance Performance 6
Age 7
Maintenance Tests ( Tier 2)

Maintenance Tests (Tier
Contact Resistance Interrupter
Contact Resistance Busbar
3)
Partial Discharge (HFCT)
Cable Insulation Resistance
Insulation Resistance (Main Circuit) SF6 Gas Monitoring (SF6

Insulation Resistance (Auxiliary Circuit) Breaker)
Insulation Resistance (Busbar)
Bushing Tan δ
Dielectric/Pressure Test (leakage current) Interrupter
Dielectric/Pressure Test (leakage current) Busbar 2
Circuit Breaker Timing and Travel

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Switchgear CBM Techniques
THERMOGRAPHIC INSPECTION
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• Thermographic inspection is an effective condition monitoring
tool as:
Problem detection is quick without interruption of service
Prioritization for corrective actions
Elimination of unscheduled power outages
Improved safety by reducing risk of fire and/or injury
• Use of thermography can detect high contact resistance or

other loose parts.
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• During thermographic inspections, the operator should be aware
of the approximate load on the breaker to help discriminate
between problem types
• Thermography can be applied at the time of commissioning and
in-service
• A good technique is to compare the readings between bushings
and between phases.
• Usually for metal clads, any difference of more than 10
C between
phases or bushings should be questioned, especially if the circuit
breaker is operating below its rating.
• For direct scanning, obtain absolute temperature measurement
of the overheating component to determine if the component
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has exceeded the electrical temperature ratings standard
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CASE STUDY 1
Pre-repair - Loose connection creates excessive heat on cable end,

thus produce spike in thermal
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CASE STUDY 1
Post-repairs – The thermal pattern is uniform

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Thermography 1
Age 7

3)

Bushing Tan δ

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ULTRASONIC INSPECTION
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Switchgear CBM activities
• Partial Discharge in Switchgear
• In electrical engineering, a partial discharge (PD) is a localised dielectric
breakdown of a small portion of a solid or liquid electrical insulation
system under high voltage stress.
• Partial discharges within an insulation system may or may not exhibit

visible discharges, and discharge events tend to be more sporadic in
nature than corona discharges.
– Internal Discharge
• Voids in insulation material
– Surface Discharge
• Surface Tracking
• Dry Banding
– Corona
• Usually revealed by a relatively steady glow or brush discharge in air 10
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• Partial Discharge in Switchgear
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Limits for TEV Limits for
Ultrasound
<20 dB
< 1 dB
20-29 dB
> 1 dB
>29 dB
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• The ultrasonic sensors are piezoelectric crystals that convert sound energy
to electrical energy
• Ultrasonic sensors are either airborne or contact types
• Airborne ultrasonic sensors will work best when there is a clear and direct
air path from the sensor to the partial discharge site
• Contact type ultrasonic sensor pick up ultrasound appearing at the metal

surface and therefore work best when there is completely no air path
between the sensor and the partial discharge source
• Airborne ultrasonic sensors are typically narrow bandwidth with 40KHz
center frequency and 3dB bandwidth of ±1KHz
• The typical frequency response will be 100KHz center frequency and 3dB
bandwidth of ±20KHz
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Sound Samples
Corona
Tracking
Arcing
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Thermography 1
Age 7

3)

Bushing Tan δ

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PARTIAL DISCHARGE (TEV)
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• Transient Earth Voltage (TEV)
•When a partial discharge occurs in the phase to earth insulation, a
small quantity of electrical charge is transferred capacitively from
the high voltage conductor system to the earthed metal cladding.
•Electromagnetic waves propagate away from the discharge site in
both directions.
•However an opening is required for the waves to propagate out to
generate transient earth voltage on the metal surface.
HV BUSBAR
DISCHARGE
EM WAVE
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Earth Voltage wave
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• Transient Earth Voltage (TEV)
• The amplitude of the TEV measurement is a function of the
amplitude of the discharge and the attenuation of the
propagation path.
• The amplitude is displayed on the instrument, measured in
dBmV, hence the measurement is a relative indication only
• Method of measurement – using TEV probe, place flat onto
metallic surface of the switchgear and record the reading
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Training using TEV equipment
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Anomalies Detected
Fig 1: Hotspot on a cable termination Fig 2: Tracking pada terminal

33kV Tx1
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Fig 3 : 3T0 PDS - PMU GIS Fig 4: Tracking on bus spout-PMU Fig 5: Tracking on cable-
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More anomalies
Cable termination Crack on VCB insulator Capacitance bushing
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PDS
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Thermography 1
Age 7

3)

Bushing Tan δ

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SF6 LEAKAGE DETECTION
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SF6 Gas Leak Detector
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SF6 Gas Leak Detection
• Measurement of gas leaks in ml/sec, gm/year and ppm.
• Rapid leak detection with response and clear down time < 1 sec after
saturation or exposure to 100% SF6 gas.
• Non-radioactive measurement and storage.
• High sensitivity (minimum detection sensitivity of 1x10-7 ml/sec).
• Audible alarm to alert gas leaks.
• Long extension hose (5m long) to reach and scan large and difficult to reach
areas.
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SF6 Gas Leak Detection
What to Scan
• Scan along the welded joints.
• Scan around valve fittings and other fittings e.g. bushings, cable
connectors, etc.
• Scan around sealed removable covers.
• Scan around the bursting disc.
Frequency
• During switchgear installation.

• Once in 3-6 months if constant monitoring or surveillance is required
• Once a year if no anomalies are detected. This will provide data for
trending switchgear performance.
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Thermography 1
Age 7

3)

Bushing Tan δ

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CB TIMING TEST
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Breaker Analyzer Test
1. To test the breaker in the energized state so that the performance of the first
trip can be analyzed. The magnitude, duration and shape of the coil current
captured by the test instrument is directly related to the mechanism and main
breaker contact operation and reveals how the breaker would have performed
should it be called upon to trip in a real situation after it has been put in
service for a long period of time.
2. To monitor the DC voltage drop during a trip operation when the trip coil is
Energized.
3. To analyze the trip performance of the main breaker contacts.
4. The close operation can also be analyzed in the same way.
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Circuit Breaker Timing Test
Trip coil current analysis
C Linkage fully collapsed
u
rr
e
n
t
Plunger
Touches Trip
Hook
Trip Hook
Unlatches
Triggering of Trip Coil
Trip hook Linkage

unlatching Collapsing
Time ms
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• This is applicable to all circuit beaker types, e.g. oil, air, vacuum
and SF6
• This is conducted on a circuit breaker to determine if there are
any variations in timing synchronism or any mechanism
abnormalities
• Dependent on the circuit breaker type and the type of timing
equipment malfunctions of the following can be detected:
Time for breaker to trip free
Time for breaker to trip
Time for breaker to close
Synchronism of contacts and phases
Improper spring adjustment
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• Dependent on the circuit breaker type and the type of timing

equipment malfunctions of the following can be detected
(contd.):
Improper stop adjustments

Worn contacts
Excessive contact friction
Malfunctioning shock absorbers, buffers, or dashpots
Improper velocity through the arcing zone
Incorrect e.g., excessive rebound
Incorrect e.g., excessive unlatching friction
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• Most manufacturer’s instruction books contain limits and
recommendations on this important data and may recommend a
supplier for such instrumentation.
• When the timing or travel analysis is found to be outside of the
manufacturer’s limits, there will usually be a need for adjustments
to the mechanism.
• Whenever any maintenance, adjustment, or disassembly is
required, the timing tests should be repeated prior to re-
energization.
• Timing tests should be performed at normal mechanism conditions
e.g. pressure, and normal control voltage.
• Circuit breaker is designed to facilitate the mounting of an
electromechanical transducer to monitor instantaneous travel and
velocity. 35
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Test Procedure
• De-energize and isolate circuit breaker
• Set-up and connect the test instrument
• Conduct test
a) Breaker timing test for CLOSE-OPEN sequence.
b) Breaker timing test for OPEN-CLOSE sequence.
c) Breaker timing for OPEN-DELAY-CLOSE-OPEN sequence.
d) Breaker timing for CLOSE-OPEN-CLOSE sequence.
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Off-Line Breaker Analyzer Test
Test Procedure
• Record or print out results
• Analyze results
a) Contact closing time.
b) Contact opening time.
c) Contact travel.
d) Contact chattering.
e) Trip coil Current Profile.
f ) Close coil Current Profile.
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Breaker Analyzer Test Set Up
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Circuit Breaker Timing Test Results
Timing Chart of Close-Open operation
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The abnormalities in the above results may indicate the

following failure modes:
1) Weak auxiliary supply

2) Slow movement of the plunger
3) Inadequate force exerted on the trip hook
Sluggishness in the linkages
4) Jammed trip latch
5) Maladjusted Spring
6) Synchronism of interrupter
7) Maladjusted Spring
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The profile for opening operation of a new circuit breaker
Coil Current Profile for Trip Operation
Opening time of interrupter from

close position
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SUCCESS STORIES
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PDTEV TEST RESULT PMU
DOUBLE
CLICK HERE
17 dB
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Fig 5 – Presence of dry banding & surface tracking on the CT bushings ( Red phase )
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Fig 7 – Surface tracking & partial discharge on PT ( l-r B,Y,R phases )
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U/S =25db , TEV = 29dbmV
Detected 27 Jan 2010
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LESSON LEARNT
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ULTRASOUND & IR RESULTS
Panel No Date of Scanning Remarks

13 20 November 2008 Tracking on CB 5db (Done on 27/11/08)
11 20 November 2008 IR breaker problem
3 19 July 2008 Cable Mechanical Vibration (Done on
12/08/08)
1 20 November 2008 Cable tracking 3db (Done 28/11/08)
31 20 November 2008 Tracking on CB 4dB
Bus Section 20 November 2008 CB Mech Vibration 27dB
2 19 July 2008 Cable 1dB
20 November 2008 CB tracking 25dB (Done 26/11/08)
Cable 20 dB (Done 26/11/08)
6 20 November 2008 Cable <1dB (Done 26/11/08)
8 19 July 2008 Cable (Done 4/8/08)
10 19 July 2008 Cable tracking (Done 2/9/08)
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Fig 1. Front overview of affected 11kV Fig 2. Rear overview of affected 11kV
panels panels
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Fig 3. Panel 31 & GCB truck Fig 4. Panel 31 & GCB truck
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Fig 7. Remnants of CB conducting arms after Fig 8. CB spouts with burnt through arcing holes.
withdrawal of GCB truck Circuit & Busbar Spout looks ok
Fig 9. Cable
compartment
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Fig 10. VT compartment of panel 31
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Fig.1. Front Overview of 11kV panels in Fig.2. Rear Overview of 11kV panels
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Fig.3. Cable and CB compartment of panel 7
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Switchgear CBM Activities - Inspection Procedure

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Switchgear CBM

Maintenance Tests ( Tier 2)

Insulation Resistance (Main Circuit) SF6 Gas Monitoring (SF6

Dielectric/Pressure Test (leakage current) Interrupter

Dielectric/Pressure Test (leakage current) Busbar 2

Circuit Breaker Timing and Travel

POWERING THE NATION

• Use of thermography can detect high contact resistance or

POWERING THE NATION

Pre-repair - Loose connection creates excessive heat on cable end,

POWERING THE NATION

Post-repairs – The thermal pattern is uniform

POWERING THE NATION

Maintenance Tests ( Tier 2)

Insulation Resistance (Main Circuit) SF6 Gas Monitoring (SF6

Dielectric/Pressure Test (leakage current) Interrupter

Dielectric/Pressure Test (leakage current) Busbar 8

Circuit Breaker Timing and Travel

POWERING THE NATION

• Partial discharges within an insulation system may or may not exhibit

POWERING THE NATION

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• Ultrasonic sensors are either airborne or contact types

• Contact type ultrasonic sensor pick up ultrasound appearing at the metal

POWERING THE NATION

Maintenance Tests ( Tier 2)

Insulation Resistance (Main Circuit) SF6 Gas Monitoring (SF6

Dielectric/Pressure Test (leakage current) Interrupter

Dielectric/Pressure Test (leakage current) Busbar 16

Circuit Breaker Timing and Travel

PARTIAL DISCHARGE (TEV)

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Fig 1: Hotspot on a cable termination Fig 2: Tracking pada terminal

Cable termination Crack on VCB insulator Capacitance bushing

Maintenance Tests ( Tier 2)

Insulation Resistance (Main Circuit) SF6 Gas Monitoring (SF6

Dielectric/Pressure Test (leakage current) Interrupter

Dielectric/Pressure Test (leakage current) Busbar 23

Circuit Breaker Timing and Travel

SF6 LEAKAGE DETECTION

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• During switchgear installation.

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Maintenance Tests ( Tier 2)

Insulation Resistance (Main Circuit) SF6 Gas Monitoring (SF6

Dielectric/Pressure Test (leakage current) Interrupter

Dielectric/Pressure Test (leakage current) Busbar 28

Circuit Breaker Timing and Travel

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3. To analyze the trip performance of the main breaker contacts.

4. The close operation can also be analyzed in the same way.

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Triggering of Trip Coil

Trip hook Linkage

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• Dependent on the circuit breaker type and the type of timing

Improper stop adjustments

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