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PDF Physics For Scientists and Engineers With Modern Physics Volume I Technology Update 10Th Edition R A Serway and J W Jewitt Ebook Full Chapter
PDF Physics For Scientists and Engineers With Modern Physics Volume I Technology Update 10Th Edition R A Serway and J W Jewitt Ebook Full Chapter
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Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Pedagogical Color Chart
Pedagogical Color Chart
Qh
Pulleys
Process arrow
Lightbulbs
Negative charges
Switches
eU
Bohr magneton B 5 9.274 009 994 (57) 3 10224 J/T
2me
U2
Bohr radius a0 5 5.291 772 106 7 (12) 3 10211 m
mee 2ke
R
Boltzmann’s constant kB 5 1.380 648 52 (79) 3 10223 J/K
NA
h
Compton wavelength C 5 2.426 310 236 7 (11) 3 10212 m
me c
1
Coulomb constant ke 5 8.987 551 788 . . . 3 109 N ? m2/C 2 (exact)
40
Deuteron mass md 3.343 583 719 (41) 3 10227 kg
2.013 553 212 745 (40) u
Electron mass me 9.109 383 56 (11) 3 10231 kg
5.485 799 090 70 (16) 3 1024 u
0.510 998 946 1 (31) MeV/c 2
Electron volt eV 1.602 176 620 8 (98) 3 10219 J
Elementary charge e 1.602 176 620 8 (98) 3 10219 C
Gas constant R 8.314 459 8 (48) J/mol ? K
Gravitational constant G 6.674 08 (31) 3 10211 N ? m2/kg2
Neutron mass mn 1.674 927 471 (21) 3 10227 kg
1.008 664 915 88 (49) u
939.565 413 3 (58) MeV/c 2
eU
Nuclear magneton n 5 5.050 783 699 (31) 3 10227 J/T
2mp
Permeability of free space m0 4p 3 1027 T ? m/A (exact)
1
Permittivity of free space 0 5 8.854 187 817 . . . 3 10212 C2/N ? m2 (exact)
0c 2
Planck’s constant h 6.626 070 040 (81) 3 10234 J ? s
h
U 5 1.054 571 800 (13) 3 10234 J ? s
2
Proton mass mp 1.672 621 898 (21) 3 10227 kg
1.007 276 466 879 (91) u
938.272 081 3 (58) MeV/c 2
Rydberg constant RH 1.097 373 156 850 8 (65) 3 107 m21
Speed of light in vacuum c 2.997 924 58 3 108 m/s (exact)
Note: These constants are the values recommended in 2014 by CODATA, based on a least-squares adjustment of data from different measurements. For a more
complete list, see P. J. Mohr, B. N. Taylor, and D. B. Newell, “CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants: 2014.” Rev. Mod. Phys. 88:3,
035009, 2016.
a
The numbers in parentheses for the values represent the uncertainties of the last two digits.
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Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Solar System Data
Mean Radius Mean Distance from
Body Mass (kg) (m) Period (s) the Sun (m)
Mercury 3.30 3 1023 2.44 3 106 7.60 3 106 5.79 3 1010
Venus 4.87 3 1024 6.05 3 106 1.94 3 107 1.08 3 1011
Earth 5.97 3 1024 6.37 3 106 3.156 3 107 1.496 3 1011
Mars 6.42 3 1023 3.39 3 106 5.94 3 107 2.28 3 1011
Jupiter 1.90 3 1027 6.99 3 107 3.74 3 108 7.78 3 1011
Saturn 5.68 3 1026 5.82 3 107 9.29 3 108 1.43 3 1012
Uranus 8.68 3 1025 2.54 3 107 2.65 3 109 2.87 3 1012
Neptune 1.02 3 1026 2.46 3 107 5.18 3 109 4.50 3 1012
Plutoa 1.25 3 1022 1.20 3 106 7.82 3 109 5.91 3 1012
Moon 7.35 3 1022 1.74 3 106 — —
Sun 1.989 3 1030 6.96 3 108 — —
a
In August 2006, the International Astronomical Union adopted a definition of a planet that separates Pluto from the other eight planets. Pluto is now defined
as a “dwarf planet” (like the asteroid Ceres).
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Standard Abbreviations and Symbols for Units
Symbol Unit Symbol Unit
A ampere K kelvin
u atomic mass unit kg kilogram
atm atmosphere kmol kilomole
Btu British thermal unit L liter
C coulomb lb pound
8C degree Celsius ly light-year
cal calorie m meter
d day min minute
eV electron volt mol mole
8F degree Fahrenheit N newton
F farad Pa pascal
ft foot rad radian
G gauss rev revolution
g gram s second
H henry T tesla
h hour V volt
hp horsepower W watt
Hz hertz Wb weber
in. inch yr year
J joule V ohm
ox
i51
i
the sum of all quantities xi from i 5 1 to i 5 N
# integral
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Conversions
Length Force
1 in. 5 2.54 cm (exact) 1 N 5 0.224 8 lb
1 m 5 39.37 in. 5 3.281 ft 1 lb 5 4.448 N
1 ft 5 0.304 8 m
Velocity
12 in. 5 1 ft
3 ft 5 1 yd 1 mi/h 5 1.47 ft/s 5 0.447 m/s 5 1.61 km/h
1 yd 5 0.914 4 m 1 m/s 5 100 cm/s 5 3.281 ft/s
1 km 5 0.621 mi 1 mi/min 5 60 mi/h 5 88 ft/s
1 mi 5 1.609 km Acceleration
1 mi 5 5 280 ft
1 m/s2 5 3.28 ft/s2 5 100 cm/s2
1 mm 5 1026 m 5 103 nm
1 ft/s2 5 0.304 8 m/s2 5 30.48 cm/s2
1 ly (light-year) 5 9.461 3 1015 m
1 pc (parsec) 5 3.26 ly 5 3.09 3 1016 m Pressure
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Physics TENTH
E di t ion
Raymond A. Serway
Emeritus, James Madison University
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Physics for Scientists and Engineers with © 2019, 2014, Raymond A. Serway
Modern Physics, Tenth Edition
Unless otherwise noted, all content is © Cengage.
Raymond A. Serway, John W. Jewett, Jr
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We dedicate this book to our wives,
Elizabeth and Lisa,
and all our children and grandchildren
for their loving understanding
when we spent time on writing instead of being with them.
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Brief Contents
p a rt 1 p a rt 4
Mechanics 1 Electricity and
1 Physics and Measurement 2 Magnetism 587
2 Motion in One Dimension 20
22 Electric Fields 588
3 Vectors 52
23 Continuous Charge Distributions
4 Motion in Two Dimensions 68 and Gauss’s Law 615
5 The Laws of Motion 95 24 Electric Potential 636
6 Circular Motion and Other Applications 25 Capacitance and Dielectrics 663
of Newton’s Laws 127
26 Current and Resistance 691
7 Energy of a System 150
27 Direct-Current Circuits 713
8 Conservation of Energy 181
28 Magnetic Fields 742
9 Linear Momentum and Collisions 210
29 Sources of the Magnetic Field 771
10 Rotation of a Rigid Object About
a Fixed Axis 249 30 Faraday’s Law 797
11 Angular Momentum 285 31 Inductance 824
12 Static Equilibrium and Elasticity 310 32 Alternating-Current Circuits 847
13 Universal Gravitation 332 33 Electromagnetic Waves 873
5
14 Fluid Mechanics 358
2
p a rt
p a rt Light and Optics 897
Oscillations and 34 The Nature of Light and the Principles
Mechanical Waves 385 35
of Ray Optics 898
Image Formation 925
15 Oscillatory Motion 386 36 Wave Optics 962
16 Wave Motion 415 37 Diffraction Patterns and Polarization 983
17 Superposition and Standing Waves 451
p a rt 3 p a rt 6
Modern Physics 1011
Thermodynamics 481 38 Relativity 1012
18 Temperature 482 39 Introduction to Quantum Physics 1048
19 The First Law of Thermodynamics 501 40 Quantum Mechanics 1079
20 The Kinetic Theory of Gases 533 41 Atomic Physics 1105
21 Heat Engines, Entropy, and the Second Law 42 Molecules and Solids 1144
of Thermodynamics 556 43 Nuclear Physics 1177
44 Particle Physics and Cosmology 1225
iv
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
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Contents
About the Authors x 5 The Laws of Motion 95
Preface xi 5.1 The Concept of Force 96
To the Student xxvi 5.2 Newton’s First Law and Inertial Frames 97
5.3 Mass 99
P a rt 1 5.4
5.5
5.6
Newton’s Second Law 99
The Gravitational Force and Weight 102
Newton’s Third Law 103
Mechanics 1 5.7 Analysis Models Using Newton’s
Second Law 105
5.8 Forces of Friction 114
1 Physics and Measurement 2
1.1 Standards of Length, Mass, and Time 3 6 Circular Motion and Other Applications
1.2 Modeling and Alternative Representations 6 of Newton’s Laws 127
1.3 Dimensional Analysis 10 6.1 Extending the Particle in Uniform
1.4 Conversion of Units 12 Circular Motion Model 128
1.5 Estimates and Order-of-Magnitude 6.2 Nonuniform Circular Motion 133
Calculations 12 6.3 Motion in Accelerated Frames 135
1.6 Significant Figures 13 6.4 Motion in the Presence of Resistive
2 Motion in One Dimension 20 Forces 138
2.1 Position, Velocity, and Speed 7 Energy of a System 150
of a Particle 21
7.1 Systems and Environments 151
2.2 Instantaneous Velocity and Speed 24
7.2 Work Done by a Constant Force 151
2.3 Analysis Model: Particle Under Constant
7.3 The Scalar Product of Two Vectors 154
Velocity 27
7.4 Work Done by a Varying Force 156
2.4 The Analysis Model Approach to Problem
7.5 Kinetic Energy and the Work–Kinetic
Solving 30
Energy Theorem 161
2.5 Acceleration 32
7.6 Potential Energy of a System 165
2.6 Motion Diagrams 36
7.7 Conservative and Nonconservative Forces 169
2.7 Analysis Model: Particle
7.8 Relationship Between Conservative Forces and
Under Constant Acceleration 37
Potential Energy 171
2.8 Freely Falling Objects 41
7.9 Energy Diagrams and Equilibrium of a
2.9 Kinematic Equations Derived from
System 173
Calculus 44
v
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
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vi Contents
9.6
9.7
9.8
The Center of Mass 230
Systems of Many Particles 234
Deformable Systems 237
P a rt 2
9.9 Rocket Propulsion 239 Oscillations and
10 Rotation of a Rigid Object About
a Fixed Axis 249
Mechanical Waves 385
10.1 Angular Position, Velocity, and Acceleration 250
15 Oscillatory Motion 386
10.2 Analysis Model: Rigid Object Under Constant
15.1 Motion of an Object Attached to a Spring 387
Angular Acceleration 252
15.2 Analysis Model: Particle in Simple Harmonic
10.3 Angular and Translational Quantities 254
Motion 388
10.4 Torque 257
15.3 Energy of the Simple Harmonic Oscillator 394
10.5 Analysis Model: Rigid Object Under a Net
15.4 Comparing Simple Harmonic Motion with
Torque 259
Uniform Circular Motion 398
10.6 Calculation of Moments of Inertia 263
15.5 The Pendulum 400
10.7 Rotational Kinetic Energy 267
15.6 Damped Oscillations 404
10.8 Energy Considerations in Rotational
15.7 Forced Oscillations 405
Motion 269
10.9 Rolling Motion of a Rigid Object 272 16 Wave Motion 415
16.1 Propagation of a Disturbance 416
11 Angular Momentum 285
16.2 Analysis Model: Traveling Wave 419
11.1 The Vector Product and Torque 286
16.3 The Speed of Waves on Strings 423
11.2 Analysis Model: Nonisolated System (Angular
16.4 Rate of Energy Transfer by Sinusoidal
Momentum) 288
Waves on Strings 426
11.3 Angular Momentum of a Rotating Rigid
16.5 The Linear Wave Equation 428
Object 293
16.6 Sound Waves 429
11.4 Analysis Model: Isolated System (Angular
16.7 Speed of Sound Waves 431
Momentum) 295
16.8 Intensity of Sound Waves 433
11.5 The Motion of Gyroscopes and Tops 301
16.9 The Doppler Effect 438
12 Static Equilibrium and Elasticity 310 17 Superposition and Standing Waves 451
12.1 Analysis Model: Rigid Object in Equilibrium 311 17.1 Analysis Model: Waves in Interference 452
12.2 More on the Center of Gravity 312 17.2 Standing Waves 456
12.3 Examples of Rigid Objects in Static 17.3 Boundary Effects: Reflection and
Equilibrium 313 Transmission 459
12.4 Elastic Properties of Solids 319 17.4 Analysis Model: Waves Under Boundary
Conditions 461
13 Universal Gravitation 332 17.5 Resonance 465
13.1 Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation 333 17.6 Standing Waves in Air Columns 466
13.2 Free-Fall Acceleration and the Gravitational 17.7 Beats: Interference in Time 469
Force 335 17.8 Nonsinusoidal Waveforms 472
13.3 Analysis Model: Particle in a Field
3
(Gravitational) 336
13.4 Kepler’s Laws and the Motion of Planets 339
13.5 Gravitational Potential Energy 345
p a rt
13.6 Energy Considerations in Planetary and Satellite
Motion 347
Thermodynamics 481
14 Fluid Mechanics 358 18 Temperature 482
14.1 Pressure 359 18.1 Temperature and the Zeroth Law
14.2 Variation of Pressure with Depth 360 of Thermodynamics 483
14.3 Pressure Measurements 364 18.2 Thermometers and the Celsius
14.4 Buoyant Forces and Archimedes’s Principle 365 Temperature Scale 484
14.5 Fluid Dynamics 368 18.3 The Constant-Volume Gas Thermometer
14.6 Bernoulli’s Equation 371 and the Absolute Temperature Scale 485
14.7 Flow of Viscous Fluids in Pipes 375 18.4 Thermal Expansion of Solids and Liquids 488
14.8 Other Applications of Fluid Dynamics 377 18.5 Macroscopic Description of an Ideal Gas 492
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Contents vii
19 The First Law of Thermodynamics 501 24.3 Electric Potential and Potential Energy Due to
19.1 Heat and Internal Energy 502 Point Charges 642
19.2 Specific Heat and Calorimetry 505 24.4 Obtaining the Value of the Electric Field
19.3 Latent Heat 509 from the Electric Potential 645
19.4 Work in Thermodynamic Processes 513 24.5 Electric Potential Due to Continuous
19.5 The First Law of Thermodynamics 514 Charge Distributions 646
19.6 Energy Transfer Mechanisms in Thermal 24.6 Conductors in Electrostatic Equilibrium 651
Processes 518 25 Capacitance and Dielectrics 663
20 The Kinetic Theory of Gases 533 25.1 Definition of Capacitance 664
20.1 Molecular Model of an Ideal Gas 534 25.2 Calculating Capacitance 665
20.2 Molar Specific Heat of an Ideal Gas 539 25.3 Combinations of Capacitors 668
20.3 The Equipartition of Energy 542 25.4 Energy Stored in a Charged Capacitor 672
20.4 Adiabatic Processes for an Ideal Gas 545 25.5 Capacitors with Dielectrics 676
20.5 Distribution of Molecular Speeds 547 25.6 Electric Dipole in an Electric Field 678
25.7 An Atomic Description of Dielectrics 681
21 Heat Engines, Entropy, and the Second Law
of Thermodynamics 556 26 Current and Resistance 691
21.1 Heat Engines and the Second Law 26.1 Electric Current 692
of Thermodynamics 557 26.2 Resistance 694
21.2 Heat Pumps and Refrigerators 559 26.3 A Model for Electrical Conduction 699
21.3 Reversible and Irreversible Processes 562 26.4 Resistance and Temperature 701
21.4 The Carnot Engine 563 26.5 Superconductors 702
21.5 Gasoline and Diesel Engines 567 26.6 Electrical Power 703
21.6 Entropy 570
27 Direct-Current Circuits 713
21.7 Entropy in Thermodynamic Systems 572
27.1 Electromotive Force 714
21.8 Entropy and the Second Law 578
27.2 Resistors in Series and Parallel 716
4
27.3 Kirchhoff’s Rules 723
27.4 RC Circuits 726
P a rt
27.5 Household Wiring and Electrical Safety 732
Electricity and 28 Magnetic Fields 742
Magnetism 587 28.1 Analysis Model: Particle in a Field
(Magnetic) 743
28.2 Motion of a Charged Particle in a Uniform
22 Electric Fields 588 Magnetic Field 748
22.1 Properties of Electric Charges 589 28.3 Applications Involving Charged Particles
22.2 Charging Objects by Induction 591 Moving in a Magnetic Field 752
22.3 Coulomb’s Law 593 28.4 Magnetic Force Acting on a Current-
22.4 Analysis Model: Particle in a Field (Electric) 598 Carrying Conductor 755
22.5 Electric Field Lines 603 28.5 Torque on a Current Loop in a Uniform
22.6 Motion of a Charged Particle in a Uniform Magnetic Field 757
Electric Field 605 28.6 The Hall Effect 761
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
viii Contents
30.4 The General Form of Faraday’s Law 808 36 Wave Optics 962
30.5 Generators and Motors 810 36.1 Young’s Double-Slit Experiment 963
30.6 Eddy Currents 814 36.2 Analysis Model: Waves in Interference 965
31 Inductance 824 36.3 Intensity Distribution of the Double-Slit
Interference Pattern 968
31.1 Self-Induction and Inductance 825
36.4 Change of Phase Due to Reflection 969
31.2 RL Circuits 827
36.5 Interference in Thin Films 970
31.3 Energy in a Magnetic Field 830
36.6 The Michelson Interferometer 973
31.4 Mutual Inductance 832
31.5 Oscillations in an LC Circuit 834 37 Diffraction Patterns and Polarization 983
31.6 The RLC Circuit 837 37.1 Introduction to Diffraction Patterns 984
32 Alternating-Current Circuits 847 37.2 Diffraction Patterns from Narrow Slits 985
37.3 Resolution of Single-Slit and Circular
32.1 AC Sources 848
Apertures 988
32.2 Resistors in an AC Circuit 848
37.4 The Diffraction Grating 992
32.3 Inductors in an AC Circuit 851
37.5 Diffraction of X-Rays by Crystals 996
32.4 Capacitors in an AC Circuit 854
37.6 Polarization of Light Waves 998
32.5 The RLC Series Circuit 856
6
32.6 Power in an AC Circuit 859
32.7 Resonance in a Series RLC Circuit 861
32.8 The Transformer and Power Transmission 863
P a rt
33 Electromagnetic Waves 873 Modern Physics 1011
33.1 Displacement Current and the General
Form of Ampère’s Law 874 38 Relativity 1012
33.2 Maxwell’s Equations and Hertz’s 38.1 The Principle of Galilean Relativity 1013
Discoveries 876 38.2 The Michelson–Morley Experiment 1016
33.3 Plane Electromagnetic Waves 878 38.3 Einstein’s Principle of Relativity 1018
33.4 Energy Carried by Electromagnetic 38.4 Consequences of the Special Theory
Waves 882 of Relativity 1019
33.5 Momentum and Radiation Pressure 884 38.5 The Lorentz Transformation Equations 1030
33.6 Production of Electromagnetic Waves 38.6 The Lorentz Velocity Transformation
by an Antenna 886 Equations 1031
33.7 The Spectrum of Electromagnetic Waves 887 38.7 Relativistic Linear Momentum 1034
38.8 Relativistic Energy 1035
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Contents ix
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
About the Authors
Raymond A. Serway received his doctorate at Illinois Institute of Technol-
ogy and is Professor Emeritus at James Madison University. In 2011, he was awarded
with an honorary doctorate degree from his alma mater, Utica College. He received
the 1990 Madison Scholar Award at James Madison University, where he taught for
17 years. Dr. Serway began his teaching career at Clarkson University, where he con-
ducted research and taught from 1967 to 1980. He was the recipient of the Distin-
guished Teaching Award at Clarkson University in 1977 and the Alumni Achievement
Award from Utica College in 1985. As Guest Scientist at the IBM Research Laboratory
in Zurich, Switzerland, he worked with K. Alex Müller, 1987 Nobel Prize recipient. Dr.
Serway also was a visiting scientist at Argonne National Laboratory, where he collabo-
rated with his mentor and friend, the late Dr. Sam Marshall. Dr. Serway is the coauthor
of College Physics, Eleventh Edition; Principles of Physics, Fifth Edition; Essentials of College
Physics; Modern Physics, Third Edition; and the high school textbook Physics, published
by Holt McDougal. In addition, Dr. Serway has published more than 40 research papers
in the field of condensed matter physics and has given more than 60 presentations at
professional meetings. Dr. Serway and his wife, Elizabeth, enjoy traveling, playing golf,
fishing, gardening, singing in the church choir, and especially spending quality time
with their four children, ten grandchildren, and a recent great grandson.
John W. Jewett, Jr. earned his undergraduate degree in physics at Drexel Univer-
sity and his doctorate at Ohio State University, specializing in optical and magnetic
properties of condensed matter. Dr. Jewett began his academic career at Stockton
University, where he taught from 1974 to 1984. He is currently Emeritus Professor
of Physics at California State Polytechnic University, Pomona. Through his teaching
career, Dr. Jewett has been active in promoting effective physics education. In addition
to receiving four National Science Foundation grants in physics education, he helped
found and direct the Southern California Area Modern Physics Institute (SCAMPI) and
Science IMPACT (Institute for Modern Pedagogy and Creative Teaching). Dr. Jewett’s
honors include the Stockton Merit Award at Stockton University in 1980, selection as
Outstanding Professor at California State Polytechnic University for 1991–1992, and
the Excellence in Undergraduate Physics Teaching Award from the American Associ-
ation of Physics Teachers (AAPT) in 1998. In 2010, he received an Alumni Lifetime
Achievement Award from Drexel University in recognition of his contributions in
physics education. He has given more than 100 presentations both domestically and
abroad, including multiple presentations at national meetings of the AAPT. He has
also published 25 research papers in condensed matter physics and physics education
research. Dr. Jewett is the author of The World of Physics: Mysteries, Magic, and Myth, which
provides many connections between physics and everyday experiences. In addition to
his work as the coauthor for Physics for Scientists and Engineers, he is also the coauthor on
Principles of Physics, Fifth Edition, as well as Global Issues, a four-volume set of instruction
manuals in integrated science for high school. Dr. Jewett enjoys playing keyboard with
his all-physicist band, traveling, underwater photography, learning foreign languages,
and collecting antique quack medical devices that can be used as demonstration appa-
ratus in physics lectures. Most importantly, he relishes spending time with his wife,
Lisa, and their children and grandchildren.
x
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Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Preface
I
n writing this Tenth Edition of Physics for Scientists and Engineers, we continue
our ongoing efforts to improve the clarity of presentation and include new peda-
gogical features that help support the learning and teaching processes. Drawing
on positive feedback from users of the Ninth Edition, data gathered from both pro-
fessors and students who use WebAssign, as well as reviewers’ suggestions, we have
refined the text to better meet the needs of students and teachers.
This textbook is intended for a course in introductory physics for students major-
ing in science or engineering. The entire contents of the book in its extended ver-
sion could be covered in a three-semester course, but it is possible to use the mate-
rial in shorter sequences with the omission of selected chapters and sections. The
mathematical background of the student taking this course should ideally include
one semester of calculus. If that is not possible, the student should be enrolled in a
concurrent course in introductory calculus.
Content
The material in this book covers fundamental topics in classical physics and pro-
vides an introduction to modern physics. The book is divided into six parts. Part 1
(Chapters 1 to 14) deals with the fundamentals of Newtonian mechanics and the
physics of fluids; Part 2 (Chapters 15 to 17) covers oscillations, mechanical waves,
and sound; Part 3 (Chapters 18 to 21) addresses heat and thermodynamics; Part 4
(Chapters 22 to 33) treats electricity and magnetism; Part 5 (Chapters 34 to 37)
covers light and optics; and Part 6 (Chapters 38 to 44) deals with relativity and
modern physics.
Objectives
This introductory physics textbook has three main objectives: to provide the stu-
dent with a clear and logical presentation of the basic concepts and principles of
physics, to strengthen an understanding of the concepts and principles through a
broad range of interesting real-world applications, and to develop strong problem-
solving skills through an effectively organized approach. To meet these objectives,
we emphasize well-organized physical arguments and a focused problem-solving
strategy. At the same time, we attempt to motivate the student through practical
examples that demonstrate the role of physics in other disciplines, including engi-
neering, chemistry, and medicine.
eroded the value attributed to online homework as students leave the support of
the program for unrelated help elsewhere and encounter imprecise information.
Students don’t need to leave WebAssign to get help when they are stuck—each
problem has feedback that addresses the misconception or error a student made
to reach the wrong answer. Each optimized problem also features comprehensive
written solutions, and many have supporting video solutions that go through one
contextual variant of the problem one step at a time. Since the optimized prob-
lem set is not in print, the content is protected from “solution providers” and will
be augmented every year with updates to the targeted feedback based on actual
student answers.
Working in tandem with the optimized online homework, the printed textbook
has been designed for an active learning experience that supports activities in the
classroom as well as after-class practice and review. New content includes Think–
Pair–Share activities, context-rich problems, and a greater emphasis on symbolic
and conceptual problems. All of the printed textbook’s problems will also be avail-
able to assign in WebAssign.
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Preface xiii
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
of two trails to reach the lodge. Both trails have the same
coefficient of friction mk . In addition, both trails represent
nutritionist’s Calorie 5
the same horizontal separation between the initial and final
xiv Preface points. Trail A has a short, steep downslope and then a long,
flat coast to the lodge. Trail B has a long, gentle downslope
and then a short remaining flat coast to the lodge. Which
the relationships trail
between the concepts. Others are more conceptual in nature and
will result in your arriving at the lodge with the highest
designed to encourage conceptual
final speed? thinking. Objective Questions are also written
with the personal response system user in mind, and most of the questions 22. could
easily be used in these systems. Conceptual Questions are more traditional short-
sectIon questions
answer and essay-type 8.5 Power that require students to think conceptually as about
1 kcal 5
a physical situation.
16. TheMore than
electric 900
motor of aObjective
model trainand Conceptual
accelerates Questions
the train from are avail-
able in WebAssign. rest to 0.620 m/s in 21.0 ms. The total mass of the train is
875 g. (a) Find the minimum power delivered to the train
New Physics for Scientists and Engineers
by electrical transmissionWebAssign
from the Implementation
metal rails duringGuide.
the The Imple-
mentation Guide acceleration.
provides instructors with occurrences
(b) Why is it the minimum power? of the different assignable
problems, tutorials, questions, and activities that are available
17. An energy-efficient lightbulb, taking in 28.0 W of power,
with each chapter
of Physics for Scientists and Engineers in WebAssign. Instructors can
can produce the same level of brightness as a conventional use this man-
ual when makinglightbulb
decisionsoperating
about which and how many assessment
at power 100 W. The lifetime of the items to assign.
To facilitate this, energy-efficient
an overview ofbulbhow the000
is 10 assignable
h and its items
purchaseareprice
integrated
is into the
course is included. $4.50, whereas the conventional bulb has a lifetime of 750 h
and costs $0.42. Determine the total savings obtained by
using one energy-efficient bulb over its lifetime as opposed
New Assessment Items
to using conventional bulbs over the same time interval.
New Context-Rich Problems. Context-rich
Assume an energy problems
cost of $0.200 (identified with a CR icon) always
per kilowatt-hour.
discuss “you” as the individual in the problem and have a real-world connection
18. An older-model car accelerates from 0 to speed v in a time
instead of discussing blocks
interval on
of Dt. A planes or balls
newer, more on strings.
powerful They
sports car are structured
accelerates like a
addItIonal ProbleMs
short story and may not always explicitly identify the variable
from 0 to 2v in the same time period. Assuming the energy that needs to be eval-
23. A block of mass m 5
uated. Context-rich problems
coming from the may relate
engine to the
appears opening
only storyline
as kinetic energy ofof the chapter,
might involve “expert witness”
the cars, comparescenarios,
the powerwhich
of the allow students to go beyond mathe-
two cars. cal bowl of radius R 5
matical manipulation by designing an argument
19. Make an order-of-magnitude estimate of the based onpower
mathematical
a car results, or
ask for decisions to be made
engine in real
contributes situations.
to speeding theSelected new context-rich
car up to highway speed. problems
will only appear online
In your in WebAssign.
solution, state theAnphysical
example of a new
quantities youcontext-rich
take as problem
appears below: data and the values you measure or estimate for them. The
mass of a vehicle is often given in the owner’s manual.
R
20. There is a 5K event coming up in your town. While talking
CR to your grandmother, who uses an electric scooter for mobil-
Chapter 8 Conservation of Energy
ity, she says that she would like to accompany you on her
scooter while you walk the 5.00-km distance. The manual
vi at the launch point in terms of g and h. (g) From that came with her scooter claims that the fully charged bat-
tery is capable of providing 120 Wh of energy before being
y max in terms of h and the launch angle u. (h) Would depleted. In preparation for the race, you go for a “test
- drive”: beginning with a fully charged battery, your grand-
mother rides beside you as you walk 5.00 km on flat ground.
At the end of the walk, the battery usage indicator shows
that 40.0%
53292_ch08_ptg01.indd 206 of the original energy in the battery remains.
You also know that the combined weight of the scooter and
your grandmother is 890 N. A few days later, filled with con-
fidence that the battery has sufficient energy, you and your
grandmother drive to the 5K event. Unbeknownst to you,
the 5K route is not on flat ground, but is all uphill, ending at
a point higher than the starting line. A race official tells you
-
that the total amount of vertical displacement on the route
is 150 m. Should your grandmother accompany you on the
walk, or will she be stranded when her battery runs out of
energy? Assume that the only difference between your test
drive and the actual event is the vertical displacement.
-
21. For saving energy, bicycling and walking are far more effi-
New Think–Pair–Share cient Problems
means of transportation
and Activities. than is travel by automobile.
Think–Pair–Share problems and activi-
For example, when riding at 10.0
ties are similar to context-rich problems, but tend to benefit mi/h, a cyclist uses from
more food group discus-
energy at a rate of about 400 kcal/h above what he would use
sion because the solution is not as straightforward as for a single-concept problem.
if merely sitting still. (In exercise physiology, power is often
Some Think–Pair–Share measured in kcal/hrequire
problems the group
rather than in watts.toHere
discuss and
1 kcal 5 make
1 decisions;
mk . In addition, both trailsothers
represent
are made more challenging by 5the4 fact
nutritionist’s Calorie 186 that some information
J.) Walking at 3.00 mi/his not and can-
not be known. All requires
chaptersaboutin the220
textkcal/h.
have atItleast one Think–Pair–Share
is interesting to compare problem or
activity; several more theseper chapter
values withwill
the be available
energy only in WebAssign.
consumption required for Examples of a
Think–Pair–Sharetravel Problemby car.
andGasoline yields about 1.30
a Think–Pair–Share 3 108 appear
Activity J/gal. Find
on the next page:
the fuel economy in equivalent miles per gallon for a person
(a) walking and (b) bicycling.
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
22. Energy is conventionally measured in Calories as well as in
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
-
think–Pair–
der horizontally
With our new knowledge between
of forces, we hare
the supports as shown in the end
can extend S
the beginning of the track and at the same radial distance
from the center of the track, and undergo constant transla-
view in Figure TP10.1a. The wood can be sanded F and oiled S
v tional acceleration of magnitude a. All cars have identical
See theto almost
Preface foreliminate friction.
an explanation In icons
of the this way,
usedthe cylindrical
in this problemsarti-
set. upward
tires. to 45.0
Show that mi/h.
all of Suddenly,
the cars skidyou outward
see a curveoff ahead with
the track
fact is free
For additional to rotate
assessment itemsaround its long,gohorizontal
for this section, to
S
ac axis. You a warning sign saying, “Danger: Preface
unbanked curve
at the same angular position around the track, regardless with xv
radius
wrap a long piece of twine several times around the cylinder of their
curvature
of mass.35.0 m.” You
To solve thisare 15.0 mthe
problem, from the beginning
stubborn owner
v2 r of the
still curve.
does Whattocan
not want youthe
spend do money
to saveonthebanked
eggs: (i) take the
roadways,
1. You are working as a delivery person for a dairy store. In
ac 5 m (6.1) curve
so at 45.0 has
he simply mi/h, (ii) brake
a circular to abuilt
track stopwith
before
theentering
same roadthe
r the back of your pickup truck is a crate of eggs. The dairy
curve to but
material think aboutradius.
a larger it, or (iii)
What slow down to take the curve
happens?
company has run out of bungee cords, so the crate is not
at a slower speed? Discuss these options in your group and
tied down. You have been told to drive carefully because ACTIVITY (a)
3. determine Placeisten pennies on of
a horizontal meterstick,
if there a best course action.
the coefficient of static friction between the crate and the with a penny at 10 cm, 20 cm, 30 cm, etc., out to 100 cm.
bed of the truck is 0.600. You are not worried, because you ACTIvITY pick
2. Carefully FindupatheYouTube videokeeping
meterstick, that shows the complete
it horizontal, and
are traveling on a road that appears perfectly straight. Due cycleafor
have an amusement
member of the groupparkmake
ride called
a videothe “Roundup.”
recording of theIn
to your confidence and inattention, your speed has crept this ride, event,
following a riderusing
stands against a wall
a smartphone or at the device.
other edge ofWhile
a disk
upward to 45.0 mi/h. Suddenly, you see a curve ahead with the video recording is underway, release the 100-cm end of
a warning sign saying, “Danger: unbanked curve with radius the meterstick while the 0-cm end rests on someone’s fin-
of curvature 35.0 m.” You are 15.0 m from the beginning ger or the edge of the desk. By stepping through the video
of the curve. What can you do to save the eggs: (i) take the images or watching the video in slow motion, determine
curve at 45.0 mi/h, (ii) brake to a stop before entering the which pennies first lose contact with the meterstick as it
a curve to think about it, or (iii)
b slow down to take the curve
falls. (b) Make a theoretical determination of which pen-
53292_ch06_ptg01.indd 143at a slower speed? Discuss these options in your group and nies should first lose contact and compare to your experi-
9/14/17 9:45 AM
Figure TP10.1
determine if there is a best course of action. mental result.
2. ACTIvITY Find a YouTube video that shows the complete
cycle for an amusement park ride called the “Roundup.” In
this ride, a rider stands against a wall at the edge of a disk
Content Changes
Reorganized Chapter 16 (Wave Motion). This combination of Chapters 16 and 17 from
the last edition brings all of the fundamental material on traveling mechanical waves
on strings and
53292_ch10_ptg01.indd 278 sound waves through materials together in one chapter. This allows for
more close comparisons between the features of the two types of waves that are similar,
such as derivations of the speed of the wave. The section on reflection and transmis-
9/14/17 9:45 AM
sion of waves, details of which are not necessary in a chapter on traveling waves, was
moved into Chapter 17 (Superposition and Standing Waves) for this edition, where it
fits more naturally in a discussion of the effects of boundary conditions on waves.
Reorganization of Chapters 22–24. Movement of the material on continuous distri-
bution of charge out of Chapter 22 (Electric Fields) to Chapter 23 (Continuous
Charge Distributions and Gauss’s Law) results in a chapter that is a more gradual
introduction for students into the new and challenging topic of electricity. The
chapter now involves only electric fields due to point charges and uniform electric
fields due to parallel plates.
Chapter 23 previously involved only the analysis of electric fields due to continu-
ous charge distributions using Gauss’s law. Movement of the material on continu-
ous distribution of charge into Chapter 23 results in an entire chapter based on
the analysis of fields from continuous charge distributions, using two techniques:
integration and Gauss’s law.
Chapter 23 previously contained a discussion of four properties of isolated
charged conductors. Three of the properties were discussed and argued from basic
principles, while the student was referred to necessary material in the next chapter
(on Electric Potential) for a discussion of the fourth property. With the movement
of this discussion into Chapter 24 for this edition, the student has learned all of
the necessary basic material before the discussion of properties of isolated charged
conductors, and all four properties can be argued from basic principles together.
Reorganized Chapter 43 (Nuclear Physics). Chapters 44 (Nuclear Structure) and 45
(Applications of Nuclear Physics) in the last edition have been combined in this
edition. This new Chapter 43 allows all of the material on nuclear physics to be
studied together. As a consequence, we now have a series of the final five chapters
of the text that each cover in one chapter focused applications of the fundamental
principles studied before: Chapter 40 (Quantum Mechanics), Chapter 41 (Atomic
Physics), Chapter 42 (Molecules and Solids), Chapter 43 (Nuclear Physics), and
Chapter 44 (Particle Physics).
New Storyline Approach to Chapter-Opening Text. Each chapter opens with a Story-
line section. This feature provides a continuous storyline through the whole book of
“you” as an inquisitive physics student observing and analyzing phenomena seen in
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
xvi Preface
everyday life. Many chapters’ Storyline involves measurements made with a smart-
phone, observations of YouTube videos, or investigations on the Internet.
New Chapter-Opening Connections. The start of each chapter also features a Connec-
tions section that shows how the material in the chapter connects to previously studied
material and to future material. The Connections section provides a “big picture” of
the concepts, explains why this chapter is placed in this particular location relative to
the other chapters, and shows how the structure of physics builds on previous material.
Text Features
Most instructors believe that the textbook selected for a course should be the stu-
dent’s primary guide for understanding and learning the subject matter. Further-
more, the textbook should be easily accessible and should be styled and written to
facilitate instruction and learning. With these points in mind, we have included
many pedagogical features, listed below, that are intended to enhance its useful-
ness to both students and instructors.
Q uick Quiz 7.5 A dart is inserted into a spring-loaded dart gun by pushing
the spring in by a distance x. For the next loading, the spring is compressed a
distance 2x. How much faster does the second dart leave the gun compared with
the first? (a) four times as fast (b) two times as fast (c) the same (d) half as fast
(e) one-fourth as fast
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
B 5 8 units. Which pair of numbers represents the largest and smallest possible
S S S
values for the magnitude of the resultant vector R 5 A 1 B ? (a) 14.4 units,
4 units (b) 12 units, 8 units (c) 20 units, 4 units (d) none of these answers
xviii Preface S S
Q uiCk Quiz 3.3 If vector B is added to vector A , which two of the following
S
choices
S
must be true for the resultant vector to
S
be equal
S
to zero? (a) A and
B are parallel and in theSsame Sdirection. (b) A and B are parallel and Sin
S
opposite directions. (c) A and B have the same magnitude. (d) A and AllB worked examples are also
are perpendicular. available to be assigned as interactive examples in
WebAssign.
Analyze In this example, we show two ways to analyze the problem of finding the resultant of two vectors. The first way is to
S
Each step of the solve the problem geometrically, using graph paper and a protractor to measure the magnitude of R and its direction in Fig-
solution is detailed ure 3.11a. (In fact, even when you know you are going to be carrying out a calculation, you should sketch the vectors to check
in a two-column your results.) With an ordinary ruler and protractor, a large diagram typically gives answers to two-digit but not to three-digit
S
format. The left precision. Try using these tools on R in Figure 3.11a and compare to the trigonometric analysis below!
S
column provides The second way to solve the problem is to analyze it using algebra and trigonometry. The magnitude of R can be obtained
from the law of cosines as applied to the triangle in Figure 3.11a (see Appendix B.4).
an explanation for
each mathematical
Use R 2 5 A 2 1 B 2 2 2AB cos u from the law of cosines to R 5 ÏA2 1 B 2 2 2AB cos u
step in the right
find R:
column, to better
reinforce the physi-
Substitute numerical values, noting that R 5 Ïs20.0 kmd2 1 s35.0 kmd2 2 2s20.0 kmds35.0 kmd cos 1208
cal concepts. u 5 1808 2 608 5 1208: 5 48.2 km
sin b sin u
Use the law of sines (Appendix B.4) to find the direction 5
S B R
of R measured from the northerly direction:
B 35.0 km
sin b 5 sin u 5 sin 1208 5 0.629
58 Chapter 3 Vectors R 48.2 km
b 5 38.98
3.2 c o n t i n udisplacement
The resultant ed of the car is 48.2 km in a direction 38.98 west of north.
continued
Finalize Does the angle b that we calculated agree with an find using the laws of cosines and sines to be awkward. Sec-
estimate made by looking at Figure 3.11a or with an actual ond, a triangle only results if you are adding two vectors. If
angle measured from the diagram using the graphical you are adding three or more vectors, the resulting geomet-
S
method? Is it reasonable that the magnitude of R is larger ric shape is usually not a triangle. In Section 3.4, we explore
S S S
than that of both A and B ? Are the units of R correct? a new method of adding vectors that will address both of
Although the head to tail method of adding vectors works these disadvantages.
53292_ch03_ptg01.indd 57 9/14/17 9:34 AM
well, it suffers from two disadvantages. First, some people
W h A T I f ? Suppose the trip were taken with the two vectors in reverse order: 35.0 km at 60.08 west of north first and
then 20.0 km due north. How would the magnitude and the direction of the resultant vector change?
Answer They would not change. The commutative law for vector addition tells us that the order of vectors in an addition is
irrelevant. Graphically, Figure 3.11b shows that the vectors added in the reverse order give us the same resultant vector.
each chapter is the Challenge Problems(a)section, which gathers the most difficult
Solve the equation for x. (b) Compose the statement of
prob-
interval. The radius of the circular section is 12.0 m, and the
coaster enters the bottom of the circular section at a speed of
lems for a given chapter in one place.a problem,
(Challenge includingProblems have
data, for which problem
this equation givesnumbers
the
22.0 m/s. Assume the coaster moves without friction on the
marked in red.) solution. (c) Add the two values of x obtained in part (a)
track and model the coaster as a particle.
and divide by 2. (d) What is the significance of the resulting
There are several kinds of problems valuefeatured
in part (c)? in this text:
the vertical. What is this angle?
35. A horizontal spring attached to a wall has a force constant
of k 5 38.850Review.
N/m. AWhy block of following
is the mass m 5 1.00 kg is attached
V Watch It video solutions available in WebAssign
34. Review. explain
Why is the following fundamental
situation impossible? A new problem-
high-
to the spring and impossible?
situation rests on aAnfrictionless,
ath- horizontal sur-
speed roller coaster is claimed to be so safe that the passen-
solving strategies to help students stepgersthrough
do not needselected
to wear seatproblems.
belts or any other restraining
face as in lete
Figure
testsP8.35.
her hand (a) strength
The block is pulled to a posi-
tion xi 5 6.00 cm from
by having equilibrium
an assistant hangand released. Find the ui
device. The coaster is designed with a vertical circular sec-
elastic potential
weightsenergy
from her stored
beltin
asthe
she spring when the block
Quantitative/Conceptual problems tion
contain parts that ask students to
over which the coaster travels on the inside of the cir- think both
is 6.00 cmhangs from onto
equilibrium and when the block passes
a horizontal
quantitatively and conceptually. An cle example
so that the of a Quantitative/Conceptual
passengers are upside down for a short timeprob-
through equilibrium.
bar with her(b) Find When
hands. the speed of the block as it
interval. The radius of the circular section is 12.0 m, and the
lem appears here: coaster enters the bottom of the circular section at a speed of
passes through the equilibrium
the weights hanging on point.
her (c) What is the speed
of the block when
belt haveit increased
is at a position
to 80% xi /2 5 3.00 cm? (d) Why
22.0 m/s. Assume the coaster moves without friction on the
isn’t the answer
of herto part
body(c)weight,
half theheranswer to part (b)?
track and model the coaster as a particle.
hands can no longer sup-
35. A horizontal spring attached to a wall has a force constant port her and she drops to
of k 5 850 N/m. A block of mass m 5 1.00 kg is attached the floor. Frustrated at not
The problem is identified meeting k her hand-strength
Figure P8.38
to the spring and rests on a frictionless, horizontal sur-
with a icon. face as in Figure P8.35. (a) The block is pulled to a posi- m
tion xi 5 6.00 cm from equilibrium and released. Find the
elastic potential energy stored in the spring when the block
is 6.00 cm from equilibrium and when the block passes x 0 x xi /2 x xi
through equilibrium. (b) Find the speed of the block as it platform, starting from rest with the ropes at an angle u
Parts (a)–(c) of the problem ask 60.08
passes through the equilibrium point. (c) What is the speed Figure P8.35
for quantitative calculations. of the block when it is at a position xi /2 5 3.00 cm? (d) Why
isn’t the answer to part (c) half the answer to part (b)?
36. More than 2 300 years ago, the Greek teacher Aristotle
performer’s body is small compared to the length ,
wrote the firstPartbook(d) called
asksPhysics. Put into more precise ter-
a conceptual
resistance is negligible.
minology, this passage isabout
question from the theend of its Section Eta:
situation.
39. An airplane of mass 1.50 3 104
k Let P be the power of an agent causing motion; w, the
m load moved; d, the distance covered; and Dt, the time
the airplane has a magnitude of 4.0 3 104
interval required. Then (1) a power equal to P will in
Symbolic problems ask students to solve a problem using only symbolic manipu-
lation. Reviewers of the Ninth Edition (as well as thex majority 0 x xi /2of xrespondents
xi to a
large survey) asked specifically for an increase inFigure the P8.35
number of symbolic prob-
of the thrust in this situation is 7.50 3 104
lems found in the text because it better reflects the way instructors want their
students to think when solving physics
36. Moreproblems. An example
than 2 300 years ago, the Greek of teacher
a Symbolic
Aristotleprob-
53292_ch08_ptg01.indd 208
wrote the first book called Physics. Put into more precise ter-
lem appears on the next page: minology, this passage is from the end of its Section Eta: has traveled 5.0 3 102 m.
Let P be the power of an agent causing motion; w, the 40. A pendulum, comprising a light string of length L
load moved; d, the distance covered; and Dt, the time
interval required. Then (1) a power equal to P will in a peg located a distance d
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into the giant republic. So the old captain finished such a task as
“God, after His manner, assigns to His Englishmen.”
XXXVI
A. D. 1670
THE BUCCANEERS
FROM the time of Henry VII of England down to the present day, the
nations of Europe have been busy with one enormous adventure,
the search for the best trade route to India and the China seas. For
four whole centuries this quest for a trade route has been the main
current of the history of the world. Look what the nations have done
in that long fight for trade.
Portugal found the sea route by Magellan’s Strait, and occupied
Brazil; the Cape route, and colonized the coasts of Africa. She built
an empire.
Spain mistook the West Indies for the real Indies, and the red
men for the real Indians, found the Panama route, and occupied the
new world from Cape Horn up to the southern edge of Alaska. She
built an empire.
France, in the search of a route across North America, occupied
Canada and the Mississippi Valley. She built an empire. That lost,
she attempted under Napoleon to occupy Egypt, Palestine and the
whole overland road to India. That failing, she has dug the Suez
Canal and attempted the Panama, both sea routes to the Indies.
Holland, searching for a route across North America, found
Hudson’s Bay and occupied Hudson River (New York). On the South
Sea route she built her rich empire in the East Indian Islands.
Britain, searching eastward first, opened up Russia to
civilization, then explored the sea passage north of Asia. Searching
westward, she settled Newfoundland, founded the United States,
built Canada, which created the Canadian Pacific route to the Indies,
and traversed the sea passage north of America. On the Panama
route, she built a West Indian empire; on the Mediterranean route,
her fortress line of Gibraltar, Malta, Cyprus, Egypt, Adon. By holding
all routes, she holds her Indian empire. Is not this the history of the
world?
But there remains to be told the story of Russia’s search for
routes to India and China. That story begins with Martha Rabe, the
Swedish nursery governess, who married a dragoon, left him to be
mistress of a Russian general, became servant to the Princess
Menchikoff, next the lover, then the wife of Peter the Great, and
finally succeeded him as empress of all the Russias. To the dazzling
court of this Empress Catherine came learned men and travelers
who talked about the search of all the nations for a route through
North America to the Indies. Long ago, they said, an old Greek
mariner, one Juan de Fuca, had bragged on the quays of Venice, of
his voyages. He claimed to have rounded Cape Horn, and thence
beat up the west coast of America, until he came far north to a strait
which entered the land. Through this sea channel he had sailed for
many weeks, until it brought him out again into the ocean. One
glance at the map will show these straits of Juan de Fuca, and how
the old Greek, sailing for many weeks, came out again into the
ocean, having rounded the back of Vancouver’s Island. But the
legend as told to Catherine the Great of Russia, made these
mysterious straits of Anian lead from the Pacific right across North
America to the Atlantic Ocean. Here was a sea route from Russia
across the Atlantic, across North America, across the Pacific, direct
to the gorgeous Indies. With such a possession as this channel
Russia could dominate the world.
Catherine set her soothsayers and wiseacres to make a chart,
displaying these straits of Anian which Juan de Fuca had found, and
they marked the place accordingly at forty-eight degrees of north
latitude on the west coast of America. But there were also rumors
and legends in those days of a great land beyond the uttermost
coasts of Siberia, an island that was called Aliaska, filling the North
Pacific. All such legends and rumors the astrologers marked
faithfully upon their map until the thing was of no more use than a
dose of smallpox. Then Catherine gave the precious chart to two of
her naval officers, Vitus Bering, the Dane—a mighty man in the late
wars with Sweden and a Russian lieutenant—Tschirikoff—and bade
them go find the straits of Anian.
The expedition set out overland across the Russian and Siberian
plains, attended by hunters who kept the people alive on fish and
game until they reached the coasts of the North Pacific. There they
built two ships, the Stv Petr and the Stv Pavl, and launched them,
two years from the time of their outsetting from Saint Petersburg.
Thirteen years they spent in exploring the Siberian coast, northward
to the Arctic, southward to the borders of China, then in 1741 set out
into the unknown to search for the Island of Aliaska, and the Straits
of Anian so plainly marked upon their chart.
Long months they cruised about in quest of that island, finding
nothing, while the crews sickened of scurvy, and man after man died
in misery, until only a few were left.
The world had not been laid out correctly, but Bering held with
fervor to his faith in that official chart for which his men were dying.
At last Tschirikoff, unable to bear it any longer, deserted Bering, and
sailing eastward many days, came at last to land at the mouth of
Cross Straits in Southern Alaska.
Beyond a rocky foreshore and white surf, forests of pine went up
to mountains lost in trailing clouds. Behind a little point rose a film of
smoke from some savage camp-fire. Tschirikoff landed a boat’s crew
in search of provisions and water, which vanished behind the point
and was seen no more. Heart-sick, he sent a second boat, which
vanished behind the point and was seen no more, but the fire of the
savages blazed high. Two days he waited, watching that pillar of
smoke, and listened to a far-off muttering of drums, then with the
despairing remnant of his crew, turned back to the lesser perils of the
sea, and fled to Siberia. Farther to the northward, some three
hundred miles, was Bering in the Stv Petr, driving his mutinous
people in a last search for land. It was the day after Tschirikoff’s
discovery, and the ship, flying winged out before the southwest wind,
came to green shallows of the sea, and fogs that lay in violet gloom
ahead, like some mysterious coast crowned with white cloud heights
towering up the sky. At sunset, when these clouds had changed to
flame color, they parted, suddenly revealing high above the
mastheads the most tremendous mountain in the world. The sailors
were terrified, and Bering, called suddenly to the tall after-castle of
the ship, went down on his knees in awestruck wonder. By the
Russian calendar, the day was that of the dread Elijah, who had
been taken up from the earth drawn by winged horses of flame in a
chariot of fire, and to these lost mariners it seemed that this was no
mere mountain of ice walls glowing rose and azure through a rift of
the purple clouds, but a vision of the translation of the prophet.
Bering named the mountain Saint Elias.
There is no space here for the detail of Bering’s wanderings
thereafter through those bewildering labyrinths of islands which skirt
the Alps of Saint Elias westward, and reach out as the Aleutian
Archipelago the whole way across the Pacific Ocean. The region is
an awful sub-arctic wilderness of rock-set gaps between bleak arctic
islands crowned by flaming volcanoes, lost in eternal fog. It has been
my fate to see the wonders and the terrors of that coast, which
Bering’s seamen mistook for the vestibule of the infernal regions.
Scurvy and hunger made them more like ghosts of the condemned
than living men, until their nightmare voyage ended in wreck on the
last of the islands, within two hundred miles of the Siberian coast.
Stellar, the German naturalist, who survived the winter, has left
record of Bering laid between two rocks for shelter, where the sand
drift covered his legs and kept him warm through the last days, then
made him a grave afterward. The island was frequented by sea-
cows, creatures until then unknown, and since wholly extinct,
Stellar’s being the only account of them. There were thousands of
sea otter, another species that will soon become extinct, and the
shipwrecked men had plenty of wild meat to feed on while they
passed the winter building from the timbers of the wreck, a boat to
carry them home. In the spring they sailed with a load of sea-otter
skins and gained the Chinese coast, where their cargo fetched a
fortune for all hands, the furs being valued for the official robes of
mandarins.
At the news of this new trade in sea-otter skins, the hunters of
Siberia went wild with excitement, so that the survivors of Bering’s
crew led expeditions of their own to Alaska. By them a colony was
founded, and though the Straits of Anian were never discovered,
because they did not exist, the czars added to their dominions a new
empire called Russian America. This Alaska was sold in 1867 to the
United States for one million, five hundred thousand pounds, enough
money to build such a work as London Bridge, and the territory
yields more than that by far in annual profits from fisheries, timber
and gold.
XXXIX
A. D. 1750
THE PIRATES
THERE are very few pirates left. The Riff Moors of Gibraltar Straits
will grab a wind-bound ship when they get the chance; the Arabs of
the Red Sea take stranded steamers; Chinese practitioners shipped
as passengers on a liner, will rise in the night, cut throats, and steal
the vessel; moreover some little retail business is done by the
Malays round Singapore, but trade as a whole is slack, and sea
thieves are apt to get themselves disliked by the British gunboats.
This is a respectable world, my masters, but it is getting dull.
It was very different in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries
when the Sallee rovers, the Algerian corsairs, buccaneers of the
West Indies, the Malays and the Chinese put pirate fleets to sea to
prey on great commerce, when Blackbeard, Captain Kidd,
Bartholomew, Roberts, Lafitte, Avery and a hundred other corsairs
under the Jolly Roger could seize tall ships and make their unwilling
seamen walk the plank. They and their merry men went mostly to the
gallows, richly deserved the same, and yet—well, nobody need
complain that times were dull.
There were so many pirates one hardly knows which to deal
with, but Avery was such a mean rogue, and there is such a nice
confused story—well, here goes! He was mate of the ship Duke,
forty-four guns, a merchant cruiser chartered from Bristol for the
Spanish service. His skipper was mightily addicted to punch, and too
drunk to object when Avery, conspiring with the men, made bold to
seize the ship. Then he went down-stairs to wake the captain, who,
in a sudden fright, asked, “What’s the matter?” “Oh, nothing,” said
Avery. The skipper gobbled at him, “But something’s the matter,” he
cried. “Does she drive? What weather is it?” “No, no,” answered
Avery, “we’re at sea.” “At sea! How can that be?”
“Come,” says Avery, “don’t be in a fright, but put on your clothes,
and I’ll let you into the secret—and if you’ll turn sober and mind your
business perhaps, in time, I may make you one of my lieutenants, if
not, here’s a boat alongside, and you shall be set ashore.” The
skipper, still in a fright, was set ashore, together with such of the men
as were honest. Then Avery sailed away to seek his fortune.
On the coast of Madagascar, lying in a bay, two sloops were
found, whose seamen supposed the Duke to be a ship of war and
being rogues, having stolen these vessels to go pirating, they fled
with rueful faces into the woods. Of course they were frightfully
pleased when they found out that they were not going to be hanged
just yet, and delighted when Captain Avery asked them to sail in his
company. They could fly at big game now, with this big ship for a
consort.
Now, as it happened, the Great Mogul, emperor of Hindustan,
was sending his daughter with a splendid retinue to make pilgrimage
to Mecca and worship at the holy places of Mahomet. The lady
sailed in a ship with chests of gold to pay the expenses of the
journey, golden vessels for the table, gifts for the shrines, an escort
of princes covered with jewels, troops, servants, slaves and a band
to play tunes with no music, after the eastern manner. And it was
their serious misfortune to meet with Captain Avery outside the
mouth of the Indus. Avery’s sloops, being very swift, got the prize,
and stripped her of everything worth taking, before they let her go.
It shocked Avery to think of all that treasure in the sloops where
it might get lost; so presently, as they sailed in consort, he invited the
captains of the sloops to use the big ship as their strong room. They
put their treasure on board the Duke, and watched close, for fear of
accidents. Then came a dark night when Captain Avery mislaid both
sloops, and bolted with all the plunder, leaving two crews of simple
mariners to wonder where he had gone.