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Supercharged Python
 Supercharged Python
Brian Overland

John Bennett

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1 19
To my beautiful and brilliant mother, Betty P. M. Overland. . . .

All the world is mad except for me and thee. Stay a little.

—Brian

To my parents, who did so much to shape who I am.

—John
Contents
Preface

What Makes Python Special?

Paths to Learning: Where Do I Start?

Clarity and Examples Are Everything

Learning Aids: Icons

What You’ll Learn

Have Fun

Acknowledgments

About the Authors

Chapter 1 Review of the Fundamentals

1.1 Python Quick Start

1.2 Variables and Naming Names

1.3 Combined Assignment Operators

1.4 Summary of Python Arithmetic Operators

1.5 Elementary Data Types: Integer and Floating Point

1.6 Basic Input and Output

1.7 Function Definitions

1.8 The Python “if” Statement

1.9 The Python “while” Statement

1.10 A Couple of Cool Little Apps

1.11 Summary of Python Boolean Operators

1.12 Function Arguments and Return Values

1.13 The Forward Reference Problem

1.14 Python Strings

1.15 Python Lists (and a Cool Sorting App)

1.16 The “for” Statement and Ranges

1.17 Tuples

1.18 Dictionaries

1.19 Sets

1.20 Global and Local Variables

Summary

Review Questions

Suggested Problems

Chapter 2 Advanced String Capabilities

2.1 Strings Are Immutable

2.2 Numeric Conversions, Including Binary

2.3 String Operators (+, =, *, >, etc.)

2.4 Indexing and Slicing

2.5 Single-Character Functions (Character Codes)

2.6 Building Strings Using “join”

2.7 Important String Functions

2.8 Binary, Hex, and Octal Conversion Functions

2.9 Simple Boolean (“is”) Methods

2.10 Case Conversion Methods

2.11 Search-and-Replace Methods

2.12 Breaking Up Input Using “split”

2.13 Stripping

2.14 Justification Methods

Summary

Review Questions

Suggested Problems

Chapter 3 Advanced List Capabilities

3.1 Creating and Using Python Lists

3.2 Copying Lists Versus Copying List Variables

3.3 Indexing

3.3.1 Positive Indexes

3.3.2 Negative Indexes

3.3.3 Generating Index Numbers Using “enumerate”

3.4 Getting Data from Slices

3.5 Assigning into Slices

3.6 List Operators

3.7 Shallow Versus Deep Copying

3.8 List Functions

3.9 List Methods: Modifying a List

3.10 List Methods: Getting Information on Contents

3.11 List Methods: Reorganizing

3.12 Lists as Stacks: RPN Application

3.13 The “reduce” Function

3.14 Lambda Functions

3.15 List Comprehension

3.16 Dictionary and Set Comprehension

3.17 Passing Arguments Through a List

3.18 Multidimensional Lists

3.18.1 Unbalanced Matrixes

3.18.2 Creating Arbitrarily Large Matrixes

Summary

Review Questions

Suggested Problems

Chapter 4 Shortcuts, Command Line, and Packages

4.1 Overview

4.2 Twenty-Two Programming Shortcuts

4.2.1 Use Python Line Continuation as Needed

4.2.2 Use “for” Loops Intelligently

4.2.3 Understand Combined Operator Assignment (+= etc.)

4.2.4 Use Multiple Assignment

4.2.5 Use Tuple Assignment

4.2.6 Use Advanced Tuple Assignment

4.2.7 Use List and String “Multiplication”

4.2.8 Return Multiple Values

4.2.9 Use Loops and the “else” Keyword

4.2.10 Take Advantage of Boolean Values and “not”

4.2.11 Treat Strings as Lists of Characters

4.2.12 Eliminate Characters by Using “replace”

4.2.13 Don’t Write Unnecessary Loops

4.2.14 Use Chained Comparisons (n < x < m)

4.2.15 Simulate “switch” with a Table of Functions

4.2.16 Use the “is” Operator Correctly

4.2.17 Use One-Line “for” Loops

4.2.18 Squeeze Multiple Statements onto a Line

4.2.19 Write One-Line if/then/else Statements

4.2.20 Create Enum Values with “range”

4.2.21 Reduce the Inefficiency of the “print” Function Within

IDLE

4.2.22 Place Underscores Inside Large Numbers

4.3 Running Python from the Command Line

4.3.1 Running on a Windows-Based System

4.3.2 Running on a Macintosh System

4.3.3 Using pip or pip3 to Download Packages

4.4 Writing and Using Doc Strings

4.5 Importing Packages

4.6 A Guided Tour of Python Packages

4.7 Functions as First-Class Objects

4.8 Variable-Length Argument Lists

4.8.1 The *args List

4.8.2 The “**kwargs” List

4.9 Decorators and Function Profilers

4.10 Generators

4.10.1 What’s an Iterator?

4.10.2 Introducing Generators

4.11 Accessing Command-Line Arguments

Summary

Questions for Review

Suggested Problems

Chapter 5 Formatting Text Precisely

5.1 Formatting with the Percent Sign Operator (%)

5.2 Percent Sign (%) Format Specifiers

5.3 Percent Sign (%) Variable-Length Print Fields

5.4 The Global “format” Function

5.5 Introduction to the “format” Method

5.6 Ordering by Position (Name or Number)

5.7 “Repr” Versus String Conversion

5.8 The “spec” Field of the “format” Function and Method

5.8.1 Print-Field Width

5.8.2 Text Justification: “fill” and “align” Characters

5.8.3 The “sign” Character

5.8.4 The Leading-Zero Character (0)

5.8.5 Thousands Place Separator

5.8.6 Controlling Precision

5.8.7 “Precision” Used with Strings (Truncation)

5.8.8 “Type” Specifiers

5.8.9 Displaying in Binary Radix

5.8.10 Displaying in Octal and Hex Radix

5.8.11 Displaying Percentages

5.8.12 Binary Radix Example

5.9 Variable-Size Fields

Summary

Review Questions

Suggested Problems

Chapter 6 Regular Expressions, Part I

6.1 Introduction to Regular Expressions

6.2 A Practical Example: Phone Numbers

6.3 Refining Matches

6.4 How Regular Expressions Work: Compiling Versus Running

6.5 Ignoring Case, and Other Function Flags

6.6 Regular Expressions: Basic Syntax Summary

6.6.1 Meta Characters

6.6.2 Character Sets

6.6.3 Pattern Quantifiers

6.6.4 Backtracking, Greedy, and Non-Greedy

6.7 A Practical Regular-Expression Example

6.8 Using the Match Object

6.9 Searching a String for Patterns

6.10 Iterative Searching (“findall”)

6.11 The “findall” Method and the Grouping Problem

6.12 Searching for Repeated Patterns

6.13 Replacing Text

Summary

Review Questions
Suggested Problems

Chapter 7 Regular Expressions, Part II

7.1 Summary of Advanced RegEx Grammar

7.2 Noncapture Groups

7.2.1 The Canonical Number Example

7.2.2 Fixing the Tagging Problem

7.3 Greedy Versus Non-Greedy Matching

7.4 The Look-Ahead Feature

7.5 Checking Multiple Patterns (Look-Ahead)

7.6 Negative Look-Ahead

7.7 Named Groups

7.8 The “re.split” Function

7.9 The Scanner Class and the RPN Project

7.10 RPN: Doing Even More with Scanner

Summary

Review Questions

Suggested Problems

Chapter 8 Text and Binary Files

8.1 Two Kinds of Files: Text and Binary

8.1.1 Text Files

8.1.2 Binary Files

8.2 Approaches to Binary Files: A Summary

8.3 The File/Directory System

8.4 Handling File-Opening Exceptions

8.5 Using the “with” Keyword

8.6 Summary of Read/Write Operations

8.7 Text File Operations in Depth

8.8 Using the File Pointer (“seek”)

8.9 Reading Text into the RPN Project

8.9.1 The RPN Interpreter to Date

8.9.2 Reading RPN from a Text File

8.9.3 Adding an Assignment Operator to RPN

8.10 Direct Binary Read/Write

8.11 Converting Data to Fixed-Length Fields (“struct”)

8.11.1 Writing and Reading One Number at a Time

8.11.2 Writing and Reading Several Numbers at a Time

8.11.3 Writing and Reading a Fixed-Length String

8.11.4 Writing and Reading a Variable-Length String

8.11.5 Writing and Reading Strings and Numerics Together

8.11.6 Low-Level Details: Big Endian Versus Little Endian

8.12 Using the Pickling Package

8.13 Using the “shelve” Package

Summary

Review Questions

Suggested Problems

Chapter 9 Classes and Magic Methods

9.1 Classes and Objects: Basic Syntax

9.2 More About Instance Variables

9.3 The “_ _init_ _” and “_ _new_ _” Methods

9.4 Classes and the Forward Reference Problem

9.5 Methods Generally

9.6 Public and Private Variables and Methods

9.7 Inheritance

9.8 Multiple Inheritance

9.9 Magic Methods, Summarized

9.10 Magic Methods in Detail

9.10.1 String Representation in Python Classes

9.10.2 The Object Representation Methods

9.10.3 Comparison Methods

9.10.4 Arithmetic Operator Methods

9.10.5 Unary Arithmetic Methods

9.10.6 Reflection (Reverse-Order) Methods

9.10.7 In-Place Operator Methods

9.10.8 Conversion Methods

9.10.9 Collection Class Methods

9.10.10 Implementing “_ _iter_ _” and “_ _next_ _”

9.11 Supporting Multiple Argument Types

9.12 Setting and Getting Attributes Dynamically

Summary

Review Questions

Suggested Problems

Chapter 10 Decimal, Money, and Other Classes

10.1 Overview of Numeric Classes

10.2 Limitations of Floating-Point Format

10.3 Introducing the Decimal Class

10.4 Special Operations on Decimal Objects

10.5 A Decimal Class Application

10.6 Designing a Money Class

10.7 Writing the Basic Money Class (Containment)

10.8 Displaying Money Objects (“_ _str_ _”, “_ _repr_ _”)

10.9 Other Monetary Operations

10.10 Demo: A Money Calculator

10.11 Setting the Default Currency

10.12 Money and Inheritance

10.13 The Fraction Class

10.14 The Complex Class

Summary

Review Questions

Suggested Problems

Chapter 11 The Random and Math Packages

11.1 Overview of the Random Package

11.2 A Tour of Random Functions

11.3 Testing Random Behavior

11.4 A Random-Integer Game

11.5 Creating a Deck Object

11.6 Adding Pictograms to the Deck

11.7 Charting a Normal Distribution

11.8 Writing Your Own Random-Number Generator

11.8.1 Principles of Generating Random Numbers

11.8.2 A Sample Generator

11.9 Overview of the Math Package

11.10 A Tour of Math Package Functions

11.11 Using Special Values (pi)

11.12 Trig Functions: Height of a Tree

11.13 Logarithms: Number Guessing Revisited

11.13.1 How Logarithms Work

11.13.2 Applying a Logarithm to a Practical Problem

Summary

Review Questions

Suggested Problems

Chapter 12 The “numpy” (Numeric Python) Package

12.1 Overview of the “array,” “numpy,” and “matplotlib”

Packages

12.1.1 The “array” Package

12.1.2 The “numpy” Package

12.1.3 The “numpy.random” Package

12.1.4 The “matplotlib” Package

12.2 Using the “array” Package

12.3 Downloading and Importing “numpy”

12.4 Introduction to “numpy”: Sum 1 to 1 Million

12.5 Creating “numpy” Arrays

12.5.1 The “array” Function (Conversion to an Array)

12.5.2 The “arange” Function

12.5.3 The “linspace” Function

12.5.4 The “empty” Function

12.5.5 The “eye” Function

12.5.6 The “ones” Function

12.5.7 The “zeros” Function

12.5.8 The “full” Function

12.5.9 The “copy” Function

12.5.10 The “fromfunction” Function

12.6 Example: Creating a Multiplication Table

12.7 Batch Operations on “numpy” Arrays

12.8 Ordering a Slice of “numpy”

12.9 Multidimensional Slicing

12.10 Boolean Arrays: Mask Out That “numpy”!

12.11 “numpy” and the Sieve of Eratosthenes

12.12 Getting “numpy” Stats (Standard Deviation)

12.13 Getting Data on “numpy” Rows and Columns

Summary

Review Questions

Suggested Problems

Chapter 13 Advanced Uses of “numpy”

13.1 Advanced Math Operations with “numpy”

13.2 Downloading “matplotlib”

13.3 Plotting Lines with “numpy” and “matplotlib”

13.4 Plotting More Than One Line

13.5 Plotting Compound Interest

13.6 Creating Histograms with “matplotlib”

13.7 Circles and the Aspect Ratio

13.8 Creating Pie Charts

13.9 Doing Linear Algebra with “numpy”

13.9.1 The Dot Product

13.9.2 The Outer-Product Function

13.9.3 Other Linear Algebra Functions

13.10 Three-Dimensional Plotting

13.11 “numpy” Financial Applications

13.12 Adjusting Axes with “xticks” and “yticks”

13.13 “numpy” Mixed-Data Records

13.14 Reading and Writing “numpy” Data from Files

Summary

Review Questions

Suggested Problems

Chapter 14 Multiple Modules and the RPN Example

14.1 Overview of Modules in Python

14.2 Simple Two-Module Example

14.3 Variations on the “import” Statement

14.4 Using the “_ _all_ _” Symbol

14.5 Public and Private Module Variables

14.6 The Main Module and “_ _main_ _”

14.7 Gotcha! Problems with Mutual Importing

14.8 RPN Example: Breaking into Two Modules

14.9 RPN Example: Adding I/O Directives

14.10 Further Changes to the RPN Example

14.10.1 Adding Line-Number Checking

14.10.2 Adding Jump-If-Not-Zero

14.10.3 Greater-Than (>) and Get-Random-Number (!)

14.11 RPN: Putting It All Together

Summary

Review Questions

Suggested Problems

Chapter 15 Getting Financial Data off the Internet

15.1 Plan of This Chapter

15.2 Introducing the Pandas Package

15.3 “stock_load”: A Simple Data Reader

15.4 Producing a Simple Stock Chart

15.5 Adding a Title and Legend

15.6 Writing a “makeplot” Function (Refactoring)

15.7 Graphing Two Stocks Together

15.8 Variations: Graphing Other Data

15.9 Limiting the Time Period

15.10 Split Charts: Subplot the Volume

15.11 Adding a Moving-Average Line

15.12 Giving Choices to the User

Summary

Review Questions

Suggested Problems

Appendix A Python Operator Precedence Table

Appendix B Built-In Python Functions

abs(x)

all(iterable)

any(iterable)

ascii(obj)

bin(n)

bool(obj)

bytes(source, encoding)

callable(obj)

chr(n)
compile(cmd_str, filename, mode_str, flags=0,
dont_inherit=False, optimize=–1)

complex(real=0, imag=0)

complex(complex_str)

delattr(obj, name_str)

dir([obj])

divmod(a, b)

enumerate(iterable, start=0)

eval(expr_str [, globals [, locals]] )

exec(object [,global [,locals]])

filter(function,iterable)

float([x])

format(obj, [format_spec])

frozenset([iterable])

getattr(obj,name_str [,default])

globals()

hasattr(obj,name_str)

hash(obj)

help([obj])
hex(n)

id(obj)

input([prompt_str])

int(x,base=10)

int()

isinstance(obj,class)

issubclass(class1,class2)

iter(obj)

len(sequence)

list([iterable])

locals()

map(function,iterable1 [,iterable2...])

max(arg1 [, arg2]...)

max(iterable)

min(arg1 [, arg2]...)

min(iterable)

oct(n)

open(file_name_str,mode=‘rt’)

ord(char_str)
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