How To Become

a Laptop Technician

From Zero to Hero

LEARNING SCHEMATIC

Kang solihin
Copyright © 2018 tre Media Publisher
All rights reserved.
ISBN: 9781980416357
 DEDICATION

This book dedicates to technicians who are learning to repair laptops.

 CONTENTS

1. Recognition and Scope of Reparation Theory

2. Basic Components of SMD on Motherboard Laptop

3. Datasheet

4. MOTHERBOARD STRUCTURE

5. Schematic Learning

6. Understanding Basic Code of Schematic Path

7. Power Motherboard

8. Measurement With Schematic

9. LAPTOP SCHEMATIC STRUCTURE

10. FUNCTION AND APPLICATION

11. CASE STUDY

12. REFERENCE AND REVISION

 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This book is made for laptop technicians, either beginners or someone

who learn to repair laptops and want to learn more about everything
related to laptop repair.

Equipped with an introductory guide to the components contained in

a laptop. Also equipped with how to measure components and how
to repair a laptop based on the scheme
 1. Recognition and Scope of Reparation Theory

1. User Manual
A user manual is a guide book for customer or user. Usually, there
is in one package when you buy a new laptop.

2. Service Manual

As a technician, the service manual serves as a standard laptop

unloading procedure. If there is the latest series that we never do

1
maintenance on the laptop, then the service manual may be
needed. There are many wrong procedures in dismantling and
assembling, and it can cause the case to be cracked or broken.
Some other descriptions can be our guide on the field. On the
official website of each laptop, the brand provides a service
manual for its products. Example: up screen short from DOC
(Service Manual).

3. Power Flowchart

Damage Case: LCD is too dark

The checking stage starts from the inverter and checks sections
“AC_BATT_SYS.” If there is a problem in this section, either the
Voltage or the socket is damaged, then fix it. The execution
process finish. If there is no problem in this section, then check
and continue to the next section.

Signal control, note the direction of the arrow, and so it goes. This
is the technique of checking with FLOWCHART media. Some

2
brands provide this media like ASUS. From here, we know what
parts to check. So the flowchart acts as an SOP for checks and
breakdowns.

4. Schematic

In general, the function of the schematic diagram is:

1. To know the interface/path connection between components

(component communication).
2. To know the point of measurement and its value.
3. To know the input and output points (stage, etc.).
4. To know how a circuit works to analyze the circuit.
5. To know the code, type, and value of a component.

3
5. Datasheet

In general, the function of a datasheet is:

1. To know the details of component functions and how they
work.
2. To know the term signals on the component pins as well as the
function and how it works.
3. To know the reference input and output voltage of a
component as a material comparison or equation component.
4. To know the value of the Voltage on each pin component

4
 2. Basic Components of SMD on Motherboard
Laptop

The component form is divide into two, and they are standard
components and SMD or mini components. The characters are
also divided into two, i.e., active and passive components. The
active component is a type of electronics component that
requires an electric current to work in an electronic circuit that
can amplify and direct electrical signals and convert energy from
one form to another (transistors and IC diodes). A passive
component is a type of electronic component that works without
current electricity. It cannot strengthen and rectify electrical
signals and cannot convert energy to another form (resistor,
capacitor, etc.).

1. Fuse

5
Fuse serves as security. If there is a shorting circuit, this
component will be broken. On older laptops, the cause totally
dead laptop is this component on the DC IN circuit. The shape of
the component can be seen in the picture above. The green ones
are mostly found in circuit LED panels, circuit LVDS and CRT.

1.1. Fuse Character in the Circuit

The fuse character in the circuit is almost the same as the

inductor and full-up resistor. If the component had a problem, it
would cut off the positive Voltage of either input or output. The
measuring technique is very simple:
Scale the multimeter on the buzzer. Red probes and black
probes are each attached to both poles of the PIN, and the
component is in a free probe position. If the multimeter makes a
sound, then the fuse is fine, even though its value is below 0.10,
because attributes also have no negative poles (which do not
require negative poles for the working conditions of components
are fuse and inductor components. Vice versa, if the multimeter

6
does not make a sound, it means that the fuse is damaged. The
key lies in the multimeter, whether it makes a sound or not.

Overview of measurement techniques

(This measurement is specific to determine if the component is

damaged or not, not to measure the value of a component's
resistance).
Trick: scaled position in buzzer mode or diode value. Use a
digital multimeter. Applies to all components with their
characteristics.

2. Resistor

SMD or mini component resistor in the laptop motherboard

serves as resistance, and if its value is 0 - 000, the resistor acts as

7
a jumper (fuse).
The resistor colour and shape on laptop motherboards are
generally black and green, as in the image above. Often found in
power jack/DC jack and charging circuit.

In particular, the resistor functions as resistance and

commonly use in circuit electronics. In general, this component
has a complex process depending on the placement in a circuit. A
resistor in a laptop motherboard circuit generally serves as
resistance, voltage divider, comparator, full up, safety, jumper,
and current limiter.

The resistor also has a resistance value and its resistance to the
circuit. I hope you do not stop here. Please learn more specific,
either via browsing or sharing. Learn more about SMD RESISTOR
with the links below:
Https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistor.

One type of resistor is a lice resistor. In the laptop

motherboard circuit, the functions are very complex depending
on the circuit's layout, and the number is huge. Lice resistor is
almost found in all motherboard circuit systems. To note here is
not the form but the code. Because there are other components
with a shape that is both small and same colour but not R
(resistor), however L (inductor).

8
 Resistors are also often referred to as resistance. I will discuss
it briefly. Please understand more deeply and more specifically
about resistor, OHM law, and calculation of resistance to current
and load for a more advanced level.
This component's characteristics will break the current and
Voltage or change the value of the Voltage itself if damaged,
especially in the input circuit. Other problems are if the resistors
fail, the input will not flow to the system/IC. The damage caused
by this lice resistor is almost all of the characteristics of laptop
damage (no charging, totally died, no display, etc.).

SMD Network means that one component can contain multiple

resistors with the same resistance value in one package or
component form. This type of resistor we often encounter in the
keyboard path. This component is rarely damaged except on the
2000s motherboard output with error keyboard problems.

2.1. Characteristic of Resistors in the Circuit

 Resistor as Resistance

The resistor that acts as resistance or current limiter is a

lice resistor. As much as 70% of the laptop motherboard
resistors are used as resistance on the positive Vin input line.

9
 The characteristic of this component, if it is broken, will break
the Voltage. If the resistance value changes or does not
match the recommendation on the circuit schematic, then
the resulting output value is not appropriate and impacts the
error circuit or circuit problem (resistor stretched).

If the value of a resistor is smaller, then greater the value

of the current. Likewise, the bigger the resistor's value, then
the current value becomes smaller (learn how to measure the
current/ampere). If the current value is greater than the
value of a resistor, then the resistor will break.
The resistor's leakage due to the decrease in the resistor's
value affects the current consumption, and the Voltage is
wasted to ground. This is an event called DROP (the Voltage
and current do not match the load). If the resistor value
becomes 0, it will result in leakage of Voltage, which is
directly wasted to the ground and short circuit.

 A resistor as a Reducer Voltage / Voltage Divider

10
 In principle, the voltage divider resistor consists of two
resistors arranged in parallel. It will produce an output
voltage ½ of the input voltage, provided that two resistors
have the same resistance value. Still, if the values are
different, it will affect the current consumption depending on
the resistance value.

This system is also often used in comparator circuits—

variable resistor circuit on charging and RTC circuit. The
resistor in use is a kind of lice resistor.

 Resistor Grounding

This resistor is rarely damaged. Used in-circuit grounding

and full down resistor or parallel resistor that one of its legs is
connected to Ground/system grounding.

11
 2.2. Resistor Measurement

In addition to knowing the form of symbols and functions as a

material damage analysis and an absolute requirement to read a
schematic, technicians must also identify whether the component
is still good or damaged. You have to master the measurement
material. Although you do not understand the circuit's
components' characteristic, you can directly fix a laptop. Since I
did my own research, it has been proven that 80% of laptop
technicians do not have a basic electronics background or
engineering education. And some use "road techniques" (ask
other people what is broken, which part should be replaced.
Then, without thinking much, they immediately practice it). So,
you can do it! In this book, you are provided with the basic
provisions of electronics. And also, at the core of this book, you
will learn a schematic diagram.

There are 3 stages of the procedure for carrying out the correct
component identification process:

1. Check the condition of the component (bad or good).

This identification is the most straightforward execution
technique, such as improving the mechanical system
(readable and visible) with the characteristics of cracked or
burned components. In this case, thoroughness and quietness
is the key. There are many cases, technicians have checked
many components, and it turns out only the power cable is
detached.
2. Check with a chip detection technique

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 Touch/hold on the component body, If the component
feels hot, 70% there is a problem with the component.

3. Measurement (advanced method)

An execution technique invisible to the eye, not heard by
the ear, cannot be touched by hands because it must use
other media, such as measuring instruments. We must first
master one gauge called a digital multimeter.

Measurements are divided into 2 stages:

1. The measurement without Voltage

Removing the component or tensing one component of
the circuit/motherboard or the component legs on the lift
next.

2. Measurement with Voltage

This technique is used to measure the value of input and
output voltage).
Measurements without Voltage with special tool SMD
TESTER, this method measures the suitability of the
resistance value of component and schematic.

Note: The use of SMD TESTER tools will be accurate. This

technique measures a resistor's value where the result is

13
to match the component resistance value in the schematic
(if there is no resistance in the component body). Overtime
or due to the weakness of a circuit/damage circuit,
component values may change.

This measurement method provided that the input has a

voltage (use a PSU 30V - 5A only, because the current
consumption can be seen on display for ease in other
engineering methods). And the measurement technique is
like this; to find out the amount of Voltage before passing
the resistor and passing it. Before or after the resistor pass,
the input and output values must be the same, except for
the ampere value input and output values before or after
the resistor pass must be the same. If the output value after
passing the resistor differs more than 3 digits, it can be sure
the resistor is damaged. The problem is a resistor on most
motherboards and almost used in all circuit systems. Do not
worry; the resistors' damage is characteristic of complicated
damage and from 10 laptops only 4 where the resistors
cause damage.

The technique of measuring:

14
Black probe standby on the ground. Scale the multimeter at DC
20V (which is important that the value of the Voltage we will
measure must exceed the scale of the multimeter). Notice the
arrows of numbers one and two, which is the first measurement
on the input before passing the resistor and the second after
passing through the resistor or output. Whereas 1 and 1 written
steps may be measurements on the IC pins directly because of
one output line after the resistor, the important thing is that no
other component passes the output path after the resistor.
Resistors in the VIN line are causes of damage with voltage loss
characteristics, protect switch and light up briefly then die. (IC
does not work because it does not get the power supply
disconnected because of the resistor).

3. Capacitor

Capacitors are a component that has many types and also forms.
One of them, which are in use in laptop motherboard. As shown
in the picture (Elco SMD type), apart from its function as a load
storage area on the laptop motherboard, it also functions as a
filter in switching and decoupling circuits. Elco also has a
resistance value with the symbol μF (microfarad) and the
component body's Voltage. Higher the value of μF on the
capacitor in the filter circuit will be better, and the voltage value
on the capacitor must exceed the number of voltage values to be

15
passed. The weakness of Elco is the leakage of components that
causes the value of the output voltage to change the drop. Even
short circuit is often found on the problem of 3V and 5V circuits as
well VCC core. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitor.

Capacitors have different shapes and series, just like a resistor.

One of them is like the picture beside (type SMD Tantalum). In
addition to its function as temporary load storage. In the
motherboard laptop, also it functions as a filter in switching and
decoupling circuits. Let's look at the symbols and shapes. The Elco
and tantalum components have positive and negative poles, so
installing the circuit should not be inverted (Elco may be replaced
with tantalum vice versa). This type of component is widely used
for alternate NEC/TOKIN replacement on the VCC core in case of
no display, with the characteristic of no display total voltage VCC
core drop 0v - 0.9V. It should be noted that NEC/TOKIN is also
included in component capacitor families.

Capacitors have different shapes and series. One of them is like

the picture on the side (SMD Ceramic type). Works as a filter
noose if we are Pay attention to symbols and shapes. Ceramic

16
type components have no poles, so the installation may be
reversed. We often find on the 19V input bypass path in all circuit
systems and one of the causes of the most dominant
motherboard short circuit (this type of component often suffered
damage, especially in the short circuit).

3.1. Characteristic of Capacitors in the Circuit

Shorting = A meeting between positive and negative poles and this

component's characteristic if it breaks it does not break the
current/Voltage like FUSE or RESISTOR, but connects/matches the
two poles that should be separated (positive and negative). This
event is often called a short circuit.

Note: as we see in the picture, the bipolar capacitor component is

arranged in parallel and connected directly to the VIN (source
voltage of the circuit system) and on the foot after it is connected
to the ground. And what happens if this component is
damaged/short? Then all VIN lines in all systems will be affected
by short. Although the damage is only one component. The more
mounted capacitors in this circuit, it will be better. But
unfortunately in the laptop motherboard series only installed 3 - 2
pieces only. And this component is the top score of total dead

17
laptop damage from past to the present, almost in all electronic
devices without exception, laptop motherboard. If we find the
short circuit, it has been narrowed in just one circuit by removing
the jumper/disconnecting the jumper path or the inductor
component.

The techniques to find a shorting capacitor arranged parallel as in

the picture beside, remove the capacitor whose value is the
largest in the schematic diagram because it is usually the most
damaged first. Parallel arranged capacitors serve to flatten
currents and voltages (currents and voltages are always directly
proportional). The basic principle of the capacitor is the charge
storage and then releases it. While the capacitors are arranged in
series, the characteristics will be different. If the input voltage
goes up, it fills the charge, and if the Voltage drops, it will dispose
of the charge. The capacitor will conduct electricity when the
input is off or in AC mode and charges when it is ON or DC mode.
There are 2 functions: the first function to block the DC voltage
and the second function to smooth the AC voltage.

The characteristic of the polar capacitor switching circuit

regulator's components acts as AC signal filters generated by the
coil/inductor in the switching process. These components are
BOXES and ROUNDS (tantalum and Elco). Unlike tantalum, Elco
value will decrease faster over time. And the use of Elco that I
know on the motherboard circuit is not lovely, but I cannot deny
the price is very low. It's almost the same as the type of ceramic
capacitor, but it does exist in additional cases. If these
components are damaged, especially those using Elco, then the
output value will change. For example, 5V can be 0V or 1V +. It
often occurs in 3V and 5V circuits (shown in the picture below).

18
 3.2. Capacitor Measurement

 Measurement of capacitors using voltage

Note: This measurement only measures the safe voltage

point because the capacitor's shape and scope are too wider.
For the tip of the multimeter probe, we can also modify the
multimeter tip with the needle. The black probe does not
always have to be on the ground pin of the capacitor. It can
be in the screw hole or any part as long as it is safe and is a
ground path.

19
 Measurement and identification of capacitor

Because the capacitor has a positive and negative pole, it

will result in a short circuit (the negative and positive poles
occur due to the capacitor's leakage) if this component is
damaged. Although only 1 component of the capacitor is
damaged in one circuit, it affects the other circuit.

The measurement is almost the same as the voltage

measurement, the difference is only the scale position on the
buzzer, and the motherboard's position is not fed by Voltage.
If the component is damaged: check the probe. The diode
mode value is below 0.10 (the measurement requirement is
to lift the component's leg).

20
 4. Inductor

The inductor function in the laptop's motherboard is used to

switching circuits. The inductor in the switching circuit system
serves to store the charge. It is utilized for saving measurement
points and capacitors, but the measurement results more
accurately to the capacitor than the inductor. Basically, in-circuit,
switching inductor, and capacitor function are the same, to save
current when the switch is connected and release its charge when
the switch is released, but there are advantages of each
component. Inductors are widely used as circuit breakers one and
another when the execution process narrows the motherboard's
characteristic shorting. And in other techniques, inductors are
used as short-chip detectors and short circuits.

21
 4.1 . Characteristic of Inductor

In a switching circuit system, the inductor stores the charge

when the switch is connected and discharges, current constantly
enters the load when the switch is released. This component is
never damaged unless the type of small inductor is shaped like a
lice resistor in the LVDS and GPU systems. As well as capacitors,
inductors are utilized for safe measurement points. Inductors are
also used for syringes point and integral circuit breakers between
one series and another (narrowing the search for short tracking
on standard execution methods).

Note: There are many repetitions of the same word to be easier to

remember and faster to understand until you are bored with the
repetition means you can already remember it.

22
 4.2 . Inductor Measurement

Identification of inductor measurement determines good or bad is

very simple.

Techniques: The term does not use voltage and scale position on
the buzzer/diode value mode. If the multimeter rang, it means the
component is still good although its value is below 0.10

23
 5 Diode

The diode has different forms and series. One of them is like the
image beside. In the motherboard laptop, the general function of
a diode is for rectifier and alternating current protection. A diode
is an active component of a semiconductor which consists of
junction P-N / A / K. The characteristic of the diode is that it can
conduct current at forwarding voltage and inhibit current at
reverse voltage. There is another name for the circuit diode, also
known as a rectifier. You can develop more specific later. But on
component delivery materials for motherboard focus on
memorization codes and symbols for applications on the material
because the initial requirement of a reading schematic is
memorizing the form and the next symbol-function and circuit
analysis.

Diode Zener is an electric component made of a semi-conductor

and a diode type for operating in Reverse Bias Circuit. When
paired to Circuit forward bias, Zener Diodes will have the
characteristics and functions as normal diodes in general, but on
laptop motherboard, diode Zener lot on use for voltage stabilizer.

24
As a switch control in the circuit, the form and function are like a
transistor, but it’s different. This Three leg diode function in the
motherboard laptop is for circuit protection and helping the
transistor.

The function of the LED Diode in the motherboard laptop is

almost 95% for the light indicator. Because power consumption is
very low, a lot of product motherboard using SMD DIODE LED
type. Damage on the motherboard diode is very rare. It is like just
1 in 10 laptops. If the diode is broken or damaged, it will break the
charge/voltage/current. To measuring diode, equate measuring
diode with inductor measurement techniques. And if the three-
leg diode, watch the direction at diode symbol A to K.

25
 6 Transistor

Transistors function as amplifiers, breakers, connectors

(switches), voltage stabilizers, and signal modulation. But
generally, in the laptop motherboard, 3 legs transistors in use as a
switch.

In many laptop motherboards, its use in switching circuits

detector/protection circuit. (Charging area/DC Jack area and
LVDS). For extra, be careful when you want to remove the LCD or
the other part, you have to take off the battery, and the adapter
should not plugin.

P - Channel Mosfet in laptop motherboard used in charging and

DC circuits Jack, which functions as protection circuit to close or
pass the 19V / S5 circuit voltage. While outside the bypass line DC

26
jack and charging, this component is not in use. In the Input
Voltage circuit and any output, the value is the same except the
gate, which is ½ value of input and output values (generally),
although not all of them. This component's characteristic decided
payload and only move on the positive track, which works as
ordered from the gate between passing the Voltage or not
(switch). If this component is broken, the input will find the
Voltage, and at the output do not find. With the condition on the
gate, there is a voltage. In reality, this component's damage
characteristics are: Cannot use batteries, cannot wear adapter,
batteries cannot charging. Must Plugin the adapter even though
the battery has full.

The protection system will be active if there is a short in the

output path after the charging circuit, resulting from the Voltage
is only at the MOSFET input only (but the MOSFET is in good
condition). So, do not directly fix the MOSFET, mainly on total
dead short damage. First, make sure the output path of the
MOSFET is not the short way by measuring the diode value mode
(buzzer) the position of the motherboard does not use Voltage.

The red probe on the output leg of the MOSFET and the black
probe on the ground, and if it beeps sound, can be sure there are
short in the lane output after MOSFET, especially on VIN path. So
all you have to do is checking on the VIN line.

27
The shape of MOSFET N-Channel is the same as MOSFET P-
channel but has a different function. N-channel in laptop
motherboard is often used to lower Voltage and current
amplifiers in switching (step down) inside the switching/SMPS
circuit. This component is often found and used for VRAM circuits,
VCC CORE, GPU CORE, 3V, and5V. After memorizing shapes,
symbols, and codes, develop a specific theory about this MOSFET.
This component is very important both from the pin and the
system. It works with a datasheet. There is a double name of
MOSFET in the latest motherboard and designed MOSFET in BGA
chip system. If you are basically having missed much, we can catch
up on this, and there's no word too late to learn.

6.1. N-Channel and P-Channel Mosfet Characteristic

P – Channel Mosfet is often found in DC jack and Charging

circuits. Character and the function of this component serve as a
protection circuit. For example, If there is a short after output (pin
5678), then automatically gate on pin 4 will open the gate as
ordered from SYSTEM. Consequently, the Voltage is only present
on pin 123 only. And if not found a short circuit on the output,
then 90% certainly this MOSFET is problematic. And other
problems are also sourced from MOSFET underneath (we call it a
small transistor 6 legs).

28
In a parallel arrangement (HIGH and LOW), N-Chanel Mosfet is
continuously simple, works for the switching process. Its function
is to decrease Voltage according to gate command voltage from
DC or IC 3V and 5V. This is the conclusion of the difference
between N-channel and p-channel MOSFET. If N-channel is
identical to the parallel circuit while P-Channel identical to the
series.

Consider one of the legs of the MOSFET that is connected to the

ground. If this component is damaged, consequently SHORT
CIRCUIT, even the damaged underneath or above the MOSFET. A
gate on the N-channel MOSFET is rarely problematic because no
component is passed (toll roads). Except, the absence of a gate or
command voltage of the controller itself (in this case, IC 3V and 5V
problem).

The characteristics of toll roads can be to narrow down the

identification of measurements on the circuit. The characteristics
of this component, if damaged, will be a short circuit. And its
effects on all circuits are almost equal to the capacitor. Although
only one component is damaged, the other components will be
affected on short notice.

29
The solution may remove one by one of the affected components
subject to shorting indications or more quickly by injection
technique. May take off the adjacent inductor to bypass the
connection between the circuits. We develop later in material
system 3V and 5V. (If you still are confused with the material of
functions and applications to the circuit, we as technicians simply
hold on to how to test/check the components either good or not,
that is enough).

6.2. Good and Damaged Component Testing

K1 is a scale on a multimeter, and remember this technique is

simply no need to make complicated and dizzy because the
30
technique is an art. Jump to the measurement, we divided it into
2. They are the measurement of voltage and component
measurement. The measurement of Voltage is the measurement
using Voltage, while component measurement does not use
Voltage. And that we will discuss from the sample image above is
the component measurement. Do not read this material first, if
the previous material about the form's components, symbols
and functions have not memorized yet.
And if already memorized, we go again slowly. If the component is
damaged, note the picture G3, the measurement is enough to
reverse the probe with the K2 scale, and we are pegged on one
theory only (if we have reversed the probes, and there are sounds,
then the component is damaged).
The rest of the results that the component is still good or worthy
use, the measurement may be inside or outside circuit. And only
applies to DIODE, MOSFET, CAPACITOR, while the special one for F
(fuse), if we have reversed the probes, and there is a sound, its
means the components are in good condition. For resistor and IC,
measuring for resistor measurement using a special tool called
SMD tester because of its accuracy. As for measuring IC, later we
will explain through the method of measuring the Voltage.
Accurate measurement by removing the leg component next/side
lift.

6.3 Testing of Legs Components

31
Measurement of 3 Legs Components

1. Red probe on one middle leg and the black probe on the
right leg should have value on the multimeter display.
Then we reverse the probe position, the red one on the
right PIN and the black one on the single PIN (there should
be no value on the multimeter display).
2. If the measurement results are not described, then the
component is damaged (or else failure).
3. Testing should be without Voltage and remove the
components.

7 Crystal

This serves as a clock pulse producer. Crystals are an important

component in the Oscillator circuit and RTC circuit. In use within
32
the scope of the high component speed. For example, PCH and EC
as a series of generators/working conditions of the Chipset
component is the point. Crystal in the oscillator circuit can only be
measured with oscilloscope/counter at least 100 Mhz. But do not
worry. This component is rarely damaged except on the system
itself or where the component is placed on a circuit like an input
circuit before entering it, like resistor/comparator capacitor.

8 CMOS

It functions to save BIOS settings and time/date in the

motherboard. Before the mandatory Voltage, there is actually a
voltage on the motherboard called CMOS. There are 2 terms of
the same name but different functions like RTC and RTC circuit
crystal oscillator. Later we will encounter in schematic what is the
RTC circuit.

If the CMOS is corrupted, then the time setting will always be

changing. On windows will be an error, especially when browsing.
In other cases, if the CMOS battery is damaged or discharged
when in the adapter plug, the laptop immediately flames itself. I
often forget to reinstall CMOS after the execution process. It is a
mandatory law when the CMOS execution process must be first
off to avoid fatal error (in CMOS, there is a voltage 3V, there is a
description in the component body).

33
Testing the CMOS in good condition or not is easy; just measure it.
If the CMOS voltage is 3V, then CMOS is ok. If the Voltage drops to
1V or even 0, then CMOS is not worth wearing. So how do you
measure it? We continue this slowly.

9 Connector

Sockets that are in technical language are called

connector/connection/conductor. In the electricity is call
terminal.
Many connectors in Laptop motherboards' scope, such: power
jack, battery, Keyboard socket, Ram, Processor, HDD, DVD, etc. So
each CN code is the connector. This component is never damaged
except for physical defects or bad solder. It will cause no
communication or disconnection. The solution: repeat the solder.

The terminal join, or in schematic called jumper (which works to

connect one system and others). Also used for reset points. For its

34
shape, please take the sample of Motherboard and pay attention.
There is a small solder pile like a hill. If we release the solder
terminal join, it will be disconnected.

There is no need to explain this because we may already know.

After all, it is often found in all electronic devices and electrical
systems. That needs to be a benchmark; there is SW code, which
means switch.

10 IC

IC (Integrated Circuit) is Component active electronics consisting

of composite hundreds or even millions of transistors, resistors,
and other components integrated into an Electronics Circuit in
35
small packaging. Forms of IC also vary, ranging from 3 Legged to
hundreds of legs (terminal). IC functions are also diverse, ranging
from amplifier, switching, and controller to media storage.
Generally, IC is used as a brain in Electronics Equipment. IC is a
semiconductor component that is very sensitive to ESD (Electro
Static Discharge). For example, IC that function as a brain on a
computer called a Microprocessor consists of 16 million
transistors, and that number has not yet been included in other
electronic components.

All components with PU code are IC, but the code function is
different. A lot of PU on the motherboard. For beginners, you
should be creative to take one sample motherboard, see how
much PU in the motherboard, and then take a look datasheet to
know the function and how it works.

As time passes, you will know each PU's function with its code
because only a few IC manufacturers use laptop motherboards
like Realtek, Broadcom, Atheros, TPS, Maxim, etc.

IC is the brain of each circuit (controller). Let us simplify easily;

only if IC for voice, then we call IC sound. If IC for 3V and 5V, then
its name also i3 3V and 5V. And the location of the IC is not far
from the hardware that will be enabled.

Identification of a good or bad IC should be used schematic to

know the input pin and outputs. Measurement techniques must
also use Voltage, not like other components in general. We
continue on series later. The IC shape is a box-like picture on the
side. There is also a square and always identical to the number of
pins; it’s many pins. And there are also shapes such as a MOSFET.
So we are in demand from symbol codes or their respective forms
component. We describe some common IC for advanced

36
knowledge on some IC component materials as we can see in the
picture:

For basic measurement techniques, just be enough to input and

output first.

11 Amplifier and Digital Logic Gates

PU in symbol schematic shaped like a digital gate, its components

are almost similar to 6 or the word amp is identical to the
amplifier on old home-based electronic devices, such as radio.

But in a laptop motherboard, the amp functions as a regulator of

power/Regulation of power, which is already specially designed in

37
an IC system. However, some do not. We will find OP-AMP on the
diagram IC work system in the component datasheet. Knowledge
of digital systems little important, and for beginners this material,
you can skip it first. The symbol resembles a logic gate digital,
even there is a resemblance to gate notes and Schmitt trigger
ones. Its function is to clean up and amplifies the signal before it is
sent to the output and advanced circuit. There are characteristic
also in the gate system logic like Schmitt trigger gate, there are
inverting (almost the same With NOT gate) and some NON-
Inverting 8 legs MOSFET. But just calm down; this type of
component is rare in damage.

38
 3. Datasheet
A Datasheet is a complete description of a component about its
function, Characteristic, How to Work, work system, pin
description, etc. Https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datasheet

So with Datasheet, we will easily know each component's

functions in the motherboard more specific and complete. How to
read the datasheet? The key is Learning and learning, reading,
reading, and reading, and you will understand the key.

In technician's worlds, especially in IC usage datasheet enough to

know the source of incoming Voltage and function, to make sure
the component is good or damaged, that's it. We will see the
description below and the points: There are terms of input
voltage, and the most common in use is VIN and VCCP.

How to Search Datasheet

Lots of websites that provide document datasheet or component
data, for example, https://www.ti.com/ or
http://www.alldatasheet.com/

39
40
Description and component function

Description of system circuit work

41
Detail description of work system circuit and detail description of
the PIN function

42
 Diagram description of IC work system

A detailed description of the terms of the IC work

43
Description of signal and voltage details

44
 4. MOTHERBOARD STRUCTURE
1. Design and Architecture

Image 1 Motherboard Structure

A motherboard is a place for components and paths that are

interconnected. You can see at image 1.

Image information: note the first picture

 Image 1 (Schematic)
Is a layout, path and information about components in the
motherboard (schematic is a motherboard map)

 Image 2 (Design)
In the electronics engineering world, motherboard design is
included in the scope of the material engineering drawings. If
we look at simulation schematic - design - layout on the image

45
 no 2, there is a difference of path form (art technique).
However, based on its function is the same as the conductor

 Image 3 (Layout)
Form a perfect circuit that has been installed components
and ready to enable. Please simulate, and then look at the next
3 sample images in the table. And I hope you already
understand this theory.

2. Tracing/Motherboard Path

Image 2 Motherboard Structure

Image information:

Note different image 2 and see the difference image 1 to 3.

Image 1: Is the basic structure of the motherboard after the print

design process.

Note (No 1 - 2 - 3 - 4) is a type of path that has been modified with

the art of drawing. So also in image 2 where the motherboard has
been given colour. Besides beautifying motherboard, it is also to
prevent short circuits/shorting materials with conductive
properties when direct contact with the motherboard paths.

Notice in the image 1 and 2 in the description of the image no 3

46
where the end of the path in connection with circles, and circles
are directly related to the motherboard part board path rear as an
example in image 3 simulated the front lane and the rear lane of
the board motherboard. There is even manufacture that designs 3
layer motherboards (front lane - middle -Back).

And note the example motherboard image in the bottom table

and see the path.

3. Component Code

The component codes are contained on the laptop's

motherboard. If we apply with a country map, the component
code is the city/province's names as a layout hint. While the path
is a named street that connects it.

Table of component code names

47
4. PIN 1 Simulation Form

Image Information:
No. 1: The position of the IC legs always arranged reversed
clockwise.

No. 2: Enlarge the image and note the order of the 1 st to last leg

48
position following the reverse direction clockwise. But we must be
careful when looking at the pin position on the schematic. It
because on schematic pin position in random or not sequentially
unlike on the motherboard.

No. 3: Special position for large or regular shaped IC we often find

in IC SIO/CHIPSET. The position of 1 leg is in the straight line of the
code's initial capital letters on the component (inside the scope
PIN 1 motherboard is usually marked with arrow code, Lines, and
dots).

No. 4: PIN 1 above is in the straight line of the code's initial capital
letters on the component.

Note: There is a difference between the images and position of

PIN 1, as you can see in the picture No 3 and No 4. This is possible
confusing. The solution, we note the PIN 1 on the components
and PIN code 1 on the motherboard before discharging the
components so that the installation process is not reversed
because it will become a fatal result. Or often pay attention to
Position PIN 1 on all motherboards brands as a material
comparison for advanced understanding.

49
5. Simulation Form Code Components and PIN

Picture information:
Enlarge the image and note the position of PIN1 on component
and motherboard. PIN code 1 on motherboard symbolized with
the code: triangle arrows, lines, and dots. On other motherboards,
we often find the PIN code 1 in the form of two triangular curve
lines. Take one sample motherboard then apply this material.

50
 Note component code on motherboard below

6. Code Board

Code board function in the motherboard are :

51
  Looking for hardware drivers.
 Looking for motherboard bios files easily.
 Looking for a motherboard schematic easily.
 Code board on the motherboard includes the code
board in the schematic diagram (must be the same
Code) this serves to match the data in all the scope of
motherboard and schematic.

7. The technique to Find Component on Motherboard and

Schematic

This technique can be applied to :

 The component burns so that when it comes to replacing
the component code and the type of detail that is in use
is not visible or burned. Then the schematic role here will
be in need.
 Find component layout for schematic

52
 Example :
We want to find component (C387), then that we
need is schematic and after open schematic press
keyboard ctrl - F (then well show the navigation box
then write C387 then the layout of the components and
the circuit in the schematic will open. This technique
applies to all components. And can to overcome Lane
burning. Fast watering can also be using the software
board view facility.

8. Board Viewer

(Just go to the steps below)

53
Board view may be combined with a schematic to be more
accurate. Because in general, the board view function is to find
the motherboard's location faster. Significantly, the blank code
motherboard.

54
55
 5. Schematic Learning
Definition of Term Technique

Basic Terms General Definitions

AC Alternate Current
DC Direct current
AMPERE Current flowing
VOLTAGE Power Supply
POWER/WATT The amount of Voltage required
RESISTOR Resistance
LOAD Load

Voltage
Definition Signal
Definition
INPUT Input In
OUTPUT Output Out
NEGATIVE Voltage has a value below 0 -
POSITIVE +
GROUND GND
CLOCK CLK
RESET Input confirmation Reset
DATA Communicate PCI, etc.

Term of Circuit Definition

Voltage divider Divider voltage
Rectifier Rectifier circuit
Rectifier AC To DC
DC Converter DC to Dc
Converter DC to DC
Detector Detector load
Filter Filter
Step Down Lowering Voltage
Step Up Riser voltage
OP-Amp Amplifier

56
 Definition of Motherboard Circuit

Term Circuit
Definition
Motherboard
DC IN & BATTERY Circuit for battery charging and power jack circuit in
CHARGER the initial gate power
SYSTEM 3V/ 5V PCU Step-down circuit for lowering 19V to 3V or 5V
GPU CORE Circuit and voltage power supply for a chip (
ICH/GMCH)
GPX CORE Circuit for processor power supply
VCC CORE Circuit for processor power supply
THERMAL Circuit heat detector supply
PROTECTION
DISCHARGE/+1,8 V Circuit Suspend LDO
DDR1,5 V & 0.9 Circuit power supply for RAM
CLOCK GENERATOR Circuit for a produce clock signal
LVDS Circuit for display on-screen LCD
POWER BUTTON Circuit switch on/off
CONN Connector
RTC/CKT Circuit CMOS & frequency generator CHIP
DIS Circuit VGA External generator
UMA Circuit VGA Internal generator
PWM Circuit Pulse Widget Modulation controller
COMPARATOR Circuit comparator
DMI Digital Media Interference
LPC BUS Circuit Communication
CRT Circuit for external monitor and projector
SPI FLASH (KBC) Circuit BIOS

57
 Signal Terms

Term Information Term Information

AC Alternating Current VTT Memory Termination Voltage

ACDRV AC Adapter to System - VTERM Memory Termination voltage
Switch Driver Output
ACEDET Adaptor Current Detector VUSB Power
ACGOOD Valid Adapter Active-Low VGA Power VGA
Detect Logic Open- (VGPX/VGPU/VCVOD)
Drain Output
ACIN Adaptor Current Sensor VGFX Power Graphic Chip
Input
ACN Adaptor Current Sense VREF Voltage References
Resistor
ACOP Input Over-Power LCDV Lcd Power
protection
ACOV Input Over Voltage ODD Output Disc Driver
Protection
ACP Adapter Current Sense PCI Peripheral Component
Resistor, Positive Input Interconnect
ADP+ Adapter Positive Supply PGOOD Power Good Open-Drain
Output
ADP_ID Adapter Identity PIR Product Improved Record
AGND Analogue Ground PSI# Current Indicator Input
ALWP Always Power PVCC Ic Power Positive Supply
B+ Ac or Bat Power Rail for RSMRST Resume Reset
Power Circuit
BATT Battery RTC Real-Time Clock
BAT+ Bat Power Rail for Power SB SouthBridge
Circuit
BAT_DRV Bat Fet Gate Driver SHDN Shut Down
BAT_V Battery Voltage SYS_SDN System Shutdown
BT_EN Bluetooth Enable SPI Serial Peripheral Interface
BUZZER Connected TD Death Time
BYP Bypass THRM Thermal Sensor
BOM Bill of Material TMDS Transition Minimized
Management Differential signalling
(TRANSMISI DATA
TEKNOLOGY)
BT Button TP Tes Point

58
F FUSE TD Death Time
FSEL Frequency Select Input THRM Thermal Sensor
CHGEN Charge Enable Active-Low TP Tes Point
Logic Input
CIN Input Capacitor TPAD Thermal Pad
CRT Cathode Ray Tube V Rail (POWER)
CSIN Current Sensor Input V+ Positive Voltage
Negatif
CSIP Current Sensor Input Positif VADJ Output Regulation Voltage
DC Direct Current VALW Always on Power
DRAM Dynamic RAM: Random- VAWLP Valw Pad
Access Memory that uses a
continuous clock
DOCK Docking Socket VBAT Battery Power
EC Embedded Controler VCCP Power Chip (Ic Graphic Chips)
EC_ON Embedded Controle Enable VCORE Power Processor
EN Enable VDD Control Power Supply
ENTRIP Enable Terminal VDDR Power ddr
(VDRAM/VRAM/VMEM)
LCDV Lcd Power VDS Voltage Drain Source
LDO Linear Oiver output VFB Feedback Inputs Power
LGATE Lower-Side Mosfet Gate VGS Voltage Gate Source
Signal
LPC Low Pin Court VIN Input Voltage Range
LVDS Low-Voltage Differential VIN Adapter Power Supply (vol_in)
Signaling (SYSTEM
PENSIGNALAN)
MBAT Main Battery VL Power Lock
ODD Output Disc Driver VL Voltage
PCI Peripheral Component VLDOIN Power Supply of the VTT and
Interconnect VTTREF Output Stage
(to power MOS)
PGOOD Power Good Open-Drain VOT Volt _Out
Output
PIR Product Improved Record VRAM Power Memory
PSI# Current Indicator Input VREF Power References Schema
Reference Permintaan
schema
PVCC Ic Power Positive Supply VS Switch Power
RSMRST Resume Reset VS+ Support Voltage Positive
SYS_SDN System Shutdown VSB Power Switch Botton
VIN Input Voltage Range VSS Signal Ground

59
VIN Adapter Power Supply VSW Power Witch
(vol_in)
VL Power Lock VTT Memory Termination Voltage
VL Voltage VTERM Memory Termination Voltage
VLDOIN Power Supply of the Vtt VUSB Power USB
and Vttref Output Stage
(to power MOS)
VOT Volt _Out VGA Power VGA
(VGPX/VGPU/VCVOD)
VRAM Power Memory VGFX Power Graphic Chip
VREF Power References Schema VREF Voltage References
References Permintan
Schema
VS Switch Power HDMI High-definition Multimedia
Interface
VS+ Support Voltage Positive ID Continuous Drain Current
VSB Power Switch Botton IDM Pulsed Drain Current
VSS Signal Ground IIN Operating Supply Current
VSW Power Switch SPI Serial Peripheral Interface
VRM Circuit Confirmation IIN Shutdown Supply Current
(SHDN)
GATE Trigger Gate IIN Standby Supply Current
(STBY)
GND Ground IS Continuous Source Current
(diode conduction)
GP Ground Pin IPIN Battery Supply Current at VIN
pin
GPI General Power Input JP JUMPER POINT
GPIO General Power Input KBC Keyboard Controler
Output
EMII Elektromagnetik Interference
(ELECTROMAGNETIC
DISTRUCTION)

60
 Voltage – Signal Name – Power Control PIN and Control Device
Power Power pin Controller Device
AC_IN B+ AD + AC Dock Input, (19V~24V)
+19V VIN Input Power all Regulator Motherboard
+0.9VS SUSB# DDR2 SODIMM
+1.8V SUSB# Calistoga, DDR2 SODIMM
+1.8VS SUSB# G72M
+1.5VS SUSB# Calistoga, ICH7-M, MINI Card Socket, New
Card Socket
+2.5VS SUSB# Calistoga, G72M
+3V SUSB# Thermal Sensor, Calistoga, System Clock
Generator, DDR2 SODIMM SPD, G72M,
LVDS connector, TPM, blue tooth socket,
ICH7-M, PCI interface, super-IO controller,
IrDA, keyboard controller, audio controller,
GIGA LAN, MINI Card socket, Media card
controller, New card socket, 1394 EEPROM
+5V SUSC# USB, G913C, New card socket
+5VS SUSB# G72M, ICH7-M, HDD, CD-ROM, flash ROM,
keyboard controller, internal touchpad,
Audio AMP, FN
+3VALWAY (AC IN) ICH7-M, TPM
S
+5VALWAY (AC IN) PST9013NR (protect over Voltage)
S
+5VLCM (AC/BAT IN) Micro P (PIC16F57)
+5VCHG (AC/BAT IN) MAX8724ETI, power – ON/OFF logic
+VCORE VID CPU
+VCCP VR_ON CPU I/O
+12V SUSC# PCMCIA Slot 12V
+3V SUSCH# PCMCIA controller, PCMCIA Slot 3.3V,
keyboard controller, LAN
+3VS SUSB# ICH4-M, Clock Generator, PCI interface,
Super I/O, AC97 CODEC, FWH, Thermal
sensor, IR
+5V SUSC# PCMCIA Slot 5V, USB
+5VS SUSB# HDD, CD-ROM, Internal TouchPad, Audio
AMP

61
+5VALWAY AC_BAT_SYS ICH4_M (Resume Well) LAN (WOL in S4/S5)
S
RTCVCC ICH4-M (RTC)
+V1.5S SUSB# GMCH+, ICH4-H
+V1.8S SUSB# CPU VCCA
+V2.5 SUSC# DDR, SODIMM, GMCH LVDS
+V1.2S SUSB# GMCH
+V1.25S SUSB# DDR Termination

62
6. Understanding the Basic Code of Schematic Path
Schematic diagrams are always synonymous with code and
symbols. Memorize some of the symbols below:

63
64
 Information in Schematic
See and Learn the Code as Directed Before

65
 A technique to Look for Signal Relations

In the picture, the input code signal with signal ACIN (27) means
that the ACIN signal source can come from on page 27. Our
technique can directly open page 27 or with quick techniques like
in the picture on the side: Press CTRL - F on the keyboard keys
then will appear column find. In that column we are type ACIN
signal name then enter. Then automatically will be directed to the
page where is a description of signal ACIN as on next picture.

Conclusion:
The output signal code in the image on the side changed to the

66
input signal code in the image previously, so Signal AC is sourced
from pin ACOX on charging IC and its voltage value Of +3VPCU, as
you can see in the picture beside.

Note:
ACIN is the input signal for EC where the source signal comes from
CHARGING IC. (Open schematic ACER ZG7) and please go straight
on Practice and apply.

67
 7. Power Motherboard

Knowing Power Motherboard

The power system is used in the basic circuit structure of laptop
motherboards. Both analog and digital automation systems and
power supply circuit systems, 90% use the switching power supply
system (SMPS) and LDO types. The output of the regulator circuit
can serve as an input source for a microcontroller and
microprocessor chip. While the other circuits are the sensors
circuit and logic. I hope here you start dizzy.

Analog and Digital Regulator

The difference between analog and digital circuits lies in the
function of the circuit itself. We apply Simple analog electronics
system is an electronic system built-in Manual, While the digital
circuit is automatic. An example of a long time ago before I was
born to climb a building, I had to walk up the stairs a lot, and
technology to facilitate humans in the activity and so forth. Like
the ladder now, buildings have been transformed into an
escalator (running staircase). The manual ladder is electronic
analog and running ladder is digital (automatic) electronics.
Technological developments increasingly rapidly along with the
progress of the growing era and escalator transformed now into
LIFT, so also in the system of electronic devices such as mobile
phones and others. Then what is the difference between analog
and digital in a circuit Electronic? We learn step by step with the
table below:

Analog Circuit

68
Introduction
In this case, the principle of a conductor is cable, works as the
component one, and another Pin one and pin other (intermit).
The quantity of a carrier depends on the need to the circuit.

Charge
A pole in electrical electronics called pole positive and pole
Negative. The charge will run through the carrier coming from
resources (electricity). The charge flows from a positive to a
negative point anything and in this case (Voltage and current).

Load
The load contained in the conductor, negative and positive is two
poles that copy contradictory (if they meet directly can clash).
Example, without being attached a load if These two poles meet
directly there will be a short circuit, just try the electrical cable we
put together then plugs into the power supply/power outlet) I
expect you to do not be desperate to try it if not a strong faith.
But if cable we attach a lamp (automatic will happen energy
transfer from electrical energy to light).

Note the illustration at the picture above:

69
A cable/conductor that is in basic electrical engineering. The
circuit at symbolizes the 2 lines (positive and negative). And no
circuit will work if one of them does not work or breaks.
But in digital electronic circuits do not get us wrong because there
are 3 additional basic terms (positive negative and ground)
Positive is a pole that has a voltage and current charge. Negative
is a pole that has a value but below 0, for example -0.5V. The
third is ground/disposal whose value is 0.

Still in the discussion about the basic principles of cables/lines in

the circuit. Besides, there is a red dot symbol at the branched line
meeting. That meaning the Voltage runs in addition to the side
also down. There are 2 input paths meet but no point mark on the
second meeting of the previous picture's path. If there is a sign,
the point is to connect path, and there is no point though the path
meet indicates the path does not connect/only pass by.

We must know that basically an electronics circuit made of these

two circuits, called series and parallel with several components
depending on its function. Now the components in the circuit are
much different from the previous circuit basis.
Circuit series is a circuit where the arrangement's composition is
only in place on the positive track. While the circuit is in a stacking

70
parallel is a circuit where the component arrangement is wrong,
one leg is connected to ground. And this is where the law of
engineering begins applying (electronics calculations). We focus
on basic introduction in this theory, so calculate our electronics
ignore it first (because it’s dizzying). But later you should learn it
another time on another occasion.

Power Resource – Conductor – Charge and Load

Remember the previous posts if the two cables we united in the

absence a burden will then occur shorting. And if an attached load
(in this circuit load is in use is a light) then electronic principle will
work positive pole will flow to negative pole and energy transfer
from electric energy into low. The load will be consumed by the
load, for example, the battery will run out if used to run a circuit
system. Then in circuit electronics needs resources must be
adjusted to the needs of a consumption Load mainly for
electronics components "let me not Wasteful "or overloaded
resulting in damage. More and more examples of lights in the
home We use the more significant the electricity bill every month
from this case where electronic development world begins.
Learn basic techniques you can use special software electronics
(Protel dxp or proteus) because this software can simulate circuit
without you direct practice with the tools and materials needed.
There are electric plugs, one positive and negative cable and one
lamp. The circuit is built depending on function and consumption
needs a load and an energy source to run a lamp It is the source of
71
the Voltage where the source is here the Voltage comes from the
Voltage of the "AC" grid.

Analog and Digital Circuit Basic

Circuit digital/circuit automatic. If we look at the image of the

circuit lamp, there is no socket. And on the picture, Also, we have
paired the plug (SW). If we plug the power outlet then the socket
will function as Breaker and connecting a conductor (switch), the
switch can be on put on a positive track or on a ground path.
Digital Circuit on build-up with the basic principle of a switch (on
or off). Later we will discuss more specifically.

Schematic – Path Design And Layout Component

The path on a PCB board/motherboard works the same way such

72
as a cable as a conductor if only 1 - 3 components of use PCB is
not required but if more than 10 components and circuit not using
a PCB will be a lot of convoluted cables and will confusing of
course. The technique is art, so it's up to the designer to imagine
and create it. This is the basis schematic application to the
motherboard.

Knowing current, Voltage and resistor

Basically, analog electronics' electrical energy is divided into 2

elements that flow simultaneously; namely "Voltage and Current".
Voltage is the amount of consumption required by a load. The
more significant the difference in voltage / total load, the greater
the current required, and here it is important to add resistance.
Barriers function to hold back the magnitude strong current
flowing to the load. Then how to measure Voltage current and
resistance? Later up here first.

Here I hope you will start dizzy again. So read and learn this
material thoroughly.

73
Understanding the Principle of Voltage Properties

74
75
 Motherboard Circuit System

A power supply is a device that is supplying electrical energy to

one or more electrical loads. It is most often used for devices that
convert one form of electrical energy to another energy. The
power supply function is to control the output voltage at a specific
value and make it constant.

The power supply can be implemented as a discrete, stand-alone,

or integral device designed to load. Laptop motherboard uses low
voltage DC. Most laptop motherboard has a power supply that is
packed in the integration circuit called (PU). This chip regulates
the voltage distribution to all the required components. Besides
the integrated chip, the power supply also has a discrete element
such as a diode rectifier, a capacitor as a voltage stabilizer, an
inductor to supporting integrated circuits and some other power
support. Power supply knowledge covers basic electronics,
integrated circuit workings and components, functions and how
to measure it, and understanding the datasheet.

Power Supply Switching (SMPS)

Below is the description which is very easy to understand.

cable or connecting network

Load
Voltage Resource

Basically, the conventional power supply is a power supply that

working linearly (continue), it means that the output voltage

76
continuously into the load. I will not discuss lowering circuit
voltage (step-down), rectifier or filter and so on. Here we are
talking about the principle or the workings of power supply in
general.
In the image, we can see the loads (e.g. lights) are connected to a
voltage source (e.g. batteries), which will certainly stay light on
during the battery power, and the circuit cable is not
disconnected. The current magnitude that flows on the wire
depending on how large the load resistance, smaller the load
resistance, more significant the current flows. If the current overly
large flows and occurs continuously can resulting in hot and
burning wires. Therefore required cable sizes that correspond to
the value load. So conventional power supply is like a variable
resistor in which the resistance value can vary according to the
weights. The profits using the traditional power supply is
simplicity in the design, and the disadvantage is inefficient
because the flow was continuously flowing to the load.

The Power supply switching is actually a conventional power

supply that was given switch, see the picture:
In the picture looks a "switch” between the source voltage and
load. What happens if the switch pressed ON? Of course, the
current will flow to the load, if the load is a lamp, then the light
goes on. And what happens if the switch is OFF? Of course, the
lights will go off.
Well, what happens if you press and release the switch in fast-
e.g. 10 times within 1 second? The lights will then blink 10 times
per second according to the amount of pressure on the button.
For example, If you hit 1000 times in 1 second, then the light will
blink 1000 times per second, but this time the lights flicker no
longer visible to our eyes. So that the lights "as if" life continues.
This is the basis of the technique of switching power supply. In
practice, "switch" will be disconnected and connected some
50.000 times per second (50kHz) or more (depending on model)
and of course who does breaker or connecting it is not you, but an
electronic circuit that is specifically designed.

77
 cable or connecting network

SWITCH

Load
Voltage Resource

So what the benefits of the system like this?

By making a system like this, the current flowing to the load is no
longer constant. Still, it has a time lag even though only a little (in
the order of milliseconds), but is very useful for reducing heat in
cables and voltage sources. The wire size and Other components
can be reduced automatically, making the system cheaper overall.
When the switch disconnected even briefly, is there an impact on
the load? It’s okay if a lamp's load. What if the load is an
electronic circuit that absolutely should not be disconnected from
the power supply?
If the load is a series of electronics, it cannot be tolerated, for it
requires additional components, sees the following picture above.

cable or connecting network

Switch
Inductor

Load

Voltage Resource
Capacitor

78
In the picture look a coil (inductor) and the capacitor which is
added in the circuit. The inductor function and This capacitor
store the current when the switch Connected and release it is load
when the button detached. In this way, a current continuously
flows into the load, so the problem is resolved.
If a coil or inductor is traversed by a DC voltage intermittently
will cause of AC voltage to arise, which can cause damage to the
circuit, how can we solve it?

Cable or Connecting Network

Switch
Inductor

Load
Voltage Resource

Capacitor

Diode serves to remove the inductor's AC voltage when the switch

is "open", in practice this diode is plugged in the circuit and
embedded directly in the switching MOSFET.
And for a switch, the switch used in switching power supply is not
the switch "manual" as above, but in the form of an ordinary
transistor or MOSFET designed specifically and connects the
control circuit (controller). The controller's series can be a series
of usual oscillator and be a specially-designed IC to switch.

79
 INDUCTOR

Mosfet as an
Voltage electronic switch LOAD
Resources

Controller circuit serves to control switching is based on feedback

received from the load. It means a heavy load controller will spur
the switch for longer working and vice versa.
What are the negative effects of this switching power supply
system?
There is a plus, of course, minus, one of them is the high noise
that makes it less suitable for use in the circuit audio system - HIFI
(if you want to use it, you must use an excellent filter), the design
is complicated. Fortunately, now there are IC manufacturers that
make IC switching so hassle the circuit can be overcome.

This section is basically the same as the basis for the previous SMP
series that the author has written. A circuit built with a switching
power supply system, but the difference can be seen if using
MOSFET N-CHANNEL used for automatic switch and generating
resources (needs ampere).

If we look at the MOSFET symbol in which a diode functions as a

rectifier (a component in the form of an IC and there is a circuit
inside), this thing aims to narrow the circuit's scope. So globally

80
the MOSFET serves as a switch automatic and lowering the
Voltage.
1. Coupling is a technique of transferring energy to other
energies. In-circuit switching, it is the transfer of the power
supply to the load.
2. FB - received feedback from the load. This means that if a
heavy load controller will spur a switch for longer work and
vice versa. FB was taken from the resistor track voltage
divider.
3. Decoupling is a technique for eliminating or maximize and
filter the effect of coupling before entering the
semiconductor components (IC and chipset)

AC WAVES

DC WAVES

wave box

Illustration of signals and the series of systems: We need to know

many types of signal waves in the electronic world. AC waveform
has the properties of the alternating current so that the graph up
and down. While the surge voltage DC with this kind (direct
current), the type of waves straight or flat. And a square wave
digital wave-type I and 0 (Living Dead).

81
The effect of switching on output MOSFETs will cause the AC
signal, then the AC signals will be blocked by the inductor
coupling.
Inductor coil is made of structures that are susceptible to
interference electromagnetic so occasionally still generate a pulse
signal ac, so it needs an additional filter. In this case, it is a
capacitor for rectifying a DC signal or eliminating the coupling
effects.
Develop these materials on :
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switched-mode_power_supply

LDO POWER (LINEAR DRIVER OUTPUT)

It’s not too complicated to understand this circuit, because there

are only input and output in the circuit, whereas we need to
understand is the ways of working of IC. So we must open the
datasheet of the IC. Basically LDO same as any regulator
switching, you can set the output voltage as needed. LDO circuit
loads much in use in the latest system motherboard.

82
 System to System

Application:

A rickshaw could move if someone were to pedalling the pedal.

Input in this regard is the engine /power/the person that
propelling pedal. While the system is an electronic circuit, it is a
rickshaw that serves to deliver passengers to a destination
following the functions and how it works. The passenger is the
load, and the output is the payment.

If there is no stimulus, the system will not work. If there were only
passengers and the rickshaw certainly not running because there
is no driver. If there is a driver but a rickshaw and the system is
broken, definitely will not work and certainly will not anyone want
to hitchhike. And that is the purpose of the system - input-output.

Each system (IC) requires power so that it can work well.

However, input in this system is the power supply, and each
system has its own power supply. Then who control, manage and
steer it? In the world of engineering called microcontroller and
microprocessor.

Illustration diagram 1

83
 It takes an adapter to turn on the laptop

Illustration diagram 2

It’s the same thing as a laptop that requires an adapter. It takes

the power supply to turn on the processor (in the schematic
diagram of part of the power supply to the processor, called the
VCC core). Other hardware components also have its power
supply, such as RAM and chipset, not just in the processor. Even a
controller IC also requires a power supply so that it could be work.

90% power supply used in laptop motherboard is the system

SMPS (power supply system switching) and LD0, while the rest are
digital circuits such as sensors. Components in used laptops only
slightly, but still using the system circuit electronics that are very
complicated and will only discuss the important parts.

POWER SUPPLY SWITCHING SYSTEM

Illustration Diagram 3

84
 VOLTAGE ON MOTHERBOARD

The Voltage on the motherboard we divide into two

parts: the ALW voltage and the VS voltage. ALW voltage
is a standby voltage or voltages that must exist before
the on/off button on tap. And the VS voltage is the
Voltage that will come out after switching pressed
on/off button.

Chart & Simulation

Chart 1:

Simulation 1:

In my field experience, many people fail to learn how to execute a

motherboard. When they are teaching, they only explain on the
motherboard mode stage, this will lead over the material. So we
simplify the stage power on the motherboard is a term part of
power according to its function. There is a process of timing here.

85
Chart 2:

Simulation 2:

Conclusion:

S5 is a Voltage type in standby mode, which we already know is

"required voltage". While S3 is a dual-mode depending on a
command signal (standby restart and shutdown). To make it
easier to understand we simplify it, S3 is the Voltage that belongs
to the type of VS voltage or the Voltage which came out after the
switch on including the stage S5. S3 will be troubled by power
drop, generally occurs due to power spike or short component in
the VS path. When the power has been switched, this problem is
when VS is active and prepared to contribute to each VS voltage.
Feedback/reverse flow of the short component in an either-or in
VS's path makes the system fail and return to VALW mode, this
symptom is called a power drop.

86
Chart 3:

Simulation 3:

Conclusion:

The Voltage in a motherboard divided into 2 voltage, standby

voltage and VS voltage. The Voltage is in the range of
motherboards that integrated and managed.

POWER STAGE S5- S3 S0

STANDBY MODE /
ONLY STANDBY Always on Voltage ( Charging,
S5 AC IN
before pressing the button VIN, & main PCU / AUX / S5 )
(primary Voltage)
STANDBY & DUAL Sus & main voltage
SECONDARY (2.5V,1.5V, 1,8)
S3 SLP_S3#
VOLTAGE S0/S3 OTHER VOLTAGE
( secondary voltage )
S0 ALL POWER STAGE SLP_S4# Always supply (ALWAYS ON
(normal mode ) VOLTAGE )
Supply (ICH, PCH, GMCH,
GPU, GFX, VCC CORE.
MEMORY & OTHER).
Reset supply (ALL RESET).
VRM supply (POWER OK).
All signal supply (PLT_RST
CPU_RST, BIOS, LVDS &

87
 OTHER)

CONTROL DEVICE

S5 SAMPLE STAGE

The picture is the simulation stage S5. Among them are the
components and the types of voltages to be active in STAGE
mode.

PROTECTION CIRCUIT: Circuit serves to protect if there is a short in

the circuit charging / VCC core / 3V and 5V and other lines that
entered 19V then this circuit will work. Which means it will not
pass 19V, although without orders he had been working.
CHARGING: the circuit for charging the battery. In this circuit,
there are several commands in the form of the output voltage. but
88
we do not discuss it now
SELECTOR: Circuit comparator selecting the Voltage just wearing
19V or only the battery, or both.

89
 8. Measurement With Schematic
1. Voltage Measurement

The image is a measurement technique input and output voltages.

The way it works is free red probe affixed anywhere on the
ground. And the red probe in the sequence of NO one then to NO
two till to components on the input lines if the component is
contained much in input circuit prior to the IC. If in No.1 there is
Voltage and the No. 2 lanes after diode no voltage can be sure it
was broken. Later on, output lines, if IC serves as the lowering of
the Voltage, then input 19V will be turned 5V on the output, and
the value on the multimeter certainly changed 5V. If not
appropriate with the recommendation schematic, it means the IC
is damaged.

90
2. Measurement of Tracking Short (Inductor)

Measurement of tracking short (without required Voltage) only

measure on all inductor

3. Measurement of Tracking Short (Component)

Short tracking measurements also may on the body of the

component.

91
4. Measurement of Paths

Track measurement sample is broken or not

5. Measurement Ampere

Amperage measurement, the difference is the red probe on the

positive input and the negative probe on a point which we will
measure the tracking +.

92
6. Applications of Measurement Schematic

If the material above already you mastered, you'll write a

simulation of material on this column.

93
 SCHEMATIC ANALYSIS

Analytics will we get if we know the function of components,

component properties, and we are more proficient in
understanding the circuit's characteristics. At this point, We can
usually add or remove components and even modify the system.
In addition to the characteristic and function of components of
electro engineering calculations already mastered.

The function of the schematic diagram in a simple way

1. To see the type and code components on the
motherboard if there is a burnt component or missing.
2. To see the relationship of lines on a motherboard if there
is a path-breaking causing the communication component.
3. To view the input and output voltage.
4. To modify the system circuit if there is difficulty in finding
replacement parts.
5. To see schematic revisions.
positive

Electricit lam
y p

We learn a simple analysis of the image above, and the conclusion

is:

1. There are a power jack, two wires and the lamp.

Case:

A lamp will not light up if one of the cables broke. The lamp will
not turn on if the lamp itself in the damaged and will not light up
if there is no electricity.
94
Case study:

Check the Voltage, check its cable, and check the lights. In the
image above, I will take your brain 10x faster please apply to
laptop circuit and the damaged laptop. Use your imagination and
creativity of your brain, then learn all of these books.

Power Supply

Remember the lighting circuits? How the Voltage moves from the
input to the output. And the image is a simple circuit system step
down circuit (Voltage lowering), from 12V to + 5V 2A where that
regulate this system is IC 78505. You already know the
component function? Okay, we will be explaining:
12V Voltage entered into a diode that serves as a safety/Backflow
preventer and the Voltage before getting into IC filtered by C1
220u. If added 1 resistor here will be great as a safety before the
incoming Voltage to a step-down IC IN.
After the Voltage enters the IN line, the Voltage will be processed,
and out of the OUT pin, where before the Voltage enters the IC
line, the value is still 12V. Still, after passing the IC the Voltage will
change to + 5V 2A, this is due to its function as a lowering voltage
regulator. IC and the circuit will work if it is connected to ground. I

95
hope you already know if the Voltage of 5V at the output is not
found then which components you must measure and execution
(this is called a circuit analysis technique).

In general, we should place the diode for the voltage direction.

But be careful on the principle of this diode, there are forward
and reverse voltages, or to determine the input and output we
rely on Vin IC/IN input which means input and V out, out means
output (to be more specific, please understand the material about
diode components).

96
 9. LAPTOP SCHEMATIC STRUCTURE
Scope Schematic and Important Parts Schematic Diagram

1. Cover

Image 1.1 Schematic Cover

The cover of the laptop's schematic diagram is the same as a

book's cover (textbooks and other). Larger image and note the red
mark in the boxes and arrows in image 1.1 Schematic cover. The
cover design is different for each brand as well as a book. But
there is always a message behind each design cover made as we
see in the picture.
a. Code Board (code contained in the schematic and the laptop
motherboard).
b. Data revision schemes. There will always be revisions to each
product and schematic, and corrections are made if:
 There is additional hardware/components.

97
  There is a release component and system repair
circuit, which depends on survey revision teams'
results in the field.
 Upgraded by product. For example, Acer 4750 to
4750G.
c. Type of chip in use, Name Factory, and other additional
particulars. However, in some brands are also not often we
find the cover of the schematic structure.
d. The cover design is also synonymous with the terms of
engineering, we have to understand and should we
memorize. (Go back to the material terms schematic
diagram).

98
2. Chart Diagram
The diagram is a design layout and interface or communication
between Components globally.

Pic 2.2 Schematic laptop Chart

Applying this chart is similar to the organisational structure chart

that works according to the functional tasks and positions,
respectively. And the laptop is the same schematic. So please go
back to the material of components and its functions. Remember
to apply such an organizational structure, for example, like charts
at school.

99
Schematic is always identical to the code, diagrams and charts.
But no detailed explanation about the purpose of the code,
diagrams and charts in attach. So our job is to find information
from the technical terms of other sources or learn more about
electronics. We learned it slowly with common languages and
applications to any that we see, hear and meet.

Caption :
Note number coloured:

No. 1: Schematic structure chart is the layout of the motherboard.

So consider the chart is intact laptop motherboard form. The
difference motherboard in a complete form, if the chart in the
form of codes, the Symbol, Name of components and engineering
terms. Memorize the names of the components in the
motherboard (go back to material components). A chart will
explain the global contents of a laptop schematic described in a
page.

No. 2: Page is like image No. 3 as an example, we want to see

detail page on your hard drive. For example: if in the field we find
an unreadable hard drive case, a dead jack, a burned path on the
hard drive socket, there is a burned component in the area near
the hard drive socket, then write the page on AdobeReader or
Foxitreader according to the information page on the box on the
hard drive (to see the line, input-output voltage and component
in use), then the page will be open.

No. 3: Interface relationships, and types of terms of I/O used.

No. 4: In every project engineering drawings, there will be a small

100
 box about description:
1. Name of industry/manufacturer.
2. Board code’s function also year revision. This is
where the board code's function (if the board code is
different, then the component symbol in the
motherboard and the schematic can be different).
3. Description of the page.

No. 5: Power system (as well as the contents in the middle of the
schematic diagram, there is a description and chart the layout of
the motherboard power/power sequences). This is why the chart
of the power section is always separate from the chart function
and communication. It's because, if we united, it would be difficult
to understand. Besides there (cover - chart interface - power
charts - charts the clock - the description page. In the schematic,
there is also a schematic structure of No. 5: power system (as well
as the contents schematic diagram in the middle there is a
description and chart the motherboard power/power sequences).
This is why the chart of the power section is always separate from
the chart function and communication. It’s because, if united
would be difficult to understand.

Besides, there is a cover - interface chart - power chart - hour

chart - description page. There is also a reference and revised
structure schema. Power system on the schematic's intended
image is an example, in the field, we find a problem with the
battery (can not charge / can not be detected). And we want to
see the input and output voltage lines and components are in use.
Then stay open page about (charging). We extend this session
later on the material description page.

If you already know about covers and graphics, please read some

101
graphic images on the side, there are slight differences in the
image's design. But, in principle, the same. Remember that
schematic is always synonymous with the term, symbols, tables,
and a description of the technique, so memorize and keep
reading.

3. Diagram Power
Power Sequence (Power- on Time )
Power square is a trip (timing) of a power system, started from
jack adapter to laptop in normal conditions. Power sequence is
the same as the hardware diagram on the first page of the
schematic. Power square is a global map of power in a
motherboard laptop.

102
A. Voltage Operation Process Time Step By Step

Page sequence Voltage power operation time process step by

step. (Use schematic ZE7 laptop, Acer one D270 and the
motherboard). For the delivery of content can be directly
practised.

103
How can the flow of voltage from jack power to the laptop till it be
turned on?
Note the picture above, which is in the red box, is a
communication system circuit. Meanwhile, in the given yellow
sign is kinds of signal that was active before and after.
AC-BATT means the voltage that sourced from the jack adapter
and battery, resulting in Vin's voltage.

After Vin - + + 3VPCU and vccrtc 5VPCU active (the step is: Vin will
enable + 5VPCU + 3VPCU and + 5VPCU + 3VPCU will enable
VCCRTC and so on). If this third system is active and has no
problem, then the next step is from the PWM TO EC, which means
PWM will send commands to the EC to enable RTCRST #. The
motherboard standby mode is active, or that we are familiar with
the term required voltage / Always.

Then from button to EC, which means that, if we switch the power
button it will send a command to EC called signal NBSWON #, and
so on. The types of these signals become the benchmark of
technicians in identification process circuit high-level method.

B. The System of Input and Output Signals Process

System input and output signal process is a diagram that is most

easy to understand and often become a reference mid-level

104
laptop repair process because it can see kind of signal inputs and
outputs for the measurement process:

Power Sequence

Description Sequence Diagram:

INPUT from DC battery (circuit name that the

explanation is on page 43) emits signals output called
B+, where the value of the B+ voltage is 19V. 18.5V / 20v
(rated voltage depending on the brand of a laptop). B+
output from DC battery turned into an input when it
entered into a series of switches (protection circuit) and
circuit switching issued output called DCBATOUT.

INPUT from AC Adapter in (name of the series circuit) the

description on page 44 issued a signal output called +
DC_IN. In turn, DC_IN output of AC Adapter is input
when entering the switching circuit (switching in the
form of the system can be SMPS - LDO and the others.
However, in this case, is the protection circuit) circuit
switch issued the output signal called AD +. Then,
becomes the input charger IC and it issues a signal
output called DCBATOUT and ACOK.
105
The input and output may be a reference measurement
of us in the field to determine whether a component is
broken or not, if there is an input and there is no output
can be sure 70% of the components problematic.

Conclusion:

One set into the other circuit depending on its function, the name
of the output signal will change its name when it became an
incoming signal to other circuits in a single integral. Voltage walks
from input to output and will change its value depending on the
circuit's function. Description direction of the arrow is a
description of a voltage trip. Basically the circuit on the
motherboard separately with different functions. For example
(charging circuits - circuit 3V and 5V - circuit core VCC). Then put
together and communicate with each other in the form of a
motherboard.

Illustration
Electronics engineering is different from the mechanical
technique you can see, touch, read, and hear. The voltage cannot
be seen with the naked eye, but do testing with tools (gauges).

106
If we are still confused, other examples: human limbs/robot
(hands, feet and eyes). If the hand is sick, a doctor will examine
the parts of the hand. Hands can move because of the orders
from the brain. The brain sends a command or signal through the
nerves to the hands. What happens if the nerve is broken or not
functioning? As in electronic circuits' structure, chips in a complex
program must be arranged, managed and executed according to
their function. In the electronic world is called microcontroller and
microprocessor.

DCBATOUT sends output signal from the switch, and charger

(Selector) will be input when entered into the IC TPS51125. And it

107
generates three output signals are 3d3V_S5 and 5V_s5. And
3D3V_AUX_S5.

3D3V_AUX_s5 be input to the switch and output the last

3D3V_AUX_KBC than be input to IC KBC NPCE985. It issued
several output signals, and one of them is S5_ENABLE that
sending signal command EN1 and EN2. The TPS51125 function
EN1 and EN2 is a command signal that IC TPS 51 125 issued
3d3V_S5 and 5V_s5 signal.

Signals marked with a red circle is usually a technician measuring

point in the analysis process. Note the direction of the arrows into
and out also note the rounded numbers.

C. Universal Block Diagram Process

108
The universal block diagram is a step-down system step by step
and control pin:

Here we can clearly see that 19V entry to all system string as input
system and each system will release output and input the next
system. The difference from the three-block diagram of power,
universal diagram, seen the input voltage and output value.

D. Chart Clock / Clock Distribution

Terms of digital circuit work in addition to the voltage also need
for clock

Diagram Clock

109
Page Clock ( Detail Clock )

CLK GENERATOR

110
These components are rarely damaged, but the circuit function is
crucial. A digital circuit's work is the need for an input consisting
of power supply, reset, clock, Data and ground.
But do not be mistaken, not all circuit require digital clock
although the condition is so. The clock is only used by the
components that communicate in high-speed data (SIO, chip,
processor, etc., See diagram clock). For detail function of the
component use datasheet.
If this component is damaged, the damage characteristics
included in the characteristics of the display no problem.

IC LAYOUT

IC layout is always between chipset and processors, if the

component is problematic, then all core components such as the

111
processor chip will cause a disturbance.

It is almost similar to the damage's characteristics if the bios

problematic in the case of no display problem. More clearly see
the output and name of components that need a clock.

Identification of the measurement clock, especially in the crystals

using a special tool (frequency counter/oscilloscope).

The image beside is identification points of the measurement

process.

E. Page Description

112
 Components and System in Scope Motherboard and Schematic
The laptop motherboard circuit consists of several
separate systems, depending on each duty's functions
and then united to communicate between systems
within the system motherboard's scope.

The position of the power supply, within the scope of a separate

PC from the motherboard. The difference with the laptop
motherboard, power supply united in a single scope. However,
the system and how to work in a PC or laptop remains the same.

If the PC power supply is damaged, what could be improved?

This is what we will explain. First, if the circuit or component was
problematic, circuits and core components will cause the laptop
to be dead. Second, there are systems and circuits if loose or
damaged will not lead to anything, do not die in total.
For example: if we take the DVD, the laptop still alive, if the
detachable keyboard laptop will still alive too.
This time we will discuss the essential parts if the part had a
problem and then a laptop will die.

113
If the hands and feet amputated, people could still be alive. How if
the brain or heart that amputees? Then if the hands have broken,
should the foot be checked? That is false. You also never talk to a
consumer that actually hand is damaged, but then you said to the
consumer that’s heart it has been damaged. It's called a lie.

Charger IC - DC Jack – Battery Socket

114
115
 10. FUNCTION AND APPLICATION
At figure, you can see the complexity of the schematic diagram.
So if you want to search motherboard in a laptop, your brain will
focus on the processor's shape. If you see a circuit, you will focus
on an input and output a circuit or focus at the problem you want
to solve. If you're going to solve a broken circuit at PIN 21 IC, you
will focus on that circuit.

In this page charger IC, there is information about POWER JACK

and BATTERY. Circuit charger is a main gate power regulation
sourced of battery and adaptor. Even both of that, a battery will
cooperate with SIO – BIOS AND SYSTEM OPERATION (in Windows)
in the charging process. The IC's description function is a
datasheet document for each IC (please read: “How to read
datasheet”).

Sometimes people confused how to find “where is the Power IC in

a laptop?” because IC is charging 3V and 5V, VCC core, also an IC.
With the different function and ways is working, so where is a
correct IC power? In this page, I will explain with a simple
description of the basis of that circuit.

116
 DC Jack and Protection Circuit

The voltage from DC Jack with the symbol code P11 that sourced
from adaptor entered into PC 85 and PC 84 are arranged in
parallel which serves as noose filter with the term voltage VA and
then enter to PL6 and after through PL6 changed the name to
VA1. PL6 function is temporary, saving a charge. If we add a fuse
in this circuit before the voltage entered to PL6 maybe will be
useful, but we see another component diode after PL6 tat protect
and block reverse flow so a problem adding fuse will be solved.
And other than, diode function for eliminating AC voltage from
the inductor. We try to make it simple because the fundamental
component can be determined for analysing the circuit. Because
many technicians can read schematic but lazy to know code
symbol or function component.
The conclusion of how to figure it is by voltage name 19V (it
depends on laptop adaptor 19V-20v-18,5V, etc.) will be changed
when entered a component or circuit one and the other. Note V is
unit from Volt, W is for watt, and A is for ampere.

D/C# is command sign from EC from page 27 about ZE7

schematic, and you can see there is a motherboard. Signal From
EC will command P-channel gate to open the gate if there a

117
problem at the circuit. This is called a CIRCUIT PROTECTION and in
the upper level will cooperate with the selector circuit.
Initial Measure 19V

There is a measure called backward measurement. It simple,

measurement 19V enough to PR only at part closed to jack power.
It must not jack power first then to PR, because if PR has 19V,
then jack power also has a 19V. It will save time because at VIN
schematic will be source input 19V to all system. If PR doesn’t
have voltage, so VIN doesn’t have voltage too. Then we can back
war measurement to jack power. You can also measure from PR
to jack power, or VCC to PR, or jack power to VCC core. It’s up to
you.

Note: VIN is named voltage 19V at ZE7 schematic. At other

schematics maybe have a different name.

118
Selector Circuit

119
This circuit functions as a control or signalling technique to detect
the charging system's voltage from the adapter or battery or both.
In another schematic, we will find a comparison system in
schematic dell mini 10, wherein the detector circuit uses IC LM
and the like. This circuit is very appropriate to be used because it
efficiently aka cheap. CSIP1 and CSOP1 is the signal that important
in contributing to this circuit.

To streamline our discussion, directly on the case study :

In the field, we often find cases cannot use batteries or vice versa.
Sometimes we base our observations only on this circuit, between
the PQ38 and PQ41 and the bypass circuit, or even replace all the
charger IC circuit components. First, I was doing that way.

Between the theory and the field was a little different, plus also
did not know and understand the schematic, just understand the
section circuit charger, and immediately did it. The result, the
laptop is dead, the motherboard is a leak because it is often
exposed to the blower, but with frequent practise, we learn cause
120
and effect.

You should check to the detector system then analyzes and read
the datasheet. If You often read the datasheet and schematic,
later if you find the same brand with the same problem or
different brands using the same IC you already know.

Charger System

System charging: there are two important components in the

charging system, namely EC and IC charging itself. EC will
cooperate with the IC charging for detection and battery charging
crucial systems. In this case also step-down N-channel MOSFET in
the charging circuit, the N-channel is often problematic.

121
See at the picture upward. In addition to EC and IC, charging
inputs sourced from always voltage 3V (3V and 5V systems) play
an active role as EC mover (AC in). This is the signal that will be a
condition of employment EC command voltage driving GPIO port,
and then after the EC active always systems 3V and 5V result a
voltage. And this process of mutual integrating throughout each
other up to the VS system (power switch).

Power switching regulator system (open material about system

switching regulator)

This system is often used in all circuit generator/ drive (CHARGING

– 3V and 5V - VCC CORE - CORE GFX - GPU CORE - V RAM).

Case study charging circuit:

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Case study charging circuit:

1. Battery consider
A problem only in the battery just replaces the batteries.

2. Battery not detect

Replace the batteries first. Check the charging, frequent
problems are charging IC in itself "but not necessarily". First,
you should check the pin and others like that already in write.

3. Plug-in not charging

Replace the batteries first. Check the charging, frequent
problems are charging IC in itself "but not necessarily". First,
you should check the pin and others like that already in write.

3V and 5Vsystem

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If we want to find the layout of 3V and 5V systems in the
schematic diagram on the first page, there is a schematic diagram
of the system description 5V/3V PCU, then open the pages. As an
example of the picture which was given the yellow sign.

3V and 5V circuit system is included in the system standby and

dual-mode. System standby means the system input and output
circuits will be active although the SW button is not yet in press.

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There is two system standby circuit in the motherboard, they are
charging circuit and circuit 3V and 5V. On page 3V / 5V PCU like
the picture above, clearly visible information in a page of the type
of IC being used and the circuit contained in the page and project
description/name circuit. In this page noticed the smaller box
mark, it is the system 3V, and 5V dual-mode whereby this circuit
will work after on-off button on the press after receiving the
command signal from the EC (S5 0N) output of this circuit for the
power needs USB - HDD – DVD and Etc. See the power sequence
below:

We simplify it. Basically, the motherboard voltage system is

divided into two, namely the required voltage and the voltage VS

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in the sense that there are circuit and voltage before and after
SW. in technical terms this is called the S5 - S3 - S0. To the side is a
power sequence.

3V and 5V circuit is a circuit that serves to lower the voltage (step-

down) of 19V becomes 3V and 5V, and if we look, the regulator
system switching participate actively towards 3V and 5V circuit.

IC work requirements

Schematic

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 Diagram

The brain of a digital circuit is IC itself. Digital circuit working

condition is the presence of digital input and in this case, the
voltage command. Likewise, the output will be sent a
confirmation signal (communications).

There is three working voltage in the circuit 3V and 5V sourced

from the charging circuit (VIN) that the voltage is 19V. We need to
measure the working voltage at the IC input section to pass
through a resistor for checking IC. If the voltage does not pass
through the resistor, then we measure the recoil measurement
technique that is to the point before passing through the resistor.
Then we find the voltage command and the image on the right
(EN0), how can we know the order's voltage?

127
Look at the picture, there is no other input into the IC besides
EN0. EN0 means Enable, which implies a command to turn on.
EN0 connected to PR with reference schematic short, it means
that the resistor serves as a fuse, we can measure the forward or
reverse such a technique that has been described previously. If
the input voltage condition exists, this circuit can generate the
appropriate output function.
The ground also plays an important role, with no ground circuit
will not work. So the conclusion is there must be digital input
circuit operating voltage, voltage and ground commands. Then
see a confirmation signal marked with a green box (because all
systems integrate throughout the circuit with the other circuits,
then the signal confirmation needed for information to the central
controller / EC).

The picture below is an example of the 5V only, but you can also
apply to 3V. 19V go to two bipolar capacitor attached series, then
go into MOSFET N-channel attached parallel. The function of the
parallel MOSFET is to increase the power of the MOSFET itself. 5V
will move towards the circuit that requires the voltage, e.g. HDD.
Then need a huge ampere that the function of addition MOSFET
as a switch and step-down, IC also plays an essential role.

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Reopen the motherboard power material

3V and 5V System Layout

Reopen the motherboard structure material to reinforce learning.

129
 An
electronic circuit is designed to produce something according to
its function, and in each circuit must have requires inputs to

130
enable the circuit to be able to work. Circuit system will produce
an output or outcome of the job. Each circuit has a weakness, and
this weakness will become a reference analytical study technician
to resolve any case.

3V and 5V circuit constructed by a switching regulator system.

Note the diagram below:

The case studies 3V and 5V standby system.

1. Output problem (3V and 5V) not out.
2. Output Voltage only 5V or 3V
3. The output voltage drop example of which should be 1,7V be
3V

3V and 5V systems. VS (power switch)

1. Output problem (3V and 5V) not out.
2. The output voltage drop example of which should be 1,7V be
3V.

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Circuit 3V and 5V circuit are divided into standby circuit or
primary circuit, and circuit VS or circuit in which the output will
produce a voltage after switch on / off in the press. But we will
focus on the primary circuit or circuit standby because this circuit
which is always a lot of problems in the field

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 11. CASE STUDY

Several system circuits in this circuit include parallel – step-up -

switching regulator and controller output - a confirmation signal -
trigger gate and etc. The material directly impacts the system's
weakness in the previous case studies' characteristics that have
not been described as handling techniques. This technique you
may later apply to all system circuit switching:

The case studies 3V and 5V standby system.

1. Output problem (3V and 5V) not out.
2. Output Voltage only 5V or 3V.
3. The output voltage drop example of which should be 1,7V
be 3V.

All the above problems can be solved by short circuit detector

output Technique with multimeter digital on the buzzer scale, if
there is not a sound then can be sure no short circuit occurs either
another circuit that requires 3V and 5V or even a short circuit on
the circuit of stepdown itself

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 RTC and RTC CIRCUIT

VIN OK
5V AND 3V OK
EC OK

The circuit will be activated after the RTCRST # signal has a

command signal from sourced from SIO to enable ICH in netbooks
to be a trigger point.

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RTCRTS # signal value is 3.3V sourced from EC. Chip if divided and
segregated, there are some circuit with the system and how it
works respectively. However, for each system only need voltage
command, clock course even data only, here foresight we read
circuit is necessary. EC command signal from the oscillator circuit
serves to instruct the work. See pictures next oscillator circuit
consists of cristal and some components. Value c348 and c349
comparator must be the same. This is one of the requirements
oscillator circuits works well. What we need to check on this part
enough in the clock frequency voltage alone. If the voltage is not
found, then check input (this technique is called measurement
backwards).

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 BIOS

BIOS is a chip microcontroller, meaning that a program whose

contents can be changed, deleted, edited and repeated revisions.
In the image beside is the trick to see the amount of capacity
BIOS.
There are 1, 2 and 3 BIOS motherboard (main bios - e.g. bios and
id bios). Main bios are the main bios on the motherboard, and EC
bios is a bios supporter Chip sheet while ID bios are bios
specifically for storing data SN / PN motherboard. For his own
form, IC bios slightly bigger than MOSFET as shown.

A microcontroller is a digital electronics device with inputs and

outputs and controls the programs, can also be written and
erased especially. How the microcontroller work is actually only
read and write data. When using the system chip microcontroller,
a circuit would be smaller and do not require many components.
Running texts, robotic and other automated devices digital
microcontroller derived from this technique. Please develop more
specific.

136
 BIOS IN SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

Bios in the schematic diagram are always paired with the EC,
either in page FDF or on the motherboard. However, it is not
necessarily so, because there is a new type of IC bios on precisely
juxtaposed with PCH chip before the communication is delivered
to the EC. However, the principle is the same because the EC and
the actual BIOS is an integral system.

137
BIOS in the schematic diagram referred to SPI FLASH, BIOS's
capacity depends on demand schematic (1MB, 2MB, 4MB and
8MB). And the image beside a value capacity IC bios 2MB.

PIN EXPLANATION :
1. VSS = GROUND
2. VDD – HOLD – WP – CE = INPUT VOLTAGE (3,3V )
3. SCK = CLOCK INPUT ( 3,3V )
4. SI and SO = POS SIGNAL ( 1. 4V -/+ )

138
MEASUREMENT BIOS IC

139
The value in a schematic voltage is specified on the circuit
schematic itself. Example :
As input to VDD PIN - HOLD - WP AND CE are 3.3V, so we just
matched the value voltage contained in the schematic and
multimeter.
Bios work requirements are:
1. has a power supply input of 3.3V
2. Clock of 3.3V (for the clock itself not only measure the voltage
absolute but must also be measured the value of the clock and
the waves)
3. Signal SO voltage of approximately 1,4V. Similarly, clock Signal
SO / POST measured the voltage value and needed solo scope
level measurement to look further with the signal wave.
In the field, we are testing, if in the pin SO there is voltage 1,4V
can be ascertained BIOS is normally no need to do flashing.
Characteristics the bios in damage are like total dead, protect
switch/cannot switch/voltage required to be present but could
not get in switch laptop, no display, stay in the brand logo.

Embedded Controller

SIO function as a command voltage distribution to all parts of the

power. EC (embedded controller) in another term is also often
called SIO, SUPER I / O, IC SPIDER. There are 3 types of EC which
are often used laptop motherboard manufacturer for more
details, please look at the picture below:

140
 Symbol

EC / SIO / IC SPIDER in the schematic diagram chart just

symbolized by the box and the brand IC in use.

EC in Schematic

141
 EC Function ( Super I/0 )

Note: Use the schematic sample D270 / ZE7

Schematic Diagram 1

EC serves as a controller device to identify the device either circuit

system or computer hardware itself (bootstrapping). In this case,
working with bios as boot / controlling, detecting, and regulating
the working system to a device.

Figure beside shows Broadly speaking EC serves as a control

(keyboard - touchpad - SPI flash / bios - charger / charger system -
PWM FAN / controller cooling pad). Note the picture below
(image schematic diagram section). See datasheet for more
detailed components. SIO In IC also called spider / EC.

Schematic Diagram 2

142
EC serves as a power regulator motherboard. In the description of
GPIO (General Power Input And Output) EC also has an essential
role in the motherboard power system as a regulator of the
distribution of power (voltage command) a motherboard.

Schematic Diagram 3

143
EC serves as the power switch on the motherboard that works
with a controller on/off and chipset (PCH).

Diagram EC brand and signal switch

Schematic Diagram 4

144
EC work together with SPI flash (IC BIOS). Broadly speaking Bios
and EC have the same function, the difference is the components
and how it works.

Work System of EC

There are 4 Terms of automated systems or drive, the voltage -

reset - clock – ground.

EC has a double job when staging always and VS

In the image beside is the voltage measurement points on EC. EC
work requirements:
1. There is a supply voltage/voltage work: + 3VPCU

145
2. There is a reset voltage/command VCCPOR: + 3VPCU
3. Confirmation PWROK Voltage: 3.3V
4. Ground
Look at the picture on the side, there are parts in the scope.
Where if we dismantle, it consists of several system circuits.
Among other things, the LPC (circuit information data) KB
(keyboard). AD (digital to analog) DA (analog to digital) GPIO
(input and output power) Timer (timing system) FIU
(communication/interface with the BIOS).
We take the samples of GPIO CIRCUIT it is an absolute
requirement in order GPIO can work is a series of GPIO resources
for itself.

CHIPSET

As CHIP DATA

NAME: ICH FUNCTION

Broadly speaking, as already shown in the schematic diagram, the

IC serves as a data communication interface.

146
Generally, ICH function to the data controller, inversely to the EC,
it dominant to the system voltage while the chipset dominant into
the data system (BUS). EC - Chip - BIOS is a crucial component of a
motherboard, a microcontroller's family's functions to control,
regulate, and control devices. Chip sheet’s family has a variety of
types and kinds. Because I love Intel chip, which will be described
is Intel chips only, this chip type is often referred to as SB.

Graphics chip

NAME: GMCH FUNCTION

The method is simple, the Chipset functions as a graphic or display for the
LCD panel. We can view videos and images on the LCD because of these
components. There are many VGA types, such as AMD, VIA, SIS, Intel,
and Nvidia. This chip is often called chip NB.

147
TIGER POINT serves as ICH and GMCH, united in this latest model
chip especially for I3 - I5 and I7 netbook.

TIGER POINT serves as ICH and GMCH, united in this latest model
chip especially for I3 - I5 and I7 netbook

Additional Discrete / VGA is often found in high specification

laptop gamers.

Many varieties and types of processors and their functions

NAME: FUNCTION
148
Generally, the processor is the brain of a motherboard itself.

To avoid prolonged material. Many reference sources on the

Internet about RAM's function just developed themselves either
via sharing or browsing.

Communication BIOS - SIO - ICH - GMCH and Processor

149
 Single-Chip (ICH – GMCH – Processor)
Put together in one chip

GFX Core and CPU Core

Note: Until schematic D270 ZE7 In the sequence diagram of

power, VCC core is the term for the output signal for processors
working voltage produced by the regulator PU 8.

150
The reference value or the output voltage value of VCC CORE AND
GPU CORE on the universal power sequence is clearly seen in the
image.

PU 8
If we open the page on the VCC core and GPU core will be clearly
visible, the type of IC in use is:
PU8
RT8165BGQW

151
VCC cores will be active after having signal HWPG 1.O5V

CRT and LCD LVDS

If we notice there are several circuit system in the page module of

LED / LCD. We shall explain in the next row.

152
Differences between LCD and LED is:
LED: do not use the inverter
LCD: use inverter (DC to AC)

Checking on this part specifically for light display cases. For severe
cases, which means already checking the replacement LED
module, check the data cable and check the socket, and all of
them are good, but there are still problems such as dim display
and white display.

Checks only on the marked box. There is two voltage here: voltage
19V (DCBATOUT_LCD and VS voltage (LCD VDD and 3D3V_S0).

153
When a positive voltage passing through the components, such
components are problematic because it missed the voltage or
voltage dissipates with the component's function.

For example in the picture above, the input voltage to the output
previously passed through a fuse that serves as a safety (BAT OUT
DC voltage) is the voltage that comes from always power, means
included into standby voltage. So if you want to replace and
remove led, first had to remove the battery or adapter (without
power), because it could surge. Fuse measurement back to the
material components. In this case, two possibilities could occur:
from a broken fuse, another possibility could come from a short
capacitor, as we can see in the picture.

The circuit on the side has an LDO circuit switch. IC U4901 will
work when it gets a command voltage from LCDVDD_EN and the
working voltage of 3D3V_SO. If you come across a LED dim/white
blank case, check part of this circuit that output the LCDVDD.

154
 V RAM

Measurement and identification Voltage on the part ram

Measurements on the brakes are carried out only in 3 parts, the

+1.5 section, + 0.75V transmission and finally reset DRAMRST #

155
Note: The measurements in this section are for no display cases
only.

Circuit SMPS power supply to RAM (SMPS circuit identification

back to the material power motherboard).

156
 HDD Not Detected

Note the position of the diagram and the page about the hard
drive on structure schematic diagram

After you open the hard drive, you will look at communication
lines and voltage references. 5V is input or supply power to the
hard drive that comes from vs circuit on the motherboard. Hard
157
drive not detected of the circuit's characteristics that only have
supply power, communication lines and ground, the three
elements this is what we were checking in execution damage
process.

Check 5V voltage and the components in its path, in this thing,

inductor and hard disk socket (open measuring chapter).
If the voltage found, then next checking to ground check. Then to
communication line data, you will see communication line input
and output data related directly to the chip (PCH/ICH).

158
USB Not Detected

Driver check

Page

159
Like checking on a hard disk, check the voltage, communication
line and ground.

System checking from no.1 to 8

160
 Simulation

TOUCHPAD PROBLEM

You can see on this picture to explain it

161
You can see on this picture to explain it

You can see on this picture to explain it

162
You can see on this picture to explain it

Keyboard Problem

You can see on this picture to explain it

163
 Hall SENSOR / LID SWITCH

There is a small button like a needle on an old laptop when closed,

the LCD screen will be off / standby. And in the latest laptop uses
sensor newly.

If we open led, we can see a magnet closed to hinged, moving the

system. If there are a magnet and the system will be work.

164
 12. REFERENCE AND REVISION

Revision of the components contained in the schematic, on the

last page.

165
 Reference signal measurement

Damage and system weakness reference.

166
 Good job.

Thanks

(kang solihinlaptop)

167