Research Methodology for Planning

and Architectural Studies

Assignment 12_Solutions

Q1. Thermal comfort refers to the state of satisfaction with the thermal environment,
including temperature, ____________________________ experienced by individuals.
a) humidity
b) air movement
c) clothing
d) All humidity, air movement, clothing
Q2. ____________________________ is mathematical model used to simulate complex systems
and processes by representing them as a grid of cells that evolve over discrete time
steps based on predefined rules.
a) Buffer
b) Cellular Automata
c) MINMAX
d) Hub and Spoke
Q3. Which of the following is a characteristic of big data?
a) Low volume
b) Predictable data patterns
c) Variety of data types
d) Easy to analyze using traditional tools
Q4. What among the following could be the source of big data?
P- Mobile Data Q- User Check-In Data R - Social Media Data
a) Only P
b) P and Q
c) Ony R
d) All P, Q, and R
Q5. ____________________________ is a design process that uses algorithms and computational
methods to explore and generate multiple design alternatives based on specified
parameters and constraints.
a) Generative design
b) Experiment design
c) Parametric design
d) Mixed design
Q6. Which of the following is an example of structured data?
a) Images and videos
b) Social media posts
c) Customer transaction records in a database
d) Sensor data from IoT devices
Q7. How can AI contribute to urban planning?
a) By reducing the need for city planners
b) By increasing pollution levels
c) By limiting citizen participation in planning processes
d) By analyzing traffic patterns and optimizing transportation systems
Q8. Which AI technology is commonly used for simulating and visualizing architectural
designs?
a) Natural Language Processing (NLP)
b) Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR)
c) Machine Learning algorithms
d) Expert Systems
Q9. Which of the following is not a programming language?
a) Julia
b) Python
c) SPSS
d) MATLAB
Q10. Which of the following software is used for structural simulation?
a) ETABS
b) MATSim
c) Minitab
d) Rhino
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 Research Methodology for Planning
and Architectural Studies
Assignment 11_Solutions

Q1. Design for mixed method can be ____________________________.

a) Parallel
b) Sequential
c) Conversion
d) All of these
Q2. ____________________________ refers to a research approach that combines qualitative
and quantitative methods within a single study or across multiple phases of a study.
a) Mixed Method
b) Time Series Analysis
c) Hybrid Method
d) Meta Analysis
Q3. Sustainable Development Goal ____________________________ declares the importance of
achieving "clean water and sanitation for all".
a) 1
b) 6
c) 13
d) 17
Q4. ____________________________ is a technique used in the field of systems thinking and
management to analyze and understand complex systems and relationships among
various elements within a system.
a) Interpretive Structural Model
b) Structural Equation Model
c) Regression
d) Logit Model
Q5. ____________________________ is a method used in decision analysis and strategic
planning to analyze and classify factors based on their influence and dependence
within a system.
a) PRISMA
b) MICMAC
c) ARIMA
d) GRA
Q6. In spatial research, GIS stands for ____________________________.
a) Geological Information System
b) Geographical Information System
c) Geographic Information System
d) Geographic Integrated System
Q7. Researchers can use GIS analysis to perform ____________________________ analysis.
a) Overlay
b) Proximity
c) Network
d) All of these
Q8. The MCDM method AHP stands for ____________________________.
a) Analytic Hierarchy Program
b) Analytic Hierarchy Process
c) Analytical Hierarchy Program
d) Analytical Hierarchy Process
Q9. In AHP, the acceptable consistency ratio of a pairwise comparisons should be
____________________________.
a) >10%
b) <10%
c) <=10%
d) >=10%
Q10. ____________________________ is a technology that overlays digital information, such as
images, videos, 3D models, or text, onto the real-world environment.
a) Augmented Reality
b) Virtual Reality
c) Hyper Reality
d) Dashboard

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 Research Methodology for Planning
and Architectural Studies
Assignment 10_Solutions

Q1. The MCDM method GRA stands for ____________________________.

a) Grey Relation Analysis
b) Grey Ratio Analysis
c) Group Regression Analysis
d) Group Relation Analysis
Q2. Which of the following methods can be used for ordinal data?
a) ANOVA
b) RIDIT
c) Linear Regression
d) Pearson Correlation Test
Q3. In Important Satisfaction Analysis, Concentrate Here quadrant includes the
attributes which have ____________________________.
a) Low importance and low satisfaction
b) High importance but low Satisfaction
c) Low importance and high satisfaction
d) High importance and low satisfaction
Q4. Name the following chart.

a) Radar Chart
b) Proximity Chart
c) Pie Chart
d) Gantt Chart
Q5. ____________________________ is a statistical measure of the strength and direction of
association between two ranked variables.
a) Odds Ratio
b) Spearman's rho
c) Logistic Regression
d) Partial Correlation
Q6. Which of the following text encoding standards is capable of representing
characters from multiple languages and symbol sets?.
a) ANSI
b) ASCII
c) Unicode
d) UTF-8
Q7. Which of the following is a qualitative research method?
a) ARIMA
b) Text Encoding
c) SEM
d) Multiple Linear Regression
Q8. Which of the following software is used for organizing, coding, querying, and
visualizing qualitative data?
a) VISSIM
b) NVivo
c) NLOGIT
d) PLS-SEM
Q9. In a Likert scale, respondents are asked to ____________________________.
a) Rank items in order of preference
b) Provide a binary (yes/no) response to a question
c) Select multiple options from a list
d) Rate their agreement or disagreement with a statement
Q10. In Travel Information System, VMS stands for ____________________________.
a) Vehicle Mean Speed
b) Vendor Management System
c) Visitor Management System
d) Variable Message Sign

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 Research Methodology for Planning
and Architectural Studies
Assignment 09_Solutions

Q1. Landsat data is used for ____________________________.

a) Q-sort Analysis
b) Ethnographic Analysis
c) Spatial Analysis
d) Cohort Analysis
Q2. NDWI is calculated with the help of ____________________________.
a) Green and Short-wave Infrared band
b) Green and Near Infrared band
c) Red and Short-wave Infrared Band
d) Near Infrared and Red band
Q3. TOPSIS stands for ____________________________.
a) Technique for Ordinal Perception by Similarity to Ideal Solution
b) Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
c) Tool for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
d) Technique for Ordinal Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
Q4. Which of the following is a MCDM method used in research?
a) TOPSIS
b) Chi-Square Test
c) ANOVA
d) Partial Correlation
Q5. NRW in water management stands for ____________________________.
a) New Regulation in Water
b) Non-Residential Water
c) Non-Revenue Water
d) Non-Return Water
Q6. The Adjusted R-square in a multiple linear regression represents
____________________________ of the model.
a) Correlation among variables
b) Goodness of fit
c) Measurement Errors
d) Test statistics of dependent variable
Q7. Name the following chart.

a) Sankey diagram
b) Area diagram
c) Heat map
d) Spider diagram
Q8. Which of the following are qualitative research methods?
P-Ethnography Q-Phenomenology R-Grounded Theory S- Case Study
a) P and S
b) P, Q and S
c) P and R
d) All P, Q, R, S
Q9. Purposive Sampling is also known as ____________________________.
a) Judgmental Sampling
b) Stratified Sampling
c) Random Sampling
d) Cluster Sampling
Q10. ____________________________ is particularly useful for exploring complex social
phenomena and understanding the processes underlying them.
a) Time Series Analysis
b) Case Study
c) Action Research
d) Grounded Theory

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 Research Methodology for Planning
and Architectural Studies
Assignment 08_Solutions

Q1. In the following normal distribution curve X represents ____________________________.

a) Acceptance Region
b) Standard Deviation
c) Variance
d) Rejection
Q2. The critical p value for a test statistic at 90% confidence level is
____________________________.
a) 0.90
b) 0.01
c) 0.10
d) 0.05
Q3. When null hypothesis is accepted in spite of null hypothesis is false, is referred to
____________________________ error.
a) Type-I
b) Type-II
c) Type-III
d) Both Type I and Type-II
Q4. In statistics, ____________________________ refers to the number of independent pieces of
information available to estimate a parameter or test a hypothesis within a
statistical model.
a) Critical value
b) Skewness
c) Sample bias
d) Degrees of freedom
Q5. The critical t value for a test statistic at 5% significance level is
____________________________.
a) 1.05
b) 1.64
c) 1.96
d) 2.58
Q6. In a new building construction project, architects thought to install a new type of
insulation material in the walls of a building. The null hypothesis (H0) could be that
this new insulation material does not significantly improve the building's energy
efficiency compared to the existing insulation material. The alternative hypothesis
(H1) would then be that the new insulation material does improve energy efficiency.
During the evaluation process, extensive simulations and tests are conducted to
measure factors like thermal conductivity, heat retention, and energy usage before
and after the installation of the new insulation material. Now, suppose after the
analysis, it's concluded that there is a significant improvement in energy efficiency
due to the new insulation material. However, it later turns out that there was an
error in the measurement process or an unforeseen external factor affecting the
results. In reality, the new insulation material doesn't provide any significant
improvement in energy efficiency. Therefore, incorrectly concluding that the new
insulation material improves energy efficiency when it actually does not is an example
of ____________________________ error.
a) Type-I
b) Type-II
c) Type-III
d) Both Type I and Type-II
Q7. Parametric tests are not recommended to analyze ____________________________ data.
a) Nominal
b) Ordinal data
c) Ratio
d) Both Nominal and Ordinal
Q8. Which of the following tests is a non-parametric test?
a) F-Test
b) Z-Test
c) Chi-square Test
d) Karl Pearson’s Correlation Test
Q9. The sample mean and standard deviation of 10 samples are 45.75 and 4.25,
respectively. The hypothesized population mean is 42. The critical t value for at 5%
significance level is 5% significance level. Based on the above-mentioned value
select the correct statement from the following.
a) Null hypothesis is rejected
b) Fail to reject null hypothesis
c) Calculated t statistics is less than critical t value
d) There is no relation between sample and population
Q10. The, ____________________________ is a non-parametric test used to compare two
independent groups when the dependent variable is ordinal or continuous, but not
normally distributed.
a) ANOVA
b) Spearman rank order correlation test
c) Kruskal-Wallis test
d) Mann-Whitney U test

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 Research Methodology for Planning
and Architectural Studies
Assignment 07_Solutions

Q1. Calculate the median of the following data set.

{5, 3, 6, 12, 4, 7, 5}
a) 3
b) 4
c) 5
d) 6
Q2. ____________________________ is the process of identifying and correcting errors,
inconsistencies, and inaccuracies in a dataset to improve its quality and reliability
for analysis.
a) Data Coding
b) Data Cleaning
c) Data Adjusting
d) Data Editing
Q3. ____________________________ are data points that significantly differ from other
observations in a dataset.
a) Missing data
b) Q1 data
c) Q2 data
d) Outliers
Q4. ____________________________ is a statistical measure that quantifies the degree to which
a distribution deviates from the normal distribution in terms of the shape of its tails.
a) Kurtosis
b) Skewness
c) Range
d) Histogram
Q5. Calculate the mode of following data set.
{2,4,5,5,7,911,9,10,12,10,9}
a) 5
b) 9
c) 10
d) 12
 Q6. Name the following graphical representation.

a) Bar Chart
b) Histogram
c) Stem and leaf diagram
d) Decision Tree diagram
Q7. ____________________________ is a graphical representation of the distribution of a
dataset. It displays the five-number summary of the data: minimum, first quartile
(Q1), median (second quartile or Q2), third quartile (Q3), and maximum.
a) Box-and-whisker plot
b) Venn Diagram
c) Scatter Plot
d) Scree Plot
Q8. Name the following graphical representation.

a) Bar Chart
b) Radar Plot
c) Scatter Plot
d) Stacked Bar Chart
Q9. ____________________________ is a data visualization technique that represents the values
in a matrix using colors. It is particularly useful for displaying the relative intensity
or concentration of data across two dimensions.
a) Heat Map
b) Boxplot
c) Sankey Diagram
d) CART
Q10. ____________________________ is a matrix that summarizes the distribution of two or
more categorical variables.
a) Multi-dimensional Table
b) Contingency Table
c) Flat Table
d) Hierarchical Table
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 Research Methodology for Planning
and Architectural Studies
Assignment 06_Solutions

Q1. Types of Observation may include ____________________________.

a) Factual
b) Direct
c) Subjective
d) All the above
Q2. Observing without the subjects' awareness to avoid behavior modification is called
____________________________ observation.
a) Naturalistic
b) Unobtrusive
c) Participant
d) Structured
Q3. In a survey questionnaire, a question is asked as “What are your thoughts on the
natural lighting in the workspaces?" This question is an example of
____________________________ question.
a) Scaled
b) Close-ended
c) Open-ended
d) Scenario-based
Q4. Which of the following methods of expert survey requires iterative rounds of
questionnaires?
a) Delphi Method
b) One-on-One Interview
c) TOPSIS method
d) Expert Panel
Q5. ____________________________ refers to the intentional (covert) or unintentional
(accidental) theft of published or unpublished intellectual property.
a) Similarity
b) Citation
c) Plagiarism
d) Acknowledgement
Q6. Common type of Ethical Approvals may include ____________________________.
a) Conflict of Interest Disclosure
b) Informed Consent Documentation
c) Animal Ethics Approval
d) All the above
Q7. Giving start rating in e-commerce website for a product is an example of
____________________________.
a) Scaled Question
b) Choice Question
c) Ranking exercise
d) All the above
Q8. Which of the following is similarity checking software?
a) iThenticate
b) Origin Pro
c) Adobe PS
d) Minitab
Q9. Which of the following is/are the Ethical Data Management principle(s)?
P-Data Accuracy Q-Data Ownership R-Data Retention
a) Only P
b) P and Q
c) Q and R
d) All P, Q, and R
Q10. ____________________________ involves restating information or ideas in your own
words while retaining the original meaning.
a) Indexing
b) Paraphrasing
c) Referencing
d) Highlighting
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 Research Methodology for Planning
and Architectural Studies
Assignment 05_Solutions

Q1. In the following sample size calculation formula, ‘p’ is ____________________________.

a) Population
b) Population density
c) Population proportion
d) Discrete probability
Q2. In a survey the target population is 500000. What should be the minimum sample
size for a survey using Cochran’s formula at 5% significance level?
a) 375
b) 384
c) 484
d) 500
Q3. Which of the following is a probabilistic sampling?
a) Stratified random sampling
b) Judgmental sampling
c) Quota sampling
d) Convenience sampling
Q4. In ____________________________, every individual in the population has an equal chance
of being selected.
a) Systematic sampling
b) Cluster sampling
c) Simple random sampling
d) Multi-stage sampling
Q5. Secondary Source of data may include ____________________________.
a) Census data
b) Government report
c) Extant Literature
d) All the above
Q6. ____________________________ is a comprehensive study that aims to collect data from
every individual or unit in a population.
a) Census survey
b) Reconnaissance survey
c) Large-sample survey
d) Stated preference survey
Q7. ____________________________ is a sampling method where the population is divided into
distinct subgroups, based on certain characteristics that are relevant to the research
objectives before selecting sample from each subgroup.
a) Judgmental sampling
b) Convenience sampling
c) Stratified random sampling
d) Quota sampling
Q8. ____________________________ is a method used in research to recruit participants
through referrals from initial participants. It involves starting with a small group of
individuals who meet the criteria for the study and then asking them to refer others
who also fit the criteria.
a) Snowball sampling
b) Sequential sampling
c) Simple random sampling
d) Purposive sampling
Q9. If a survey questionnaire includes only MCQ type of questions, then it is a
____________________________ questionnaire.
a) Unstructured
b) Descriptive type
c) Open-ended
d) Close-ended
Q10. Which of the following questionnaire consists of questions with both predefined
and non-predefined set of options for answers?
a) Structured questionnaire
b) Semi-structured questionnaire
c) Close-ended questionnaire
d) Choice card questionnaire
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 Research Methodology for Planning
and Architectural Studies
Assignment 04_Solutions

Q1. ____________________________consists of countable and distinct values, often expressed

as whole numbers.
a) Raw Data
b) Continuous Data
c) Discrete Data
d) Meta Data
Q2. Which of the following data types is used to represent categories or labels without
any inherent order?
a) Nominal
b) Ratio
c) Interval
d) Ordinal
Q3. Which of the following measurement scales represents the True Zero Starting
Point?
a) Nominal
b) Ordinal
c) Interval
d) Ratio
Q4. ____________________________ is an example of Interval data.
a) Blood Group
b) Temperature
c) Height
d) Energy Rating
Q5. ____________________________ assesses the consistency and stability of a measurement
tool or instrument over time and across different conditions.
a) Normality Test
b) Practicality Test
c) Reliability Test
d) Validity Test
Q6. ____________________________ is a psychometric tool used to measure the meaning of
concepts or objects along a set of bipolar dimensions.
a) Likert Scale
b) Q-Sort Scale
c) Itemized Rating Scale
d) Semantic Differential Scale
Q7. In a survey the quality of food of a restaurant was measured on a scale ranging from
-5 to +5 without a neutral point at the middle. The scale used in this case is known
as ____________________________.
a) Stapel Scale
b) Itemized Rating Scale
c) Continuous Rating scale
d) Likert Scale
Q8. ____________________________ track individuals or groups over an extended period,
capturing changes and trends and offering insights into how variables evolve over
time.
a) Sample survey
b) Census survey
c) Cross-sectional survey
d) Longitudinal survey
Q9. Using a Tablet for collecting on field survey responses is called as
____________________________.
a) CATI
b) CAWI
c) CAPI
d) IVR
Q10. ____________________________ is a small-scale preliminary study conducted before the
main survey to test the feasibility, methodology, and effectiveness of the survey
instrument.
a) Pilot survey
b) Reconnaissance survey
c) Focus Group Discussion
d) Cohort survey
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 Research Methodology for Planning
and Architectural Studies
Assignment 03_Solutions

Q1. Which of the following is NOT a research database?

a) ResearchGate
b) Scopus
c) PubMed
d) Google Scholar
Q2. The objectives of a Literature Review are ____________________________.
P- Informs Research Design
Q-Avoids Duplication
R-Strengthens Credibility
a) P and Q
b) P and R
c) Q and R
d) All P, Q, and R
Q3. Performance Analysis is a technique for ____________________________.
a) Monte Carlo Simulation
b) Meta Analysis
c) Bibliometric Analysis
d) Systematic Literature Review
Q4. Science Mapping includes ____________________________.
a) Bibliometric Coupling
b) Co-word Analysis
c) Co-authorship analysis
d) All of the Above
Q5. The ____________________________ is calculated by counting the number of publications
for which an author has been cited by other authors at least that same number of
times.
a) i-10 Index
b) h-index
c) CiteScore
d) Impact Factor
Q6. Identification, Screening, Inclusion are various steps followed in
____________________________.
a) ANOVA
b) PRISMA
c) CAGR
d) Factor Analysis
Q7. The index used to quantify the difference between two groups in the primary
studies is called ____________________________.
a) Rank Size
b) Treatment Size
c) Effect Size
d) Factor Size
Q8. ____________________________ is an essential tool to summarize information on
individual studies, give a visual suggestion of the amount of study heterogeneity,
and show the estimated common effect, all in one figure.
a) Box Plot
b) Scree Plot
c) Steam and Leaf Plot
d) Forest Plot
Q9. Which of the following is Reference Management software?
a) VOSviewer
b) Zotero
c) MATSim
d) Gephi
Q10. Which referencing style has been used in the following citation?
Bandari, A., & Sadhukhan, S. (2023). Efficiency of non-revenue water reduction in
improving water supply performance in Indian metropolises. Water Supply, 23(5),
1917–1934.
a) APA
b) MLA
c) Chicago
d) IEEE
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 Research Methodology for Planning
and Architectural Studies
Assignment 02_Solutions

Q1. Which of the following steps are parts of a research process?

P- Problem statement Q-Hypothesis testing R- Literature review
a) P and Q
b) P and R
c) Q and R
d) All P, Q, and R
Q2. A review of literature may include ____________________________.
a) Journal Articles
b) Conference Proceedings
c) Book Chapters
d) All the Above
Q3. A ____________________________ is a clear and testable statement or prediction about the
relationship between two or more variables.
a) Thesis
b) Metadata
c) Hypothesis
d) Sampling
Q4. ____________________________ is a non-probability sampling technique in which existing
study subjects recruit future subjects from among their connections.
a) Snowball Sampling
b) Cluster Sampling
c) Judgmental Sampling
d) Quota Sampling
Q5. Data cleaning in research helps in identifying ____________________________.
a) Outliers
b) Inconsistency
c) Missing Values
d) All the above
Q6. ANOVA stands for ____________________________.
a) Analysis of Variable
b) Analysis of Variance
c) Annotate Variability Analysis
d) A Novel Observed Variable Analysis
Q7. ____________________________is a statistical test used to determine whether the mean of
a single sample is significantly different from a hypothesized population mean.
a) Spearman Rank Order Test
b) Chi-Square Test
c) One Sample t-test
d) Paired t-test
Q8. ____________________________ is a supplementary or additional section at the end of a
document that provides further information or details to support the main content.
a) Appendix
b) Bibliography
c) Captions
d) References
Q9. Which of the following is similarity check software?
a) EndNote
b) Turnitin
c) AutoCAD
d) SPSS
Q10. In journal indexing, SSCI stands for ____________________________.
a) Special Science Citation Index
b) Safety Science Citation Index
c) Social Sciences Citation Index
d) Social Science Clustering Index
***The End***
 Research Methodology for Planning
and Architectural Studies
Assignment 01_Solutions

Q1. ____________________ research aims at finding a solution for an immediate problem

facing by a society or an organization.
a) Descriptive
b) Conceptual
c) Applied
d) Fundamental
Q2. ____________________ is a type of research design that is conducted when a researcher
is investigating a new topic or issue where there is little or no existing literature or
established theories.
a) Exploratory research
b) Policy research
c) Action research
d) Qualitative research
Q3. In Action Research, there are four stages namely Planning, Action, Observe, and
____________________.
a) Budget
b) Reflect
c) Operate
d) Design
Q4. Analytical research requires ____________________.
P- Critical thinking Q-Logical reasoning R-Analytical method
a) Only R
b) P and R
c) Q and R
d) All P, Q, and R
Q5. Which of the following can affect the quality of data in research?
a) Outliers
b) Sampling bias
c) Measurement Errors
d) All of the above
Q6. ____________________ refers to the disparities that exist in access to and usage of digital
technologies, such as the internet and electronic devices.
a) Digital Equity
b) Digital Inclusion
c) Digital Inequality
d) Digital Bias
Q7. ____________________is a statistical technique used in research to combine and analyze
the results of multiple independent studies on a particular topic.
a) Content Analysis
b) Meta Analysis
c) Mixed Analysis
d) Conjoint Analysis
Q8. Which of the following can challenge interdisciplinary collaboration in research?
a) Varying methodologies
b) Policy and Regulatory differences
c) Community engagement challenges
d) All of the above
Q9. Which of the following is a qualitative research approach?
a) Grounded Theory
b) Longitudinal Research
c) Correlation Research
d) Cohort Studies
Q10. A researcher plans to engage in participant observation, conduct interviews with
vendors and customers, and document the informal economies at play in the market
to examine the economic strategies, social networks, and daily challenges faced by
street vendors. In this case, it is an example of ____________________.
a) Conceptual Research
b) Ethnographic Research
c) Choice Research
d) Empirical Research
***The End***