1 Ïðèìåðè çà ïðåñìÿòàíå íà êðèâîëèíååí èí-

òåãðàë îò âòîðè ðîä

Ïðèìåð 1.1 Ïðåñìåòíåòå êðèâîëèíåéíèÿ èíòåãðàë îò âòîðè ðîä

Z
y
dx,
x2 + y2
L

êúäåòî


x = r cos t,

L : y = r sin t, r > 0;

0 ≤ t ≤ π.


Ðåøåíèå: Ïúðâî ïðåñìÿòàìå äèôåðåíöèàëà: dx = −r sin tdt. Ñëåäîâàòåëíî

ïî ôîðìóëà

Z Zβ n
0 0
P dx + Qdy + Rdz = P [x (t) , y (t) , z (t)] x (t) + Q [x (t) , y (t) , z (t)] y (t)+
AB
d α
0
o
+ R [x (t) , y (t) , z (t)] z (t) dt. (1)

èìàìå

Z Zπ Zπ
y r sin t r sin t
dx = 2 2 .(−r sin t)dt =− 2 2 .r sin tdt =
x2 + y 2 (r cos t) + (r sin t) (r cos t) + (r sin t)
L 0 0
Zπ Zπ
r2 sin2 t r2 sin2 t
= − dt = −
dt =
r2 cos2 t + r2 sin2 t r2 cos2 t + sin2 t
0 0
Zπ Zπ Zπ
2 1 − cos 2t 1
= − sin tdt = − dt = − (1 − cos 2t)dt =
2 2
0 0 0
 π   
Z Zπ Zπ
1 1 π 1
= −  dt − cos 2tdt = −  t|0 − cos 2td(2t) =
2 2 2
0 0 0
   
1 1 π 1 1 π
= − π − 0 − sin 2t|0 = − π − (0 − 0) = − .
2 2 2 2 2


Ïðèìåð 1.2 Ïðåñìåòíåòå

Z
yzdx + zxdy + xydz,
L

êúäåòî L å ïúðâàòà èçâèâêà íà âèòëîâàòà ëèíèÿ

1
 

x = a cos t,

y = a sin t,

L: 6t
 z= ;
2π



0 ≤ t ≤ 2π.


Ðåøåíèå: Ïúðâî ïðåñìÿòàìå äèôåðåíöèàëèòå:



dx = −a sin tdt,

dy = a cos tdt,
dz = 6 dt


2π
Ñëåäîâàòåëíî ïî ôîðìóëà (1) èìàìå

Z Z2π 
6t 6t 6
yzdx + zxdy + xydz = a sin t. (−a sin t) + .a cos t.a cos t + a cos t.a sin t. dt =
2π 2π 2π
L 0
Z2π
6a2 6a2 6a2

2 2
= − t sin t + t cos t + sin t cos t dt =
2π 2π 2π
0
Z2π
6a2
−t sin2 t + t cos2 t + sin t cos t dt =


=
2π
0
Z2π Z2π
6a2  2 2

 6a2
= t cos t − sin t + sin t cos t dt = (t cos 2t + sin t cos t) dt =
2π 2π
0 0
 2π   2π 
Z2π Z2π
6a2 2
Z Z
=  t cos 2tdt + sin t cos tdt = 6a  1 td sin 2t + sin td sin t =
2π 2π 2
0 0 0 0
 
Z2π 2 2π
6a2  1 . t sin 2t|2π − 1 sin 2tdt + sin t  =
= 0
2π 2 2 2 0
0
6a2 6a2 1
 
1 1 2π 1 2
0 − 02 =


= (2π.0 − 0.0) + cos 2t|0 + . (1 − 1) = 0.
2π 2 4 2 2π 4


Ïðèìåð 1.3 Ïðåñìåòíåòå

I
(x + y)dx + (x − y)dy,
L

x2 y2
êúäåòî L å åëèïñàòà + = 1.
a2 b2
Ðåøåíèå: Ïðåäïîëàãàìå, ÷å a > 0 è b > 0. Òîãàâà èìàìå ñëåäíîòî ïàðà-
ìåòðè÷íî ïðåäñòàâÿíå íà åëèïñàòà:

2
 
x = a cos t,

L : y = b sin t;

0 ≤ t ≤ 2π.


Òàêà L ñå îïèñâà òî÷íî â ïîëîæèòåëíà ïîñîêà.

Ïúðâî ïðåñìÿòàìå äèôåðåíöèàëèòå:
(
dx = −a sin tdt,
dy = b cos tdt.
Ñëåäîâàòåëíî ïî ôîðìóëà (1) èìàìå

I Z2π
(x + y)dx + (x − y)dy = [(a cos t + b sin t)(−a sin t) + (a cos t − b sin t)b cos t]dt =
L 0
Z2π
−a2 sin t cos t − ab sin2 t + ab cos2 t − b2 sin t cos t dt =


=
0
Z2π Z2π
2 2
−ab sin2 t + ab cos2 t dt =



= −a sin t cos t − b sin t cos t dt +
0 0
Z2π Z2π
−a2 − b2 sin t cos tdt + ab cos2 t − sin2 t dt =



=
0 0
Z2π Z2π
2 2
cos2 t − sin2 t dt =



= −a − b sin t cos tdt + ab
0 0
Z2π Z2π
= − a 2 + b2


sin td sin t + ab cos 2tdt =
0 0
2π Z2π

sin2 t ab
= − a 2 + b2 . + cos 2td(2t) =
2 0 2
0
a2 + b2 2
ab 2π ab
= − 0 − 02 + . sin 2t|0 = (0 − 0) = 0.
2 2 2


Ïðèìåð 1.4 Ïðåñìåòíåòå

Z
x − y 2 dx + 2xydy,

OP A

êúäåòî OP A å íà÷óïåíà ëèíèÿ, ñâúðçâàùà òî÷êèòå O(0, 0), P (0, 1),

A(1, 1).

3
Ðåøåíèå: Èìàìå

Z Z Z
2 2
x − y 2 dx + 2xydy,




x−y dx + 2xydy = x−y dx + 2xydy +
OP A OP PA

êúäåòî OP è P A ñà îòñå÷êè.
Òîãàâà èìàìå ñëåäíîòî ïàðàìåòðè÷íî ïðåäñòàâÿíå:
 
x = 0,
 x = t,

OP : y = t; P A : y = 1;
 
0 ≤ t ≤ 1; 0 ≤ t ≤ 1.
 

Çà äèôåðåíöèàëèòå èìàìå
( (
dx = 0, dx = dt,
OP : PA :
dy = dt; dy = 0.
Ñëåäîâàòåëíî ïî ôîðìóëà (1) èìàìå

Z Z Z
x − y 2 dx + 2xydy x − y 2 dx + 2xydy + x − y 2 dx + 2xydy =




=
OP A OP PA
Z1 Z1
2
t − 12 + 2.t.0 dt =

 

= 0−t .0 + 2.0.t dt +
0 0
Z1 Z1 2 1
(t − 1)
= 0+ (t − 1) dt = (t − 1) d(t − 1) = =
2
0 0 0
1h 2 2
i 1
= 0 − (−1) = − .
2 2


Ïðèìåð 1.5 Ïðåñìåòíåòå

Z
dy
y 2 dx + ,
2 − x2
ACB

êúäåòî ACB å íà÷óïåíà ëèíèÿ, ñâúðçâàùà òî÷êèòå A(1, 0), C(1, 1),
B(0, 1).

Ðåøåíèå: Èìàìå

Z Z Z
2 dy 2 dy dy
y dx + = y dx + + y 2 dx + ,
2 − x2 2 − x2 2 − x2
ACB AC CB

êúäåòî AC è CB ñà îòñå÷êè.
Òîãàâà èìàìå ñëåäíîòî ïàðàìåòðè÷íî ïðåäñòàâÿíå:

4
  
x = 1,
 x = t,

AC : y = t; CB : y = 1;
 
0 ≤ t ≤ 1; 1 ≤ t ≤ 0.
 

Çà ïîðåäåí ïúò îòáåëÿçâàìå, ÷å êðèâîëèíåéíèÿò èíòåãðàë îò

âòîðè ðîä çàâèñè îò îðèåíòàöèÿòà íà êðèâàòà.
Çà äèôåðåíöèàëèòå èìàìå
( (
dx = 0, dx = dt,
AC : CB :
dy = dt; dy = 0.
Ñëåäîâàòåëíî ïî ôîðìóëà (1) èìàìå
Z Z Z
2 dy 2 dy dy
y dx + = y dx + + y 2 dx + =
2 − x2 2 − x2 2 − x2
ACB AC CB
Z1   Z0  
1 0
= t2 .0 + dt + 12 .1 + dt =
2 − 12 2 − t2
0 1
Z1 Z0 Z1 Z1
= dt + dt = dt − dt = 0.
0 1 0 0


Ïðèìåð 1.6 Ïðåñìåòíåòå

Z
y 2 + 2xy dx + 2xy + x2 dy,

OA
êúäåòî OA å îòñå÷êà èëè íà÷óïåíà ëèíèÿ, ñâúðçâàùà òî÷êèòå O(0, 0)
è A(1, 1).
Ðåøåíèå: Èìàìå ñëåäíîòî ïàðàìåòðè÷íî ïðåäñòàâÿíå:


x = 0 + t.1 = t,

OA : y = 0 + t.1 = t;

0 ≤ t ≤ 1.


Ïðåñìÿòàìå äèôåðåíöèàëèòå
(
dx = dt,
OA :
dy = dt.
Ñëåäîâàòåëíî ïî ôîðìóëà (1) èìàìå

Z Z1 Z1
2 2 2 2
6t2 dt =




y + 2xy dx + 2xy + x dy = t + 2.t.t + 2.t.t + t dt =
OA 0 0
Z1 3 1
t
t2 dt = 6. = 2 13 − 03 = 2.


= 6
3 0
0

5
 

Ïðèìåð 1.7 Ïðåñìåòíåòå

Z
xdx + ydy + (x + y − 1)dz,
AB

êúäåòî AB å îòñå÷êà èëè íà÷óïåíà ëèíèÿ, ñâúðçâàùà òî÷êèòå A(1, 1, 1)

è B(2, 3, 4).

Ðåøåíèå: Èìàìå ñëåäíîòî ïàðàìåòðè÷íî ïðåäñòàâÿíå:



x = 1 + t.1 = t + 1,

y = 1 + t.2 = 2t + 1,
AB :


z = 1 + t.3 = 3t + 1;
0 ≤ t ≤ 1.


Ïðåñìÿòàìå äèôåðåíöèàëèòå

dx = dt,

AB : dy = 2dt,

dz = 3dt.


Ñëåäîâàòåëíî ïî ôîðìóëà (1) èìàìå

Z Z1
xdx + ydy + (x + y − 1)dz = [t + 1 + (2t + 1).2 + (t + 1 + 2t + 1 − 1).3] dt =
AB 0
Z1
= [t + 1 + 4t + 2 + (3t + 1).3] dt =
0
Z1
= (t + 1 + 4t + 2 + 9t + 3) dt =
0
Z1 Z1
1
= (14t + 6) dt = (14t + 6) d(14t + 6) =
14
0 0
2 1
1 (14t + 6) 1 1 1
202 − 62 =


= . = (400 − 36) = .364 = 13.
14 2 28 28 28
0

Ïðèìåð 1.8 Ïðåñìåòíåòå

Z
2xydx + x2 dy,
L

êúäåòî

6
 (
y = x;
L:
0 ≤ x ≤ 1.
0
Ðåøåíèå: Ïúðâî ïðåñìÿòàìå ïðîèçâîäíàòà y (x) = 1. Òîãàâà ñúãëàñíî ôîð-
ìóëà

Z Zb n o
0
P (x, y)dx + Q(x, y)dy = P [x, y (x)] + Q [x, y (x)] y (x) dx, (2)
AB
d a

èìàìå

Z Z1 Z1
2 2 2 1
3x2 dx = x3 = 13 − 03 = 1.


2xydx + x dy = 2x + x .1 dx = 0
L 0 0

Ïðèìåð 1.9 Ïðåñìåòíåòå

Z
x2 + y 2 dx + x2 − y 2 dy,

êúäåòî

(
y = 1 − |1 − x|;
L:
0 ≤ x ≤ 2.

Ðåøåíèå: Êðèâàòà L íå å ãëàäêà ïðè x = 1, çàòîâà ÿ ðàçäåëÿìå íà äâå

ãëàäêè ÷àñòè:

L1 : y = 1 − |1 − x|; 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
y = 1 − (1 − x) = 1 − 1 + x = x;
0
y (x) = 1

L2 : y = 1 − |1 − x|; 1 ≤ x ≤ 2
y = 1 − (x − 1) = 1 − x + 1 = 2 − x;
0
y (x) = −1.

Òîãàâà ñúãëàñíî ôîðìóëà (2) èìàìå

7
Z Z Z
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
x2 + y 2 dx + x2 − y 2 dy =







x +y dx + x − y dy = x +y dx + x − y dy +
L L1 L2
Z1
x2 + x2 + x2 − x2 .1 dx +



=
0
Z2 nh i h i o
2 2
+ x2 + (2 − x) + x2 − (2 − x) .(−1) dx =
1
Z1 Z2
2x2 dx +
 2
x + 4 − 4x + x2 − x2 − 4 − 4x + x2


= dx =
0 1
Z1 Z2
2
 2
2x − 4x + 4 − x2 − 4 + 4x − x2 dx =


= 2 x dx +
0 1
1 Z2
x3  2 
= 2. + 2x − 4x + 4 − (−4 + 4x) dx =
3 0
1
Z2
2 3
1 − 03 + 2x2 − 4x + 4 + 4 − 4x dx =



=
3
1
Z2 Z2
2 2 2
2 x2 − 4x + 4 dx =



= + 2x − 8x + 8 dx = +
3 3
1 1
Z2 Z2
2 2 2
x2 − 4x + 4 dx = + 2


= +2 (x − 2) dx =
3 3
1 1
Z2 3 2
2 2 2 (x − 2)
= +2 (x − 2) d(x − 2) = + 2. =
3 3 3
1 1
2 2h 3 3
i 2 2 4
= + 0 − (−1) = + = .
3 3 3 3 3


Ïðèìåð 1.10 Ïðåñìåòíåòå

Z
2xydx + x2 dy,
L

êúäåòî

(
y 2 = x;
L:
0 ≤ x ≤ 1.

8
Ðåøåíèå: Ïúðâî ïðåñìÿòàìå îðäèíàòèòå íà íà÷àëíàòà è íà êðàéíàòà òî÷-
0
êà: y(0) = 0 è y(1) = 1 è ïðîèçâîäíàòà x (y) = 2y . Òîãàâà ñúãëàñíî ôîðìóëà

Z Zd n o
0
P (x, y)dx + Q(x, y)dy = P [x(y), y] x (y) + Q [x(y), y] dy, (3)
AB
d c

èìàìå

Z Z1 Z1
2 2 4 1
5y 4 dy = y 5 = 15 − 05 = 1.


2xydx + x dy = 2.y .y.2y + y dy = 0
L 0 0

2 Çàäà÷è çà óïðàæíåíèå

1. Ïðåñìåòíåòå êðèâîëèíåéíèÿ èíòåãðàë îò âòîðè ðîä

Z
y
dx,
x2 + y 2
L

êúäåòî

x = −r cos t,

L : y = r sin t, r > 0;

0 ≤ t ≤ π.


π
Îòãîâîð: .
2
2. Ïðåñìåòíåòå

(x + y)dx − (x − y)dy
I
,
x2 + y 2
L

êúäåòî L å îêðúæíîñòòà x2 + y 2 = a2 .
Îòãîâîð: −2π .
3. Ïðåñìåòíåòå

xdy − ydx
I
,
x2 + xy + y 2
L

êúäåòî L å îêðúæíîñòòà x2 + y 2 = r2 .
Óïúòâàíå: Îò ôîðìóëà (1) ïîëó÷àâàìå

9
 Z2π Z2π Z2π Z2π
xdy − ydx dt dt 2
I
dt
= = = = dt =
x2 + xy + y 2 1 + sin t cos t sin 2t 2 + sin 2t 2 + sin 2t
L 0 0 1+ 0 0
2 2
Z2π
d(2t)
= .
2 + sin 2t
0

Ïîëàãàìå 2t = u, îòêúäåòî

• çà t = 0 u = 0;
• çà t = 2π u = 4π .

Ñëåäîâàòåëíî

Z4π Z2π Zπ
xdy − ydx du du du
I
= =2 =2 .
x2 + xy + y 2 2 + sin u 2 + sin u 2 + sin u
L 0 0 −π

u u 2
Ïîëàãàìå tg = z , îòêúäåòî = arctg z, u = 2 arctg z, du = dz ;
2 2 1 + z2
u
2 tg
sin u = 2 = 2z è
u 1 + z2
1 + tg2
2
• çà u = −π z = −∞;
• çà u = π z = +∞;

Ñëåäîâàòåëíî

+∞ 2 +∞ 2
xdy − ydx
I Z Z
2
1 + z dz = 2 1 + z
2
= 2 dz =
x2 + xy + y 2 2z 2 1 + z 2 + 2z
L −∞ 2 + −∞
1 + z2 1 + z2
+∞ 2 +∞
dz
Z Z
= 2 1 + z2 dz = 2 .
2 1 + z2 + z
−∞ 2
(1 + z + z) −∞
1 + z2

1
Ïîëàãàìå z = v − , îòêúäåòî dz = dv è
2
• çà z = −∞ v = −∞;
• çà z = +∞ v = +∞.

10
 Ñëåäîâàòåëíî

+∞ +∞
xdy − ydx dv dv
I Z Z
= 2 !2 =2 =
x2 + xy + y 2 1 1 1 1
L −∞ −∞ v 2 − v + + v − + 1
v− +v− +1 4 2
2 2
+∞ Z+N Z+N
dv dv dv
Z
= 2 = 2 lim = 2 lim !=
3 N →∞ 3 N →∞ 3 4 2
−∞ v2 + −N v2 + −N v +1
4 4 4 3
Z+N Z+N
1 dv 8 dv
= 2. lim = lim !2 =
3 N →∞ 4 2 3 N →∞ 2
−N 1 + v −N 1 + p v
4 3
3
!
2
Z+N d p v +N
8 1 3 4 2
= . lim !2 = p lim arctg p v =
3 2 N →∞ 2 3 N →∞ 3 −N
p −N 1 + p v
3 3
" !#
4 2 2
= p lim arctg p N − arctg − p N =
3 N →∞ 3 3
4 4 h π  π i 4π
= p [arctg ∞ − arctg (−∞)] = p − − =p .
3 3 2 2 3

4π
Îòãîâîð: p .
3
4. Äîêàæåòå, ÷å

ydx − xdy
I
lim 2 = 0,
r→∞ (x2 + xy + y 2 )
Lr

êúäåòî Lr å îêðúæíîñòòà x2 + y 2 = r2 .
Óïúòâàíå: Êàêòî â ïðåäíàòà çàäà÷à, óñòàíîâåòå, ÷å

Z2π
ydx − xdy
I
1 dt
2 = 2,
(x2 + xy + y2 ) r2 (1 + sin t cos t)
Lr 0

îòêúäåòî ñëåäâà òâúðäåíèåòî.

5. Ïðåñìåòíåòå
I
xy 2 dy − yx2 dx,
L

11
 êúäåòî L å îêðúæíîñòòà, êîÿòî ñå äîïèðà äî îñòà Ox â íà÷àëîòî íà
êîîðäèíàòíàòà ñèñòåìà è öåíòúðà è èìà îðäèíàòà β = 1.
2
Óïúòâàíå: Óðàâíåíèåòî íà îêðúæíîñòòà å L : x2 + (y − 1) = 1, èëè,
â ïàðàìåòðè÷åí âèä

x = cos t,

L : y = 1 + sin t;

0 ≤ t ≤ 2π.


3
Îòãîâîð: π.
2
6. Ïðåñìåòíåòå
Z
dy
y 2 dx + ,
2 − x2
L

êúäåòî L å äúãà îò îêðúæíîñòòà ñ ðàäèóñ 1 â ïúðâè êâàäðàíò.

Óïúòâàíå: Ïàðàìåòðè÷íèòå óðàâíåíèÿ íà îêðúæíîñòòà ñà

x = cos t,


L : y = sin t;
 π
0 ≤ t ≤ .

2
Îò ôîðìóëà (1) ïîëó÷àâàìå

π π π
Z Z2   Z2 Z2
dy cos t cos t
y 2 dx + − sin3 t + − sin3 t dt +


= dt = dt =
2 − x2 2 − cos2 t 2 − cos2 t
L 0 0 0
π π
Z2 Z2
cos t
= sin2 td cos t +
dt =
2 − 1 − sin2 t
0 0
π π
Z2 Z2
cos t
1 − cos2 t d cos t +


= dt =
2 − 1 + sin2 t
0 0
π π π
Z2 Z2 Z2
cos t
= d cos t − cos2 td cos t + dt =
1 + sin2 t
0 0 0
π
π Z2
π
cos3 t 2 d sin t
= cos t|02 − + =
3 0 1 + sin2 t
0
π
1 3 1
0 − 13 + arctg(sin t)|02 = −1 + + arctg 1 − arctg 0 =


= 0−1−
3 3
2 π π 2
= − + −0= − .
3 4 4 3

12
 π 2
Îòãîâîð: − .
4 3
7. Ïðåñìåòíåòå

x2 dy − y 2 dx
Z
5 5 ,
L x3 + y3
êúäåòî

(à) L å ÷àñòòà îò àñòðîèäàòà

(
x = a cos3 t,
L:
y = a sin3 t; a > 0,
êîÿòî ëåæè â ïúðâè êâàäðàíò.
(á) L å îíàçè ÷åòâúðò îò àñòðîèäàòà
(
x = a cos3 t,
L:
y = a sin3 t; a > 0,

êîÿòî çàïî÷âà îò òî÷êàòà (a, 0) è ñâúðøâà â òî÷êàòà (0, a).

Îòãîâîð:

3 4
(à) πa 3 ;
16
3 4
(á) πa 3 .
16
8. Ïðåñìåòíåòå
Z
(2a − y)dx − (a − y)dy,
L

êúäåòî L å ÷àñòòà îò öèêëîèäàòà


x = a(t − sin t),

L : y = a(1 − cos t);

0 ≤ t ≤ 2π.


Îòãîâîð: πa2 .
9. Ïðåñìåòíåòå
Z
xydx + x4 dy,
L

êúäåòî

13
  1
x = ,

cos t

L : y = sin t;
0 ≤ t ≤ π .


6
Óïúòâàíå: Îò ôîðìóëà (1) ïîëó÷àâàìå

π π
Z6 2 Z6
sin2 t + sin2 t + cos2 t
Z
sin t + 1
xydx + x4 dy = dt = dt =
cos3 t cos3 t
L 0 0
π π
Z6 Z6 
2 sin2 t + cos2 t 2 sin2 t cos2 t

= dt = + dt =
cos3 t cos3 t cos3 t
0 0
π π π
Z6  2  Z6 2 Z6
2 sin t 1 2 sin t dt
= + dt = dt + =
cos3 t cos t cos3 t cos t
0 0 0
π π π π
Z6 Z6 Z6 Z6
2 sin t dt 1 dt
= − d cos t + = sin td + =
cos3 t cos t cos2 t cos t
0 0 0 0
π π
π Z6 Z6
sin t 6 1 dt
= − . cos tdt + =
cos2 t 0 cos2 t cos t
0 0
π π
π Z6 Z6 1 1
sin
= 6 − sin 0 − dt
+
dt
= 2 2 2
π cos 02 cos t cos t p !2 = 3 = 3 .
cos 2 0 0
3
6 2 4

2
Îòãîâîð: .
3
10. Ïðåñìåòíåòå
r !
y2
Z
2 y y
ln + 1+ 2 dx + 2x arctg dy,
x x x
L

êúäåòî

x = t,

L : y = t2 ;

0 ≤ t ≤ 1.


Óïúòâàíå: Îò ôîðìóëà (1) ïîëó÷àâàìå

14
 Z1 h  p  i Z1  p  Z1
2 2
I = ln t + 1 + t + 4t arctg t dt = ln t + 1 + t dt + 4t2 arctg tdt =
2 2 2

0 0 0

1
Z1 !
2
 p   p  1 1
= t ln t+ 1 + t2 − t.2 ln t + 1 + t2 . p . 1+ p .2t dt +
0 t + 1 + t2 2 1 + t2
0
Z1
4
+ arctg tdt3 =
3
0
Z 1 !
2
 p   p  1 t
= ln 1 + 1 + 1 − 0.0 − 2t ln t + 1 + t2 .
2 p . 1+ p dt +
t+ 1+t 2 1 + t2
0
Z1
4 3 1 t3
+ . t arctg t − dt =
3 0 1 + t2
0
1 p
2
 p  Z  p  1 1 + t2 + t
= ln 1 + 2 − 2t ln t + 1 + t2 . p . p dt +
t+ 1+t 2 1 + t2
0
Z1
4 3 t3 + t − t
4
+ .1 arctg 1 − 0 − dt =
3 31 + t2
0
 
1 p
Z1  3
 p  Z 2t ln t + 1 + t2 4 π 4 t +t t

2
= ln 1 + 2 − dt + . − − dt =
1 + t2 1 + t2
p
1 + t2 3 4 3
0 0
 
 Z1 ln t + 1 + t2 Z1 "
p
#
2
 p 2

π 4 t 1 + t2 t
= ln 1 + 2 − d 1+t + − − dt =
1 + t2 1 + t2
p
1 + t2 3 3
0 0
Z1 Z1  
2
 p   p  p π 4 t
= ln 1+ 2 −2 ln t + 1 + t2 d 1 + t2 + − t− dt =
3 3 1 + t2
0 0
 p  p  p  1
2
= ln 1 + 2 − 2. 1 + t2 ln t + 1 + t2 +
0
 1 
Z1 p Z Z1 !
1 1 π 4 t
+ 2 1 + t2 . . 1+ p .2t dt + − tdt − dt =
1 + t2
p
t + 1 + t2 2 1 + t2 3 3
0 0 0
 p  p  p 
2
= ln 1 + 2 − 2 1 + 12 ln 1 + 1 + 12 + 2.1.0 +


Z1 p !
2 1 Z1 2
1 t π 4 t 1 d 1 + t
+ 2 1 + t2 . . 1+ p dt + −  − =
1 + t2
p
t + 1 + t2 1 + t2 3 3 2 0 2
0 0
Z1 p p
 p  p  p  1 1 + t2 + t
= ln2 1 + 2 − 2 2 ln 1 + 2 + 2 1 + t2 . p . p dt +
t + 1 + t2 1 + t2
0
 
π 4 1 2 2

1 2 1


+ − 1 − 0 − . ln 1 + t 0
3 3 2 2
15
 Z1  
 p  p  p  π 4 1 1
ln2 1 + 2 − 2 2 ln 1 + 2 + 2 dt + − ln 1 + 12 − 0 =


I = −
3 3 2 2
0
 
2
 p  p  p  1 π 4 1 1
= ln 1 + 2 − 2 2 ln 1 + 2 + 2. t|0 + − − ln 2 =
3 3 2 2
 p  p  p  π 2 2
= ln2 1 + 2 − 2 2 ln 1 + 2 + 2(1 − 0) + − + ln 2 =
3 3 3
 p  p  p  2 π 2
= ln2 1 + 2 − 2 2 ln 1 + 2 + ln 2 + 2 + − =
3 3 3
 p  p  p  2 π 4
= ln2 1 + 2 − 2 2 ln 1 + 2 + ln 2 + 2 + + .
3 3 3
 p   p  2 π+4
ln2 1 + 2 − 2 2 ln 1 + 2 + ln 2 + .
p
Îòãîâîð:
3 3
11. Ïðåñìåòíåòå
Z
y 2 − z 2 dx + 2yzdy − x2 dz,

êúäåòî L å äúãàòà îò ëèíèÿòà

~r = t~i + t2~j + t2~k, 0 ≤ t ≤ 1

îïèñàíà ïî ïîñîêà íà ðàñòåíå íà t.

Óïúòâàíå: Ïàðàìåòðè÷íèòå óðàâíåíèÿ íà äúãàòà îò ëèíèÿòà ñà

x = t,

L : y = t2 ,

z = t2 .


1
Îòãîâîð: .
6
12. Ïðåñìåòíåòå
Z p
yzdx + z a2 − y 2 dy + xydz,
L

êúäåòî L å ïúðâàòà èçâèâêà íà âèòëîâàòà ëèíèÿ

~r = a cos t~i + a sin t~j + bt~k,

çàêëþ÷åíà îò ïðåñå÷íèòå è òî÷êè ñ ðàâíèíèòå z = 0 è z = 2πb.

Óïúòâàíå: Ïàðàìåòðè÷íèòå óðàâíåíèÿ íà âèòëîâàòà ëèíèÿ ñà

16
 
x = a cos t,

L : y = a sin t,

z = bt,


à îò ïðåñå÷íèòå è òî÷êè A(a, 0, 0) è B(a, 0, 2π) ñ ðàâíèíèòå z = 0 è

z = 2πb:

 
x = a cos t = a cos 0 = a.1 = a,
 x = a cos t = a cos 2π = a.1 = a,

z = 0 : y = a sin t = a sin 0 = a.0 = 0, z = 2πb : y = a sin t = a sin 2π = a.0 = 0,
 
z = bt = 0 =⇒ t = 0; z = bt = 2πb =⇒ t = 2π,
 

îïðåäåëÿìå ãðàíèöèòå íà èçìåíåíèåòî íà ïàðàìåòúðà t: òå ñà 0 ≤ t ≤

2π .
Îòãîâîð: 0.
13. Ïðåñìåòíåòå

Z ~i ~j ~k
1 1 1 dr,
L x y z
êúäåòî


x = sin t,

y = 1 − cos t,


L: 2t
z= ;
π


0 ≤ x < π .



2
Óïúòâàíå: Îò âåêòîðíîòî óðàâíåíèå íà L

2t
~r = sin t~i + (1 − cos t)~j + ~k,
π
îïðåäåëÿìå
 
~ ~ 2~
d~r = cos ti + sin tj + k dt.
π

Òîãàâà îò ôîðìóëà (1) ïîëó÷àâàìå

2
cos t sin t
π π
Z ~i ~j ~k Z2
1 1 1 dr = 1 1 1 dt
L x y z 0
2t
sin t 1 − cos t
π

17
 2
cos t sin t − cos t − cos t
π π
Z ~i ~j ~k Z2
1 1 1 dr = 1 0 0 dt =
L x y z 0
2t
sin t 1 − cos t − sin t − sin t
π
π 2
Z2 sin t − cos t − cos t
2+1 π
= 1.(−1) dt =
2t
0 1 − cos t − sin t − sin t
π
π
Z2      
2t 2
= − (sin t − cos t) − sin t − − cos t (1 − cos t − sin t) dt.
π π
0

π 8
Îòãîâîð: +1− .
2 π
14. Ïðåñìåòíåòå
Z
ydx + zdy + xdz,
L

êúäåòî L å ïðåñå÷íèöàòà íà ïîâúðõíèíèòå

x2 + y 2 + z 2 = a2 è x + z = a,

êàòî îïèñâàíåòî íà ëèíèÿòà äà çàïî÷íå îò òî÷êàòà A(a, 0, 0) â ïîñîêà

íà ðàñòåíå íà y .
Óïúòâàíå:

Ëèíèÿòà L å îêðúæíîñò, òúé êàòî å ïðåñå÷íèöà íà ñôåðà x2 +y 2 +z 2 =

a2 ñ ðàâíèíà x + z = a. Ïàðàìåòðè÷íèòå è óðàâíåíèÿ ñà


x = t,

 q
2
p p
L: y = ± a2 − t2 − (a − t) = ± a2 − t2 − a2 + 2at − t2 = ± 2at − 2t2 ;


z = a − t.

18
Êîãàòî t ñå èçìåíÿ îò a äî 0, òî÷êàòà M (x, y, z) îïèñâà ïîëóîêðúæ-
íîñòòà AP
\ B è ñëåäîâàòåëíî çíàêúò ïðåä ðàäèêàëà çà y å ½+, à çà
äúãàòà BQA
\ ïðîìåíëèâàòà t ñå èçìåíÿ îò 0 äî a è ñúîòâåòíî çíàêúò
ïðåä ðàâåíñòâîòî çà y å ½-, òúé êàòî îïèñâàíåòî íà ëèíèÿòà ñòàâà ïî
ïîñîêà íà ðàñòåíå íà y .
Ñëåäîâàòåëíî ïî ôîðìóëà (1) èìàìå

Z Z Z
ydx + zdy + xdz = ydx + zdy + xdz + ydx + zdy + xdz =
L \
AP B \
BQA
Z0 "p #
(a − t)(a − 2t)
= 2at − 2t2 + p − t dt +
2at − 2t2
a
Za " p #
(a − t)(a − 2t)
+ − 2at − 2t2 + p − t dt =
− 2at − 2t2
0
Z0 "p #
(a − t)(a − 2t)
= 2at − 2t2 + p − t dt −
2at − 2t2
a
Z0 " p #
(a − t)(a − 2t)
− − 2at − 2t2 + p − t dt =
− 2at − 2t2
a
Z0 "p #
2
(a − t)(a − 2t)
= 2at − 2t + p − t dt +
2at − 2t2
a
Z0 "p #
2
(a − t)(a − 2t)
+ 2at − 2t + p + t dt =
2at − 2t2
a
Z0 "p #
2
(a − t)(a − 2t)
= 2 2at − 2t + p dt =
2at − 2t2
a
Z0
2at − 2t2 + (a − t)(a − 2t)
= 2 p dt =
2at − 2t2
a
Z0
2at − 2t2 + a2 − 2at − at + 2t2
= 2 p dt =
2at − 2t2
a
Z0 Z0 Z0 r
a2 − at a(a − t) p a−t
= 2 p dt = 2 p dt = 2a dt.
2at − 2t2 2t(a − t) t
a a a

Ñåãà ïîëàãàìå t = a sin2 u.

p
2 2
Îòãîâîð: − πa .
2

19
15. Ïðåñìåòíåòå
I
ydx − xdy + zdz,
L

êúäåòî L å ïðåñå÷íèöàòà íà ïîâúðõíèíèòå

x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4 è x2 + y 2 = z 2 ; z > 0.

Óïúòâàíå: Ëèíèÿòà L å îêðúæíîñò, òúé êàòî å ïðåñå÷íèöà íà ñôåðà

x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4 ñ êîíóñ x2 + y 2 = z 2 . Ïàðàìåòðè÷íèòå è óðàâíåíèÿ ñà

x = 2 cos t,

L : y = 2 sin t;

0≤t≤π


Îòãîâîð: −4π .
16. Ïðåñìåòíåòå

x2 + 2y
Z
x+y
dx + dy, |a| ≤ 1,
1 + y2
p
a2 − x2
OAC

êúäåòî OAC å íà÷óïåíà ëèíèÿ, ñâúðçâàùà òî÷êèòå O(0, 0), A(a, 0),
C(a, b).
Îòãîâîð: a + a arctg b + ln 1 + b .
2 2

17. Ïðåñìåòíåòå

x2 + 2y
Z
x+y
dx + dy, |a| ≤ 1,
1 + y2
p
a2 − x2
OBC

êúäåòî OBC å íà÷óïåíà ëèíèÿ, ñâúðçâàùà òî÷êèòå O(0, 0), B(0, b),
C(a, b).
π
+ a + b.
2


Îòãîâîð: ln 1 + b
2
18. Äàäåíè ñà òî÷êèòå A(4, 2) è B(2, 0). Ïðåñìåòíåòå
Z
(x + y)dx − xdy,
L

êúäåòî

(à) L å îòñå÷êàòà OA;

(á) L å íà÷óïåíàòà ëèíèÿ OBA.

Îòãîâîð:

20
 (à) 8;
(á) 4.

19. Äàäåíè ñà òî÷êèòå A(4, 2) è B(2, 0). Ïðåñìåòíåòå

Z
ydx + xdy,
L

êúäåòî

(à) L å îòñå÷êàòà OA;

(á) L å íà÷óïåíàòà ëèíèÿ OBA.

Îòãîâîð:

(à) 8;
(á) 8.

20. Äàäåíè ñà òî÷êèòå A(0, 1), B(2, 5) è C(0, 5). Ïðåñìåòíåòå

Z
(x + y)dx − 2ydy,
L

êúäåòî

(à) L å îòñå÷êàòà AB ;
(á) L å äúãàòà AB
d îò ïàðàáîëàòà y = x2 + 1;
(â) L å íà÷óïåíàòà ëèíèÿ ACB .

Îòãîâîð:

(à) 4;
10
(á) ;
3
(â) 2.

21. Ïðåñìåòíåòå
Z
ydx + zdy + xdz,
OC

êúäåòî OC å îòñå÷êà èëè íà÷óïåíà ëèíèÿ, ñâúðçâàùà òî÷êèòå O(0, 0, 0)

è C(a, a, a).
3 2
Îòãîâîð: a .
2

21
22. Ïðåñìåòíåòå
Z
ydx + zdy + xdz,
OABC

êúäåòî OABC å íà÷óïåíà ëèíèÿ, ñâúðçâàùà òî÷êèòå O(0, 0, 0), A(a, 0, 0),
B(a, a, 0), C(a, a, a).
Îòãîâîð: a2 .

23. Ïðåñìåòíåòå
Z
2xydx + x2 dy,
L

êúäåòî
(
y = x2 ;
L:
0 ≤ x ≤ 1.

Îòãîâîð: 1.
24. Ïðåñìåòíåòå
Z
2xydx + x2 dy,
L

êúäåòî
(
y = x3 ;
L:
0 ≤ x ≤ 1.

Îòãîâîð: 1.
25. Ïðåñìåòíåòå
Z
xydx + (y − x)dy,
L

êúäåòî
(
y = x;
L:
0 ≤ x ≤ 1.

1
Îòãîâîð: .
3

22
26. Ïðåñìåòíåòå
Z
xydx + (y − x)dy,
L

êúäåòî
(
y = x2 ;
L:
0 ≤ x ≤ 1.

1
Îòãîâîð: .
12
27. Ïðåñìåòíåòå
Z
x2 − 2xy dx + y 2 − 2xy dy,

êúäåòî
(
y = x2 ;
L:
−1 ≤ x ≤ 1.

14
Îòãîâîð: − .
15
28. Ïðåñìåòíåòå
Z
xydx + (y − x)dy,
L

êúäåòî
(
y = x3 ;
L:
0 ≤ x ≤ 1.

1
Îòãîâîð: − .
20
29. Íåêà P (x, y) = cxy è Q(x, y) = x6 y 2 , êúäåòî c å ïîëîæèòåëíà êîíñòàí-
òà, è íåêà a è b ñà ïîëîæèòåëíè ÷èñëà. Çà êîÿ ñòîéíîñò íà a, çàâèñåùà
îò c, èíòåãðàëúò
Z
P (x, y)dx + Q(x, y)dy,
L

êúäåòî
(
y = axb ;
L:
0 ≤ x ≤ 1,

23
 íå çàâèñè îò b?
Óïúòâàíå: Îò ôîðìóëà (2) ïîëó÷àâàìå

a3 b a3 b 3ac + a3 b
Z
ac ac
cxydx + x6 y 2 dy = + = + = =
b + 2 3b + 6 b + 2 3(b + 2) 3(b + 2)
L
!
3
3c
a b+ 2
a
= ,
3(b + 2)

3c
îòêúäåòî = 2.
a2
r
3c
Îòãîâîð: a=
2
30. Ïðåñìåòíåòå
Z
xydx + (y − x)dy,
L

êúäåòî
(
y 2 = x;
L:
0 ≤ x ≤ 1.

17
Îòãîâîð: .
30

24
Ëèòåðàòóðà

[1] Â. Äèìîâà-Íàí÷åâà, Êàðàäæîâ Ã., Ïîïîâ Â., Âèòàíîâ À., Ìèõîâ È.,
Òîäîðîâà Ñ. Ìåòîäè÷åñêî ðúêîâîäñòâî çà ðåøàâàíå íà çàäà÷è ïî âèñøà
ìàòåìàòèêà, ÷àñò III, Äúðæàâíî èçäàòåëñòâî ½Òåõíèêà, Ñîôèÿ, 1969

[2] Å. Ëþáåíîâà, Íåäåâñêè Ï., Íèêîëîâ Ê., Íèêîëîâà Ë., Ïîïîâ Â. Ðúêî-
âîäñòâî ïî ìàòåìàòè÷åñêè àíàëèç, Âòîðà ÷àñò, Óíèâåðñèòåòñêî èçäà-
òåëñòâî ½Ñâ. Êëèìåíò Îõðèäñêè, Ñîôèÿ, 1994

[3] Â. Ï. Ìèíîðñêèé Ñáîðíèê çàäà÷ ïî âûñøåé ìàòåìàòèêå, ½Íàóêà, Ãëàâ-

íàÿ ðåäàêöèÿ Ôèçèêî-ìàòåìàòè÷åñêîé ëèòåðàòóðû, Ìîñêâà, 1987

[4] Ã. Òà÷åâ Ëåêöèè ïî Àíàëèç 2 ÷àñò çà ñòóäåíòè îò èíæåíåðíèòå ñïåöè-

àëíîñòè ïðè ÓÀÑÃ, Êðèâîëèíåéíè è ïîâúðõíèííè èíòåãðàëè

25