Unit-5

Module-2:
Introduction to SCADA
Data Acquisition Systems
Data Acquisition (DAQ)?
• Data acquisition (DAQ or DAS) is the process of sampling signals that
measure real-world physical phenomena and converting them into a digital
form that can be manipulated by a computer and software
• The signals are converted from the analog domain to the digital domain
and then recorded to a digital medium such as ROM, flash media, or hard
disk drives
Components of Data Acquisition System
• Modern DAS systems consist of four essential components
• Sensors
• Signal Conditioning
• Analog-to-Digital Converter
• Computer with DAQ software for signal logging and analysis
What Does a Data Acquisition
System Measure?
• Data acquisition systems are principally measuring physical phenomena such as:
• Temperature
• Voltage
• Current
• Strain and Pressure
• Shock and Vibration
• Distance and Displacement
• RPM, Angle, and Discrete Events
• Weight
VIDEO
Purposes of Data Acquisition
• Data recording
• Data storing
• Real-time data visualization
• Post-recording data review
• Data analysis using various mathematical and statistical calculations
• Report generation
• Monitor the condition of complex machinery such as generators, motors, fans, etc.
• Monitor structural properties of buildings such as bridges, stadiums, etc.
• Monitor energy consumption and energy efficiency in the production process.
• And many other monitoring scenarios.
The Measurement Process
• Data acquisition is the process of converting real-world signals to the digital
domain for display, storage, and analysis
SENSORS/TRANSDUCERS
• Depending on the type of sensor, its electrical output can be a voltage, current,
resistance, or another electrical attribute that varies over time
• The output of these analog sensors is typically connected to the input of a
signal conditioner
Signal Conditioners
• Taking the output from analog sensors and preparing them to be sampled
digitally
• Eg: Thermocouple. The signal conditioning circuitry needs to linearize the
output from the sensor as well as provide isolation, and amplification to bring
the very small voltage up to a nominal level for digitizing.
Isolation
Filtering
Filtering
• Low-pass filter: this filter reduces or “rolls off” starting at a given frequency
and those above it.
• High-pass filter: does the opposite and allows frequencies to pass which are
above a given frequency.
• Band-pass and band-reject filters: either pass or stop (reject) frequencies
between two given values.
Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADCs or AD
Converters)
• The output of most physical measurement signal conditions is an analog
signal
• It is necessary to convert this signal to a series of high-speed digital values so
that it can be displayed and stored by the data acquisition system
ADC
• The rate at which the signals are converted is called the sample rate
Analog to digital conversion
Generalized block diagram of data
acquisition system
Configuration of DAS
• The important factors that decide the configuration and the sub-
system are follows:
• The number of channels to be monitored
• Sampling rate per channel
• Signal conditioning requirement per channel
• Resolution and accuracy
• Cost
• The various general configurations include:
(1) Single channel possibilities:
a) Direct conversion
b) Pre-amplification and direct conversion
c) Sample and hold, and conversion
d) Pre-amplification, Sample and hold, and conversion
e) Pre-amplification, signal conditioning and any of the above
• (2) Multi-channel possibilities:

• A) Multiplexing the outputs of single channel converters
• B) Multiplexing the outputs of sample-hold circuits
• C) Multiplexing the inputs of the sample-hold circuits
• D) Multiplexing low level data
• (3) Noise-reduction options:

• A) Filtering
• B) Integrating converters and digital processing
(1)Analog and automated DAS
Automated data acquisition system
• Two types:
• A) Data Loggers:
• Here the input from individual sensors after suitable signal conditioning are
fed into the multiplexer
• MUX will select one signal which is then amplified and fed into ADC
• The converted signal is then given to microprocessor
• B) Computer with plug in board

B) Computer with plug in boards
2) SINGLE CHANNEL DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM
MULTICHANNEL DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM
• (1) MULTI-CHANNEL ANALOG MULTIPLEXED SYSTEM
(2) MULTIPLEXING THE OUTPUTS OF SAMPLE-HOLD
(3) MULTIPLEXING AFTER ANALOG TO DIGITAL
CONVERSION
Sample and hold circuit
• Introduction to SCADA
- Definition
- History
Introduction
• SCADA stands for Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
• A SCADA system is a collection of both software and hardware components
that allow supervision and control of plants, both locally and remotely
• They are computer based control systems that monitor and control different
industrial process that exists in physical world
Introduction
• The SCADA examines, collects, and processes data in real time.
• Human Machine Interface (HMI) software facilitates interaction with field
devices such as pumps, valves, motors, sensors, etc.
• Also within the SCADA software is the ability to log data for historical purposes
Introduction
• The structural design of a standard SCADA system starts with Remote Terminal
Units (RTUs) and/or Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs).
• RTUs and PLCs are microprocessors that communicate and interact with field
devices such as valves, pumps, and HMIs
• That communication data is routed from the processors to the SCADA
computers, where the software interprets and displays the data allowing for
operators to analyze and react to system events.
SCADA Historical Review
• – The 1950s
• Controlling industrial plants via processors became a reality in the 1950s.
• Gas and oil, utilities, and manufacturing were major users of these new
technologies and supervisory control.
– The 1960s
• Telemetry came on the scene to offer even more remote capabilities with
automated communication and data transmission to remote monitoring
locations.
• – The 1970s
• SCADA was used to describe systems with PLCs and microprocessors that
were being used for the monitoring and control of automated processes on
an even greater scale than ever before
• They were stand-alone units.
MONOLITHIC SCADA SYSTEM
• – The 1990s
• The advent of Local Area Networking (LAN), and HMI software, SCADA
systems were able to connect to related systems.
• The communications were typically proprietary which meant that
connections outside of the particular vendor of the SCADA system were
not allowed.
• This early SCADA was coined “distributed SCADA systems”
Distributed SCADA systems
• – The 2000s
• SCADA began to implement open system architectures with
communication protocols that were not vendor specific.
• This newer, more improved SCADA was then called a networked SCADA
system
Networked SCADA system
• Today
• With the adoption of modern IT standards such as SQL and web-based applications,
today’s SCADA allows for real-time plant information to be accessed from anywhere
around the world
• Having this data at the operator’s fingertips facilitates improved plant operations
allowing for responses to SCADA system queues based on field collected data and
system analysis
• These operator interactions can be from a computer right on the plant floor to an
office building in some other region in the world.
Video
Definition of SCADA
• SCADA stands for Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
• It is an industrial based or industrial computer based control system
employed to gather and analyse real time data to keep track, monitor and
control industrial equipment in different types of industries
Network Protocols and Communications
OUTCOMES
• Know “What is Data Communication?”
• Understand data flow
• Understand the importance of protocols in computer network
• Know the elements of protocol
• Types of protocols used in automation
DATA COMMUNICATION
• Data communications are the exchange of data between two nodes via
some form of link (transmission medium) such as cable.
DATA FLOW
• Simplex
• Half Duplex
• Full Duplex
DATA FLOW- SIMPLEX
• Communication is always unidirectional
• One device can transmit and other device will receive.
• Eg: keyboards, Traditional monitors
DATA FLOW-HALF DUPLEX
• Communication is in both directions but not at the same time
• If one device is sending, the other can only receive and vice versa
• Eg: Walkie- Talkie
DATA FLOW-DUPLEX OR FULL DUPLEX
• Communication is in both directions simultaneously
• Device can send and receive at the same time
• Eg: Telephone line.
PROTOCOLS
• All communication schemes will have the following things in
common:
• Source or sender
• Destination or receiver
• Channel or media
• Rules or protocols govern all methods of communication

If there are no protocols……?
PROTOCOLS
• It is a set of rules that govern data communication.
• Protocol determines:
• What is communicated in the network?

• How it is communicated in the network?
• When it is communicated in the network?
PROTOCOLS – Human Communication
• Protocols are necessary for human communication and include:
• An identified sender and receiver

• Common language and grammar
• Speed and timing of delivery
• Confirmation or acknowledgement requirements
PROTOCOLS- Network Communication
• Protocols used in network communication also define:
• Message encoding
• Message formatting and encapsulation
• Message timing
• Message size
• Message delivery options
ELEMENTS OF A PROTOCOL
1. Message encoding
2. Message formatting and encapsulation
3. Message timing
4. Message size
5. Message delivery options
1. Message Encoding
2. Message formatting and encapsulation
• Agreed format.
• Encapsulate the information to identify the sender and the receiver
rightly.
3. Message size
• Long messages must also be broken into smaller pieces to travel
across a network.
4. Message timing
• Flow control
• Response Timeout
5. Message delivery option
• Unicast : the sender sends the data to one receiver in the network
• Multicast : the sender sends the data to a set of receivers but not all in
the network.
• Broadcast : the sender sends the data to all receivers in the network.
Types of Communication Protocols
• RS 232/ RS 485
• EtherNet/ IP
• HART Protocol
• Modbus RTU
• PROFINET
• PROFIBUS
• Interbus
RS 232 Communication
• It is a form of serial data transmission
• RS232 connection transmits signals using a positive voltage for a
binary 0 and a negative voltage for a binary 1
• PLCs use RS232 to talk to other modules or even other PLCs.
• These modules can be anything that also uses RS232 such as, operator
interface or HMI, computers, motor controllers or drives, a robot, or some
kind of vision system.
• RS232 devices are two different types.
• DTE stands for Data Terminal Equipment. Eg: computer.
• DCE stands for Data Communications Equipment. Eg: DCE is a modem.
• Two DTE or two DCE devices cannot talk to each other
• Typically PLCs will be DTE and devices used will be DCE
Disadvantages :
• Speed at which data can be transferred
• Data can be transferred at around 20 kilobytes per second.
• Maximum length a cable is about 50 feet. Wire resistance and voltage
drops become an issue with cables longer than this.
• RS485 is a form of serial communication
• It could transmit not only a single device to device transmission, but also a
communications bus to connect multiple devices at once
• The configuration and specifications of RS485 make it faster and extend the range of
data transmission.
• The maximum RS485 cable length is typically listed as 1200 meters or about 4000 feet.
• DB-9 connector is used
• In some applications, terminal strips were used in place of a connector. This
helped RS485 become a widely used and very versatile form of serial
communication.
• RS485 can handle up to 32 connected devices. RS232 could only handle one.
• RS485 is less susceptible to noise issues
• One very common example in the automation world is remote control of
VFDs or Variable Frequency Drives.
• A simple network of a PLC, VFD, and an HMI allows remote control of
motors in an industrial setting.
MODBUS Communication
Modbus as an “Open Protocol”
• Depending on the process automation equipment manufacturer, a very
specific or proprietary language is used or it may be a language that is
commonly open to the industry.
• An “Open protocol” means the specifications are published and may be used
by anyone freely or by license.
• Advantages of open protocols include support by multiple manufacturers,
software vendors, and install or service organizations, active community
groups for support, the ability to stay current and add capabilities in the
future.
• One of the most common Automation Communication Protocols of
connecting industrial electronic devices used today is Modbus.
• The Modbus communication protocol is the oldest and by far the most popular
automation protocol in the field of process automation and SCADA
(Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition).
• Modbus is a communications protocol published by Modicon in 1979 for use
with its Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs)
• Modbus provides a common language for devices and equipment to
communicate with one and another.
• Eg:Modbus enables devices on a system that measures temperature and
humidity connected on the same network to communicate the results to a
supervisory computer or PLC.
Types of Modbus Communication Protocol
• Several versions of the Modbus protocol exist for the serial port and Ethernet
and the most common are:
– Modbus RTU
– Modbus ASCII
– Modbus TCP
– Modbus Plus
• Modbus communication interface for a multidrop network based on a Master-

Slave architecture.
• Communication between the Modbus nodes is achieved with send request and
read response type messages.
• The original Modbus interface ran on RS-232 serial communication, but most
of the later Modbus implementations use RS-485 because it allowed:
– Longer distances.
– Higher speeds.
– The possibility of multiple devices on a single multi-drop network.
• Master-Slave Modbus communication over serial RS-485 physical media using
two-wire transmit and receive connections.
• If the network requires multiple devices using a more versatile network system
like TCP/IP over Ethernet, the Modbus messages are embedded in Ethernet
packets with the format prescribed for this physical interface.
• So in this case, Modbus and other types of mixed protocols can co-exist at the
same physical interface at the same time.
• Modbus is able to function on both Point-to-Point and Multidrop networks.
• Point to point communication means the channel is shared between two

devices. Multipoint Communication means the channel is shared among
multiple devices or nodes.
• In Point to point communication, there is one transmitter and one receiver.
In Multipoint communication, there is one transmitter and many receivers.
• Modbus devices communicate using a Master-Slave (Client-Server for
Ethernet) technique in which only one device (the Master/Server) can initiate
transactions (called queries).
• The other devices (Slaves/Clients) respond by supplying the requested data to
the master, or by taking the action requested in the query.
• A slave is any peripheral device such as an I/O transducer, valve, network
drive, or other measuring types of devices which processes information and
sends its response message to the master using Modbus.
• Masters can address individual slaves or initiate a broadcast message to all
slaves. Slaves return a response to all message queries addressed to them
individually, but do not respond to broadcast messages.
• Slaves do not initiate messages on their own and only respond to message
queries transmitted from the master.
• The master’s query will consist of:
– Slave address (broadcast address).
– Function code with a read or write data command to the slave.
– The write command “Data” if a write command was initiated by the master.
– Error checking field.
• The error checking is a value the master or slave creates at the beginning of the
transmission or response and then checked when the message is received to
verify the contents are correct.
• A slave’s response consists of:
– Fields confirming it received the request.
– The data to be returned.
– Error checking data.
• If no error occurs, the slave’s response contains the data as requested.
• If an error occurs in the message query received by the slave, or if the slave is unable to perform
the action requested, the slave will return an exception message as its response.
HOW DOES MODBUS COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL
WORK?
1. Modbus Protocol Message Structure
• Each Modbus message has the same structure.
• Four basic elements are present in each message.
• The sequence and order of these elements are the same for all messages. This
allows for easy parsing of the content of the Modbus message.
• A conversation is always started by a master in the Modbus network. A Modbus master
sends a message, and depending on the contents of the message, the slave interprets the
message and responds to it.
• Physical slave addressing in the message header is used to define which slave device
should respond to a message.
• All other nodes on the Modbus network ignore the message if the address field doesn’t
match their own address.
• Modbus functions perform read and write instructions to the slave’s internal
memory registers to configure, monitor, and control the slave’s inputs and
outputs.
1.1. Modbus Protocol Devices
• Modbus protocol devices will typically include a register map outlining where the
configuration, input and output data can be written and read from.
• The Modbus data model has a simple structure described in four basic data types:
1. Discrete Inputs
2. Coils Outputs
3. Input Registers (Input Data)
4. Holding Registers (Output Data)
• 1.2. Modbus Protocol Data Unit (PDU)
• The service request area of the message or Modbus Protocol Data Unit or PDU is
comprised of
– Function code.
– A number of “data” bytes requested by the master.
• The Modbus memory registers of a device are organized around the four basic
data reference types and this data type is further identified by the leading number
used in the devices memory address, such as:
– Zero (0) based register referencing a message to Read or Write “discrete outputs
or coils”.
– One (1) based register referencing Reading “discrete inputs”.
– Three (3) based register referencing Reading “input registers”.
– Four (4) based register referencing Reading or Writing to “output or holding
registers”.
• 1.2.1. Modbus Message “Function Code Field”
• The “function code field” specifies which register data group it reads or writes to and
from the slave.
• For example, a Function code 03, read Holding Registers 40001-40002 is addressed as
data register 0000 in the data address field of the message sent to the slave.
• The function code 03 works on Holding Register type (4xxxx) in the slave’s data map
because the request specifies using a holding register data type operation and the 4xxxx
addressing in the request is implied.
• The fields in the PDU are broken down into bytes and grouped by the field name.
• The request message contains:
– The “Slave address” of 01.
– The “Function code” of 03 (Read from Holding Registers 4xxxx).
– The “starting address” HI and LO bytes (0000) which specifies the “starting register”.
– The “count number of addresses” to read from the slave, register HI and LO bytes of the
count value (0002) which specifies the “quantity of registers” to be read from the slave.
• Example of a request to “read” the “first two registers” in the “Holding Register”
area 0 to 1 (register 40001 to 40002) from slave device 1 is shown below.
• The holding register 40108 is actually addressed as register 107 in the message
data area of the PDU.
• Many of the data types are named from its use; for example, a single-bit physical output
is called a coil, and a single-bit physical input is called a discrete input or a contact.
• The function code field of the message will contain one byte that tells the slave what
kind of action to take.
• Valid function codes are range from 1 to 255, but not all codes will apply to a particular
slave.
• The table shown in the below picture highlights a subset of standard Modbus protocol
functions.
MODBUS
1.2.2. Modbus Message “Data” Field
Communication
• the master request “data” field, provides the slave with any additional information required by
the slave to complete the action specified by the “function code” in the master’s request.
• The master’s request typically includes:
• – The slave map register address.
• – The number of registers to provide in the request.
• – Any write data from the master.
• 2. Modbus Message Error Handling
• The slave’s normal response simply echoes the original function code of the request, but
the slave’s error response returns a code that is equivalent to the original function code
with the most significant bit set to logic 1.
• For example, the “Read Holding Registers” command (Function Code 03) has the
function code with 1 byte containing 8 bits is binary 0000 0011 (03 Hex). If the slave
device accepts the request without error it will return the same code in its response.
• 2. Modbus Message Error Handling
• If an error occurs, the slave will return 1 byte containing 8 binary bits 1000 0011 (the
most significant bit set to logic 1) in the “function code” field and appends a unique code
(Exception Code) in the “data” field of the response message that tells the master device
what kind of error occurred, or the reason for the error.
• 3. Modbus RTU Most Common Function Codes
• This function code 01, “Read Coils” code, is used to read from 1 to 2000
contiguous registers for the status of coils in a slave device.
• The Request PDU specifies the first coil address of the slave’s memory registers,
and the number of coils to read from the slave device.
• The function code 04, “Read Input Registers” code, is used to read from 1 to 125
contiguous input registers in a remote device. The Request PDU specifies the
starting register address and the number of registers.
• The function code 15, “Write Multiple Coils” code, is used to force each coil
in a sequence of coils to either ON or OFF in a remote slave device. The
Request PDU specifies the coils memory address to be forced ON or OFF.
Ethernet
• Ethernet is a communication standard that was developed in the early ’80s to network
computers and other devices in a local environment such as a home or a building.
• This local environment is defined as a LAN (Local Area Network) and it connects
multiple devices so that they can create, store and share information with others in the
location.
• Ethernet is a wired system that started with using coaxial cable and has successfully
progressed to now using twisted pair copper wiring and fiber optic wiring.
Ethernet
• In 1983, Ethernet was standardized into the standard IEEE 802.3 by the Institute
of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE).
• This standard defined the physical layer and the MAC (media access control)
portion of the “data link” layer of wired Ethernet.
• These two layers are defined as the first two layers in the OSI (Open Systems
Interconnection) model.
• The physical layer consists of the following components:
1. Cabling
2. Devices
Ethernet Physical Layer - Cables
2.1. Ethernet Cables
• Ethernet cables come as;
–Coaxial cable (which is not very common except in older installations)
– Twisted pair
– Fiber optic
• 2.1.1. Twisted Pair Cables
• The Ethernet twisted pair utilizes RJ-45 eight-pin connectors at either end of the cable
that is pinned for transmitting and receiving data in either half or full-duplex mode.
• “Half-duplex” transmits data in one direction at a time while full-duplex allows data
to be transmitted in both directions at the same time.
• “Full-duplex” in Ethernet can be achieved by using two pairs of wires to allow data to
travel both directions simultaneously.
• 2.1.2. Fiber Optic Cables
• Fiber optic cable uses glass or plastic optical fiber as a conduit for light pulses to
transmit data. It has allowed Ethernet to travel farther distances at higher speeds.
• Fiber optic cables use several different types of connectors that vary depending on
the application needs.
• Some of the different types are SFP (Small Form Pluggable or Small Factor
Pluggable) and SC (Subscriber Connector, also known as Square Connector or
Standard Connector).
• In order to use fiber optic in an Ethernet network that utilizes twisted pair
Ethernet cabling, you need to use an “Ethernet to Fiber Converter”
• This will allow the network to take advantage of the higher speeds of fiber optic
and lengthen the distance that the Ethernet network can reach.
Ethernet Physical Layer - Devices
• Ethernet devices are consisting of Computers, printers or any device which
either have an internal NIC (network interface card) or an external one that is
USB or PCI based.
Switches and Routers
• They act as the director of the network and connect multiple computers or even
networks together to enable communication between all the different devices.
Ethernet Physical Layer - Devices
Gateways and Bridges
• “Gateways” and “Bridges” are used to connect multiple Ethernet networks
together and allow communication across them.
• “Gateway” connects two “dissimilar” networks together.
• “Bridge” connects two “similar” networks together so that you only see one
network.
Ethernet Data Link Layer
• Second layer of the OSI model
• The data link layer can be split into two sections;
– The Logical Link Control (LLC)
– The Media Access Control (MAC)
• The “Logical Link Control” establishes paths for data on the Ethernet to transmit
between devices.
• The “Media Access Control” uses hardware addresses that are assigned to Network
Interface Cards (NIC) to identify a specific computer or device to show the source and
destination of data transmissions.
• Ethernet transmits data packets in this data link layer by using an algorithm called
CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection).
• CSMA/CD is used as a standard for Ethernet to reduce data collisions and increase
successful data transmission.
• The algorithm first checks to see if there is traffic on the network. If it does not
find any, it will send out the first bit of information to see if a collision will occur.
• If this first bit is successful, then it will send out the other bits while still testing
for collisions.
• If a collision occurs, the algorithm calculates a waiting time and then starts the
process all over again until the full transmission is complete.
Ethernet Physical Layer
• When faster Ethernet in full-duplex modes and incorporate switches is used, then
you are utilizing a star topology between the switch ports and the devices.
• This allows for more direct transmission paths and fewer collisions as compared to
a bus topology where all devices share the same paths.
Ethernet Advantages
ETHERNET/IP
• Ethernet is not a connection type but instead, an IEEE protocol
• Most communications to the computers or devices travel over one or more
networks via called a “packet”.
• Since there is a multitude of devices that may want to send and/or receive data
there have to be some common rules for sending and receiving these packets. This
is where the Ethernet “protocol” comes.
LAN Connection
ETHERNET/IP
• One of the most commonly known protocols is the TCP/IP protocol. This protocol
is widely used in internet communications.
• The term TCP/IP relates to TCP or “Transmission Control Protocol”, where the IP
is “Internet Protocol”.
• The TCP/IP is a layered protocol. Those layers are:
• – Applications
• – TCP
• – IP
• – Network
• Each layer has a function that it performs and when complete, is then passed to the
next layer.
ETHERNET/IP
• In terms of the internet, the transmitting computer will pass its data to the
applications layer.
• This layer works with the applications software to provide communications that
may be required such as HTTP, FTP, POP, DNS, IMAP, etc.
• That layer will add some data that will identify and direct the data and then passes
to the TCP layer.
• The TCP layers job is to pack and unpack data and do some error checking.
ETHERNET/IP
• On to the IP or Internet Protocol layer, where some more identifiers are added and
then the data is transferred over the Network layer.
• Then packages the data into Ethernet packets or whatever other protocol is
required prior to transmission over to internet service provided device.
• These data move up and down the stack or layer continuously, getting packed,
unpacked, headers and info added, deleted, etc.
ETHERNET/IP
• The device (Applications Layer) which can be Facebook, Google, a VFD, or a
Flow Transmitter, will present its data and layer by layer, the data is packed and is
then transmitted via an Ethernet packet to the Network layer which in turn is
connected to your computer or PLC.
• the “IP” part of the Ethernet/IP or EIP description.
• “IP” in this case now correlates to Industrial Protocol versus the previous
description of Internet Protocol.
ETHERNET/IP
• The “IP” part of this protocol is simply the use of the Ethernet infrastructure in
conjunction with the Industrial Protocol which used Common Industrial Protocol
or CIP layers that combine with the TCP/IP or User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
layers to create a protocol that can be used to support data exchange and control
applications.
ETHERNET/IP
• In the TCP/IP protocol, there is somewhat of a send/receive acknowledge
relationship.
• The packets go down the stack, received at the device connected to your network,
a receipt confirmation goes back up the stack to the applications layer.
• This type of protocol may be used with a VFD where you command a speed and
need to ensure that the VFD received the message.
ETHERNET/IP
• UDP protocol, this is the continuous transmission, not requiring a receipt
acknowledgment.
• This protocol would be used in something like Ethernet I/O on the PLC or a Flow
Transmitter.
• These devices will constantly send the state of their data. If a packet wasn’t
received, it’s not a deal breaker as the next packet is right around the corner.
ETHERNET/IP
• CIP uses object-oriented design to present things like a device profile for a VFD.
• If you have ever used a CIP message instruction within your PLC device, you
know that you research the type of data you desire such as frequency, speed, or
faults and you add that assembly number to your CIP instruction.
• The data exchanged is a number of data registers that you in turn, map to your tags
for desired data.
ETHERNET/IP
• In the simplest terms, Ethernet/IP is Ethernet packets used with the Industrial
Protocol of CIP, TCP/IP, and/or UDP layers to provide the required data to your
controller.
Profibus- DP
• One of the most commonly used network in industrial automation.
• Profibus stands for “Process Field Bus” and DP stands for “ Decentralized
Peripherals”.
Profibus- DP
• To use Profibus DP, an enclosure is put near to the sensors in the field area
and then move the I/O modules of PLC into it.
• The sensors are then connected to the I/O modules
• To enable the data transfer between the PLC in the control room and the
I/O modules in the new enclosure, an Interface Module (IM) is installed
along with I/O module.
Profibus- DP
• To transfer data Profibus DP and RS-485 cables are used.
• By introducing a network bus between the main controller and its I/O
modules, the I/Os are decentralized by moving them to the enclosure in
the field area.
Profibus- DP
• Disadvantages :
• Here the data is transferred using a single RS-485 cables. If it
malfunctions in any way, then loose all the data from the field facilities.
• To overcome this problem
• 1) Hybrid Methos is used
Profibus- DP
• 2) Profibus-DP as a redundant network
• Here two RS-485 cables to connect the remote I/Os to the PLC
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PROFIBUS AND PROFINET
• Profibus and ProfiNet are industrial communications protocols used

extensively by Siemens control systems
• Profibus and ProfiNet are very different protocols that use different
cables and connectors
PROFIBUS
• Profibus, or “Process-Field-BUS,” is a tried and true industrial
communication protocol
• Profibus cable looks like this. It is easily recognizable by its purple
outer jacket.
• Some Profibus connectors have a pass-through port on the back of the
connector so that you can daisy chain another device to the bus
PROFIBUS
• both kinds of connectors have a red switch on the back. This switch
controls the Terminating Resistor. The terminating resistor indicates
the end of the Profibus network.
• This switch must be set to the “on” position on the last device and
“off” for every other device. If these switches are set incorrectly, a bus
fault will occur.
PROFIBUS
• Each device on a Profibus network must have a unique address, ranging
from 1 to 127.
• up to 127 devices may reside on a single Profibus network.
• For some devices, the address will be set using STEP7 or TIA
Portal. For others, the address must be configured using dip switches
located on the front of the device.
PROFIBUS
• Profibus networks operate at speeds of 9600 bits per second to 12
megabits per second.
• While Profibus cables may be up to 1000 meters long, shorter cable
lengths are required for higher data rates.
PROFINET
• ProfiNet is a newer, Ethernet-based industrial communications
protocol. The physical interface used for ProfiNet is a standard RJ-45
Ethernet jack.
• ProfiNet cables are easily recognizable by their green color
• in some cases a standard Ethernet cable may be used to connect two
ProfiNet devices
PROFINET
• ProfiNet operates at 100 megabits per second, and cables may be up to 100
meters in length.
• Due to its high-speed operation and a response time of less than 1
millisecond, ProfiNet is ideal for high-speed applications.
• Because ProfiNet uses the same physical connection standards as Ethernet,
standard Ethernet switches can be used to expand your network.
PROFINET
• ProfiNet devices have three different types of addresses:
• 1) IP address
• 2) MAC address
• 3) Device name
• All Ethernet devices use IP addresses and MAC addresses, but the
device name is unique to ProfiNet devices.
FIELDBUS
• Fieldbus is a group of protocols that are used in the industrial arena.
• The Fieldbus protocols have been standardized as IEC61158.
• Fieldbus works on a network that permits various topologies such as
the ring, branch, star, and daisy chain.
FIELDBUS
• Prior to Fieldbus protocols, industrial controller systems were
connected using RS232 serial communications.
• serial communications allowed only two devices to communicate.
• the Fieldbus connections are more closely compared to the typical
Ethernet connections where you can connect multiple field devices to
a single connection point that would then connect to the controller.
FIELDBUS
• Fieldbus is not a connection type, but instead, a description used to
indicate a group of protocols.
• There are several protocols in the group such as ControlNet in the
Allen Bradley family, Modbus, Profibus, EtherCAT, HART, CIP, and
many more.
FIELDBUS
• A primary benefit of Fieldbus is for field connected devices.
• With Fieldbus devices such as sensors, motors, lamps, switches, these
devices are connected to an “I/O data block”, which is then connected
to a “field distribution device”, which is connected to a Fieldbus
power supply, then finally connected back to the Programmable Logic
controller.
FIELDBUS
• controller system will need to have a communications module that will
be able to establish communications with the field devices.
• In the case of ControlNet, ControlNet module is needed, Profibus
would need a Profibus module, etc.
FIELDBUS
• some protocols do not play well with others. ControlNet is an example
that cannot integrate into a Siemens processor.

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Module-2:

• (2) Multi-channel possibilities:

• (3) Noise-reduction options:

• B) Computer with plug in board

• Rules or protocols govern all methods of communication

• What is communicated in the network?

• An identified sender and receiver

• Modbus communication interface for a multidrop network based on a Master-

• Point to point communication means the channel is shared between two

• Profibus and ProfiNet are industrial communications protocols used

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